Heat-2 2.

Section A - KTG Pressure of Ideal Gas
1. CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL GAS
A gas has no shape and size and can be contained
in a vessel of any size or shape. It expands
indefinitely and uniformly to fill the available space.
It exerts pressure on its surroundings.
The gases whose molecules are point massses (mass
without volume) and do not attract each other are
called ideal or perfect gases. It is a hypothetical
concept which can't exist in reality. The gases such
as hydrogen, oxygen or helium which cannot be
liquified easily are called permanent gases. An
actual gas behaves as ideal gas most closely at low
pressure and high temperature.
1.1 Ideal gas Equation
These molecules are identical, perfectly elastic and
hard spheres. They are so small that the volume of
molecules is negligible as compared with the volume
of the gas.
(b) Molecules do not have any preferred direction
of motion, motion is completely random.
(c) These molecules travel in straight lines and in
free motion most of the time. The time of the
collision between any two molecules is very small.
(d) The collision between molecules and the wall
of the container is perfectly elastic. It means kinetic
energy is conserved in each collision.
(e) The path travelled by a molecule between two
collisions is called free path and the mean of this
distance travelled by a molecule is called mean free
path.

According to this equation. (f) The motion of molecules is governed by

Newton’s law of motion
m (g) The effect of gravity on the motion of molecules
PV  nRT  RT
M is negligible.
In this equation n = number of moles of the gas =

m
M
m = total mass of the gas.
M = molecular mass of the gas
R = Universal gas constant
3. EXPRESSION FOR THE PRESSURE
= 8.31 J/mol-K
OF A GAS :
= 2.0 cal/mol- K
Let us suppose that a gas is enclosed in a cubical
box having length . Let there are ‘N’ identical
2. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES molecules, each having mass ‘m’. Since the molecules
Kinetic Theory of gases is based on the following are of same mass and perfectly elastic, so their mutual
basic assumptions. collisions result in the interchange of velocities only.
(a) A gas consists of very large number of molecules. Only collisions with the walls of the container
contribute to the pressure by the gas molecules.
Fx M M
Let us focus on a molecule having velocity v1 and P = = <v2> = <v2>. Pressure is
2 33 3V
components of velocity v X1 , v y1 , v z1 along x, y independent of x, y, z directions
and z-axis as shown in figure. where 3 = volume of the container = V
M = total mass of the gas, <v2> = mean square
G H velocity of molecules

Y 1
D
C  P=  <v2>
v z1 v y1 3
v1 X
v x1 Z
from PV = nRT
Fm
E Mass M

 n = Molecular Weight = M (in kg/mole)
0
A  B

M RT
2 2 2 2
P = M V RT = M
v1  v x1  v y1  v z1
0 0

The change in momentum of the molecule after one RT 1 2

 V
collision with wall BCHE M 0 = 3 rms
= m v x1 – (– m v x1 ) = 2 m v x1 .
3RT
The time taken between the successive impacts on  Vrms = M0
distance 2
the face BCHE = = v
velocity x1 3RT 3RT 3Kt
Vrms = M0 = mN A =
Time rate of change of momentum due to collision m

change in momentum 2mv x1 mv 2 x1 R

= = 2 / v = K = Boltzman’s const. = N
time taken x1  A

Hence the net force on the wall BCHE due to the

impact of n N molecules of the gas is : 3.1 Co-ordinate of the gases
(P, V, T) is the coordinate of the gas
mv 2x1 mv 2x 2 mv 2x 3 mv 2x n
Fx = + + + ........ = If initial condition of gas is given by (P1 V1 T1) and
   
final condition of gas is given by (P2, V2 T2)
m 2 mN such as


v x1  v 2x 2  v 2x3  ......  v 2x n =

 v 2x 
(P1 V1 T1) (P2 V2 T2)
2
where < vx > = mean square velocity in x-direction. Then (P, V, T) define situation of gas. When a gas
Since molecules do not favour any particular changes from one coordinate system to another
direction therefore < vx 2 > = < vy 2 > = < vz 2 >. co-ordinate system, then we have to follow a process.
But <v2> = <vx2> + <vy2> + <vz2>

 v2 
 <vx2> = . Pressure is equal to force
3
divided by area.
Section B - Barometer, Gas laws V V/T
P = constant P = constant
4. GAS LAWS
Assuming permanent gases to be ideal, through
experiments, it was established that gases irrespective V or T
T (in K)
of their nature obey the following laws :

4.3 Gay Lussac's Law or Pressure law

4.1 Boyle's Law
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the
pressure of a gas at constant volume (called
volume of a gas at constant temperature (called
isochoric process) is directly proportional to its
isothermal process) is inversely proportional to its
absolute temperature i.e.,
pressure, i.e.,
PT
1
V (T = constant) P
P or = constant
T
or PV = constant
or PiVi = PfVf Pi P f
or T  T
Thus, P – V graph in an isothermal process is a i f

rectangular hyperbola. Or PV versus P or V graph Thus, P - T graph in an isochoric process is a straight

is a straight line parallel to P or V axis. line passing through origin or P/T versus P or T
graph is a straight line parallel to P or T axis.
P PV
P P/T
T = constant
T = constant
V = constant

V P or V T (in K) P or T

4.4 Avogadro's Law

4.2 Charle's law
Two gases at same volume pressure and
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the
temperature contain equal amount of moles (mass
volume of a gas at constant pressure (called) isobaric of gas may be different) or we can say contain equal
process) is directly proportional to its absolute no. of particle.
temperature, i.e.,
1 mole = 6.023 × 10–23 Particles
VT 4.5 Reading of P-V diagram
V P P
or = constant P=V
T A Isobaric B

Vi Vf
or  45º
Ti Tf V V

Thus, V – T graph in an isobaric process is a straight From PV = n RT

line passing through origin. Or V/T versus V or T P = constant
graph is a straight line parallel to V or T axis. V;T
 P V Isothermal V
A
B

Isobaric

A
B
V T T
V = constant • ISOBARIC
T = constant B
V
P= P P
V;P Isobaric
T= B A B A
A
PV = nRT
T (K)
 P  const V T

A  B V 
T  V

When T in ºC  PV = nR(T + 273)

V
ic
V bar
iso
Not isobaric
T

• ISOCHORIC
T(K) –273 T(ºC)
P A P
A
P B

V B
= B
A P

V T
V
V
AB PV = Constant B A
P, V, T T=C
P; V
• ISOTHERMAL
T
P P
A

V T
 Sol. AB P
(Isobaric) 2P0 C (2P0,2V0,4T0)
P ?)
(2P0,V0. )
B C (2P0,2V0, ?) V0 2V0 ,V
,T 0
2P0  (P 0
0

B (P0,2V0,2T0)
T0 TB P0 A

A (P ,V ,T ) TB = 2T0 V0 2V0 V
P0 0 0 0

B  C (Isochoric)

V0 2V0 V P1 P2 P 2P
  0  0  T2 = 4T0
T1 T2 2T0 T2
Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, B, C
in terms of pressure , volume and temperature and
draw curve. P V
2P0 C B C
2V0
P ,2T 0) A B
(2P 0,V 0 P0
B C (2P 0,2V 0,4T 0) A
2P0 V0

T0 2T0 4T0 T T0 2T0 4T0 T

A (P ,V ,T )
Sol. P0 0 0 0

V0 2V0 V
Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, B, C
A  B V = constant B – C P = constant
in terms of pressure , volume and temperature and
P0 2P0 V0 2V0 draw curve.
 
T0 TB 2T0 TC
P
TB = 2T0 TC = 4T0 B
2V0
P V
B C C
2P0
P0 A (P0,V 0,T 0)
V0
A
P0
V0 2V0 V 
T0 2T0 4T0
T0 2T0 T 4T0 T

P
B (2P0,V0,2T0)
2V0

Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, B, C

C (P 0,2V 0,2T 0)
in terms of pressure , volume and temperature and Sol. P0 A (P 0,V 0,T0)
draw curve.
V0 2V0 V 
P

2P0 C
P1 P2
Temp. At point A  B Volume Const (Isochoric) T  T
1 2
A = T0
P0 A B
B  C Temp. Const (Isothermial) P1V1 = P2V2

V0 2V0 V V1 V2
C  A Pressure Const (Isobaric) T  T
1 2
 
P V
2V0 C
2P0

V0 A B
P0
Conducting wall
T0 2T0
T0 2T0 T
T There is heat transfer from gas to surrounding and
final temp is same.

Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, B, C

in terms of pressure , volume and temperature and
draw curve.
adiabatic or non-

V conducting or insulator
B
2V0 C
Pressure at point There is no Heat Transfer.
A = T0
V0 A B
A
T0 2T0
T
Movable Piston
Sol. AB Temp. Constant (isothermal)
P1V1 = P2V2 If it is diathermic seprator then the finally
temperature is also same on both side
2P0V0 = 2V0P2
(finally pressure is same)
P
 P2 = 0 movable piston
2
BC volume constant (Isochoric) A B
Adiabatic
 walls
  P0 , 2V0, T0 

V B 2
finally pressure on both side is same then it doesn’t
2V0 C (P 0,2V 0,2T 0)
move (massless)

V0 ,T0)
A (P 0,V 0
T0 2T0 If the temperature of the increases slowly from T0
T
to 2T0 then how much piston will move ?
PB PC A

TB TC
Gas
Heater
P0 PC )
(P 0,V0,T0
 2T  2T
0 0 non-conducting

 PC = P0
V0 Vt
Sol. Pressure Same = T  2T
0 0

Vf = 2V0
for finding distance move
 x
Gas
Heater
)
(P 0,V0,T0
h
non-conducting  h sin 

h
Note 2 : A
chauqe is volume = Ax 
2V0 – V0 = Ax A PA  h sin .g
PA  hg
V0
x=
A
P   Hg .76  g

1atm

If the temperature of the gas changes slowly from

vaccum
T0 to 2T0. Then find out the displacement of the
76cm
piston. of Hg P   Hg . 76 × g x
1 atm
A
P   Hg . x . g
P 0,V0,T0

x cm of Hg pressure means if we placed a straight

tube vertically in vaccum. fill the tube with Hg upto
Sol. Pgas A = Kx + P0 A x in of height.
Then the pressure exerted by Hg at the bottom of
 Kx  the tube is equals to pressure of the gas.
Pgas = Pf =   P0  P
 A 

P0 V0 Pf (V0  A x )

T0 Tf Find the new length of gas column in tube if tube
is inverted (Assume temperature is constant)
P 0,V0,T0
n.. atm
P. A Pgas
Pags A Kx
x
10cm
10cm
75 cm P
PRESSURE VARIATION P0 of Hg

Sol. Initially :
 Pgas + 10 = 75  Pgas = 65
H
Finally
Note 1 :
75 + 10 = Pgas  Pgas = 85 cm
N   Ahg
A P1V1 = P2V2

1950
N 85 × A ×  = 65 × 30 × A   
Pressure of due to liquid = hg 85
A
 Again
Find the new length of gas column in tube if tube is P1 + 40 = P2 ...(iii)
rotated at an angle 60° as shown. (Assume constant From (i) and (ii)
temperature)
30 30
P0  40  P0
35 25
Gas
40 60º PRESSURE VARIATION IN ATMOSPHERE.
Assuming temp. to be const.
20cm Hg
cm  PM 
20 -dP = dH ..g  – dP = dh.   .g
P0  RT 

Pgas = 75 – 20 = 55 RT
[P + 20 cos 60 = 75 PV = nRT  P=
M
P1V1 = P2 V2 P+dP
2P + 20 = 150 PM dh
= P
RT
55 × 40 × A = 65 ×  × A
h
2P = 130 P h
dP Mg
  .dh
55  40 P 0 RT
 P0
65
P = 65] P Mg Mg
Pn  h P = P0 e–
P0 RT  RT
.h

PRESSURE VARIATION IN ROTATING ROD.

40 (P + dP) A – PA = dm w2x
AdP = Aw2d dx 
dP = w2x dx P P+dP
P0, T0 P0, T0
dx
P x
dP W 2 M
30 30  P  RT 0 x dx
P0
x
dm  Adx
Assume constant temperature if the tube is changed
to vertical position and the pallet comes down by 5 x
cm then find out P0. W2 M  x2 
P
[ln P] 
RT  2  0
P0
Sol. For upper part
30+5
A
P1V1 = P0V0
P W 2M x 2
P1 35 A = P0 30 A 5 ln  .
P0 RT 2
30
P1  P0 ...(i) 40
35 W 2 Mx 2
2RT
P  P0
For lower part 30–5 = 25
P2V2 = P0V0
P0 30 A = P2 25 A B

30
P2  P0 ...(ii)
25
Section C - Degree of freedom, Internal Average (or Mean) Speed :
energy + Speeds + Mean Free
Path 8 RT 8RT
v 
 M0 M 0 = 1.59 kT / m
5. MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION LAW
dN(v) (derivation is not in the course)
Distribution Curve – A plot of (number of RMS Speed :
dv
molecules per unit speed interval) against c is known 3RT 3kT kT
as Maxwell’s distribution curve. The total area under vrms = (v 2 ) = M 0 = m = 1.73 m
the curve is given by the integral
 
Most Probable Speed :
dN(v)
0 dv dv  0 dN(v)  N The most probable speed vp or vmp is the speed
possessed by the maximum number of molecules,
and corresponds to the maximum (peak) of the
distribution curve. Mathematically, it is obtained by
the condition.
dN(v)
= 0 [by substitution of formula of dN(v)
dv
(which is not in the course)]
Figure shows the distribution curves for two different
Hence the most probable speed is
temperatures. At any temperature the number of
molecules in a given speed interval dv is given by 2kT 2 RT
the area under the curve in that interval (shown vP = 
m M0
shaded). This number increases, as the speed
increases, upto a maximum and then decreases From the above expression, we can see that
asymptotically toward zero. Thus, maximum vrms > v < vP.
number of the molecules have speed lying within a R = 8.314 J/mole
small range centered about the speed corresponding k = Boltzmann counstant (k = 1.38 × 10–23JK–1)
the peak (A) of the curve. This speed is called the
‘most probable speed’ vp or vmp.
6. DEGREE OF FREEDOM
Total number of independent co-ordinates which
T1 must be known to completely specify the position
T2 (higher)
and configuration of dynamical system is known as
dN(v)

“degree of freedom f”. Maximum possible

dv

translational degrees of freedom are three i.e.

