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Lepomis
Lepomis is a genus of freshwater fish in the sunfish family,
Centrarchidae, in the order Perciformes. Perhaps the most Lepomis
recognizable species of this genus is the bluegill. Temporal range: Middle Miocene to
Recent
Some Lepomis species can grow to a maximum overall length
of 41 cm (16 in), though most average around 10–20 cm (3.9–
7.9 in). They are widely distributed throughout the lakes and
rivers of the United States and Canada, and several species
have been transplanted and flourished around the world, even
becoming pests. Trade in some Lepomis species is prohibited in
Germany for this reason.[3] Many are sought by anglers as
panfish, and large numbers are bred to stock lakes, rivers, and
tributaries. Redbreast sunfish (L. auritus), the
type species of the genus
Lepomis species are sometimes referred to as bream, but the
term more properly refers to the unrelated European Scientific classification
cypriniform fish of genus Abramis.
Kingdom: Animalia
The generic name Lepomis derives from the Greek λεπίς (scale) Phylum: Chordata
and πῶμα (cover, plug, operculum).
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Contents Family: Centrarchidae
Phylogeny Subfamily: Lepominae
Evolutionary history Genus: Lepomis
Fossil record Rafinesque, 1819[1]
Species Type species
References Labrus auritus
External links Linnaeus, 1758[1]

Synonyms[2]
Phylogeny
Allotis Hubbs, 1927
Phylogeny of all Lepomis species based on a partitioned mixed- Apomotis Rafinesque, 1819
model Bayesian analysis of a seven gene dataset of
mitochondrial and nuclear gene DNA sequences by Near et al. Bryttus Valenciennes, 1831
(2005),[4] expanded with fossil species. Subgenera in bold Chaenobryttus Gill, 1864
follow Bailey (1938):
Erichaeta Jordan, 1877
Eupomotis Gill & Jordan, 1877
Glossoplites Jordan, 1876
Helioperca Jordan, 1877
Icthelis Rafinesque, 1820

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Pomotis Cuvier, 1829

Pomotis Rafinesque, 1819
Sclerotis Hubbs, 1927
Telipomis Rafinesque, 1820
Xenotis Jordan, 1877
Xystroplites Jordan, 1877
genus Micropterus
 
 
  L. humilis
 
 
 
  L. macrochirus

 
  L. gulosus

clade I** clade Chaenobryttus   L. kansasensis†

   
 

    †
    L. serratus

 
  L. symmetricus
clade Apomotis
 
 
  L. cyanellus

 
  L. auritus

  genus Lepomis
   
  L. marginatus
subgen. Lepomis
 
clade Icthelis  
    L. peltastes*
 
 
 
  L. megalotis
 
   
clade II**   L. gibbosus
 

 
  L. microlophus
subgen. Eupomotis
 
   
    L. punctatus
clade Bryttus
 
 
  L. miniatus

  †
  L. sp. A ***

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*)L. peltastes was not originally included in the analysis by Near et al. (2005) and is included here
based on commonly accepted sister relationship to L. megalotis.[5]
**) See section 'Evolutionary History' below for explanation.
***) Phylogenetic position in clade II uncertain. See section 'Fossil record' for clarification.

Evolutionary history
Phylogenetic reconstructions using a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences
calibrated with fossils to estimate ages of divergences suggests that the genus Lepomis diverged from
the black bass in genus Micropterus, its sister taxon, about 25 million years ago.[6] The deepest split
among currently living species of Lepomis is dated to ~15 million years ago and separates genus
Lepomis into two clades: clade I that leads to the modern bluegill, orange-spotted, green, and
warmouth sunfish, and a clade II that includes the modern long-ear, red-breasted, pumpkinseed,
redear, and red-spotted sunfish (see section 'Phylogeny' above). The timing of this speciation event
roughly corresponds with the Middle Miocene disruption that resulted in increased aridity on the
plains of North America and a transition from savannah to grasslands,[7] although the relevance of
these environmental changes to the evolution of Lepomis is unclear.

Fossil record
No fossils unambiguously assigned to genus Lepomis are currently known from the putative stem-
lineage that must have existed between 25-15 million years ago, spanning most of the early Miocene.

