Sem III, Economics, Naman Gupta, 84

Project Report:
POVERTY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

IN INDIA
Submitted To:
Dr. Eritriya Roy
(Faculty, Department of Economics)
Submitted By:
Naman Gupta
B.A. LLB (Hons.)
Semester III, Section A, BatchXVIII, Roll No. 84
Date of Submission: - 03/08/19
HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY
Uparwara, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Poverty and Sustainable Development In India
Table of Contents
DECLARATION………………………………………………………………….…………..…3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………...…………………………………………….………………
4INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….
5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………..
…6 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………….6 REVIEW
OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………………………...7
CHAPTER 1: POVERTY: DEFINITION, MEASUREMENT AND TYPES………….........8
1.1 MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY……………………………………………………..…...10
1.2 TYPES OF POVERTY……………………………………………………...……………….12
CHAPTER 2: POVERTY IN INDIA IN BRIEF……………………………….……...……..14

2.1 CONCEPTS OF POVERTY……………………………………………………………...…14
2.2 MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY IN INDIA……………………………………………....14
2.3 RURAL POVERTY………………………………………………………………………....17
2.4 Poverty statics of rural and urban India and combined percent below poverty line for each
state and Union territory………………………………………………………………………....18
CHAPTER 3: POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES……………………………...21
3.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDIA - PROGRAMMES AND
STRATEGIES……………………………………………………………………………………
21CHAPTER 4: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MEANING, STEPS,
SDGs…………..24
4.1 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT………………………………………….….24
4.2 STEPS TAKEN BY

INDIA………………………………………………………………….25
4.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS……………………………………………….27
4.4 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDEX……………........................................33
2
CONCLUSION…………..……………………………………………………………………..34
Bibliography and Webliography………………………………………………………………36
3
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research work titled "Poverty and sustainable Development in India"
is my own work and represents my own ideas, and where others’ ideas or words have been
included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have
adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission.
..………………………
Naman Gupta
Date: 03/09/19
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely thank the Faculty member of Economics Dr. Eritriya Roy for giving
me this project on the topic, "Poverty and sustainable Development in India". This has widened
my knowledge on the relevant topic. Her guidance and support has been instrumental in the
completion of this project. I would like to thank her as it would not have been possible for me to
frame this project of mine without her support.
I’d also like to thank all the honorable authors, writers, social workers and Academicians, for
their outstanding and remarkable works, views, ideas, and articles that I have used for the
completion of my project. My heartfelt gratitude also goes out to the staff and administration of
HNLU for the infrastructure in the form of our library and IT lab that was a source of great help
in the completion of this project. I also thank to staff of Photocopy Section and my friends for
their precious inputs which have been very helpful in the completion of this project
Naman Gupta
Semester III
Section C
5
INTRODUCTION
India is uniquely placed to drive global poverty reduction. It is home to the largest number of
poor people in the world, as well as the largest number of people who have recently escaped
poverty. Despite an emerging middle class, many of India’s people are still vulnerable to falling
back into poverty.
India is home to 26% of the global extreme poor. This means that the world’s ability to end
extreme poverty by 2030 — an objective originally adopted by the World Bank and now a key
element of the Sustainable Development Goals — hinges on India’s ability to make strong and
sustained inroads in reducing poverty. The good news is that India has made notable strides in
tackling extreme poverty and promoting growth among its poorest — what we call shared
prosperity.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is an ambitious, universal and holistic
agenda. UNDP promotes an integrated approach that tackles the connected issues of
multidimensional poverty, inequality and exclusion, and sustainability, while enhancing
knowledge, skills and production technologies to enlarge peoples’ choices, reduce risks and
sustain development gains.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability is the
foundation for today’s leading global framework for international cooperation – the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development and it’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Each of the 17 SDGs has specific targets to be achieved by 2030. The goals and targets are
universal, meaning they apply to all countries around the world, not just poor countries.
Reaching the goals requires action on all fronts – governments, businesses, civil society and
people everywhere all have a role to play.
6
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Following are the objectives of the study:
 To study poverty and its different types.
 To discuss, in brief, poverty in India.
 To study Sustainable Development
 To discuss, in brief, steps taken by India for sustainable development and 17 SDGs
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This project work has been carried out following the descriptive analytical approach. For the
study secondary data were, only analyzed from websites, various journals, reports, and
newspapers. Data collection and statistical tools: In order to achieve the above mentioned
research objectives, data is collected from Electronic Sources. In order to analyze the data and to
get the required information tabular analysis, percentage analysis and rank analysis are used.
7
Review of Literature
Utpal Kumar, Pal, Manoranjan, Bharati, Premananda
Inequality, Poverty and Development in India Focus on the North

Eastern Region
This book reviews the fulfillment of two Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), namely
poverty and inequality, in the Indian subcontinent. It examines the complex interplay among
development, inequality and poverty in relation to corruption, environmental resource
management, agricultural adjustment to climate change and institutional arrangements, with a
special focus on the Northeastern region of the country. The topics covered offer a blend of
theoretical arguments and empirical data with regard to the three main themes of the book, while
also providing agricultural and environmental perspectives.
Bimal N. Patel and Ranita Nagar
Sustainable Development and India Convergence of Law,