1 2 1 2 1 2
 mVx  mVy  mVz 
vp v vrms v  2 2 2 
dv
Maximum possible rotational degrees of freedom
The distribution curve is asymmetrical about its peak 1 1 1
(the most probable speed vp) because the lowest are three i.e.  I x x2  I y 2y  I z z2 
2 2 2 
possible speed is zero, whereas there is no limit to
the upper speed a molecule can attain. Therefore, Vibrational degrees of freedom are two i.e. (Kinetic
energy. of vibration and Potential energy of vibration)
the average speed v is slightly larger than the most
Monoatonic
probable speed vp. The root-mean-square speed,
Eg : (all inrent gases, He, Ar, etc.)
vrms, is still larger /(vrms > v > vp).
 f=3 (translational) Monoatomic
(Vx, Vy, VZ)
3 3
Diatomic Energy of one particle = KT, one mde = RT,
T,
2 2
Eg : (gases like H2, N2, O2 etc)
f=5 (3 translational + 2 rotational)
3
n mole = nRT
T
2
y
Diatomic
(Vx, Vy, Vz ; Wx, Wy, Wz)
x 5 5
Energy of one Barticle = KT, one mole = RT,
T,
2 2
z
5
n mole = nRT
T
2
If temp < 70 K for diatomic molecules, then
f=3
If temp is in between 250 K to 5000 K, then General degree of freedom.
f=5
t t
If temp is very high (> 5000K) Energy of one particle = KT, one mole = RT,
T,
2 2
f=7
[3 translational +2 rotational +2 vibrational] t
n mole = nRT
T
Triatomic 2
y
D.O.f. = 6
(Non - linear) Internal energy of a gas only dipends on the tem-
Vx , Vy , Vz , Wx , Wy , Wz perature of the gas desn’t depend on the process
  x
3 Trans. 3 Rotational taken by the gas to reach the tempreature.

If linear (CO2) z
Total D.O.f = 5 7. INTERNAL ENERGY
Vx , Vy , Vz , Wy , Wz The internal energy of a system is the sun of kinetic
   
3 Trans. 2 Rotational and potential energies of the molecules of the system.
x
Maxwell’s law of It is denoted by U. Internal energy (U) of the system
is the function of its absolute temperature (T) and
equipartition of energy.
its volume (V). i.e. U = f(T , V)
Energy associated with each degree of freedom=
In case of an ideal gas, intermolecular force is zero.
1
KT.. Hence its potential energy is also zero. In this case,
2
the internal energy is only due to kinetic energy.
1 Which depends on the absolute temperature of the
of one pasticle is same and = KT
2 gas. i.e. U = f(T). For an ideal gas internal energy
If degree of freedom of a molecule is f then
U = f nRT..
1 2
total kinetic energy of that molecule = KT
2
 3 5 3 5
n1RT1  n 2 RT2  n1RT  n 2 RT
A light container having a diatomic gas enclosed with 2 2 2 2
in is moving with velocity v. Mass of the gas is M
and number of moles is n. (3P1V1  5P2 V2 )T1T2
 T = 3P V T  5P V T
1 1 2 2 2 1
mass of gas = M v
tempeature T
 3P1V1  5P2 V2   P1V1T 2  P2 V2T2 
P =  3P V T  5P V T   V1  V2

(i) What is the kinetic energy of gas w.r.t centre of  1 1 2 2 2 1  
mass of the system?
(ii) What is K.E. of gas w.r.t ground?

5
Sol. (i) K.E. = nRT
T
2
(ii) Kinetic energy of gas w.r.t ground = Kinetic
energy of centre of mass w.r.t ground + Kinetic Section D, E, F, G - First law of thermo-
energy of gas w.r.t center of mass. dynamics, Processes + Work
done, Specific Heat (Cp & Cv),
1 2 5 Graph, Piston Problems
K.E. = Mv  nRT
2 2
8. THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is mainly the study of exchange
of heat energy between bodies and conversion of
Two nonconducting containers having volume V1 the same into mechanical energy and vice versa.
and V2 contain monoatomic and dimatomic gases Thermodynamic System
respectively. They are containers are P1, T1 and P2,
Collection of an extremely large number of atoms
T2 respectively. Initially stop cock is closed, if the
or molecules confined within certain boundaries such
stop cock is opened find the final pressure and
that it has a certain value of pressure (P),volume
temperature.
(V) and temperature (T) is called a thermodynamic
system. Anything outside the thermodynamic system
P1 V1 P2 V2
to which energy or matter is exchanged is called its
T1 T2 surroundings. Taking into consideration the
interaction between a system and its surroundings
thermodynamic system is divided into three classes :
P1V1 P2 V2 (a) Open system : A system is said to be an open
Sol. n1 = RT n2 = RT
1 2 system if it can exchange both energy and matter
with its surroundings.
n = n1 + n2 (number of moles are conserved)
(b) Closed system : A system is said to be closed
Finally pressure in both parts & temperature of the
both the gases will be become equal. system if it can exchange only energy (not matter
with its surrounding
P(V1  V2 ) P1V1 P2 V2 (c) Isolated system : A system is said to be isolated
 
RT RT1 RT2 if it can neither exchange energy nor matter with its
From energy conservation surroundings.
 Zeroth law of Thermodynamics :
If two systems (B and C) are separately in thermal
equilirbrium with a third one (A), then they the
mselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other. P T

adiabatic wall
V P
diathermic wall

C B
A
T

Equation of State (for ideal gases) :

The relation between the thermodynamic variables V
(P, V, T) of the system is called equation of state.
The equation of state for an ideal gas of n moles is There is exchange of heat between system and
given by surroundings. System should be compressed or
expanded very slowly so that there is sufficient time
PV = nRT,
for exchange of heat to keep the temperature
Work done by a gas :
constant.
Let P and V be the pressure and volume of the gas.
Slope of P-V curve in isothermal process :
If A be the area of the piston. then force exerted by
PV = constant = C
gas on the piston is, F = P × A
Let the piston move through a small distance dx dP P
 
during the expansion of the gas. Work done for a dV V
small displacement dx is dW = F dx = PA dx
Work done in isothermal process :
Since A dx = dV, increase in volume of the gas is dV
 dW = P dV V f  If v f  v i then W is positive 
W = nRT ln V  If v  v then W is negative
i  f i 

 V 
area
W  2.303 nRT log10 f 
dx P
enclosed  Vi 

P,V,T
vi vf P P
V Compression
Expansion
or W   d W   P dV

Area enclosed under P-V curve gives work done vi vf V vi vf V

during process
Internal energy in isothermal process :
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSES U = f (T)  U = 0
(a) Isothermal Process :
T = constant [Boyle’s law applicable] (b) Iso-Choric Process (Isometric Process) :
PV = constant V = constant  Change in volume is zero
 Heat given in isobaric process : Q = U + W
P
 is constant
T f f
Q = n R T + P[Vf – Vi] = n R T + nR T
2 2
P
= const. (Galussac-law) Above expression gives an idea that to increase
T
temperature by T in isobaric process heat required
Work done in isochoric process : is more than in isochoric process.
Since change in volume is zero therefore
(d) Cyclic Process :
dW = p dV = 0
In the cyclic process initial and final states are same
Indicator diagram of isochoric process :
therefore initial state = final state
Work done = Area enclosed under P-V diagram.
Change in internal Energy U = 0
Q = U + W
P V V
 Q = W
If the process on P-V curve is clockwise, then net
T T P work done is (+ve) and vice-versa.
The graphs shown below explains when work is
Change in internal energy in isochoric process
positive and when it is negative
:

f (–)work (–)work
U  n R T
2
P P
Heat given in isochoric process :

f V V
Q = U  n R T
2

(+)work (–)work
(c) Isobaric Process : Pressure remains constant
in isobaric process P P

V V V
 P = constant   cons tan t
T
Indicator diagram of isobaric process :

The cylinder shown in the figure has conducting walls

and temperature of the surrounding is T, the pistion
P is initially in equilibrium, the cylinder contains n moles
P P
of a gas. Now the piston is displaced slowly by an
T (in Kelvin)
external agent to make the volume double of the initial.
T V
Find work done by external agent in terms of n, R, T.
Work done in isobaric process :
n
W = P V = P (Vfinal – Vinitial) = nR(Tfinal – Tinitial) moles
Change in internal energy in isobaric process :
f
U = n R T
2
Sol. 1st Method :
Work done by external agent is positive, because
Fext and displacement are in the same direction. Since
walls are conducting therefore temperature remains Patm K
constant. Applying equilibrium condition when
mass = m
pressure of the gas is P T Area = A

PatmA
PA
Fext

PA + Fext = PatmA
Fext = Patm A – PA  mg 
Sol. (i) PV = nRT   Patm   Ah = nRT
T
 A 
d d d

Wext =  Fext dx   Patm Adx   PA dx

0 0 0
 mg 
 Patm   Ah
n=  A 
d 2v
nRT RT
= Patm A  dx   V
dV
0 v
(ii) 1st method
= Patm Ad – nRT ln 2
Applying newton’s law on the piston
2nd Method
mg + Patm A + Kx = PgasA
Applying work energy theorem on the piston
k = 0 d d

Wall = k Wgas =  P Adx   (mg  P

0
g
0
atm A  Kx)dx
Wgas + Watm + Wext = 0

Vf Kx mg PatmA
nRT ln V – nRT + Wext = 0
i
dx
Wext = nRT (1 –ln2)
x PgasA

A nonconducting piston of mass m and area of cross 1 2

 Wgas = mgd + PatmdA + Kd
section A is placed on a nonconducting cylinder as 2
shown in figure. Temperature, spring constant, height
2nd method
of the piston are given by T, K, h respectively.
Initially spring is relaxed and piston is at rest. Find Applying work energy theorem on the pistion
(i) Number of moles Wall = KE
(ii) Work done by gas to displace the piston by Since piston moves slowly therefore KE = 0
distance d when the gas is heated slowly.
Wgravity + Wgas + Watm + Wspring = 0
(iii) Find the final temperature
1
– mgd + Wgas + (–PatmAd) + [–( Kd2 – 0)] = 0
2

1 2
 Wgas = mgd + PatmdA + Kd
2
 Sol. Since path AB and CD are isochoric therefore work
done is zero during path AB and CD. Process BC
Find out the work done in the given graph. Also
and DA are isothermal, therefore
draw the corresponding T-V curve and P-T curve.
VC
WBC = nR2T0 ln V = 2nRT
T0 ln 2
B
P

B
VA
2P0 C WDA = nRT0 ln V = – nRT
T0 ln 2
D

P0 A D
Total work done = WBC + WDA
V = 2nRT0 ln 2 – nRT0 ln 2
O V0 2V0
= nRT0 ln 2

Sol. Since in P-V curves area under the cycle is equal to

work done
P-T curve of a cyclic process is shown. Find out
therefore work done by the gas is equal to P0V0.
the work done by the gas in the given process if
Line AB and CD are isochoric line, line BC and DA number of moles of the gas are n.
are isobaric line.
 the T-V curve and P-T curve are drawn as P
shown. T2 B T3
P2 C

A T1T4
P1
T C P D

B B T
C
D A
A D Sol. Since path AB and CD are isochoric therefore work
V T done during AB and CD is zero. Path BC and DA ar
isobaric.
Hence WBC = nRT = nR(T3 – T2)
WDA = nR(T1 – T4)
Total work done = WBC + WDA
T-V curve of cyclic process is shown below, number = nR(T1 + T3 – T4 – T2)
of moles of the gas n find the total work done during
the cycle.

T Consider the cyclic process ABCA on a sample of

2.0 mol of an ideal gas as shown in figure. The
B C temperatures of the gas at A and B are 300 K and
2T0
500 K respectively. A total of 1200 J heat is
T0 D withdrawn from the sample in the process. Find the
A
work done by the gas in part BC. Take R = 8.3 J/
V0 2V0 V
mol-K.
Sol. The change in internal energy during the cyclic Sol. From first law of thermodynamic Q = u + w
process is zero. Hence, the heat supplied to the gas Q = mL = 1 × 540 cal. = 540 cal.
is equal to the work done by it. Hence,
WAB + WBC + WCA = –1200 J. ...(i) 105 (1671 – 1)  10 –6
W = PV =
4.2
P C
105 (1670)  10 –6
= = 40 cal.
4.2
A B
U = 540 – 40 = 500 cal.
V

The work done during the process AB is

WAB = PA(VB – VA) Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are kept in a
= nR(TB – TA) nonconducting container enclosed by a piston. Gas
= (2.0 mol) (8.3 J/mol-K) (200 K) = 3320 J is now compressed to increase the temperature from
The work done by the gas during the process CA is 300 K to 400 K. Find work done by the gas
zero as the volume remains constant. From (i)
3320 J + WBC = – 1200 J
or WBC = –4520 J Diatomic 2 moles non conducting
= –4520 J gas 300 K container

9. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The first law of thermodynamics is the law of Sol. Q = u + W
conservation of energy. It states that if a system
Since container is conconducting therefore
absorbs heat dQ and as a result the internal energy
Q = 0 = u + w
of the system changes by dU and the system does a
work dW, then dQ = dU + dW f
But, dW = P dV dQ = dU + P dV  W = – u = – n R T
2
which is the mathematical statement of first law of
thermodynamics. 5
=–2× R(400 – 300)
Heat gained by a system, work done by a system 2
and increase in internal energy are taken as
= – 5 × 8.314 × 100 J
positive.
= – 5 × 831.4 J
Heat lost by a system, work done on a system
and decrease in internal energy are taken as = – 4157 J
negative.

A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic

1 gm water at 100°C is heated to convert into steam
at 100°C at 1 atm. Find out change in internal energy
of water. It is given that volume of 1 gm water at
100°C = 1 cc. volume of 1 gm steam at 100°C =
1671 cc. Latent heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.
(Mechanical equivalent of heat J = 4.2 J/cal.)
process abca (figure. It ab-sorbs 50 J of heat during
the part ab, no heat during bc and reflects 70 J of
heat during ca. 40 J of work is done on the gas
during the part bc.(a) Find the internal energy of the
gas at b and c if it is 1500 J at a. (b) Calculate the
work done by the gas during the part ca.

