Earth Science -- Exogenic Processes

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1. Weathering on-site breakdown of rock and its 13. human and animals burrowing can also push open cracks
eventual transformation into sediments animal and move rock fragments
intervention
2. 3 exogenic weathering
human activities such as digging and blasting
processes erosion
transportation 14. Chemical occurs when there are chemical changes in at
deposition weathering least some of the composition of the rock
3. Exogenic processes climate and weather
A surface or near-surface process that is not
are driven by
influenced by high temperature or pressure
______________ and
______________. 15. Kinds of Dissolution
chemical Hydrolysis
4. Exogenic processes subsystems
weathering oxidation
are affected by
(5) hydration
____________.
biological weathering
5. Types of Mechanical/Physical
16. dissolution - happens in certain minerals which are
weathering (2) Chemical
dissolved in water
6. Mechanical the physical breakdown of a rock into - halite (NaCl) dissolves rapidly in pure water
Weathering unconnected grains or chunks without while calcite (CaCO3) dissolves rapidly in
changing its composition acidic water like rainwater
7. Types of Exfoliation - limestone (composed of calcite) undergoes
Mechanical/Physical Frost Wedging this process and develop caves through time
Weathering (7) Root Wedging 17. Hydrolysis - occurs when water reacts with the minerals
Salt Wedging and breaks them down
Thermal Expansion - the process occurs faster in slightly acidic
Burrowing water
Digging and Blasting -the common rock forming minerals like,
8. Exfoliation when rocks split into onion-like sheets amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar all react
parallel to the surface with water and form various types of clay
minerals
9. Frost Wedging when water inside the fractures of
rocks experience freezing and thawing, 18. oxidation - the reaction of oxygen with minerals in the
causing the joints to expand and grow rock, forming oxides
resulting to pieces of rocks to detach - oxidation of iron-bearing minerals like biotite
and pyrite produce iron oxide (hematite) and
10. Root Wedging occurs when joints expand due to
iron hydroxide (goethite)
plants growing on rock surface
thereby prying it open 19. hydration - occurs when water is absorbed into the
crystal structure of the mineral, causing it to
11. Salt Wedging when salt solutions accumulate in the
expand
pore spaces and fractures of the rocks,
-certain types of clay expand through this
and as it crystallizes it pushes apart
process
the surrounding grains and weakens
the rock, causing it to disintegrate 20. biological - occur in roots of plants, when fungi and
when exposed to wind or rain weathering lichens secrete organic acids that dissolve
minerals and the nutrients are taken in by these
12. Thermal Expansion occurs when a rock is exposed to high
organisms
temperature such as a forest fire; its
- there are also certain type of bacteria that
outer layer expands due to baking, as
consume certain minerals
it cools the outer layer contracts,
causing the surface to break-off into 21. erosion - separation and removal of weathered and
sheets unweathered rocks and soil from its substrate
22. transporting gravity
agents of wind
erosion ice
water
23. transport processes by which sediments are moved 39. Rivers -strong erosive power and carry large
along from the source to where they are angular sediments such as boulders and
deposited cobbles
-Forms V-shaped valleys
24. transport abrasion, plucking, scouring, and dissolution
involves (4) 40. Tributaries small individual streams
25. types of wind 41. Distributary as the river enters the sea, it separated
erosion (4) glacier channels into many branches called
water
42. Tidal flats composed of sand and mud
mass wasting or mass movement
43. tidal erosion - erosion in the coastline caused by
26. erosion is wind
wave action
affected by glacier
(4) tide
- it wears away the rocks, forming cliffs
gravity
and arches
27. wind - commonly occurs in flat, bare areas or dry,
erosion sandy, and loose soils - the eroded sediments are mostly
- it detaches soil particles and transports them rounded grains and the smaller sand-
by wind sized grains form a beach
28. How does it removing soil and transporting it 44. Longshore drift the sediments coming from rivers are also
damages transported along the shoreline via
the land
45. Tidal currents move sediments toward the ocean
and natural
vegetation? 46. gravity - downslope movement of rock, soil, ice
erosion/mass due to gravity
29. effects of soil loss
wasting/mass - occurs when the balance between the
wind dryness
movement resisting force and downslope force is
erosion deterioration of soil structure
disrupted
deterioration of soil nutrient & productivity
losses 47. factors that relief
air pollution contribute to slope stability
mass wasting (3) fragmentation and weathering
30. glacier permanent body of ice
48. relief the difference in elevation between two
31. glacier As rock moves over a rock, it acts like a
places creates slopes
erosion bulldozer; the rocks and soil at the surface are
scraped off and grinded against a mixture of 49. slope stability the balance between the downslope
ice and rocks. It moves slowly but erodes force caused by gravity and the
downward rapidly, forming U-shaped valleys. resistance force due to friction
50. Fragmentation - intact rock is held together by chemical
dominant in high altitude mountains and weathering bonds within minerals, by mineral cement,
32. water most common erosion agent and by interlocking of grains
- fragmented rock is held only by friction
33. water millions of tons of sediments are picked-up
between fracture planes or by weak
erosion and transported everyday along rivers, coasts,
electrical charges between grains
and in deep oceans around the world
51. mass wasting - vibrations from earthquake
34. ways traction
occurs in several - changes in slope, angle, load, and
sediments saltation
ways slope support make a slope unstable
"move suspension
- stability of slope depends on the
along" (4) solution
composition of rocks.