Economics, Science, and Politics
Current policy or scholarly literature on sustainable development in India has been missing a
vital interdisciplinary integrated link covering four areas of knowledge: law, economics, science,
and politics. This gap has contributed to an incomplete understanding of the whole issue and, in
turn, has added resulted in inappropriate and often unrealistic instruments being used to achieve
the lofty ideals of sustainable development. This edited volume brings together a scholarly
analysis of interdisciplinary approaches and perspectives to the sustainable development agenda
and debates in India. The theoretical and empirical analyses conducted by the contributors create
more questions than answers, yet an integrated whole emerging shows the future directions
which will shape the policy and theoretical debates on sustainable development.
8
CHAPTER 1:
POVERTY: DEFINITION, MEASUREMENT AND TYPES

According to the United Nations, poverty is the inability of having choices and opportunities, a
violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It
means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to; not
having the land on which to grow one's food or a job to earn one's living, not having access to
credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and
communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile
environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.1
According to World Bank, Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many
dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services
necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and
education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice,
and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one's life.2
Poverty in India means, means hunger and lack of shelter. It also is a situation in which parents
are not able to send their children to school or a situation where sick people cannot afford
treatment. Poverty also means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities. It also means lack of a
regular job at a minimum decent level. Above all it means living with a sense of helplessness.
Poor people are in a situation in which they are ill-treated at almost every place, in farms,
factories, government offices, hospitals, railway stations etc.
Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and
essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life and well-being that's considered acceptable in
society. Poverty status in the United States is assigned to people that do not meet a certain
threshold level set by the Department of Health and Human Services. 3 Poverty is a difficult cycle
1
Dr. David Gordon, Indicators of Poverty and Hunger, UN Expert Group Of Meeting, Retrieved on 20/08/2019
2
Poverty and Inequality analysis, www.worldbank.org, Retrieved on 20/08/2019
3
www.investopedia.com/terms/p/poverty.asp#
9
to break, often passed from one generation to the next. Typical consequences of poverty include
alcohol and substance abuse; less access to education; poor housing and living conditions and
increased levels of disease. Heightened levels of poverty are likely to cause increased tensions in
society as inequalities are realized. These issues often heighten crime rates in communities
affected by poverty.
Some of the most challenging issues facing India today are poverty, development of rural India
and building infrastructure. We are a billion-strong country today and our human capital is the
biggest asset; it needs investment in health and education. We also need to understand the
concept of employment and the need for creating more employment in our country. We will also
look at the implications of development on our environment and call for sustainable
development.
Poverty has two theories4:-
1. Individual Theory: The right-wing view is that poverty is an individual phenomenon. On

this view, people are in poverty because they are lazy, uneducated, ignorant, or otherwise
inferior in some manner. If this theory were true, it would follow that impoverished
people are basically the same people every year. And if that were true, we could whip
poverty by helping that particular 15% of the population to figure things out and climb
out of poverty. Thus, a program of heavy paternalistic life contracts to help this discrete
underclass get things together might conceivably end or dramatically reduce poverty.
2. Structural Theory: The left-wing view is that poverty is a structural phenomenon. On

this view, people are in poverty because they find themselves in holes in the economic
system that delivers them inadequate income. Because individual lives are dynamic,
people don't sit in those holes forever. One year they are in a low-income hole, but the
next year they've found a job or gotten a promotion, and aren't anymore. But that hole
that they were in last year doesn't go away. Others inevitably find themselves in that hole
because it is a persistent defect in the economic structure. It follows from this that
impoverished people are not the same people every year. It follows further that the only
4
Matt Bruenig, Two theories of poverty, www.demons.org, Accessed on 20/08/2019.
10
way to reduce poverty is to alter the economic structure so as to reduce the number of
low-income holes in it.
1.1 MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY
A. Income approach: It refers to incomes below a “minimum subsistence” or 50% or 60%

below the median. The World Bank “absolute” poverty level is based on minimum
incomes needed for basic necessities in a number of low-income developing countries. It
is equivalent to 1.25 USD7day. In the European Union, relative poverty is defined as
60% of the median income. The OECD uses the threshold of 50%.
B. Basic needs approach: Poverty is scarcity of resources and opportunities to satisfy basic
needs. The ILO introduced the “basic needs” concept in the 1970s and 1980s. This
concept allowed for taking into account the availability in the community of public goods
and services when defining and assessing poverty. 5 The Bristol Study (2003) on basic
needs deprivation in developing countries used this concept in defining the various levels
of multidimensional poverty.5 UNICEF has since applied and further developed this
multidimensional concept for measuring and describing poverty and deprivation of
children. Poverty is described by measuring a number of individual and household level
resources children need and have a right to in order to grow and develop.6
C. Capabilities approach: Capabilities are means for achieving good life, to avoid and
escape from deprivations, and to realize one’s own potential. Development is a widening
of choices, development is freedom, as characterized by Amartya Sen. 7 Capabilities refer
to both external resources and optics and human capital embedded in the person
him/herself. Prevention and reduction of poverty calls for expanding opportunities,
empowerment and security, so as to enable people manage their live.
D. Well Being approach: Poverty is flipside of well-being, it is bad life, it is ill- being.
5
Peter Townsend: What is Poverty. A Historical Perspective
6
UNICEF, 2007. Child poverty in perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries
7
Amartya Sen, 2001. Development as Freedom New York
11
Poverty is seen as a multidimensional lack of resources and conditions to achieve