P b
c a
v
Sol. (a) In the part ab the volume remains constant. Thus,
the work done by the gas s zero. The heat absorbed
by the gas is 50 J. The increase in internal energy
from a to b is
U = Q = 50 J.
As the internal energy is 1550 J at a, it will be 1550
J at b. In the part bc, the work done by the gas is
W = –40J and no heat is given to the system. The
increase in internal energy from b to c is
U = – W = 40 J.
As the internal energy is 1550 J at b, it will be 1590
J at C.
(b) The change in internal energy, from c to a is
U = 1500 J – 1590 J = –90 J
The heat given to the system is Q = – 70 J
Using Q = U + W,
Wca = Q – U = – 70 J + 90 J = 20 J.
The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is 1.5
nRT. One mole of helium is kept in a cylinder of
cross-section 8.5 cm2. The cylinder is closed by a
light frictionless piston. The gas is heated slowly in
a process during which a total of 42 J heat is given
to the gas. If the temperature rises through 2°C,
find the distance moved by the piston. Atmospheric
pressure = 100 kPa.
Sol. The change in internal energy of the gas is
U = 1.5 nR (T)
= 1.5 (1 mol) (8.3 J/mol-K) (2K)
= 24.9 J
The heat given to the gas = 42 J
The work done by the gas is
W = Q – U = 42 J – 24.9 J = 17.1 J
If the distance moved by the piston is x, the work
done is
W = (100 kPa) (8.5 cm2) x.
Thus, (105 N/m2) (8.5 × 10–4 m2) x = 17.1 J
or, x = 0.2 m = 20 cm.
A sample of an ideal gas has pressure p0, volume v0
and temperature T0. It is isothermally expanded to
twice its original volume. It is then compressed at
constant pressure to have the original volume V0.
Finally, the gas is heated at constant volume to get
the original temperature. (a) Show the process in a
V - T diagram (b) Calculate the heat absorbed in the
process.
Sol. (a) The V-T diagram for the process is shown in
figure. The initial state is represented by the point a.
In the first step, it is isothermally expanded to a
volume 2V0. This shown by ab. Then the pressure
is kept constant and the gas is compressed to the
volume V0. From the ideal gas equation, V/T is
constant at constant pressure. Hence, the process is
shown by a line bc which passes through the origin.
At point c, the volume is V0. ln the final step, the gas
is heated at constant volume to a temperature T0.
This is shown by ca. The final state is the same as
the initial state.
(b) The process is cylic so that the change in internal
energy is zero. The heat supplied is, therefore, equal
to the work done by the gas. The work done during
ab is
2V0
W1 = nRT0 ln V = nRT
T0 ln 2 = p0V0 ln 2.
0
V b
2V0
V0 c
a
T0 T
 Also from the ideal gas equation
paVa = pbVb There are two vessels. Each of them contains one
mole of a monoatomic ideal gas. Initial volume of
pa Va p0 V0 p the gas in each vessel is 8.3 × 10–3 m3 at 27°C.
or, pb = V = 2V = 0 . Equal amount of heat is supplied to each vessel. ln
b 0 2
one of the vessels, the volume of the gas is doubled
In the step bc, the pressure remains constant. Hence without change in its internal energy, whereas the
the work done is, volume of the gas is held constant in the second
vessel. The vessels are now connected to allow free
p0 pV mixing of the gas. Find the final temperature and
W2 = (V0 – 2V0) = – 0 0 pressure of the combined gas system.
2 2
Sol. 369.3K, 2.462 × 105 N/m2
In the step ca, the volume remains constant and so Efficiency of cycle () :
the work done is zero. The net work done by the
total Mechanical work done by the
gas in the cyclic process is
gas in the whole process

W = W1 + W2 = p0V0 [ln 2 – 0.5] = 0.193 p0V0. Heat absorbed by the gas (only  ve)
Hence, the heat supplied to the gas is 0.193 p0V0.
area under the cycle in P-V curve

Heat injected into the system

 Q2 
A sample of ideal gas (f = 5) is heated at constant  = 1 – Q  for Heat Engine,
 1 
pressure. If an amount 140 J of heat is supplied to
the gas, find (a) the change in internal energy of the  T2 
  = 1 – T  for Cannot cycle
gas (b) the work done by the gas.  1 

Sol. Suppose the sample contains n moles. Also suppose

the volume changes from V 1 to V 2 and the
temperature changes from T1 to T2. n moles of a diatomic gas has undergone a cyclic
The heat supplied is process ABC as shown in figure. Temperature at A
is T0. Find
2 U
Q = U + PV = U + nRT = U + P
f

(a) The change is internal energy is B C

2P0
A
f f P0
U = n R(T2 – T1) = R n(T2 – T1)
2 2
V0 V V

f 140J (i) Volume at C ?

= Q = = 100 J
2f 1.4 (ii) Maximum temperature ?
(iii) Total heat given to gas ?
(b) The work done by the gas is
(iv) is heat rejected by the gas, if yes how much
W = Q – U = 140 J – 100 J = 40 J heat is rejected ?
(v) Find out the efficiency
Sol. (i) Since triangle O A V0 and OC V are similar 10. SPECIFIC HEAT
therefore The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined
as the heat supplied per unit mass of the substance
2P0 P0
  V = 2V0 per unit rise in the temperature. If an amount Q of
V V0
heat is given to a mass m of the substance and its
(ii) Since process AB is isochoric hence temperature rises by T, the specific heat capacity
s is given by equation
PA PB
  TB = 2T
TA TB Q
s=
mT
Since process BC is isobaric therefore
The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as
TB TC the heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in the
  TC = 2TB = 4T0
VB VC temperature. The molar heat capacity at constant
volume, denoted by Cv, is :
(iii) since process is cyclic therefore

1  Q  f
Cv =  nT   R
Q = W = area under the cycle = P0 V0  cons tan t volume 2
2
(iv) Since u and W both are negative in process and the molar heat capacity at constant pressure,
CA denoted by Cp is,
 Q is negative in process CA and heat is rejected
 Q  f 
in process CA CP =  nT     1 R
 cons tan t Pr essure 2 
QCA = wCA + uCA
where n is the amount of the gas in number of moles
1 5
= – [P0 + 2P0] V0 – nR (Tc – Ta) and f is degree of freedom. Quite often, the term
2 2
specific heat capacity or specific heat is used for
molar heat capacity. It is advised that the unit be
1 5  4P0 V0 P0 V0 
=– [P + 2P0]V0 – nR  –  carefully noted to determine the actual meaning. The
2 0 2  nR nR 
unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg-K whereas that
= – 9P0V0 = Heat injected. of molar heat capacity is J/mol-K.
(v)  = efficiency of the cycle MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY OF IDEAL GAS IN
TERMS OF R :
work done by the gas
= (i) For a monoatomic gas f = 3
heat injected
3 5
CV = R , CP = R
P0 V0 / 2 2 2
== Q × 100
injected
CP 5
Qinj = QAB + QBC  C   = = 1.67
v 3
5  5  (ii) For a diatomic gas f = 5
=  nR(2T0 – T0 )   nR(2T0 )  2P0 (2V0 – V0 ) 
2  2 
5 7 CP
CV = R , CP = R  = C  1.4
19 100 2 2 V
= P0 V0 = %
2 19
(iii) For a Triatomic gas f = 6
CV = 3R, CP = 4R
 Sol. From first law of thermodynamics
CP 4
 = C  3 = 1.33 QABC = uABC + WABC
V
W ABC=W AB+WBC
[Note for CO2 ; f = 5, it is linear]
ln general if f is the degree of freedom of a molecule, VC 2V0
= 0+nRTBln V = nRT
TB ln V
then B 0

f f  CP  2 
CV = R , CP =   1  R ,  =  1  
2  2  C V  f P
B Diatomic
for any general process C 2P0
Isothermal
f R work done by gas A
=  P0 C
2 nT

V0 2V0 V

Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are enclosed

in a cylinder as shown in figure. Piston is light. Find = nRTB ln 2 = 2P0 V0 ln 2
out the heat given if the gas is slowly heated to 400
5
K in the following three cases. u = nCv T = (2P0V0 – P0V0)
2
(i) Piston is free to move Patm light piston

(ii) If piston does not move 300 K 5

2 mole  QABC = P V + 2P0V0 ln 2.
(iii) If piston is heavy and Diatomic
2 0 0
movable.
Sol. (i) Since pressure is constant
Calculate the value of mechanical equivalent of heat
7 from the following data. Specific heat capacity of
 Q = nCPT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 700 R
2
air at constant volume = 170 cal/kg-K,  = Cp/Cv =
(ii) Since volume is constant 1.4. and the density of air at STP is 1.29 kg/m3.
 W = 0 and Q = u (from first law) Gas constant R = 8.3 J/mol-K
Sol. Using pV = nRT, the volume of 1 mole of air at
5 STP is
Q = u = nCvT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300)
2
nRT (1mol)  (8.3J / mol – K)  (273K)
= 500 R V= =
p 1.0  105 N / m 2
(iii) Since pressure is constant
= 0.0224 m3.
7
 Q = nCP T = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) The mass of 1 mole is, therefore,
2
(1.29 kg/m3) × (0.0224 m3) = 0.029 kg.
= 700R
1
The number of moles in 1 kg is . The molar
0.029
heat capacity at constant volume is
P-V curve of a diatomic gas is shown in the figure.
Find the total heat given to the gas in the process 170cal
AB and BC CV = (1/ 0.029) mol  K = 4.93 cal/mol-K
Hence, Cp = Cv = 1.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K Equation of adiabatic process is given by
or, Cp – Cv = 0.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K =1.97 cal/mol- PV = constant [Poission law]
K TP1– = constant
Thus, 8.3 J = 1.97 cal. T V – 1 = constant
The mechanical equivalent of heat is Slope of P-V curve in adiabatic process :
Since PV is constant
8.3J
1.97cal = 4.2 J/cal. dp P
 –  

dV V
Average Molar Specific Heat of Metals :
[Dulong and Petit law]
At room temperature average molar specific heat of P
dP  P 
all metals are same and is nearly equal to 3R   – 
dV  V
(6 cal. mol–1K–1)

6 v

Slope of P – T – curve in adiabatic process :

Cv Since T P1– is a constant

dV  P () P
  
dT (1 –  ) T (  – 1) T

T
dP  P

[Note : Temp. above which the metals have constant dT (  – 1) T
P
Cv is called Debye temp.]
Mayer’s equation : CP – CV = R (for ideal gases
only)

T
ADIABATIC PROCESS
When no heat is supplied or extracted from the
system the process is called adiabatic. Process is Slope of T-V-curve :
sudden so that there is no time for exchange of heat. dV 1 V
If walls of a container are thermally insulated no –
dT (  – 1) T
heat can cross the boundary of the system and
process is adiabatic.
dV  1 V
P  – 
dT  ( – 1) T 
insulating
wall
Gas

T
 Work done in adiabatic Process : Sol. Since process is adiabatic therefore
W = – U = nCv (Ti – Tf) 5/3
5 V
P0 V = Pfinal  8 
3
Pi Vi – Pf Vf nR(Ti – Tf )
= =
(  – 1)  –1
CP 5R 3R 5
= C = / =
work done by system is (+ve), if Ti > Tf (hence V 2 2 3
expansion)
Since process is adiabatic therefore.
work done on the system is (–ve) if Ti < Tf (hence T1V1–1 = T2 V2–1
compression)
2/3
 T0V02/3 = Tfinal  V0   T = 4T0
 8 

A quantity of air is kept in a container having walls

which are slightly conducting. The initial temperature
and volume are 27°C (equal to the temperature of A cylindrical container having nonconducting walls
3
the surrounding) and 800 cm respectively. Find the is partitioned in two equal parts such that the volume
rise in the temperature if the gas is compressed to of the each parts is equal to V 0. A movable
nonconducting piston is kept between the two parts.
200 cm3 (a) in a short time (b) in a long time. Take
Gas on left is slowly heated so that the gas on right
 = 1.4.
V0
Sol. (a) When the gas is compressed in a short time, the is compressed upto volume . Find pressure and
8
process is abiabatic. Thus,
temperature on both sides if initial pressure and
T2 V2–1 = T1V1–1 temperature, were P0 and T0 respectively. Also find
 –1
heat given by the heater to the gas. (number of moles
0.4
 V1   800  in each part is n)
or T2 = T1   = (300 K) × 
 V2   200 

= 522 K. non conducting walls

non conducting movable piston
Rise in temperature = T2 – T1 = 222K
(b) When the gas is compressed in a long time, the
P0,
process is isothermal. Thus, the temperature remains V0,
P0,V0,T0 monoatomic
T0
equal to the temperature of the surrounding that is
27°C. The rise in temperature = 0.

Diatomic

A monoatomic gas is enclosed in a nonconducting

Sol. Since the process on right is adiabatic therefore
cylinder having a piston which can move freely.
PV = constant.
Suddenly gas is compressed to 1/8 of its initial
volume. Find the final pressure and temperature if  P0V0 = Pfinal (V0/8)

initial pressure and temperature are P 0 and T0  Pfinal = 32 P0

respectively. T0V0–1 = Tfinal (V0/8)–1
 Let volume of the left part is V1 Sol. From the first law thermodynamics Q = u + W
Since gas expands freely therefore W = 0, since
V0 15V0
 2V0 = V1 +  V1 = no heat is given to gas Q = 0
8 8
 u = 0 and temperature remains constant.
Since number of moles on the left parts remains
constant therefore for the left part PV/T = constant. Tfinal = T0

Final pressure on both sides will be same Since the process is isothermal therefore
P0 × V0 = Pfinal × 2V0
P0 V0 Pfinal V1
 T = T  Tfinal = 60 T0  Pfinal = P0/2
0 final

Q = u + w Reversible and Irreversible Process

5R 3R A process is said to be reversible when the various
Q = n (60T0 – T0 ) + n (4T0 – T0)
2 2 stages of an operation in which it is subjected can
be traversed the back in the opposite direction in
5nR 3nR such a way that substance passes through exactly
Q = × 59T0 + × 3T0
2 2 the same conditions at every step in the reverse
process as in the direct process.
Free Expansion Comparison of slopes of Iso-thermal and
If a system, say a gas expands in such a way that no Adiabatic Curve
heat enters or leaves the system and also no work is
done by or on the system, then the expansion is
Adiabatic
called the “free expansion”. Q = 0, U = 0 and
W = 0. Temperature in the free expansion remains
P
constant. Isothermal

Isothermal

Adiabatic
A nonconducting cylinder having volume 2V0 is
V
partitioned by a fixed nonconducting wall in two
equal part. Partition is attached with a valve. Right
side of the partition is a vaccum and left part is filled
with a gas having pressure and temperature P0 and
P
T0 respectively. If valve is opened find the final isobaric
pressure and temperature of the two parts.
isothermal
poly
di adiabatic
mono
Fixed
V1 V2 V
Wmono < Wdi < Wpoly < Wisothermal < Wisobaric
V0 nonconductor
P0,V0,T0 Vacuum
dP dP

dV adia dV isothermal
 In compression up to same final volume : Section H - II Law of Thermodynamics,
Efficiency, Entropy
Wadia  Wisothermal
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
In Expansion up to same final volume :
This law gives the direction of heat flow.
Wisothermal  Wadia
According to Classius : It is impossible to make
any such machine that can transfer heat from an ob-
ject with low temperature to an object with high tem-
Limitations of Ist Law of Thermodynamics :
perature without an external source.
The first law of thermodynamics tells us that heat
Accoding to Kelvin : It is impossible to obtain work
and mechanical work are interconvertible. However,
continuously by cooling an object below the
this law fails to explain the following points :
tempreature of its surroundings.
(i) It does not tell us about the direction of transfer of
Statement of Kelvin-Planck : It is impossible to
heat.
construct any such machine that works on a cyclic
(ii) It does not tell us about the conditions under which
process and absorbs heat from a source, converts all
heat energy is converted into work.
that heat into work and rejects no heat to sink.
(iii) It does not tell us whether some process is possible
Heat engine :
or not.
The device, used to convert heat energy into
mechanical energy, is called a heat engine.
Mixture of non-reacting gases :
For conversion of heat into work with the help of a
n1M1  n 2 M 2 heat engine, the following conditions have to be met
(a) Molecular weight  with
n1  n 2
There should be a body at higher tempreature ‘T1’
M1 & M2 are molar masses.
from which heat is extracted. It is called the source.
(b) Specific heat
Body of the engine containing working substance.
n1CV1  n 2CV2 n1CP1  n 2 CP2 There should be a body at lower temperature ‘T2’ to
CV  , CP 
n1  n 2 n1  n 2 which heat can be rejected. This is called the sink.
Working of heat engine :
CPmix n1CP1  n 2C P2  ...... Schematic diagram of heat engine
(c) for mixture,   
CVmix n1CV1  n 2CV2  ...... Source Engine Sink

T1 E T2
n1f1  n 2f 2
(d) Degree of freedom for mixture f = n  n Q1 Q2
1 2

Note W = Q1 – Q2

Engine derives an amount ‘Q 1’ of heat from the

source.
A part of this heat is converted into work ‘W’.
Remaining heat ‘Q2’ is rejected to the sink.
Thus Q1 = W + Q2
or the work done by the engine is given by
W = Q1 – Q2
Efficiency of heat engine : Insulating stand : It is a stand made up of perfectly
Efficiency of heat engine () is defined as the fraction insulating material such that the barrel when placed
of total heat, supplied to the engine which is converted over it becomes thoroughly insulated from the
into work. surroundings.
Mathematically Carnot cycle :
W As the engine works, the working substance of the
 
