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River Engineering-1 PDF
River Engineering-1 PDF
River Engineering-1 PDF
RIVER ENGINEERING
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RIVER ENGINEERING
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RIVER RIVERBANK
TRAINING PROTECTION
WORKS WORKS
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RIVER TRAINING
• River training implies certain measures to be
adopted on a river to stabilise the river channel
along a certain alignment with a certain cross
section.
• Required because they -
1. Prevent outflanking of the hydraulic structures
2. Protect the river bank
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3. Provide a safe passage to pass flood
4. Contract a river channel to improve its depth
for navigation
5. Control river bed configuration
6. Prevent river from changing its course
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BEDFORMS IN A RIVER
• As we discussed in Design of Canals, there is
bed load, suspended load which comprises
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total sediment load.
• The bed load movement/transportation
gives shape to the bed gradually (Garge &
Ranga Raju, 2000) which are called as
bedforms. The bedforms are divided into
following categories depending upon the
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1. Plane Bed with no motion of sediment
• When 𝛕act ≤ 𝛕cr
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• Froude Number is less than 1
• Smooth Surface
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3. Transition
• Ripples & dunes are washed away
• Fr slightly less than 1
• Relatively flat surface
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4. Antidunes
• When Fr > 1 indicating super critical flow
• Dunes of reverse nature
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• Generally not observed in nature
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CLASSIFICATION OF R.T. WORKS
High Water Training – It is undertaken with the
purpose of providing the efficient disposal of
the maximum floods & thereby protecting
against damage due to floods.
• It is also called as training for discharge.
Note -
• Morphology of a River - River/Stream Morphology
describes the shape of river channels and how they
change in shape & direction with respect to time.
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• THALWEG of a river - a thalweg or talweg is the
line of lowest elevation within a valley or
watercourse.
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RIVER
TRAINING
WORKS
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GROYNES/SPURS
• Groynes are structures constructed transverse to
the river flow and extend from the bank into
river up-to a limit.
• This form of R.T. works perform one or more
functions such as:
• training the river along the desired course to
reduce the concentration of flow at the point
of attack,
• creating a low flow for silting up the area in
the vicinity, and SAGAR SIR, MADE EASY
• protecting the bank by keeping the flow away
from it.
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TYPES OF GROYNES/SPURS
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Groynes are classified on the basis of
function
1. Repelling/Reflecting Groynes,
2. Deflecting Groynes,
3. Attracting Groynes,
4. T-Shaped (Denehey), Hockey (Or Burma)
Type, Kinked Type, Etc.
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2. DEFLECTING GROYNE
• It has much shorter length than repelling
groyne and it is built perpendicular to the
bank
• It only deflects the flow, locally
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Meandering of Rivers
• A meandering type of river flows in
consecutive curves of reverse order connected
with short strait called as crossing/crossover.
The meandering action increases the length of
the stream or river and tends to reduce the
slope.
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For Rivers in Flood Plains - For Incised Rivers -
• MB = 153.42 √Q • MB = 153.42 √Q
• ML = 53.61 √Q • ML = 53.61 √Q
• W = 8.84 √Q • W = 8.84 √Q
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where Q is in m3/s ;
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• Rivers in Flood Plains - submerge a large
area on either side during floods
• Incised Rivers - flow sufficiently below
natural ground surface
• Meander Ratio - MB/ML
• Sinuosity - ratio of Thalweg length to the
valley length SAGAR SIR, MADE EASY
• Tortuosity - ratio of actual length (along
the curve) to the straight line Meander
Length between the end points of a curve
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LEVEES OR MARGINAL BUNDS OR
EMBANKMENTS
• Embankments & dykes also known as
levees are earthen banks constructed
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parallel to the course of river to confine it
to a fixed course and limited cross-
sectional width.
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• The heights of levees will be higher than
the design flood level with sufficient free
board. The confinement of the river to a
fixed path frees large tracts of land from
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DIVIDE WALL
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• The wall which divides the waterway into
two parts, one is the weir portion and the
other from which canal takes off is called
the divide wall.
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RIVERBANK
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PROTECTION
WORKS
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Cutoffs
• Cut-offs are barriers provided below the floor
of the barrage both at the upstream and the
downstream ends. They may be in the form of
concrete or steel sheet-piles. The cut-offs
extend from one end of the barrage or dam up
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to the other end (on the other bank). The
purpose of providing cutoff is two-folds as
explained further –
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2. During flood flows or some unnatural flow condition,
when there is substantial scour of the downstream
riverbed, the cutoffs or sheet piles protect the
undermining of the structures foundation
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LACEY’S SCOUR DEPTH
• Lacey’s scour depth equation helps to find
the depth of sheet piles by finding the
level of deepest scour below HFL.
• The sheet pile must be taken atleast upto
the level of possible deepest scour below
the bed of the river.
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• The design depth of scour below HFL may
be taken as 1.5 times Lacey’s Scour
Depth.
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SCOUR DEPTH FORMULA EA
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Launching Apron as River
Protection Work
• Whenever a sloping face is protected by
stone pitching against scour, the pitching is
extended beyond the toe on the bed in the
form of packed stones, this stone dumping is
known as launching apron
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• If no such protection is provided, scour will
occur at the toe with consequent
undermining.
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