satisfaction of psychological or self-actualization needs. The Finnish Sociologist Erik
Allardt (in the 1970s) referred to these dimensions of well-being as “Having”, “Loving”
and “Being”. Well-being is a product – not a sum – of these components. More of one
cannot replace scarcity of the others. The increasing Western wealth has already for
decades failed to create more well- being and happiness. Poverty analyses have tended to
fail to account for the social and psychological dimensions of poverty and deprivation as
they are difficult to measure. Thus, qualitative analyses are important to improve
understanding of the essence and causes of and solutions to poverty and
deprivation.8The t h r e e dimensional concept of poverty is adequate but challenging to
apply empirically. In the case of children it is clear that some material standard of living
is necessary – but not a sufficient condition for them to grow and develop.
E. Inequality approach: Poverty is a process. Its essential root causes are embedded in
inequality, insecurity, vulnerability, discrimination and exclusion. Thus the ways to
attack poverty are related to more equal opportunities, decent work, economic and social
security, non-discrimination, empowerment and making social and economic institutions
more fair and accountable.9
F. Human Rights Based Approach: Poverty is a violation of basic rights and fundamental
freedoms. It is a multidimensional and comprehensive perspective. The human rights
approach anchors the criteria for poverty and deprivation into the nonattainment of
universally agreed, unalienable human rights standards and principles as the ultimate
benchmark to be attained for all. However, norms and legislation alone are not enough to
make rights materialize. Equality-oriented comprehensive social policy and good
governance are the necessary instruments for creating enabling environments for people
to avoid poverty and for moving out of poverty.
1.2 TYPES OF POVERTY

8
Deepa Narayan & Patti Petesch eds., 2007. Moving out of Poverty. New York: World Band and Pallgrave
MacMillan
9
World Bank, 2006 World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development
12
A. Absolute poverty: Absolute or extreme poverty is when people lack the basic necessities
for survival. For instance they may be starving, lack clean water, proper housing,
sufficient clothing or medicines and be struggling to stay alive. This is most common in
developing countries. Absolute poverty is defined as a situation in which the individual's
basic needs are not covered, in other words there is lack of basic goods and services
(normally related to food, house and clothes). This concept of poverty is strongly linked
to destitution and can be applied to all countries or societies. A person who is considered
poor under this criteria in the same way throughout the world
B. Relative Poverty: Relative poverty is when some people’s way of life and income is so
much worse than the general standard of living in the country or region in which they live
that they struggle to live a normal life and to participate in ordinary economic, social and
cultural activities. Relative poverty vary from country to country, depending on the
standard of living enjoyed by the majority. While not as extreme as absolute poverty,
relative poverty is still very serious and harmful.
Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living
standards as determined by a government (and enjoyed by the bulk of the population) that
vary from country to country, sometimes within the same country. Relative poverty
occurs everywhere, is said to be increasing, and may never be eradicated.
C. Collective Poverty: It is a lack of basic resources that is so widespread that it afflicts an

entire society or subgroup of people within that society. This form of poverty persists
over periods of time stretching across generations. It is common in formerly colonized
places, frequently war torn places, and places that have been heavily exploited y or
executed from participation in global commerce, including parts of Asia, the Middle East,
much of Africa and parts of Central and South America.
D. Cyclical poverty: Cyclical poverty is a condition in which poverty is widespread but

limited in its duration.
This type of poverty is typically linked to specific events that disrupt a society, like war,
an economic crash or recession, or natural phenomena or disasters that disrupt
13
distribution of food and other resources. For example, the poverty rate within the U.S.
climbed throughout the Great Recession that began in 2008 and since 2010 has declined.
This is a case in which an economic event caused a cycle of more intensive poverty that
was fixed in duration (about three years)
E. Chronic poverty: This is a more complicated type and we will see a detailed example
here. This is when poverty is handed over to individuals and families from generations
before them. In this type, there is usually no escape from it, as people are trapped in its
causes and have no access to tools that will help them get out of it.
F. Case poverty: It occurs when a person or family is unable to secure resources required to
meet their basic needs despite the fact that resources are not scarce and those around
them are generally living well. Case poverty might be produced by sudden loss of
employment, inability to work, or injury or illness. While it might at first glance seem
like an individual condition, it is actually a social one, because it is unlikely to occur in
societies that provide economic safety nets to their populations.
14
CHAPTER 2: POVERTY IN INDIA IN BRIEF

Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to
fulfil its basic needs of life. Poverty is a condition in which a person or community lacks the
essentials of well-being and life. These essentials are material resources such as food, safe
drinking water, clothing and shelter, or they may be social resources such as access to health
care, information and education.10 Poverty is a state of social condition when a large segment of
society is deprived of the minimum level of living. It is also a collective condition of poor
people. Poverty is lack of regular income to maintain minimum level of living. Consumption of
less food than is required to sustain a human body is known as condition of extreme poverty.
2.1 Concepts of poverty in India

1. Minimum Calorie Intake: In India, 2400 calorie in rural area and 2100 calorie intake
are required to sustain human body of an adult male. Those adults who are not getting
2400 calorie intake in rural area and 2100 calorie in urban areas may be treated as poor.11
2. Minimum basic needs: In India a person who is unable to fulfil his minimum basic
needs of food, shelter, clothing, access to safe drinking water and health care facilties are
to be considered as poor.
3. Poverty in monetary terms: According to World Bank 1$ per day is required to meet
the food requirement. Persons earning less than 1$ are treated as poor.
2.2 Measurement of poverty in India

1. Poverty line: The poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to
achieve an adequate Standard of Living. Determining the poverty line is usually done by
finding the total cost of all the essential items/ resources that an average human adult
consumes in one year. This approach is needs-based in the sense that an assessment is
made of the minimum expenditure needed to maintain a tolerable life. In India, the
10
Abraham, R. A., & Kumar, K. S. K. (2008). Multidimensional Poverty and Vulnerability, Economic and Political
weekly, 43(20).
11
Chandrasekhar, S., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2008). Multiple Dimension of Urban Well-Being: Evidence from
India. Retrived from http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/pgy/011.pdf on 18/08/17
15
poverty line denotes monthly per capita consumption expenditure below Rs. 49.00 for
rural areas and Rs.54.00 for urban areas in 1977-78 on the 2014-15 prices Rs.9723 for rural
14
areas and Rs.1034 for urban areas on the in 2014-15 on current prices of 2014-15.
YEAR RURAL URBAN
1977-78 49 54
2014-15 972 1034
2. Poverty Gap Index: It measures poverty by mean distance below the poverty line
expressed as a proportion of that line. In India the value in 2011 was $3.10 a day (PPP).
Poverty gap index provides a clearer perspective on the depth of poverty. It also helps
provide an overall assessment of a region's progress in poverty alleviation and the
evaluation of specific public policies or private initiatives. PGI is calculated as;-
Where is the total population, is the total population of poor who are living at or below
the poverty line, is the poverty line, and is the income of the poor individual . In this
calculation, individuals whose income is above the poverty line have a gap of zero.
16
3. Squared Poverty Gap Index: The SPG Index is the mean of the squared proportionate
poverty gaps. The Squared Poverty Gap Index determines the degree of poverty for a
given area. This method squares the poverty gap for each individual/household, and thus
puts more emphasis on observations that fall far short of the poverty line rather than
those that are closer. This measure is a member of the FGT (Foster, Greer, Thorbecke)
family of poverty measures. The Squared Poverty Gap Index is very similar to the
Poverty Gap Index because it also weights the poor based on how poor they are. The
difference between them is that the shortfalls of people below the poverty line are
squared giving the very poor much more weight than those falling only a few cents short
of the poverty line. The Squared Poverty Gap Index is more beneficial to the poor who
are further away from the poverty because they will not receive the same amount of aid
from the government.
4. Human Poverty Index: Deprivation of basic human needs in terms of food, shelter,
education, health facilities is termed as Human Poverty. 12 The denial of opportunity and
choices are causes of human poverty. Human Poverty Index is a composite Index which
measures three elements of human life: 1) Longevity 2) Knowledge and 3) Access to
basic needs. THREE VARIABLES OF DEPRIVATION:
A. Survival Deprivation: People not expected to survive to age 40.
B. Deprivation in education and knowledge: Adult illiteracy rate and education up to

VIII class.
C. Deprivation in economic provisioning
 Access to safe water
 Access to health services
 Underweight children under age 5.
12
Ranjeeta (2010). Public Expenditure and Human Development in India, Human Development
in India (Ed.) S.K. Rout and S.B. Murthy, New Century Publications. New Delhi
17
2.3 Rural Poverty in India

The number of poor people in India, according to the country’s Twelfth National Development
Plan, amounts to more than 300 million. The country has been successful in reducing the
proportion of poor people from about 55 per cent in 1973 to about 21 per cent in 2015.
But almost one third of the country’s population of more than 1.1 billion continues to live below
the poverty line, and a large proportion of poor people live in rural areas. Poverty remains a
chronic condition for almost 30 per cent of India’s rural population. The incidence of rural
poverty has declined somewhat over the past three decades as a result of rural to urban
migration.
Year Percentage
1950-51 47%
1960-61 45%
1977-78 51%
1987-88 39%
2004-05 27%
2015-16 21%
Poverty is deepest among members of scheduled castes and tribes in the country's rural areas. In
2015 these groups accounted for 70 per cent of poor rural people, although their share in the total
rural population is much smaller. 75% of the poor are in rural areas with most of them
comprising daily wagers, self-employed households and landless labourers.
13
13
Kundu, A. Shariff, A. Ghosh, P. K. (2007). Indexing Human Development in India: Indicators
Scaling and Composition State Market and Inequalities: Human Development in Rural India
(Ed.) A. Shariff & M. Krishnaraj. Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
18
2.4 Poverty statics of rural and urban India and combined