Q1 engine undergoes a cycle known as Carnot cycle.
The Carnot cycle consists of the following four
Q  Q2 Q strokes.
or  1  1 2
Q1 Q1
Graphical representation of Carnot cycle :
CARNOT ENGINE AND CARNOT CYCLE First stroke (Isothermal expansion) :
Carnot engine : In this stroke the barrel is placed over the source.
Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine. It consists of The piston is gradually pushed back as the gas
the following parts. expands. Fall of temperature, due to expansion, is
Schematic diagram : compensated by the supply of heat from the source
and consequently temperature remains constant. The
conditions of the gas change from A(P1, V1) to B(P2,
V2). If W1 is the work done during this process, then
Gas
heat Q1 derived from the source is given by

Conducting Conducting  V2 
Q1 = W1 = Area ABGE = RT loge  V 
 1

Source Insulating Source Second stroke (Adiabatic expansion) :

T1K stand T2 K
Source : It is a reservoir of heat energy with a
condicting top maintained at a constant temperature
T1K. Source is so big that extraction of any amount
of heat from it does not chagne its temperature.
The barrel is removed from the source and is placed
over the insulating stand. The piston is pushed back
so that the gas expands adiabatically resulting in fall
of temperature from T1 to T2. The conditions of the
gas change from B(P2, V2) to C(P3, V3). If W2 is the
work done in this case then
W2  Area

Body of heat engine : It is a barrel having per- R

fectly insulating walls and conducting bottom. It is
fitted with an air tight piston capable of sliding within
the barrel without friction. The barrel contains some
quantity of an ideal gas.
Sink : It is a huge body at a lower temperature T2
having a perfectly conducting top. The size of the
sink is so large that any amount of heat rejected to it
does not increase its temperature.
BCHG  (T1  T2 )
 1
Third stroke (isothermal compression) :
The barrel is placed over the sink. Piston is pushed
down there by compressing the gas. The heat gener-
ated due to compression flows to the sink maintaining
the temprerature of the barrel constant. The state of
the gas change from C(P3, V3) to D(P4, V4). If W3 is
the work done in this process and Q2 is the heat re-
jected to the sink, then

 V3 
Q2 = W3 = Area CDFH = RT2 loge  V 
 4
Fourth stroke (Adiabatic compression) :
The barrel is placed over the insulating stand. The
piston is moved down thereby compressing the gas
adibatically till the tempreature of gas increases from
T2 to T1. The state of gas changes from D(P4, V4)
A(P1, V1). If W4 is the work done in this process,
then
R body and convert the whole of it into work.
W4 = Area ADFE = (T – T2)
 1 1
Heat converted into work in Carnot cycle :
During the four strokes, W1 and W2 are the work
done by the gas and W3 and W4 are the work done
on the gas. Therefore the net, work performed by
the engine
W = W1 + W2 – W3 – W4
EXAMPLE 34
= Area ABGE + Area BCHG – Area CDFH – Area
ADEF = Area ABCD
Thus net work done by the engine during one cycle
is equal to the area enclosed by the indicator diagram
Sol.
of the cycle. Analytically
Some important points regarding Carnot engine
Efficiency of an engine depends upon the tempera-
tures between which it operates.
 is independent of the nature of working substance.
 is one only if T2 = 0. Since absolute zero is not
attainable, hence even an ideal engine cannot be 100
% efficient.
 is one only if Q2 = 0. But  = 1 is never possible
even for an ideal engine. Hence Q2  0.
Thus it is impossible to extract heat from a single
If T2 = T1, then  = 0
In actual heat engines, there anr many losses due to
friction etc. and various processes during each cyle
are not quasistatic, so the efficiency of actual en-
gines is much less than that of an ideal engine.
A Carnot engine has same efficiency between (i)
100 K and 500K and (ii) Tk and 900 K. The value
of T is
T2
Efficiency  = 1 – T
1

 V2  100 T 100 T
or  = 1 –  1 or 
W = R(T1 – T2) loge  V  500 900 500 900
 1
 T = 180K
Efficiency of Carnot engine :
Efficiency () of an engine is defined as the ratio of EXAMPLE 35
useful heat (heat converted into work) to the total A Carnot engine takes 103 kilocalories of heat from
heat supplied to the engine. Thus. a reservoir at 627ºC and exhausts it to a sink at
27ºC. The efficiency of the engine will be.
W Q1  Q2
  Sol. Efficiency of Carnot engine
Q1 Q1
T2 300 2
V   = 1 – T  1  900  3
R(T1  T2 ) log e  2  1

  V1   T1  T2 or  = 66.6 %
or
 V2  T1
RT1 log e  
 V1  EXAMPLE 36
Q2 T2 In the above problem, the work performed by the
or  = 1 – Q  1  T engine will be
1 1
Sol. Work performed by the engine
70 280
2 In the second state (i) 100  1  T
W = Q1 = × 106 × 4.2 1
3
or W = 2.8 × 106 Joule 2800
 T1   933.3K
3
EXAMPLE 37
 Increase in source temperature
A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 40% when
the sink temperature is 27ºC. The source = (933.3 – 560) = 373.3 K
temperature will be

T2 EXAMPLE 40
Sol.  efficiency = 1 – T A Carnot’s engine work at 200ºC and 0ºC and
1
another at 0ºC and –200ºC. The ratio of efficiency
2 300 of the two is
or =1– T
5 1 (T1  T2 )
Sol. 
 T1 = 500K T1
(473  273) 200
1  
473 473
EXAMPLE 38
(273  73) 200
A reversible engine takes heat from a reservoir at and 2  
273 273
527ºC and gives out to the sink at 127ºC. The engine 1 273
is required to perform useful mechanical work at   0.577
2 473
the rate of 750 watt. The efficiency of the engine is
T2 EXAMPLE 41
Sol. Efficiency =1– T
1 A Carnot engine work as refrigerator in between
400 1 0ºC and 27ºC. How much energy is needed to freeze
or =1–  or  = 50% 10 kg ice at 0ºC.
800 2
Sol. Heat absorbed by sink
EXAMPLE 39
Q2 = 10 × 102 × 80 = 800 k.cal
The efficiency of Carnot’s engine is 50%. The
Q1 T1 T1
temperature of its sink is 7ºC. To increase its Now  ,
Q2 T2 Q1 = Q2 . T2
efficiency to 70%. The increase in heat of the source
300
will be  Q1 = 800 × k.cal = 879 kcal
273
Sol. Efficiency in first state
 = 50% = 1/2 EXAMPLE 42
T2 = 273 + 7 = 280 K Work efficiency coefficient in above question
Formula Sol. Work efficiency coefficient (cofficient of
T2 performance)
=1– T1
Q2

1 280 280 1 Q1  Q 2
1  
2 T1 T1 2
800  103
or T1 = 560ºK (temperature of source)   10.13
(879  800)  103
EXAMPLE 43 EXAMPLE 45

A Carnot engine works as a refrigerator in between The pressure in a monoatomic gas increases linearly
250K and 300K. If it acquires 750 calories from from 4 x 105 N m2 to 8 x 105 N m2 when its volume
heat source at low temperature, then the heat increases from 0.2 m3 to 0.5 m3 . Calculate the
following:
generated at higher temperature. (in calories) will
be. (a) work done by the gas.
(b) increase in the internal energy.
Q2 T2
Sol.   Sol. (a) As here pressure is varying linearly with volume,
Q1  Q 2 T1  T2
work done by the gas

750 250 W =  PdV = area under P-V curve

 
Q1  750 300  250
which in the light of figure 1 becomes:
Q1 = 900 Calories W = P (VF – V) (PF – P) × (VF – V)

1
i.e., W = P  VF  V    PF  P    VF  V 
EXAMPLE 44 2
A vessel of volume 2 x 102 m3 contains a mixture
of hydrogen and helium at 47º C temperature and
4.15 x 105 N/m2 pressure. The mass of the mixture
is 102 kg. Calculate the masses of hydrogen and
helium in the given mixture.
Sol. Let mass of H2 is m1 and He is m2
 m1 + m2 = 10–2 kg = 10 × 10–3 ....(1)
Let P1, P2 are partial pressure of H2 and He 1
i.e., W = (0.5 – 0.2) (8 + 4) × 105
P1 + P2 = 4.15 × 105 N/m2 2
i.e., W = 1.8 × 105 J
for the mixture

 m1 m2  (b) The change in internal energy of a gas is given

(P1 + P2) V =  n  n  RT by
 1 2 
RT (PF VF  P V )
 4.15 × 105 × 2 × 10–2 U = CV T = 
(   1) (   1)
 m1 m2  As the gas is monatomic  = (5/3)
= 3
  8.31 × 320
 2  10 4  103 
105 (8  0.5  4  0.2)
m1 m2 4.15  2 So, U =
   [(5/ 3)  1]
2 4 8.31  320
3
= 0.00312 = 3.12 × 10–3 = × 105(4 – 0.8).
2
 2m1 + m2 = 12.48 × 10–3 kg .....(2) i.e., U = 4.8 × 105 J
Solving (1) and (2)
Refrigerator or Heat Pump
m1 = 2.48 × 10–3 kg  2.5 × 10–3 kg
A refrigerator or heat pump is basically a heat
and m = 7.5 × 10–3 kg. engine run in reverse direction.
It essentially consists of three parts
(1) Source : At higher temperature T1.
Q1  Q2 T1  T2
(2) Working substance : It is called refregerant  
Q2 T2
liquid ammonia and freon works as a working
substance
Q2 T2
(3) Sink : At lower temperature T2. or 
Q1  Q2 T1  T2

T2
So Cofficient of performance   T  T
1 2

here T1 = temperature of surrounding

T2 = temperature of cold body.
It is clear that  = 0 when T2 = 0
i.e the cofficient of performance will be zero if the
cold body is at the temperature equal to absolute
The working substance takes heat Q2 from a sink zero.
(contents of refrigerator) at lower temperature, has (2) Relation between coefficient of performance
a net wmount of worj done W in it by an external and efficiency of refrigerator
agent (uaually compresor of refrigerator) and gives
out a larger amount of heat Q1 to a hot body at Q2 Q 2 / Q1
We know   Q  Q  1  Q  Q ....(i)
1 2 2 1
temperature T 1 (usally atmosphere) Thus, it
transfers heat form a cold to a hot body at the
Q2
expense of mechanical energy supplied to it by an But the efficiency  = Q
1
external agent. The cold is thus cooled more and
more. Q2
or Q1 = 1–  ....(ii)
The performance of a refrigerator is expressed by
means of “cofficient of performance”  which is 1 
Form (i) and (ii) we get ,
defined as the ratio of the heat extracted from the 
cold body to the needed to transfer it to the hot (3) Entropy
bdoy. Entropy is measure of disoder of molecular motion
of a system. Greater is the disorder, greater is the
Heat extraced Q 2 Q2
i.e    entropy.
Work done W Q1  Q 2
The change in entropy i.e
A perfect refrigerator is one which transfers heat
from cold to hot body wth out doing work Heat absorbed by system
dS 
Absolute temperature
i e. W = 0 so that Q1 =Q2 hence  = 
(1) Carnot refrigerator: For Carnot refrigerator
dQ
or dS =
Q1 T1 T

Q2 T2
The realtion is called the mathematical form os
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
(1) For solids and liquids [As dQ = dU + dW]
(i) When heat given to a substance change its state RT
CV dT  dV
at constant temperature, then change in entropy  S   V
T
dQ mL
dS =  2T 2V
T T dT dV
= C V  R 
T1
T V1
V
where positive sign refers to heat absorption and
negative sign to heat evolution. [ As PV =  RT]
(ii) When heat given to substance raises its T  V 
 S = CV longe  2  +loge  2 
temperature from T1 to T2 then change in entropy
 T1   V1 
T
In terms of T and P,
dQ 2 dT  T2 
dS =  T   mc T  mclog e  T  T   P2 
T1  1 S = mCP long  2  – R loge  P 
 T1   1
and in terms of P and V
 T2 
 S = 2.303 mc log10  T   P2   V2 
 1
S = CV loge  P   C p log e  V 
 1  1
(2) For a perfect gas : Perfect gas equation for n
moles is PV = nRT
Note
dQ C dT  P dV
S    V
T T
Exercise - 1 Objective Problems | JEE Main
Section A - KTG Pressure of Ideal Gas Section B - Barometer, Gas laws
1. A vessel is filled with a gas at a pressure of 76 cm 7. The temperature at which the r.m.s velocity of
of mercury at a certain temperature. The mass of oxygen molecules equal that of nitrogen molecules
the gas is increased by 50 % by introducing more at 100°C is nearly :
gas in the vessel at the same temperature. The (A) 426.3 K (B) 456.3 K
resultant pressure, in cm of Hg, is - (C) 436.3 K (D) 446.3 K
(A) 76 (B) 152
(C) 114 (D) 1117 8. The rms speed of oxygen molecules in a gas is . If
the temperature is doubled and the O2 molecule
2. A Hydrogen gas sample is contained in a cubical dissociated into oxygen atoms, the rms speed will
vessel of side 2m. A molecule of gas strike the wall become
of vessel at rate of 1000 collisions/sec. Sample (A)  (B) 2
contains 0.2 gm of Hydrogen. Number of molecules (C) 2  (D) 4
striking a wall per second is –
(A) 5 × 1024 (B) 2 × 1025 9. Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same
(C) 2 × 10 26 (D) 5 × 1026 temperature T and contain gases which obey the
Maxwellian distribution of velcoities. Vessel A
3. The pressure P of an ideal gas and its kinetic energy contains only O2, B only N2 and C a mixture of
E per unit volume are related as –
equal quantities of O2 and N2. If the average speed
1 of O2 molecules in vessel A is V1, that of the N2
(A) P = E (B) P = E
2 molecules in vessel B is V2, the average speed of
3 2 the O2 molecules in vessel C will be :
(C) P = E (D) P = E (A) (V1 + V2) / 2 (B) V1
5 3
(C) (V1V2)1/2 (D) 3kT / M
4. At 0°C, the value of the density of a fixed mass of
an ideal gas divided by its pressure is x. At 100°C, 10. N(< 100) molecules of a gas have velocities 1,2,3.....
this quotient is - N/km/s respectively. Then
100 273 (A) rms speed and average speed of molecules is same.
(A) x (B) x (B) ratio of rms speed to average speed is
273 100
(2N + 1) (N + 1) / 6N
273 373 (C) ratio of rms speed to average speed is
(C) x (D) x
373 273
(2N + 1) (N + 1) / 6 N
(D) ratio of rms speed to average speed of a
5. An ideal gas at 17ºC has a pressure of 760 mm of molecules is 2/6 x (2N + 1)/(N + 1)
Hg. The gas is compressed at constant temperature
until its volume becomes halved. The final pressure 11. In a cubical box of volume V, there are N molecules of
of the gas will be – a gas moving randomly. If m is mass of each molecule
(A) 2010 mm of Hg (B) 1890 mm of Hg and v2 is the mean square of x component of the velocity
(C) 1520 mm of Hg (D) 1650 mm of Hg of molecules, then the pressure of the gas is –