Currently, four extinct species of Lepomis are known from the fossil record:

There are at least two as yet undescribed fossil species of Lepomis that reach back to the middle
Miocene:

Lepomis sp. A consists of fragmentary fossils of its lower jaw from Nebraska, dated to 13.5
million years ago, and shows morphological similarities to the modern Lepomis microlophus,[8]
although its great age means that this species predates the divergence of any of the living
species.
Lepomis sp. B was found in deposits in Kansas, dated to 12 million years ago.[9]

Two other more recent fossil species appear to be closely allied to

Lepomis gulosus, and indeed their earliest occurrence may be
close to the divergence of the lineage leading to the modern
warmouth from other species of Lepomis:

Lepomis kansasensis lived 6.6 million years ago, and had

pterygoid teeth, indicating a close relationship to the
warmouth.[10] fossil of Lepomis kansasensis
Lepomis serratus is known from 3.4 to 2.0 million year old
deposits in Nebraska, and also appears to be closely related
to or ancestral to the warmouth on the basis of its preopercle.[11][12]

Species
There are currently 13 recognized species in this genus:[13]

Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) (redbreast sunfish)

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Lepomis cyanellus (Rafinesque, 1819) (green sunfish)

Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (pumpkinseed)
Lepomis gulosus (G. Cuvier, 1829) (warmouth)
Lepomis humilis (Girard, 1858) (orangespotted sunfish)
Lepomis macrochirus (Rafinesque, 1819) (bluegill)
Lepomis marginatus (Holbrook, 1855) (dollar sunfish)
Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque, 1820) (longear sunfish)
Lepomis microlophus (Günther, 1859) (redear sunfish)
L. miniatus
Lepomis miniatus (D. S. Jordan, 1877) (redspotted sunfish)
Lepomis peltastes (Cope, 1870) (northern sunfish)
Lepomis punctatus (Valenciennes, 1831) (spotted sunfish)
Lepomis symmetricus (S. A. Forbes, 1883) (bantam sunfish)

References
1. Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (eds.). "Lepomis" (http://researcharchive.calacad
emy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=974). Catalog of Fishes. California
Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
2. Eschmeyer, W. N.; R. Fricke & R. van der Laan (eds.). "Centrarchidae genera" (http://researcharc
hive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Centrarchida
e). Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
3. Przybylski, Mirosław, and Grzegorz Zięba. "Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet." NOBANIS –
Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet. NOBANIS. NOBANIS, 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2015. Invasive Alien
Species Fact Sheet - Lepomis gibbosus (http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Lepomis_gibbos
us.pdf)
4. Near, T. J., D. I. Bolnick, and P. C. Wainwright (2005). "Fossil calibrations and molecular
divergence time estimates in centrarchid fishes (Teleostei: Centrarchidae)". Evolution. 59 (8):
1768–1782. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01825.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.200
5.tb01825.x).
5. Bailey, R. M., W. C. Latta, and G. R. Smith (2004). "An atlas of Michigan fishes with keys and
illustrations for their identification". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Miscellaneous
Publications. 192.
6. S. J. Cooke, D. P. Philipp (2009). Centrarchid fishes: diversity, biology, and conservation.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 1–38. ISBN 9781405133425.
7. National Research Council (1995). Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press. pp. 184–208. doi:10.17226/4762 (https://doi.org/10.17226%2F4762).
ISBN 978-0-309-05127-9. PMID 25121267 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25121267).
8. Smith, C.L. (1962). "Some Pliocene fishes from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska". Copeia.
1962 (3): 505–520. doi:10.2307/1441172 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1441172). JSTOR 1441172
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1441172).
9. Wilson, R.L. (1968). "Systematics and faunal analysis of a Lower Pliocene vertebrate assemblage
from Trego County, Kansas". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology University of
Michigan. 22: 75–126.
10. Hibbard, C.W. (1936). "Two new sunfish of the family Centrarchidae from middle Pliocene
Kansas". University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 24: 177–185.
11. M. F. Skinner, and C. W. Hibbard, editors. (1972). Pleistocene Preglacial and Glacial Rocks and
Faunas of North Central Nebraska. American Museum of Natural History, New York. pp. 40–54.
12. Bennett, D.K. (1979). "Three Late Cenozoic fish faunas from Nebraska". Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science. 82 (3): 146–177. doi:10.2307/3627406 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F
3627406). JSTOR 3627406 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3627406).

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13. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Lepomis (http://www.fishbase.org/identi
fication/SpeciesList.php?genus=Lepomis) in FishBase. February 2013 version.

External links

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