Worksheet in

Health
Assessment
Laboratory Tests

Chiu, Patricia Marie G.

BSN 1-A
 Diagnostic Test Normal Value Increase or Decrease
Complete Blood Count
M: 4.2 - 6.9 Increase: erythrocytosis or polycythemia - indicates more
million/µL/cu mm oxygen
 Red Blood Cell Count
F: 4.2 - 6.9 Decrease: anemia or erythroblastopenia- indicates bleeding,
million/µL/cu mm malnourishment, bone marrow suppression
M: 45 - 62% Increase: indicates decrease of plasma despite RBC count has
not increased, dehydration, burns, diarrhea, Polycythemia
vera,
Low oxygen tension (smoking, congenital heart disease, living
at high altitudes)

 Hematocrit F: 37 - 48% Decrease: indicates over-hydration, blood loss, anemia

(various types), blood loss (hemorrhage), bone marrow failure
(e.g. due to radiation, toxin, fibrosis, tumor), hemolysis (RBC
destruction related to transfusion reaction), leukemia,
malnutrition or specific nutritional deficiency, multiple
myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis

M: 13 - 18 g/dL Increase: in relation to the number and size of erythrocytes

 Hemoglobin
F: 12 - 16 g/dL Decrease: indicates low RBC count, blood loss, anemia, bone
marrow suppression
Erythrocyte Indices
M: 80-100 fL / 76 - 100 Increase: indicates presence of reticulocytes in hemolytic
cu µm anemia; macrocytic anemia; alcoholism
 Mean Corpuscular F: 79-98 fL / 76 - 100 Decrease: indicates microcytic anemia (caused by iron
Volume (MCV) cu µm76 - 100 cu µm deficiency due to inadequate dietary intake, gastrointestinal
blood loss, or menstrual blood loss), thalassemia, or chronic
disease.
M: 27 - 32 pg/cell Increase: hyperchromasia- associated with macrocytic anemia:
 Mean Corpuscular (normochromic) larger cells tend to have more hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin (MCH) F: 27 - 32 pg/cell Decrease: hypochromasia- associated with microcytic anemia
(normochromic) since small cells tend to have less hemoglobin.
M: 31-37 g/dl Increase: indicates more than normal supply of oxygen
(hyperchromic)
 MCH Concentration
F: 30-36 g/dl Decrease: indicates less than normal supply of oxygen
(hypochromic)

M: 11.7-14.2% Increase: indicates anemia such as- Pernicious anemia, Folic

acid anemia, Iron deficiency anemia combined with other
anemia, Haemolytic anemia (a condition caused by a
premature destruction of red blood cell)s, Sideroblastic anemia
Red Blood Cell ( a disorder where the body produces enough iron but is
Distribution Width unable to put it into the haemoglobin), other hereditary
anemias (eg sickle cell anemia); Transfusions; Alcohol abuse
F: 11.7-14.2% Decrease: Iron deficiency anemia caused by blood loss
Parasites; Malabsorption of iron; Vitamin B6 deficiency;
Rheumatoid arthritis
 M: 150,000- Increase: thrombocytosis- indicates presence of malignant
400,000/mm³ tumors, malignant neoplasm
Platelet Count F: 150,000- Decrease: indicates bleeding, hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia;
400,000/mm³ (unknown cause) idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
(bruising)
M: 7.5-11.5 fL Increase: indicates increased platelet activation; large
hyperaggregate platelets
Mean Platelet Volume
F:7.5-11.5 fL Decrease: indicates blocked blood vessels due to excessive
clotting, results to tissue death
M: 4,500-11,000/mm3 Increase: leukocytosis
White Blood Cell Count
F: 4,500-11,000/mm3 Decrease: leukopenia
M: 40-75% / 4.0- Increase: neutrophilia- cause of most bacterial infections;
7.5k/uL (ABS) increase in both segs and bands
 Neutrophil
F: 40-75% / 4.0- Decrease: neutropenia- leads to susceptibility to bacterial
7.5k/uL (ABS) infections
M: 0.0-7.0% / 0.00- Increase: eosinophilia- indicates increased antigen-antibody
0.70 k/uL (ABS) reaction; allergic reactions, parasitic infestation of the
intestines, a collagen vascular disease (such as rheumatoid
 Eosinophil
arthritis), malignant diseases such as Hodgkin's disease,
extensive skin diseases (such as exfoliative dermatitis),
Addison's disease
F: 0.0-7.0% / 0.00-0.70 Decrease eosinopenia (Leukocytosis with eosinopenia can be a
k/uL (ABS) predictor of bacterial infection.)
M: 0.00-1.50% / 0.00- Increase: basophilia; indicates myeloproliferative disorders
0.15 k/uL (ABS) and is particularly prominent in chronic myelogenous
 Basophil leukemia)
F: 0.00-1.50% / 0.00- Decrease: basopenia; indicates of ovulation
0.15 k/uL (ABS)
M: 19.0-48% / 1.9- Increase: lymphocytosis- indicates presence of infection
4.80 k/uL (ABS)
 Lympocytes F: 19.0-48% / 1.9-4.80 Decrease: lymphocytopenia- indicates possible presence of
k/uL (ABS) NHIV

M: 3.0-9.0% / 0.3-0.9 Increase: monocytosis- indicates presence of chronic

k/uL (ABS) inflammatory disease
 Monocytes
F: 3.0-9.0% / 0.3-0.9 Decrease: monocytopenia; immunocompromised
k/uL (ABS)
Anemia
 Complete Blood Count - tests that examine different parts of the blood.
- includes Red Blood Cell count, Hematocrit (packed cell volume or proportion of RBC
and plasma), and Hemoglobin count
 Erythrocyte Indices - calculated values for the mean corpuscular volume (mcv), mean corpuscular hemoglobin
(mch), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (mchc), taken from the
hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count.
- used in determining the likely etiology of anemia and other abnormalities of the
erythron. Called also mean cell constants.
 Red Blood Cell Distribution Width – calculated from MCV and RBC
- variation and width of RBC helps assess type of anemia
- increase from normal value is significant

Osteoporosis
 X-Ray
 Bone Densitometry - test for bone density and strength
o Dual Photon X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) - means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD). Two X-ray
beams with differing energy levels are aimed at the patient's bones.
 Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel

Hypertension
 Blood Chemistry
o Arterial Blood
 MRI Scan- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan
 CT Scan- Computed Tomography Scan

Diabetes
 Fasting Plasma Glucose Test - to have this test, client has to fast at least eight hours or overnight. Blood sample
drawn will be examined for glucose.
- Most people have a level between 70 and 110 milligrams of glucose per deciliter of
blood.
 Random Blood Glucose Test - Client doesn’t have to fast to have this test.
- Sometimes used if symptoms are present.
- Blood samples are taken shortly after eating or drinking.
- A blood glucose level of 200 mg/dl or higher points to diabetes, but it must be
confirmed on another day with a fasting plasma glucose, an oral glucose tolerance test
or another random blood glucose of over 200.
 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – Client must fast at least eight hours and not have smoked or drank coffee before
drawing blood sample. Fasting plasma glucose is tested from a blood sample.
- After the test you will be asked to drink sweet glucose syrup and then glucose level will
be measured from a blood sample taken two hours after drinking the liquid. There can
be up to four blood samples taken to measure the blood glucose level.
- The American Diabetes Association expert committee recommends that this test be
eliminated because it is a difficult and time-consuming test.

Kidney Stones
 Sonogram- A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing high-energy sound waves
(ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs. Also called an ultrasonogram.
 Urinalysis- Tests for urine that may contain various substances for indication of different types of disease.
 X-ray