6. The number of molecules in 1 cm3 of an ideal gas at 1 mNv 2 mNv 2

(A) P = (B) P =
0ºC and at a pressure of 10–5 mm of mercury is – 3 V V
(A) 2.7 × 1011 (B) 3.5 × 1011
23 1
(C) 6.0 × 10 (D) 6 × 1012 (C) P = mNv2 (D) P = mNv2
3
12. Gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container 18. If the rms speed of the nitrogen molecules of the
because the molecules are – gas at room temperature is 500 m/s, then the rms
(A) Colliding with each other and exchanging speed of the hydrogen molecules at the same
momenta. temperature will be –
(B) Colliding with the walls of the container and (A) 1870 m/s (B) 1935 m/s
transferring energy to the walls. (C) 7000 m/s (D) 83.7 m/s
(C) Colliding with the walls and transferring
momentum to the walls of the container. Section D - First law of thermodynamics
(D) Accelerated towards the walls. 19. When unit mass of water boils to become steam at
100°C, it absorbs Q amount of heat. The densities
Section C - Degree of freedom, Internal of water and steam at 100°C are 1 and 2
energy + Speeds + Mean Free Path respectively and the atmospheric pressure is p0. The
increase in internal energy of the water is
13. Degree of freedom of hydrogen and ozone gases
will be respectively – 1 1 
(A) 3 and 5 (B) 5 and 6 (A) Q (B) Q + p0   –  
 1 2 
(C) 6 and 5 (D) 5 and 3
 1 1 1 1 
(C) Q + p0   –   (D) Q – p0     
14. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of oxygen  2 1   1 2 
and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K. The ratio of
the average rotational kinetic energy per O 2
molecule to that per N2 molecule is : 20. 1 kg of a gas does 20 kJ of work and receives 16 kJ
of heat when it is expanded between two states. A
(A) 1 : 1
second kind of expansion can be found between
(B) 1 : 2
the initial and final state which requires a heat input
(C) 2 : 1
of 9 kJ. The work done by the gas in the second
(D) depends on the moments of inertia of the two expansion is :
molecules (A) 32 kJ (B) 5 kJ
(C) – 4 kJ (D) 13 kJ
15. The average momentum of a molecules in a sample
of an ideal gas depends on 21. An ideal system can be brought from stage A to B
(A) temperature (B) number of moles through four paths as shown in the figure. The heat
(C) volume (D) none of these energy given to the system is minimum in :
A C
16. If velocities of 5 molecules of certain gas are –7, 5, P
4, –3 and 1 m/sec respectively then mean speed of E D
molecules is (m/sec) - F B
O V
(A) Zero (B) 20
(A) path ACB (B) path ADB
(C) 4 (D) 20 (C) path AEB (D) path AFB

17. The molecular weight of O2 and H2 are 32 and 2 22. A system is given 400 calories of heat and 1000
respectively. Then the ratio of the rms velocities of Joule of work is done by the system, then the change
H2 and oxygen is at same temperature- in internal energy of the system will be -
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 2 : 3 (A) 680 Joule (B) 680 erg
(C) 1 : 4 (D) 16 : 1 (C) 860 Joule (D) – 860 Joule
23. For a thermodynamic process Q = – 50 calorie 27. In the above question, if the work done on the system
and W = – 20 calorie. If the initial internal energy is along the curved path ‘ba’ is 52J, heat absorbed is
– 30 calorie then final internal energy will be - (A) – 140 J (B) – 172 J
(A) 191.20 Calorie (B) – 60 Calorie (C) 140 J (D) 172 J
(C) 100 Calorie (D) – 100 Calorie
28. In above question, if Ua = 40 J, value of Ub will be
Section E - Processes + Work done (A) –50 J (B) 100 J
(C) –120 J (D) 160 J
24. One mole of an ideal gas at temperature T1 expends
P Section F - Specific Heat (Cp & Cv)
according to the law  a (constant). The work
V2
29. A diatomic gas of moleculer weight 30 gm/mole is
done by the gas till temperature of gas becomes T2 is
filled in a container at 27°C. It is moving at a velocity
1 1 100 m/s. If it is suddenly stopped, the rise in
(A) R(T2 – T1) (B) R(T2 – T1 )
2 3 temperature of gas is :
600
1 1 (A) 60/R (B)
(C) R(T2 – T1 ) (D) R(T2 – T1 ) R
4 5
6  104 6  105
(C) (D)
25. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas is taken through R R
the cycle as shown in the figure.
30. An ideal gas undergoes the process 1  2 as shown in
P
2(V0,4P0) the figure, the heat supplied and work done in the process
is Q and W respectively. The ratio Q : W is

3(4V0, P0) V
1(V0, P0)
2
V
1  2 : isochoric process 1

2  3 : straight line on P - V diagram T

3  1 : isobaric process (A)  :  – 1 (B) 
The average of molecular speed of the gas in the (C)  – 1 (D)  – 1/
states 1, 2 and 3 are in the ratio
(A) 1 : 2 : 2 (B) 1 : 2 : 2 31. If heat is added at constant volume, 6300 J of heat are
(C) 1 : 1 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 4 required to raise the temperature of an ideal gas by
150 K. If instead, heat is added at constant pressure,
26. When a system is taken from state ‘a’ to state ‘b’ 8800 joules are required for the same temperature
along the path ‘acb’, it is found that a quantity of change. When the temperature of the gas changes by
heat Q = 200 J is absorbed by the system and a 300K, the internal energy of the gas changes by
work W = 80 J is done by it. Along the path ‘adb’, (A) 5000 J (B) 12600 J
Q = 144J. The work done along the path ‘adb’ is (C) 17600 J (D) 22600 J
P
c b 32. A reversible adiabatic path on a P-V diagram for an
ideal gas passes through state A where
a d P = 0.7 × 105 N/m–2 and v = 0.0049 m3. The ratio of
V specific heat of the gas is 1.4. The slope of path at A is
(A) 6J (B) 12J (A) 2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (B) 1.0 × 107 Nm–5
(C) 18 J (D) 24 J (C) –2.0 × 10 Nm7 –5 (D) –1.0 × 107 Nm–5
Section G - Graphs 38. A cylindrical tube of cross-sectional area A has two
air tight frictionless pistons at its two ends. The
33. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the figure
pistons are tied with a straight two ends. The pistons
for a given amount of a gas. The curves representing
are tied with a straight piece of metallic wire. The
adiabatic and isothermal process are
tube contains a gas at atmospheric pressure P0 and
(A) C and D respectively
temperature T0. If temperature of the gas is doubled
(B) D and C respectively B C
then the tension inthe wire is -
(C) A and B respectively P A D
(D) B and A respectively V

A A
34. In reference of above figure, no heat exchange
between the gas and the surrounding will take place
if the gas is taken along -
(A) 4 P0A (B) P0A/2
(A) curve A (B) curve B
(C) curve C (D) curve D (C) P0A (D) 2P0A

35. During the adiabatic change of ideal gas, the relation 39. A carnot engine works between ice point and steam
between the pressure and the density will be - point. It is desired to increase efficiency by 20%,
by changing temperature of sink to –
P1 d2FG IJ 1/ 
(A) 253 K (B) 293 K
(A) P = d
2 1H K (B) P1d1 = P2d2
(C) 303 K (D) 243 K

P1 FG d IJ 1/ 

Hd K
1
(C) P1d1– = P2d2– (D) P = 40 A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional area
2 2
A is fitted with two air tight frictionless pistons. The
pistons are connected to each other by a metallic
36. The pressure of the gas filled in thermally insulated wire. Initially the pressure of the gas is P0 and
container is P and temperature is T. If the ratio of temperature is T0. Atmospheric pressure is also P0.
specific heats of the gas is , which of the following Now the temperature of the gas is increased to 2T0,
will be constant - the tension in the wire will be –
(A) PT–1 (B) P T1 – 
(C) P 1 –  T (D) P– T–1 wire

Section H - Piston Problems, Efficiency + II Law

of Thermodynamics + Entropy (A) 2P0A (B) P0A
P0 A
37. A thermodynamic cycle takes in heat energy at a (C) (D) 4P0A
2
high temperature and rejects energy at a lower
temperature. If the amount of energy rejected at
the low temperature is 3 times the amount of work
done by the cycle, the efficiency of the cycle is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.33
(C) 0.67 (D) 0.9
Exercise - 2 (Level-I) Objective Problems | JEE Main
Section A - KTG Pressure of Ideal Gas 6. One mole of an ideal gas at STP is heated in an
insulated closed container until the average speed
MkT
1. Consider the quantity of an ideal gas, where of its molecules is doubled. Its pressure would
PV
therefore increase by factor.
M is the mass of the gas. It depend on the–
(A) 1.5 (B) 2
(A) temperature of the gas
(B) volume of the gas (C) 2 (D) 4
(C) pressure of the gas
(D) nature of the gas 7. O 2 is 16 times heavier that H 2 . If at same
temperature the O2 molecules have average kinetic
2. Keeping the number of moles, volume and energy E than at the same temperature the average
temperature the same, which of the following the kinetic energy of H2 molecules will be -
same for all ideal gases? (A) E/4 (B) 4E
(A) rms speed of a molecule (C) E (D) E/16
(B) Density
(C) Pressure 8. A flask is filled with 13 g of an ideal gas at 27°C
(D) Average magnitude of momentum and its temperature is raised to 52°C. The mass of
the gas that has to be released to maintain the
3. In kinetic theory of gases, it is assumed that the gas temperature of the gas in the flask at 52°C, the
molecules : pressure remaining the same is -
(a) do not exert any attractive force on each other (A) 2.5 g (B) 2.0 g
(b) collide elastically (C) 1.5 g (D) 1.0 g
(c) move with uniform velocity
(d) occupy negligible volume Section C - Degree of freedom, Internal en-
(A) a, b, d (B) a,c ergy + Speeds + Mean Free Path
(C) b,d (D) b,c
9. Which of the following quantities is the same for all
4. A gas at certain volume and temperature has a ideal gases at the same temperature ?
pressure equal to 75 cm of Hg. column. If the mass (A) the kinetic energy of 1 mole
of the gas is doubled, at the same volume and (B) the kinetic energy of 1 g
temperature, its new pressure is- (C) the number of molecules in 1 mole
(A) 37.5 cm (B) 75 cm (D) the number of molecules in 1 g
(C) 150 cm (D) 300 cm
10. According to kinetic theory of gases,
Section B - Barometer, Gas laws (A) The velocity of molecules decreases for each
5. An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process collision
obeying the relation PV4/3 = constant. If its initial (B) The pressure exerted by a diatomic gas is
temperature is 300 K and then its pressure is proportional to the mean velocity of the molecule.
increased upto four times its initial value, then the (C) The K.E. of the gas decreases on expansion at
final temperature (in Kelvin): constant temperature.
(D) The mean translational K.E. of a diatomic gas
(A) 300 2 (B) 300 3 2
increases with increase in absolute temperature.
(C) 600 (D) 1200
11. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at temperature Section E - Processes + Work done
T0 expands slowly according to the law P/V = 16. The process AB is shown in the diagram. As the
constant. If the final temperature is 2T0 , heat gas is taken from A to B, its temperature
supplied to the gas is :

3 2P A
(A) 2RT0 (B) RT0
2 P B
1
(C) RT0 (D) RT0 V 2V
2

12. In case of hydrogen and oxygen at N.T.P., which
of he following quantities is/are not same ?
(A) average momentum per molecule
(B) average kinetic energy per molecule
(C) kinetic energy per unit volume
(D) kinetic energy per unit mass
Section D - First law of thermodynamics
13. A closed container is fully insulated from outside. One
half of it is filled with an ideal gas X separated by a
plate P from the other half Y which contains a vacuum
as shown in figure. When P is removed, X moves into
(A) initially increases then decreases
(B) initially decreases then increases
(C) remains constant
(D) variation depends on type of gas
17. One mole of a gas expands obeying the relation as
shown in the P/V diagram. The maximum
temperature in this process is equal to
( V0 ,P0 )
P
(2 V0 ,P0 / 2)

Y. Which of the following statements is correct ?

V

X Y
gas vacuum P0 V0 3P0 V0
p (A) (B)
R R

(A) No work is done by X 9 P0 V0

(B) X decreases in temperature (C) 8R (D) None
(C) X increases in internal energy
(D) X doubles in pressure.
18. An ideal gas expands from volume V1 to V2. This
14. The differential form of first law of thermodynamics is may be achieved by either of the three processes :
(A) Q = W + U (B) Q = W – U isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic, Let U be the
(C) Q = U – W (D) Q + U + W = 0 change in internal energy of the gas, Q be the
quantity of heat added to the system and W be the
15. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant work done by the system on the gas. Identify which
pressure then what fraction of heat given is used to of the following statements is false for U?
increase internal energy of gas ? (A) U is least under adiabatic process
5 3 (B) U is greatest under adiabatic process.
(A) (B)
7 7 (C) U is greatest under the isobaric process
3 2 (D) U in isothermal process lies in-between the values
(C) (D)
5 5 obtained under isobaric and adiabatic processes.
Section F - Specific Heat (Cp & Cv) Section H - Piston Problems, Efficiency + II Law
19. What is/are the same for O2 and NH3 in gaseous of Thermodynamics + Entropy
state
23. A vertical cylinder with heat-conducting walls is
(A) ratio of specific heats
closed at the bottom and is fitted with a smooth
(B) average velocity
light piston. It contains one mole of an ideal gas.
(C) maximum no. of vibrational degree of freedom
The temperature of the gas is always equal to the
(D) None of these
surrounding\s temperature, T0. The piston is moved
up slowly to increase the volume of the gas to 
20. In the following P – V diagram of an ideal gas, two
times. Which of the following is incorrect ?
adiabates cut two isotherms at T1 and T2. The value
(A) Work done by the gas is RT0 ln .
of VB/VC is
(B) Work done against the atmosphere is
RT0(–1)
(C) There is no change in the internal energy of the gas.
A B
1
P T1 (D) The final pressure of the gas is times its
(  – 1)
D C
T2 initial pressure.

VA VD VB VC
24. When heat is supplied to the gas it expands and
V displaces piston by L/2 where natural length of springs
are L = 1 m. Spring constant K = 100 N/m. Area of
AB  T1, DC  T2 piston is1 m2. The pressure of gas in final situation is
(A) = VA / VD (B) < VA / VD
(C) > VA / VD (D) cannot say
K K
gas Vacuum
Section G - Graphs
21. Two curves are given at temperatures T1 and T2 in L L
an isothermal process, then -
(A) 50 N/m2 (B) 100 N/m2
(A) T1 > T2
T2 (C) 200 N/m2 (D) 400 N/m2
(B) T1 = T2 P
T1
(C) T1 < T2
(D) no knowledge V

22. Three curves are shown in the P-V diagram. P, Q

and R represent the processes respectively

P
Q
P
R

(A) isothermal, adiabatic, isometric

(B) isobaric, isothermal, isometric
(C) isometric, isobaric, adiabatic
(D) isometric, isobaric, isothermal
Exercise - 2 (Level-II)
Section A - KTG Pressure of Ideal Gas
1. Case-I : The temperature of the walls of a vessel
containing a gas at temperature T, is Twall. It is
known that Twall > T. –
Case-II : same gas fill in an another vessel has
temperature Twall < T (All other conditions are
keeping same), Then
(A) Pressure exerted by gas on wall is higher
in case I than in case II
(B) Average kinetic energy of gas molecules after
collision is higher in case I than in case II
(C) Pressure exerted by gas on wall is lower in
case I than in case II
(D) Average kinetic energy of gas molecules after
collision is lower in case I than in case II
Multiple Correct | JEE Advanced
P,V,T 2P,2V,T
I II
(A) The pressures in the two compartments are equal
(B) Volume of compartment I is 3V/5.
(C) Volume of compartment II is 12V/5.
(D) Final pressure in compartment I is 5P/3.
4. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey
a condition P2/ = constnat ( = density of the gas).
The gas is initially at temperature T, pressure P and
density . The gas expands such that density
changes to /2.
(A) The pressure of the gas chnages to 2P .