percent below poverty line for each state and Union
territory:14
State or No. of % of Poverty No. of % of Pove No. of % of
Union Persons Pers line Persons Perso rty Persons Persons
Territor (Thousa ons (Rs)/mo (Thousa ns line (Thousa (Combi
y nds) (Rur nth nds) (Urb (Rs) nds) ned)
Rural al) (Rural) Urban an) (Urb Combin below
belo belo an) ed poverty
w w line
pove pove
rty rty
line line
West 14114 22.52 783.00 4383 14.66 981.00 18498 19.98
Bengal
Uttarakhand 825 11.62 880.00 335 10.48 1082.00 1160 11.26
Uttar 47935 30.40 768.00 11884 26.06 941.00 59819 29.43
Pradesh
Tripura 449 16.53 798.00 75 7.42 920.00 524 14.05
Tamil 5923 15.83 880.00 2340 6.54 937.00 8263 11.28
Nadu
Sikkim 45 9.85 930.00 6 3.66 1226.00 51 8.19
14
NITI Aayog Report of 2012-13, Tendulkar committee estimates
19
Rajasthan 8419 16.05 905.00 1873 10.69 1002.00 10292 14.72
Punjab 1335 7.66 1054.00 982 9.24 1155.00 2318 8.26
Puducherry 69 17.06 1301.00 55 6.30 1309.00 124 9.69
Odisha 12614 35.69 695.00 1239 17.29 861.00 13853 32.59
Nagaland 276 19.93 1270.00 100 16.48 1302.00 376 18.88
Mizoram 191 35.43 1066.00 37 6.36 1155.00 227 20.40
Meghalaya 304 12.53 888.00 57 9.26 1154.00 361 11.87
Manipur 745 38.80 1118.00 278 32.59 1170.00 1022 36.89
Maharashtra 15056 24.22 967.00 4736 9.12 1126.00 19792 17.35
Madhya 19095 35.74 771.00 4310 21.00 897.00 23406 31.65

Pradesh
Lakshadwee 0 0.00 - 2 3.44 - 2 2.77

p
Kerala 1548 9.14 1018.00 846 4.97 987.00 2395 7.05
Karnataka 9280 24.53 902.00 3696 15.25 1089.00 12976 20.91
Jharkhand 10409 40.84 748.00 2024 24.83 974.00 12433 36.96
Jammu 1073 11.54 891.00 253 7.20 988.00 1327 10.35
& Kashmir
Himachal 529 8.48 913.00 30 4.33 1064.00 559 8.06

Pradesh
Haryana 1942 11.64 1015.00 941 10.28 1169.00 2883 11.16
Gujarat 7535 21.50 932.00 2688 10.14 1152.00 10223 16.63
Goa 37 6.81 1090.00 38 4.09 1134.00 75 5.09
Dadra & 115 62.59 - 28 15.38 - 143 39.31
Nagar Haveli
20
Chhattisgarh 8890 44.61 738.00 1522 24.75 849.00 10411 39.93
Chandigarh 0 1.64 - 234 22.31 - 235 21.81
Bihar 32040 34.06 778.00 3775 31.23 923.00 35815 33.74
Assam 9206 33.89 828.00 921 20.49 1008.00 10127 31.98
Arunachal 425 38.93 930.00 66 20.33 1060.00 491 34.67

Pradesh
Andhra 6180 10.96 860.00 1698 5.81 1009.00 7878 9.20

Pradesh
Andaman & 4 1.57 - 0 0.00 - 4 1.00
Nicobar
Islands
21
CHAPTER 3: POVERTY ALLEVIATION

PROGRAMMES
3.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN INDIA - PROGRAMMES
AND STRATEGIES15
Alleviation of poverty remains a major challenge before the Government. While there has
been a steady decline in rural poverty over the last two decades, there were 244 million rural
poor (37 per cent of the rural population) in the country in 1993-94, as per the latest available
estimates.
Acceleration of economic growth, with a focus on sectors which are employment-intensive,

facilitates the removal of poverty in the long run. However, this strategy needs to be
complemented with a focus laid on provision of basic services for improving the quality of
life of the people and direct State intervention in the form of targeted anti-poverty
programmes. While growth will continue to be the prime mover, anti-poverty programmes
supplement the growth effort and protect the poor from destitution, sharp fluctuations in
employment and incomes and social insecurity.
A. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Launched in December 2000 as a 100 per cent CSS, PMGSY aims to provide all-weather
connectivity to all the eligible unconnected rural habitations. Bharat Nirman, envisages
connectivity by 2009 to all the habitations with a population of 1000 or more in the
plains, and of 500 or more in the hilly, desert and tribal areas. The systematic upgradation
of the existing rural road network also is an integral component of the scheme, funded
mainly from the accruals of diesel cess in the Central Road Fund, with support of the
multilateral funding agencies and the domestic financial institutions. Up to December
2005, with an expenditure of Rs.12,049 crore, a total length of 82,718 km. of road works
had been completed.
15
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/annualplan/ap2021pdf/ap2021ch4-1.pdf
22
B. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)