35. traction rolling or dragging of large grains aided by the
52. Debris predominantly coarse soil materials
push of smaller grains
53. Earth predominantly fine materials
36. Saltation bouncing of sand grains as they are picked-up,
carried along, and dropped repeatedly
37. Suspension movement of fine particles like silt or clay
38. Solution movement of soluble minerals (salts)
54. type of motion in fall 73. matrix in a mixture with various grain sizes, the
mass wasting topple surrounding fine-grained sediments are
slide referred to as
spread
74. sedimentary the area where sediments are deposited are
flow
environment called
complex
75. types of glacial
55. fall includes the free fall movement,
sedimentary mountain stream
bouncing and rolling of materials on a
environments mountain front
slope
(11) desert
56. topple the forward rotation out of the slope lake (lacustrine)
of a soil or rock mass river (fluvial)
delta
57. slide the downslope movement of coherent
beach
materials along a well-defined surface
shallow marine
of rupture called sliding surface
shallow water carbonate
58. spread the lateral extension and fracturing of deep marine
coherent mass due to the plastic flow
76. glacial where glaciers and ice are found
of its underlying material
environment
59. flow happens when the materials are High altitudes, polar regions
saturated and move downslope as a
77. glacial till where a pile of sediments, ranging from clay
viscous fluid
to boulder-size, mixed together can be
60. complex combination of several types of found
movement could occur
78. mountain - turbulent streams can carry large sediments
61. Varnes in 1978, the widely accepted classification of stream like boulders and cobbles during flood,
Cruden and Varnes mass wasting is produced environment forming thick gravel and boulder layers
in 1996 by__________________ and modified by - Conglomerates
__________________
79. mountain ENVIRONMENT when a stream enters the flat
62. 7 classifications of Extremely rapid front area at the base of the mountain, it primarily
the rate of Very rapid environment loses its energy and decreases in velocity,
movement of mass Rapid results to a landform called alluvial fan
wasting Moderate
80. what is an primarily composed of sand- to boulder-size
Slow
alluvial fan sediments
Very slow
Extremely slow 81. desert Wind carries sand and silt materials
environment
63. Rock slide-debris involves extremely rapid movement of
avalanche materials 82. sand dunes produced by well-sorted sand
64. Creep very slow to extremely slow 83. loess formed by the accumulation of silts
deposits
65. Slides and flows moderate to very rapid
84. evaporites - sediments from solutions
66. Falls usually dry ; rapid to extremely rapid
- formed when temporary lakes in the desert
67. deposition the process in which sediments settle dry-up
out of the transporting medium
85. Lake - Streams carrying sediments deposit coarse
68. bed layer formed when the materials are (lacustrine) sediments on lake margins, only silt and clay
laid down environment are deposited from suspension in deeper
69. sorting distribution of grain size in a layer parts of the lake
- Shale
70. good sorting Bed consist of one or two similar
grain size 86. River (fluvial) are slow-moving and commonly carry an
environment assortment of pebbles, sand, silt, and mud
71. poor sorting Grain size consists of a mixture of
very fine and very coarse grains
72. Clasts in a mixture with various grain sizes,
the large sediments are called
87. Delta environment when a river enters the sea, it empties its load in a delta, which extends to the shallow coastal area
88. Beach environment tidal currents transport sands along the coastline
89. ripples formed by well-sorted and well-rounded sand grains
90. shallow marine The mud and silt removed from the shoreline and from river mouths are transported by tidal currents and
environment deposited in quieter waters below the wave zone
91. shallow water carbonate where the supply of sediments is limited, marine organisms like coral reefs develop where the water is
environment fairly warm, clear, and full of nutrients
92. Deep marine Slope failures from the steep slopes of submarine canyons generate submarine landslides which create
environment sediments of varying sizes.
- Chalk
- Chert
93. Turbidity currents carry the finer sediment components, ranging from sand to clay to a submarine fan
94. submarine fan where turbidite deposit/sequence is formed
95. Chalk very fine calcite shells
96. Chert siliceous shells
97. Cementation Process which binds together the individual grains
98. Diagenesis the process of compaction, cementation, and recrystallization
99. FOUR (4) PROCESS OF 1. Burial process
DEPOSITION 2. Compaction process
3. Cementation process
4. Lithification process