2. A vessel contains 6 × 1026 molecules m–3. Mass of (B) The temperature of the gas changes to 2T .
–27
each molecule is 6 × 10 kg. Assume that, on an (C) The graph of the above process on the P-T
average, one-sixth of the molecules move with a diagram is hyperbola.
velocity 103 m/s perpendicularly towards each wall. (D) The grph of the above process on the P-T
If the collisions with the walls are perfectly elastic, diagram is hyperbola.
then which of the following is correct?
(A) Change in momentum of each molecule is Section C - Degree of freedom, Internal
12 × 10–24 kg m/s in each collision energy + Speeds + Mean Free Path
(B) The number of molecules hitting normally to1 5. One gram molecule of nitrogen occupies 2 × 104 cm3
m2 of the wall per second is 1029 at a pressure of 106 dyne cm–2.
(C) Total change in momentum of all molecules per Given : NA = 6 × 1023. Which of the following is correct ?
1
second is 1031 SI units (A) The value of kT is × 10–13 erg
3
(D) The number of molecules hitting one square 1
(B) The value of kT is × 10–13 erg
metre of the surface is 6 × 1029 4
(C) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is
5 × 10–14 erg
Section B - Barometer, Gas laws (D) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is 9.8 erg
3. A partition divides a container having insulated walls
into two compartments I and II. The same gas fills 6. The mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas
the two compartments whose initial parameters are 1
is th of its value at 127ºC. The temperature of
4
given. The partition is a conducting wall which can the gas is –
move freely without friction. Which of the following (A) 100 K (B) –173ºC
statements is/are correct, with reference to the final (C) 8ºF (D) 9ºR
equilibrium position ?
Section D - First law of thermodynamics
7. In the adjoined figure the indicator diagram of an P i (A)
ideal thermodynamic gas system is represented. If
(B)
the change in internal energy along the path acb is f (E)
10 calorie then change in internal energy along the path 2 (D)
path bda will be F G (C)
V

P
d b
(A) Change in internal energy in path 2, i.e. n path
AFGE is – 15J
a c
(B) Heat transferred in path AB is 50 J
V
(C) Internal energy change in path DE is – 15 J

(A) 10 Calorie (D) Work done is greatest in path FG

(B) – 10 Calorie
(C) more than 10 Calorie Section F - Specific Heat (Cp & Cv)
(D) less than 10 Calorie 10. A mixture of ideal gases 7 kg of nitrogen and 11 kg
of CO2. Then
Section E - Processes + Work done (A) equivalent molecular weight of the mixture is 36.
8. AB : Isothermal (TA = 300 K) (B) equivalent molecular weight of the mixture is 18.
BC : Adiabatic (Work = 5J) (C)  for the mixture is 5/2
CD : Constant pressure (5 atm) (D)  for the mixture is 47/35
DE : Isothermal (Take  for nitrogen and CO 2 as 1.4 and 1.3
EA : Adiabatic (Change in internal energy 8J)– respectively)

P 11. The temperature change versus heat supplied curve

A
is given for 1 kg of a solid block. Then which of the
B
E following statement(s) is/are correct:
C
D
V
Temp.(K)
(A) Work done in the cycle is 13 J
(B) Change in internal energy in path CD is – 13J
(C) Heat transferred in path DE is –11J 45º

30º
(D) Work done in EA is – 8J
Heat supplied (J)
150J 200J
9. Figure shows two paths that may be taken by gas
from an initial point i to final point f. Path 1 consists
(A) Specific heat of the solid is 2J/(kg-K)
of an isothermal expansion (work is 50 J in
(B) Specific heat of the liquid is 1J/(kg-K)
magnitude), an adiabatic expansion (work is 40 J in
(C) Latent heat of vaporization is 150 J/kg
magnitude), & then an adiabatic compression (work
(D) Latent heat of vaporization is 200 J/kg
is 25 J in magnitude) –
Section G - Graphs
12. Three processes from a thermodynamic cycle as
shown on P-V diagram for an ideal gas. Process
1  2 takes place at constant temperature (300 K).
Process 2  3 takes place at constant volume. During
this process 40J of heat leaves the system. Process
3  1 is adiabatic and temperature T3 is 275K. Work
done by the gas during the process 3  1 is
P 1
15. In the arrangement shown in figure. Gas is thermally
insulated. An ideal gas is filled in the cylinder having
pressure P0 (> atmospheric pressure Pa). Spring of
force constant k is initially unstretched. Piston of
mass m and area S is frictionless. In equilibrium
piston rises up a distance x0. then–
k

2 m, S
3
P0
V
(A) – 40 J (B) – 20 J
(C) + 40 J (D) +20 J
kx 0 mg
13. If DA and BC are adiabatic curves and AB and (A) final pressure of the gas is Pa + 
S S
CD are isothermal curves then :–
1
2
(B) work done by the gas is kx 0 + mg x0
A 2

(C) decrease in internal energy of the gas

B
1 2
is kx 0  mg x 0  Pa Sx 0
V D 2
C
1 2
(D) work done by the gas is kx 0
P 2

(A) Temperature A and C will be same

(B) Temperature at A is greater then that at B
(C) Temperature at B is greater then that at C
(D) Temperature at A and D are same

Section H - Piston Problems, Efficiency + II

Law of Thermodynamics + Entropy
14. A piston of mass m can move without friction in a
uniform closed cylinder at one end. A gas is enclosed
in it. For this situation mark the correct statement(s)
(A) If cylinder is kept horizontal then pressure of
gas must be equal to atmospheric pressure.
(B) If cylinder is kept vertical then pressure of gas
may be greater than atmospheric pressure.
(C) If cylinder is kept vertical then pressure of gas
must be greater than atmospheric pressure
(D) If cylinder is kept vertical then pressure of gas
can’t be equal to atmospheric pressure
Exercise - 3 | Level-I
Section A - KTG Pressure of Ideal Gas
1. Suppose the pressure P and the density  of air are
related as P/n = constant regardless of height (n is a
constant here). The corresponding temperature
gradient is (M is the molecular weight of air)
2. The quantity of gas in a closed vesel is halved and
the velocities of its molecules are doubled. The final
pressure of the gas wil be
3. The temperature of an air bubble while rising from
bottom to surface of a lake remains constant but its
diameter is doubled if the pressure on the surface is
equal to h meter of mercury column and relative
density of mercury is then the depth of lake in metre
is -
4. Two identical containers A and B have frictionless
pistons. They contain the same volume of an ideal
gas at the same temperature. The mass of the gas in
A is mA and that in B is mB. The gas in each cylinder
is now allowed to expand isothermally to double the
initial volume. The changes in the pressure in A and
B are found to be p and 1.5 p respectively. Find
the ratio of mA to mB-
Section B - Barometer, Gas laws
5. Consider a sample of oxygen at 300 K. Find the
average time taken by a molecule to travel a
distance equal to the diameter of the earth.
(Diameter of earth = 12800 km)
6. Find the average magnitude of linear momentum of
a helium molecule in a sample of helium gas at 0°C
Mass of helium molecule = 6.64 × 10–27 kg and
Boltazmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
7. The mean speed of the molecules of a hydrogen sample
equals the mean speed of the molecules of helium sample.
Calculate the ratio of the temperature of the hydrogen
sample to the temperature of the helium sample.
Subjective | JEE Advanced
8. Equal molar amount of H2, He having molecular
weight of 2 and 4 respectively are filled at same
temperature in two containers of equal volumes. If
H2 gas has a pressure of 4 atmospheres, then He
gas will have pressure as :-
Section C - Degree of freedom, Internal en-
ergy + Speeds + Mean Free Path
9. Find the ratio of the mean speed of hydrogen
molecules to the mean speed of nitrogen molecules
in a sample containing a mixture of the two gases.
10. 70 calorie of heat is required to raise the temperautre
of 2 mole of an ideal gas at constant pressure from
40°C to 45°C. Find the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of the same through the same
range at constant volume (R = 2 cal/mol-K)
11. The molar specific heat at constant pressure of an
ideal gas is (7/2)R. The ratio of specific heat at
constant pressure to that at constant volume is :
R
12. For a gas = 0.67. This gas is made up of
CV
molecules which are :
Section D - First law of thermodynamics
13. The volume of one mole of an ideal gas with specific
a
heat ratio  is varied according to the law V  ,
T2
where a is a constant. Find the amount of heat
obtained by the gas in this process if the gas
temperature is increased by T.
14. A monoatomic gas ( = 5/3) is suddenly compressed
1
to of its original volume adiabatically, then the
8
pressure of the gas will change to
15. In the P - V diagram, the point B and C correspond Section G - Graphs
to temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. State 22. Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas
relationship between T1 and T2. is shown. Density of gas at point A is 0. Find the
A density of gas at B.

B P
3P B
V D
P
C A
T
P T0 2T0

Section E - Processes + Work done

23. V-T curve for 2 moles of a gas is straight line as shown
16 A gas undergoes a process in which the pressure in the graph here. Find the pressure of gas at A.
and volume are related by VPn = constant. Find the
buk modulus of the gas. V(lit.)
B

17. One mole of gas expands with temperature T such \ A

that its volume, V = kT2, where k is a constant. If 53º
T(K)
the temperature of the gas changes by 60°C then
find the work done by the gas?

Section H - Piston Problems, Efficiency + II Law

18. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is at 360 K
and a pressure of 105 pa. It is compressed at constant
pressure until its volume is halved. Taking R as 8.3 J
mol –1K–1 and the initial volume of the gas as
3.0 × 10–2 m3, find the work done on the gas ?
Section F - Specific Heat (Cp & Cv)
19. An amount Q of heat is added to a monoatomic
ideal gas in a process in which the gas perform a
work Q/2 on its surrounding. Find the molar heat
capacity for the process.
20. An ideal gas is taken through a process in which
the pressure and the volume are changed according
to the equation p = kV. Show that the molar heat
capacity of the gas for the process is given by
C = Cv + R/2.
of Thermodynamics + Entropy
24. An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic thermodynamic
process through four steps. The amounts of heat
involved in these steps are Q1 = 5960 J, Q2 = – 5585 J,
Q3 = – 2980 J and Q4 = 3645 J respectively. The
corresponding works involved are W1 = 2200 J,
W2 = – 825 J, W3 = – 1100 J and W4 respectively.
(i) Find the value of W4
(ii) What is the efficiency of the cycle ?
25. A Carnot engine working between 300 K and 600 K
has a work out put of 800 J per cycle. The amount of
heat energy supplied to the engine from the source
in each cycle is –

21. An ideal gas (Cp/Cv = ) is taken through a process

in which the pressure and the volume vary as
p = aVb. Find the value of b for which the molar
specific heat capacity in the process is zero.
Exercise - 3 | Level-II Subjective | JEE Advanced

Section A - KTG Pressure of Ideal Gas Section D - First law of thermodynamics

1. Air separated from the atmosphere by a column of 7.
mercury of length h = 15 cm is present in a narrow
cylindrical two soldered at one end. When the tube
is placed horizontally the air occupies a volume V1
= 240 mm3. When it is set vertically with its open
end upwards the volume of the air is V2 = 200 mm3.
One mole of an ideal diatomic gas undergoes a
transition from A to B along a path AB as shown in
the figure. The change in internal energy of the gas
during the transition is -
A
5

The atmospheric pressure during the experiment is P(in kPa) 2 B

7n cm of Hg where n is single digit number. Find n.
4 6
3
v(in m )
2. The mass of a molecule of a gas is 4 × 10–30 kg. If 1023
molecules strike the area of 4 square meter with the 8. Figure below shows two paths that may be taken by a
velocity 107 m/sec, then what is the pressure exerted gas to go from a state A to a state C. In process AB,
on the surface ?
400 J of heat is added to the system and in process
(Assuming perfectly elastic collision and they are BC, 100 J of heat is added to the system. The heat
hitting perpendicularly) (Ans. in N/m2) absorbed by the system in the process AC will be -
P
4 B C
6×10 Pa
Section B - Barometer, Gas laws

3. At 10°C the value of the density of a fixed mass of

an ideal gas divided by its pressure is x. At 110°C A
4
this ratio is :- 2×10 Pa

–3 3 –3 3
2×10 m 4×10 m
4. A ballon is filled at 27°C and 1 atm pressure by 500 V
m3 He. At – 3°C and 0.5 atm pressures, the volume
of He-gas contained in ballon will be
Section E - Processes + Work done
9. A sample of an ideal non linear tri-atomic gas has a
Section C - Degree of freedom, Internal en-
pressure P0 and temperature T0 taken through the
ergy + Speeds + Mean Free Path
cycle as shown starting from A. Pressure for process
5. Five grams of helium having rms speed of molecules C  D is 3 times P0. Calculate the heat absorbed
1000 m/s and 24 g of oxygen having rms speed of in the cycle and work done.
1000 m/s are introduced into a thermally isolated
vessel. Find the rms speeds of helium and oxygen
V
individually when thermal equilibrium is attained.
7 V0 B C
Neglect the heat capacity of the vessel 2

V0 A
D
6. Oxygen and hydrogen gases are at temperature T. Then
the K.E of molecules of oxygen gas is equal to how
T0 T
many times of K.E. of molecules of hydrogen gas :-
Section F - Specific Heat (Cp & Cv)
10. A gas at NTP is suddenly compressed to one-fourth
of its original volume. If  is supposed to be 3/2,
then find final pressure ?
Section G - Graphs
11. For the thermodynamic process shown in the figure.
PA = 1 × 105 Pa ; PB = 0.3 × 105 Pa
PD = 0.6 × 105 Pa ; VA = 0.20 litre
VD = 1.30 litre.
P in both chambers becomes 243 P0/32 . Determine
PA
Section H - Piston Problems, Efficiency + II
Law of Thermodynamics + Entropy
12. Two rectangular boxes shown in figures has a partition
which can slide without friction along the length of the
box. Initially each of the two chambers of the box has
one mole of a monoatomic ideal gas ( = 5/3) at a
pressure p0 volume V0 and temperature T0. The
chamber on the left is slowly heated by an electric
heater. The walls of the box and the partitions are
thermally insulated. Heat loss through the lead wires
of the heater is negligible. The gas in the left chamber
expands, pushing the partition until the final pressure