IAY aims to provide dwelling units free of cost, to the Scheduled Castes (SCs),
Scheduled Tribes (STs), and freed bonded labourers, and also the non-SC/ST BPL
families in rural areas. It is funded on a cost-sharing basis in the rates of 75.25 between
the Centre and the States. Under IAY, the ceiling on construction assistance is
Rs.25,000/- per unit in the plains and Rs.27,500/- for hilly/difficult areas; and Rs.12,500/-
on upgradation of unserviceable kutcha house to pucca/semi pucca house for all areas. Up
to January 30, 2006, about 138 lakh houses had been constructed/upgraded with an
expenditure of Rs.25, 208 crore.
C. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)

SGSY, launched in April, 1999 after restructuring the Integrated Rural Development
Programme and allied schemes, is the only self-employment programme for the rural
poor. The objective is to bring the self-employed above the poverty line by providing
them income-generating assets through bank credit and Government subsidy. Up to
November 2005, the Centre and States, sharing the costs on 75:25 basis, had allocated
Rs.8,067 crore, of which Rs. 6,980 crore had been utilized to assist 62.75 lakh self-
employed.
D. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
SGRY, launched on September 25, 2001 to provide additional wage employment in the
rural areas, has a cash and food grains component, and the Centre bears 75 per cent and
100 per cent of the cost of the two with the balance borne by the States/UTs. In 2004-05,
82.23 crore person days were generated with the Centre releasing Rs. 4,496 crore as cash
component and about 50 lakh tons of food grains to the States/ UTs. Besides, under the
special component of the SGRY, with the States/UTs meeting the cash components,
Centre released 26 lakh tons of food grains to the 13 calamity affected States. In 2005- 06
up to November, 2005, the number of person days generated under SGRY was 48.75
crore, while the Centre’s contributions in terms of the cash and food grains components
up to January, 2006 were Rs. 4651 crore and 35 lakh tones, respectively. Under the
23
special component, about 11.65 lakh tonnes of foodgrains have been released to the 11
calamity-hit States in the current year.
E. National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP)
The NFFWP was launched as a CSS in November 2004 in the 150 most backward
districts to generate additional supplementary wage employment with food security.
States receive food grains under NFFWP free of cost. The focus of the programme is on
works relating to water conservation, drought proofing (including afforestation /tree
plantation), land development, flood-control/protection (including drainage in
waterlogged areas), and rural connectivity in terms of all-weather roads. In 2004-05,
allocation of Rs 2,020 crore and 20 lakh tons of food grains generated 7.85 crore person
days of employment. In 2005-06, of the allocation of Rs 4,500 crore and 15 lakh tons of
food grains (Revised), Rs.2, 219 crore and 11.58 lakh metric tons of food grains had been
released up to January 27, 2006. About 17.03 lakh person days were generated up to
December 2005.
F. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Act (MGNREGA)
MGNAREGA is a job guarantee scheme, enacted by legislation on August 25, 2005. The
law was initially called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) but
was renamed on 2 October 2009. The MGNREGA aims at enhancing the livelihood
security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage-employment in a
financial year to a rural household who volunteer to do unskilled manual work, whether
or not they are below the poverty line. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one
hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural
household willing to do public work related unskilled manual work at the statutory
minimum wage of Rs. 120 per day in 2009 prices.16
16
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/poverty/top-6-major-poverty-alleviation-programmes-in-india/32152
24
CHAPTER 4: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT,

MEANING, STEPS TAKING BY INDIA, SDGs
4.1 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The United Nations defines sustainable development as “development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs”.
Previous dialogues on sustainability have more or less focused on climate change and
environmental issues, but the new paradigm of sustainability, as negotiated over the
last three years for this summit includes all efforts towards an inclusive, sustainable
and resilient future for people and the planet. There is a significant departure from the
previous framework to now include a “harmonising” of three elements: economic
growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. “Eradicating poverty in all its
forms and dimensions is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development,”
the UN has said.
 Need of Sustainable Development in India
All available indicators point to the ecological situation being nothing short of
disastrous. Natural ecosystems are under stress and decline across most of the
country; some 10 per cent of the country’s wildlife is threatened with
extinction; agricultural biodiversity has declined by over 90 per cent in many
regions; well over half the available water bodies are polluted beyond
drinking and often beyond even agricultural use; two-thirds of the land is
degraded to various levels of sub-optimal productivity; air pollution in several
cities is amongst the world’s worst; ‘modern’ wastes including electronic and
chemical are bring produced at rates far exceeding our capacity to recycle or
manage. A 2008 report by the Global Footprint Network and Confederation of
Indian Industries suggests that India has the world’s third biggest ecological
footprint, that its resource use is already twice of its bio-capacity, and that this
25
bio-capacity itself has declined by half in the last few decades.
26
4.2 STEPS TAKEN BY INDIA