PD D

PB B C

VC VD V
VA (i) the final temperature of the gas in each chamber and
(ii) the work-done by the gas in the right chamber.
(a) Find the work performed by the system along
path AD.
(b) In the total work done by the system along the
path ADC is 85 J find the volume a point C.
(c) How much work is perfomed by the system
along the path CDA ?
Exercise - 4 | Level-I Previous Year | JEE Main
1. A gaseous mixture consists of 16 g of helium and z
P

Cp A
II
B
16 g of oxygen. The ratio of the mixture is I
CV
[AIEEE 2005] V

(A) 1.59 (B) 1.62

(C) 1.4 (D) 1.54 (A) ΔU1  ΔU 2

(B) relation between ΔU1 and ΔU 2 can not be

2. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the
first law of thermodynamics? [AIEEE 2005]
(A) It is not applicable to any cyclic process
(B) It is a restatement of the principle of conservation
of energy
(C) It introduces the concept of the internal energy
(D) It introduces the concept of the entropy
3. The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible
engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
[AIEEE 2005]
T
2 T0
determined
(C) ΔU2  ΔU1
(D) ΔU2  ΔU1
5. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are
placed on a table. Box A contains one mole of
nitrogen at temperature T0, while box B contains
one mole of helium at temperature (7/3) T0. The
boxes are then put into thermal contact with each
other, and heat flows between them until the gases
reach a common final temperature (Ignore the heat
reach a capacity of boxes). Then, the final
temperature of the gases, Tf, in terms of T0 is-
[AIEEE 2006]

T0 3 7
(A) Tf  T0 (B) Tf  T0
S 7 3
S0 2 S0
3 5
(C) Tf  T0 (D) Tf  T0
2 2
1 1
(A) (B)
2 4
6. The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to
1 2 compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically and
(C) (D) in this process the temperature of the gas increases
3 3
by 7°C. The gas is (R = 8.3 J mol–1K–1)
[AIEEE 2006]
4. A system goes from A to B via two processes I and
(A) diatomic
II as shown in figure. If ΔU1 and ΔU 2 are the
(B) triatomic
changes in internal energies in the processes I and
II respectively, then [AIEEE 2005] (C) a mixture of monoatomic and diatomic
(D) monoatomic
7. If Cp and CV denote the specific heats of nitrogen 11. Assume the gas to be ideal, the work done on the
per unit mass at constant pressure and constant gas in taking it from A to B is [AIEEE 2009]
volume respectively, then [AIEEE 2007]
5
A B
2×10
R R n  2,   1 .67
(A) C p  C V  (B) C P  C V 
28 14 p(Pa)

(C) C P  C V  R (D) C P  C V  28 R
1×10 5 C
D
T
300 K 500 K

1 (A) 200 R (B) 300 R

8. A carnot engine, having an efficiency of  
10 (C) 400 R (D) 500 R
as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the work
done on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy
12. The work done on the gas in taking it from D to A is
absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature
is [AIEEE 2007] (see above figure) [AIEEE 2009]

(A) 99 J (B) 90 J 2×10

5
A B

(C) 1 J (D) 100 J n  2,   1 .67

p(Pa)

9. An insulated container of gas has two chambers

separated by an insulating partition. One of the 1×10 5 C
D
chambers has volume V1 and contains ideal gas at T
300 K 500 K
pressure p1 and temperature T1. The other chamber
(A) –414 R (B) +414 R
has volume V2 and contains ideal gas at pressure
p2 and temperature T2. If the partition is removed (C) –690 R (D) +690 R
without doing any work on the gas, the final
equilbrium temperature of the gas in the container 13. The net work on the gas in the cycle ABCEA is
will be [AIEEE 2008] (see above figure) [AIEEE 2009]
T1T2 p1V1  p 2 V2  p1V1T1  p 2 V2 T2
(A)
p1V1T2  p 2 V2 T2 (B) p1V1  p 2 V2 2×10
5
A B

n  2,   1 .67
p1 V1 T2  p2 V2 T1 T1 T2 p1 V1  p1 V2  p(Pa)
(C) p V  p V (D)
1 1 2 2 p1 V1 T1  p2 V2 T2

1×10 5 C
D
T
300 K 500 K
10. When a system is taken from state i to state f along
the path iaf, it it found that Q = 50 cal and W = 20
cal. Along the path ibf, Q = 36 cal. W along the (A) zero (B) 276 R
path ibf is [AIEEE 2007] (C) 1076 R (D) 1904 R
a f
14. One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of 8 × 104
Nm-2. The density of the gas is 4 kgm–3. What is
the energy of the gas due to its thermal motion?
i b [AIEEE 2009]
(A) 6 cal (B) 16 cal (A) 3 × 104 J (B) 5 × 104 J
(C) 66 cal (D) 14 cal (C) 6 × 104 J (D) 7 × 104 J
15. The potential energy function for the force between
two atoms in a diatomic molecule is approximately
given by U  x   a12  b6 , where a and b are
x x
constants and x is the distance between the atoms.
If the dissociation energy of the molecule is
D  U  x     Uat equilibrium  , D is
19. A container with insulating walls is divided into two
equal parts by a partition fitted with a valve. One
part is filled with an ideal gas at a pressure p and
temperature T, whereas the other part is completely
evacuated. If the valve is suddenly opened, the
pressure and temperature of the gas will be-
[AIEEE 2011]

[AIEEE 2010]
p p T
(A) ,T (B) ,
b2 b2 2 2 2
(A) (B)
2a 12a

b2 b2 T
(C) (D) (C) P, T (D) p,
4a 6a
2

16. Three perfect gases at absolute temperatures T1,T2

and T3 are mixed. The masses of molecules are
m1, m2 and m3 and the number of molecules are n1, 20. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low
n2 and n3 respectively. Assuming no loss of energy, temperature (T) is given as
the final temperature of the mixture is 3
 T 
[AIEEE 2011]  
Cp kJK 1 K g1  32   . A 100 g vessel of
 400 
n1T1  n 2T2  n 3T3 n1T12  n 2 T22  n 3T32 this metal is to be cooled from 20 K to 4 K by a
(A) (B)
n1  n 2  n 3 n1T1  n 2T2  n 3T3 special refrigerator operating at room temperture
(270C). The amount of work required to cool the
n12 T12  n 22T22  n 32 T32 T1  T2  T3  vessel is [AIEEE 2011]
(C) (D)
n1T1  n 2 T2  n 3T3 3
(A) equal to 0.002 kJ

(B) greater than 0.148 kJ

17. A carnot engine operating between temperatures
T1 and T2 has efficiency 1/6. When T2 is lowered (C) between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ
by 62 K its efficiency increases to 1/3. Then T1
(D) less than 0.028 kJ
and T2 are, respectively. [AIEEE 2011]
(A) 372 K and 330 K (B) 330 K and 268 K
(C) 310 K and 248 K (D) 372 K and 310 K 21. A Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, takes in
heat from a source maintained at a
18. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas temperature of 500 K, It is desired to have an engine
of molecular mass M and ratio of specific heats .
of efficiency 60% Then, the intake temperature for
It is moving with speed v and it suddenly brought to
the same exhaust (sink) temperature must be
rest. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings,
its temperature increase by [AIEEE 2011] [AIEEE 2012]

(A) Efficiency of Carnot engine cannot be made

γ  1 Mv 2 K γMv 2
(A) (B) K larger than 50%
2 γR 2R
(B) 1200 K
γ  1 Mv 2 K γ 1 Mv 2K
(C) (D) (C) 750 K (D) 600 K
2R 2γ  1 R
22. Helium gas goes through a cycle ABCDA 25. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  and
(consisting of two isochoric and isobaric lines) as then allowed to cool in a room which is at
shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is nearly temperature 0, the graph between the temperature
(Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas) T of the metal and time t will be closed to:
[AIEEE 2012] [JEE MAIN 2013]
B C
2P0
T T

P0 (A) (B)
A D 0 0

O O

V0 2V0
T T

(A) 15.4% (B) 9.1% (C) (D) 0

(C) 10.5% (D) 12.5% O O

23. The above p-v diagram represents the 26. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such
thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating with a way that a length of 8 cm extends above the
an ideal monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, mercury level. The open end of the tube is then
extracted from the source in a single cycle is: closed and sealed and the tube is raised vertically
[JEE MAIN 2013] up by additional 46 cm. What will be length of the
air column above mercury in the tube now?
 11 
(A)  2  p0v 0 p [JEE MAIN 2014]
 
2p0 (Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg)
(B) 4p0v0 (A) 38 cm (B) 6 cm
(C) p0v0 p0 (C) 16 cm (D) 22 cm

 13  v0 v
(D)  2  p0v 0 2v0 27. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic
 
process ABC as shown in figure. The process BC is
adiabatic. The temperature at A, B and C are 400 K,
24. An ideal gas enclosed in a vertical cylindrical 800 K and 600 K respectively. Choose the correct
container supports a freely moving piston of mass statement : [JEE MAIN 2014]
M. The piston and the cylinder have equal cross
sectional area A. When the piston is in equilibrium,
the volume of the gas is V0 and its pressure is P0.
The piston is slightly displaced from the equilibrium
position and released. Assuming that the system is
completely isolated from its surrounding, the piston
executes a simple harmonic motion with frequency (A) The change in internal energy in the process
: [JEE MAIN 2013] AB is –350 R.
(B) The change in internal energy in the process
1 A 2 P0 1 MV0 BC is –500 R.
(A) (B) 2 AP
2 MV0 0 (C) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic
process is 250 R.
1 AP0 1 V0MP0 (D) The change in internal energy in the process
(C) 2 V M (D) 2 A2 y
0 CA is 700 R.
28. Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated closed 31. An ideal gas undergoes a quasi static, reversible
chamber. As the gas undergoes an adiabatic process in which its molar heat capacity C remains
expansion, the average time of collision between constant. If during this process the relation of
molecules increases as Vq, when V is the volume pressure P and volume V is given by
PVn = constant, then n is given by (Here Cp and Cv
 P C  are molar specific heat at constant pressure and
of the gas. The value of q is :    C 
 V  constant volume, respectively) :
[JEE MAIN 2016]
[AIEEE 2015]
CC p pC C
 1  1 (A) n  C  C (B) n  C  C
(A) (B) v v
2 2

3  5 3  5 CC v
C
p
(C) (D) (C) n  C  C (D) n  C
6 6 p v

32. Cp and Cv are specific heats at constant pressure

29. A solid body of constant heat capacity 1 J/°C is and constant volume respectively it is observed that
being heated by keeping it in contact with reservoirs Cp – Cv = a for hydrogen gas
in two ways : Cp – Cv = b for nitrogen gas
(i) Sequentially keeping in contact with 2 reservoirs The correct relation between a and b is :
[JEE MAIN 2017]
such that each reservoir supplies same amount of
heat. 1
(A) a = 28 b (B) a  b
(ii) Sequentially keeping in contact with 8 reservoirs 14
(C) a = b (D) a = 14 b
such that each reservoirs supplies same amount of
heat. 33. The temperature of an open, room of volume 30m3
In both the cases body is brought from initial increases from 17°C to 27°C due to the sunshine.
temperature 100°C to final temperature 200°C. The atmospheric pressure in the room remains 1 ×
Entropy change of the body in the two cases 105 Pa. If ni and nf are the number of molecules in
the room before and after heating, then nf – ni will
respectively is : [AIEEE 2015]
be : [JEE MAIN 2017]
(A) ln2, 2ln2 (B)2ln2, 8ln2 (A) – 2.5 × 1025 (B) – 1.61 × 1023
(C) ln2, 4ln2 (D) ln2, ln2 (C) 1.38 × 1023 (D) 2.5 × 1025

30. 'n' moles of an ideal gas undergoes a process A  34. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupies a
B as shown in the figure. The maximum volume V at 27°C. The gas expands adiabatically
temperature of the gas during the process will be : to a volume 2 V calculate (1) the final temperature
[JEE MAIN 2016] of gas and (2) change in its internal energy.
P [JEE MAIN 2018]
(A) (1) 195 K (2) 2.7 kJ
A (B) (1) 189 K (2) 2.7 kJ
2P0
(C) (1) 195 K (2) –2.7 kJ
(D) (1) 189 K (2) –2.7 kJ
P0 B

V0 2V0 V
3p0 V0 9P V
(A) (B) 0 0
2nR 2nR
9P0 V0 9P0 V0
(C) (D)
nR 4nR
Exercise - 4 | Level-II Previous Year | JEE Advanced
1. A cylinder of mass 1 kg is given heat of 20000 J at 4. While the piston is at a distance 2L from the top,
atmospheric pressure. If initially temperature of the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then
cylinder is 20°C, find released, to a position where it can stay in
(a) final temperature of the cylinder equilibrium. In this condition, the distance of the
(b) work done by the cylinder piston from the top is [JEE 2007]
(c) change in internal energy of the cylinder.
(Given that specific heat of cylinder = 400 J kg–1°  2P0 R 2  P0 R 2 – Mg 
(A)  2
 ( 2L) (B)  2
 ( 2L )
C–1, Coefficient of volume expansion = 9 ×10–5 °  R P0  Mg   R P0 
C–1, Atmospheric pressure = 105 N/m2 and density
of cylinder = 9000 kg/m3 ) [JEE 2005]  P0 R 2  Mg   P0 R 2 
( 2L )  ( 2L )
(C)  2

 (D)  R 2P – Mg 
 R P0   0 
2. Match the following for the given process :
[JEE 2006]
5. The piston is taken completely out of the cylinder.
P(atm)
The hole at the top is sealed. A water tank is brought
J
30 below the cylinder and put in a position so that the
M
water surface in the tank is at the same level as the
20
top of the cylinder as shown in the figure. The
10
K
L density of the water is . In equilibrium, the height
H of the water column in the cylinder satisfies
10 20 V(m3)
[JEE 2007]
Column I Column II
(A) Process J  K (P) w > 0
(B) Process K  L (Q) w < 0 L0
(C) Process L  M (R) Q > 0 H
(D) Process M  J (S) Q < 0

Paragraph for Question Nos. 3 to 5 (3 questions) (A) g(L0 – H)2 + P0(L0 – H) + L0P0 = 0
A fixed thermally conducting cylinder has radius R (B) g(L0 – H)2 – P0(L0 – H) – L0P0 = 0
and length L0. The cylinder is open at its bottom (C) g(L0 – H)2 + P0(L0 – H) – L0P0 = 0
and has a small hole at its top. A piston of mass M (D) g(L0 – H)2 – P0(L0 – H) + L0P0 = 0
is held at a distance L from the top surface, as shown
in the figure. The atmospheric pressure is P0. 6. STATEMENT - 1
2R The total translational kinetic energy of all the
L molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is 1.5
times the product of its pressure and its volume
L0 because [JEE 2007]
STATEMENT - 2
The molecules of a gas collide with each other and
Piston the velocities of the molecules change due to the
collision.
3. The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a (A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True,
distnace 2L from the top. The pressure in the cylinder Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
between its top and the piston will then be (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True,
[JEE 2007] Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
(A) P0 (B) P0/2 Statement-1
0P Mg 0 P Mg (C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(C) 2  2 (D) 2 –
R R 2 (D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
7. An ideal gas is expanding such that PT2=constant. 9. Cv and Cp denote the molar specific heat capacities
The coefficient of volume expansion of the gas is of a gas at constant volume and constant pressure,
[JEE 2008] respectively. Then [JEE 2009]
(A) Cp – Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
1 2
(A) (B) for a monoatomic ideal gas
T T
(B) Cp + Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
3 4 for a monoatomic ideal gas
(C) (D)
T T (C) Cp / Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
for a monoatomic ideal gas
8. Column I Contains a list of processes involving (D) Cp.Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for
expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column a monoatomic ideal gas
II describing the thermodynamic change during this
process. Indicate your answer by darkening the 10. The figure shows the P–V plot of an ideal gas taken
appropriate bubbles of the 4×4 matrix given in the through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABCis a
semicircle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then,
ORS. [JEE 2008]
[JEE 2009]
opened
I II P
A
ideal gas vacuum 3

Column I 2
B
(A) An insulated container has two chambers D
1 C
separated a valve. Chamber I contains an ideal gas
the Chamber II has vacaum. The valve is opened. 0 V
1 2 3

(B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (A) the process during the path A  B is isothermal
(B) heat flows out of the gas during the path B  C  D
original volume such that its pressure P  1 ,
2
V (C) work done during the path A  B  C is zero
(D) positive work is done by the gas in the cycle
where V is the volume of the gas
ABCDA
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its

original volume such that its pressure P  1 , 11. This section contains 2 questions. Each questions
4 /3
V contains statements given in two columns, which
where V is its volume have to be matched. The statements in Column I
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that its are labelled A, B, C and D, while the statements in
pressure P and volume V follows the behaviour Column II are labelled p, q, r, s and t. Any given
shown in the graph statement in Column I can have correct matching
v with one or more statement(s) in Column II. The
appropriate bubbles corresponding to the answers
to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated
in the following example :
If the correct matches are A – p, s and t; B – q and
v1 2v1 v
r ; C – p and q; and D – s and t; then the correct
Column II darkening of bubbles will look like the following.
(p) The temperature of the by gas decreases Column II gives certain systems undergoing a
(q) The temperature of the gas increase or remains process. Column I suggests changes in some of
constant the parameters related to the system. Match the
(r) The gas loses heat (s) The gas gains heat statements in Column I to the appropriate
 process(es) from Column II. [JEE 2009] (A) Internal energies at A and B are the same.
Column I (B) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 n 4
(A) The energy of the system is increased (C) Pressure at C is P0/4
(B) Mechanical energy is provided to the system, (D) Temperature at C is T0/4
which is converted into energy of random motion
of its parts compressed by pushing the 14. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to
(C) Internal energy of system is converted into its 1/32 of its initial volume. In the initial temperature
mechanical energy. of the gas is T1 (in Kelvin) and the final temperature
(D) Mass of the system is decreased is aT1. the value of a is [JEE 2010]
Column II
(P) System : A capacitor Initially 15. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically
uncharged increased compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial temperature
Process : It is connected to a battery to be T1, the work done in the process is-
(Q) System : A gas in an adiabatic [JEE 2011]
container fitted with an (A) 9/8 RT1 (B) 3/2 RT1
adiabatic piston (C) 15/8 RT1 (D)9/2 RT1
Process : The gas is piston
(R) System : a gas in a the rigid 16. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through
container a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram.
Process : The gas gets cooled due Column II gives the characteristics involved in the
to colder atmosphere cycle. Match them with each of the processes given
surrounding it in Column I : [JEE 2011]
(S) System : A heavy nucleus initially at
rest B A
3P
Process : The nucleus fissions into
two fragments of nearly
equal masses and some
neutrons are emitted 1P
C D
(T) System : A resistive wire loop
Process : The loop is placed in a time
0 1V 3V 9V V
varying magnetic field
Column I Column II
perpendicular to its plane.
(A) Process A  B (P) Internal energy
12. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its
decreases
(A) pressure and temperature are both high
(B) Process B  C (Q) Internal energy
(B) pressure and temperature are both low
increases
(C) pressure is high and temperature is low
(C) Process C  D (R) Heat is lost
(D) pressure is low and temperature is high
(D) Process D  A (S) Heat is gained
[JEE 2010]
(T) Work is done on
the gas
13. One mole of an ideal gas in initial sate A undergoes
a cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure. Its
17. A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic mass =
pressure at A is P0. Choose the correct option (s)
4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic mass = 40
from the following. [JEE 2010]
amu) is kept at 300 K in a container. The ratio of
V
 vrms helium 
4v0 B the rms speeds  v  is [JEE 2012]
 rms  arg on 
(A) 0.32 (B) 0.45
v0 A
C (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
T
T0
18. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber balloon Paragraph 21 & 22
at 30°C. The balloon is fully expandable and can be In the figure a containner is shown to have a
assumed to require no energy in its expansion. The
movalble (without friction) piston on top. The
temperature of the gas in the balloon is slowly
container and the piston are all made of perfectly
changed to 35°C. the amount of heat required in
insulating material allowing no heat transfer between
raising the temperature is nearly (take R = 8.31
J/mol. K) [JEE 2012] outside and inside the container. The container is
(A) 62 J (B) 104J divided into two compartments by a rigid partition
(C) 124J (D) 208J made of a thermally conducting material that allows
slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of
19. Two non-reactive monoatomic ideal gases have their the container is filled with 2 moles of an ideal
atomic masses in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of their monatomic gas at 700 K and the upper compartment
partial pressures, when enclosed in a vessel kept at is filled with 2 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at 400
a constant temperature, is 4 : 3. The ratio of their K. The heat capacities per mole of an ideal
densities is [JEE 2013]
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 monatomic gas are C V  3 R, CP  5 R , and those
2 2
(C) 6 : 9 (D) 8 : 9
5 7
20. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along for an ideal diatomis gas are C V  R, CP  R .
2 2
two cyclic processes E  F  G E and
[Advance 2014]
E F  H E as shown in the PV digram. The
processes involved are purely isochoric, isobaric,
isothermal or adiabatic.

21. Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it

does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the
final temperature to the gases will be
Match the paths in List I with the magnitudes of
the work done in List II and select the correct answer (A) 550 K (B) 525 K
using the codes given below the lists. [JEE 2013] (C) 513 K (D) 490 K
List I List II
(P) GE 1. 160 P0V0In2
22. Now consider the partition to be free to move
(Q) GH 2. 36 P0V0
without friction so that the pressure of gases in both
(R) FH 3. 24 P0V0
compartments is the same. Then total work done
(S) FG 4. 31 P0V0
Codes : by the gases till the time they achieve equilibrium
P Q R S will be
(A) 4 3 2 1 (A) 250 R (B) 200 R
(B) 4 3 1 2 (C) 100 R (D) -100 R
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 1 3 2 4
23. A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial (A) The average energy per mole of the gas mixture
state i with internal energy Ui = 100 J to the final is 2RT.
state f slong two different paths iaf and ibf, as (B) The ratio of speed of sound in the gas mixture
schematically shown in the figure. The work done to that in helium gas is 6 / 5 .
by the system along the paths af, ib and bf are Waf (C) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to
= 200 J, Wib = 50 J and Wbf = 100 J respectively. that of hydrogen molecules is 1/2.
The heat supplied to the system along the path iaf, (D) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to
ib and bf are Qiaf, Qib and Qbf respectively. If the that of hydrogen moleucles is 1 / 2 .
internal energy of the system in the state b is Ub = [Advance 2015]
200 J and Qiaf = 500 J, the ratio Qbf /Qid is
26. An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a horizontal
cylider by a spring loaded piston (as shown in the
figure). Initially the gas is at temperature T1, pressure
P1 and volume V1 and the spring is in its relaxed
state. The gas is then heated very slowly to
temperature T2, pressure P2 and volume V2. During
this process the piston moves out by a distance x.
Ignoring the friction between the piston and the cylider,
the correct statement(s) is (are).[JEE 2015]
24. A sudent is perfarming an expernment using a
resonance column and a tuning fork of frequency
244 s-1. He is told that the air in the tube has been
replaced by another gas (assume that the column
remains filled with the gas). If the minimum hight
at which resonance occurs is (0.350  0.005)m,
the gas in the tube is (useful information (A) If V2 - 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy stored
1/2
: 167RT  640 J1 / 2 mole-1/2, 140RT = 590 J 1
in the spring is PV
-1/2
mole . The molar masses M is garms are given in 4 1 1
(B) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T, then the change in
10 internal energy is 3P1V1
the options. Take the values of for each gas
M (C) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T, then the work done by
as given there.) [Advance 2014] 7
the gas is PV
3 1 1
 10 7  (D) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, the heat supplied to
(A) Neon  M=20, = 
 20 10  17
the gas is P1V1
6
 10 3
(B) Nitrogen  M=28, =  27. A gas enclosed in a cylinder with movable
 28 5 
 frictionless piston. Its initial thermodynamic state
at pressure Pi = 105 m3 and volume vi = 10–3 m3
 10 9  changes to a final state a Pf = (1/32) × 105 Pa and
(C) Oxygen  M=32, = 
 32 16  Vf = 8 × 10 –3 m3 in an adiabatic quasi - static
process, such that P 3V 5 = constant. Consider
 10 17  another thermodynamic process that brings the
(D) Argon  M=36, =  system from the same initial state to the same final
 36 32 
state in two steps : an isobaric expansion at Pi
followed by an isochoric (isovolumetric) process at
25. A container of fixed volume has a mixture of one volume Vf . The amount of heat supplied to the
mole of hydrogen and one mole of helium in system in the two process in approximately
equilibrium at temperature T. Assuming the gases [Advance 2016]
(A) 112 J (B) 294 J
are ideal, the correct statement(s) is (are)
(C) 588 J (D) 813J
 Paragraph (28 to 30)
An ideal gas is undergoing a cyclic thermodynamic process in different ways as shown in the corresponding
P - V diagrams in column 3 of the table. Consider only the path from state 1 to state 2. W denotes the corresponding
work done on the system. The equations and plots in the table have standard notations as used in thermodynamic
processes. Here  is the ratio of heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume. The number of moles
in the gas is n. [Advance 2017]
column-1 column-2 column- 3
P
1 2

1
(I) W12 = (P2V2 – P1V2) (i) (Isothermal) (P)
 1

P v

(II) W12 = –PV2 + PV1 (ii) (Isochoric) (Q)

2

P v
1
2

(III) W12 = 0 (iii) (Isobaric) (R)

P v
1

2V 
(IV) W12 = –nRT ln  V  (iv) (Adiabatic) (S) 2
 1
v

28. Which of the following options is the only correct representation of a process in which U = Q – PV ?
(A) (II) (iii) (P) (B) (II) (iii) (S) (C) (III) (iii) (P) (D) (III) (iv) (R)

29. Which one of the following options is the correct combination ?

(A) (II) (iv) (P) (B) (IV) (ii) (S) (C) (II) (iv) (R) (D) (III) (ii) (S)

30. Which one of the following options correctly represents a thermodynamic process that is used as a correction in
the determination of the speed of sound in an ideal gas ?
(A) (III) (iv) (R) (B) (I) (ii) (Q) (C) (IV) (ii) (R) (D) (I) (iv) (Q)

31. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process as shown in the figure (where V is the volume and
T is the temperature). Which of the statements below is (are) true? [Advance 2018]
T

II

III
I

IV
V
(A) Process I is an isochoric process (B) In process II, gas absorbs heat
(C) In process IV, gas releases heat (D) Processes I and II are not isobaric
32. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes an 33. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes four
adiabatic expansion in which its volume becomes thermodynamic processes as shown schematically
eight times its initial value. If the initial temperature in the PV-diagram below. Among these four
processes, one is isobaric, one is isochoric, one is
of the gas is 100 K and the universal gas constant
isothermal and one is adiabatic. Match the processes
R = 8.0 J mol–1 K–1, the decrease in its internal
mentioned in List-I with the corresponding
energy, in Joule, is............ . [JEE Advance 2018] statements in List–I with the corresponding
statements in List–II. [JEE Advance 2018]
P
II
3P0
IV III
I
P0
V
V0 3V0
List–I List–II
P. In process I 1. Work done by the
gas is zero
Q. In process II 2. Temperature of the
gas remains unchanged
R. In process III 3. No heat is
exchanged between
the gas and its
surround ings
S. In process IV 4. Work done by the
gas is 6 P0V0
(A) P  4 ; Q  3 ; R  1 ; S  2
(B) P  1 ; Q  3 ; R  2 ; S  4
(C) P  3 ; Q  4 ; R  1 ; S  2
(D) P  3 ; Q  4 ; R  2 ; S  1
Exercise - 1 Objective Problems | JEE Main
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
11. B 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. D
16. C 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. D
21. D 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. A
26. D 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. A
31. B 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. C
36. C 37. A 38. C 39. A 40. B

Exercise - 2 (Level-I) Objective Problems | JEE Main

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. D
11. A 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. A
16. A 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. C
21. C 22. B 23. D 24. B

Exercise - 2 (Level-II) Multiple Correct | JEE Advanced

1. A,B 2. A,B 3. A,B,C,D 4. B,D 5. A,C
6. A,B 7. B 8. B,D 9. A,B 10. A,D
11. A,B,D 12. C 13. C 14. A,B 15. A,C

Exercise - 3 | Level-I Subjective | JEE Advanced

Mg(n  1)
1.  2. 2P 3. 7h 4. 2/3
nR

20012 . 428
5. 1. 28.7236 × 103 sec. 6.  10  25 kg  m / s 7. 1:2


7
8. 4 atmosphere 9. 14 10. 50 calorie 11.
5

 3 – 2  24
12. Monoatomic 13. RT   – 1  14. 15. T1 > T2
  5

16. P/n 17. 120 R 18. 1500 J 19. 3R

3
20. PROOF 21. – 22. 0 23. 1.25 × 104 N/m2
2

Wr
24. (i) QT = WT in cyclic process (ii)   100
Q (only the)
25. 1600 J
Exercise - 3 | Level-II Subjective | JEE Advanced

283
1. 5 2. 2 3. x 4. 900 m3
383

3RT
5. For helium, 100  6. 1 7. – 20 kJ 8. 460 J
M

4
9. f = 6 & Cv = 3R & CP = 4R & r = 10. 8 atmosphere
3
11. (a) WAD=88 J, (b) VC=1.223 litre, (c) WCDA = –85J

9 15
12. T1 = (207/16)T0 ; T2 = T0 , – PV
4 8 0 0

Exercise - 4 | Level-I Previous Year | JEE Main

1. B 2. A,C 3. C 4. A 5. C
6. A 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. A
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. C
16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. C
21. C 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. B
26. C 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. D
31. A 32. D 33. A 34. D

Exercise - 4 | Level-II Previous Year | JEE Advanced

1. (a) Treal  70 0 C, (b) 0.05 J, (C)19999.9 5 2. A-S ; B-P,R ; C-R ; D-Q,S

3. A 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C
8. A-q ; B-p,r ; C-p,s ; D-q,s 9. B,D 10. B,D
11. A-P,Q,S,T ; B-Q ; C-S ; D-S 12. D 13. A,B 14. 4
15. A 16. A-P,T,R ; B-P,R ; C-Q,S ; D-R,T 17. D 18. D
19. D 20. A 21. D 22. D 23. 2
24. D 25. A,B,D 26. AB/B 27. C 28. A
29. D 30. D 31. BCD 32. 900 33. C