A. RATIFYING PARIS AGREEMENT
The 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) successfully
concluded in Paris after intense negotiations by the Parties followed by the
adoption of the Paris Agreement on post-2020 actions on climate change. This
universal agreement will succeed the Kyoto Protocol.
Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, it provides a framework for all countries to take
action against climate change. Placing emphasis on concepts like climate
justice and sustainable lifestyles, the Paris Agreement for the first time brings
together all nations for a common cause under the UNFCCC. One of the main
focus of the agreement is to hold the increase in the global average

temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial level and on driving
efforts to limit it even further to 1.5°.17
B. State Action Plans on Climate Change
The State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) aim to create

institutional capacities and implement sectorial activities to address climate
change. These plans are focused on adaptation with mitigation as co-benefit in
sectors such as water, agriculture, tourism, forestry, transport, habitat and
energy. So far, 28 states and 5 union territories (UTs) have submitted their
SAPCCs to the MoEF&CC. Out of these, the SAPCCs of 32 states and UTs
have been endorsed by the National Steering Committee on Climate Change
(NSCCC) at the MoEF&CC.
C. Coal Cess and the National Clean Energy Fund
17
https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sustainable-development-and-india-1503408725-1
27
India is one of the few countries around the world to have a carbon tax in the
form of a cess on coal. Not only has India imposed such a cess but it has also
been progressively increasing it. The coal cess which was fixed at R50.00 per
tonne of coal since 22 June 2010 and increased to R100.00 per tonne of coal
in Budget 2014-15, was further doubled to R 200.00 per tonne in the 2015-16
Budget. 8.46 The National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) which is supported by
the cess on coal was created for the purposes of financing and promoting
clean energy initiatives, funding research in the area of clean energy and for
any other related activities. Till date 56 projects have been recommended by
the inter-ministerial group (IMG) with total viability gap funding (VGF) of Rs
34, 784.09 crore spread over several years. For 2015-16, R4700 crore has
been allocated in the Budget for NCEF projects. VGF is also being provided
for Namami gange.
D. National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change
A National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) has been

established with a budget provision of I350 crore for the year 2015-2016 and
2016-2017. It is meant to assist in meeting the cost of national- and state-level
adaptation measures in areas that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change. The overall aim of the fund is to support concrete
adaptation activities that reduce the adverse effects of climate change facing
communities, sectors and states but are not covered under the ongoing
schemes of state and central governments. The adaptation projects contribute
towards reducing the risk of vulnerability at community and sector level. Till
date, the NSCCC has approved six detailed project reports (DPR), amounting
to a total cost of I117.98 crore, submitted by Punjab, Odisha, Himachal
Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
28
4.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The world’s governments have agreed on an ambitious agenda to transform our world
by 2030, adopting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim to ensure no
one is left behind, and everyone benefits from development efforts. Agenda 2030 is
unprecedented in scope and significance.
The SDGs are multi-dimensional and interconnected, and the scale of the challenge at
hand is vast. Realising these 17 goals will require deep commitment, trillions of
dollars in investment, and innovative ideas and approaches. It will also require
institutions and individuals to bring together the very best they have to offer in order
to achieve this shared vision of prosperity for all.
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Present Scenario: Globally, the number of people living in extreme poverty

has declined by more than half from 1.9 billion in 1990. However, 836 million
people still live in extreme poverty.
INDIA: The all India Poverty Head Count Ratio (PHCR) has been brought
down from 47% in 1990 to 21% in 2011-2012, nearly halved.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved

nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
World Scenario: Vast majority of the world’s hungry people live in

developing countries, where 12.9% of the population is undernourished.
INDIA: In 2015, 15.2 % population is undernourished.18
18
https://www.thebetterindia.com/sustainable-development-goals/
29
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at

all ages
Present Indian Scenario:
India’s Under Five Mortality (U5MR) / IMR: 49 per 1,000 live births in 2013.
MMR: 167 per Lakh live births in 2009
HIV/AIDS: Adult prevalence has come down from 0.45 percent in 2002 to
0.27 in 2011.
4. Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and

promote lifelong learning
Present Indian Scenario: The net enrolment ratio in primary education (for
both sexes) is 88% (2013-14).
At the national level, male and female youth literacy rate is 94% and 92%.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and

girls
Present Indian Scenario: India is on track to achieve gender parity at all

education levels.
The ratio of female literacy to male literacy for 15- 24 year olds is 0.91.
As of August 2015, in India the proportion of seats in National Parliament held

by women is only 12% against the target of 50%.
30
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of

water and sanitation for all
World Scenario: In 2015, 9% of the global population lacked improved

drinking water source. 2.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation
services, such as toilets or latrines.
Indian Scenario: 90.6 % Indian population has access to improved water

sources in 2011-12.
In 2012, 59% households in rural areas and 8% in urban India did not have
access to improved sanitation facilities.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and

clean energy for all
Global Scenario: 1.3 billion people – one in five globally – still lack access to
modern electricity.
Indian Scenario: The total installed capacity for electricity generation in India
has registered a compound annual growth rate of 7% (2013-14).
The total installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power has been
showing a growth rate of over 12% (2013-14).
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable –

economic growth, full and productive employment and
decent work for all
World Scenario: 70 million jobs are needed globally for new entrants to the
labour market between 2016 and 2030.
Indian Scenario: The unemployment rate in India is estimated to be
31
approximately 5% at All India level (2013-14).
India’s labour force is set to grow by more than 8 million per year.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and

sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
World Scenario: 1 to 1.5 million people do not have access to reliable phone
service.
Indian Scenario: India’s growth rate averaged at 7.25% in the last 5 years.
India’s CO2 emissions per capita are 1.67 (metric tons), one of the lowest in the
world, the global average being around 4-5(metric tons). In 2010, per capita
annual electricity consumption was 626 kwH compared to the global average
of 2977 kwH.
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
World Scenario: On average – and taking into account population size –

income inequality increased by 11% in developing countries between 1990 and
2010.
Indian Scenario: The Gini Coefficient of income inequality for India has risen
from 33.4% in 2004 to 33.6% in 2011.
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable
World Scenario: Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today.
By 2030, almost 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.
Indian Scenario: 68% of India’s total population lives in rural areas (2013-
14).
32
By 2030, India is expected to be home to 6 mega-cities with populations above

10 million. Currently 17% of India’s urban population lives in slums.
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production

patterns
Global Scenario: Food wasted every year- 1.3 billion tones
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and

its impacts
India is the fourth largest GHG emitter, responsible for 5.3% of global
emissions. India has committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by
20 to 25% by 2020.
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and

marine resources for sustainable development
Indian Scenario: There are some 120 species of marine mammal to be found
in the world, and a fourth of these may be found in India and adjacent countries
More than 1 million people in 3651 villages of India situated along the coast
are employed in marine capture fisheries.
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of

terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Indian Scenario: Forest cover in India has increased to 21.23% - an increase

of 5871 sq. km, and protected areas cover to about 4.8% of the country’s total
land area.
33
India is among the early movers on the Nagoya protocol and is committed to
the Aichi targets on conserving biodiversity.
India has 8% of the world’s biodiversity with many species that are not found
anywhere else in the world.
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

sustainable development, provide access to justice for
all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
Global scenario: Corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost some US $1.26
trillion for developing countries per year; this amount of money could be used
to lift those who are living on less than $1.25 a day abo ve $1.25 for at least six
years.19
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and

revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development
World Scenario: IT
More than four billion people do not use the Internet, and 90% of them are
from the developing world.
INDIA: India has the second highest number of Internet users in the world
however; Internet penetration in the country is under 20%.
19
https://www.iisd.org/topic/sustainable-development
34
4.4 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDEX

 The Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Bertelsmann Stiftung
launched a new Sustainable Development Goal Index and Dashboard for UNDP to
provide a report card for tracking Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) progress and
ensuring accountability.
 The index collected available data for 149 countries.
RANKING COUNTRY SCORE

1 SWEDEN 84.5
2 DENMARK 83.9
3 NORWAY 82.3
4 FINLAND 81.0
5 SWITZERLAND 80.9
-------------- --------------- --------------
110 INDIA 48.5
35
CONCLUSION
India is uniquely placed to drive global poverty reduction. It is home to the largest number of
poor people in the world, as well as the largest number of people who have recently escaped
poverty. Despite an emerging middle class, many of India’s people are still vulnerable to falling
back into poverty.
The poverty challenge in India remains broad, and sometimes contradictory. Even though there
is an emerging middle class, many people who have escaped poverty are not yet economically
secure, living precariously close to the poverty line. What’s more, when the definition of poverty
is expanded beyond what people consume to include other dimensions of well-being such as
access to education, health care and basic infrastructure, poverty has a grip on a much larger
proportion of India’s people. Also, when we compare India to other countries, there is marked
room for improvement. For example, even though India has grown rapidly, its growth has been
less effective at reducing poverty than in some of India’s middle-income peers such as China,
Vietnam, Brazil and Turkey. India’s performance on key non-monetary indicators of well-being
such as child nutrition and improved sanitation facilities lags behind countries at similar stages of
development. And estimates that look at the country as a whole can often mask very large
differences in the standards of living among states
Any Indian urban agglomeration needs an efficient infrastructure and smart city planning that
will meet the demands of a growing population. Providing access to healthcare and drinking
water, a reliable power supply and public transportation are some of the key elements for
sustainable urban development.
India is booming and sustainable development becomes increasingly more important: According
to a United Nations report, India’s population currently encompasses about 1.2 billion people
and is expected to grow by another 300 million within the next couple of decades. With cities
generating two-thirds of the country’s economic output, an increasing number of Indians are
leaving rural areas to seek employment in cities, relying on an efficient urban infrastructure. By
2030 it is predicted that 68 Indian cities will each have more than one million inhabitants, and six
megacities, more than ten million each. The rapid growth of cities causes a large number of
36
challenges, including insufficient power supply, unreliable public transportation systems and
limited access to adequate medical treatment.
To meet the challenges of continuing growth without destroying the environment, smart city
planning for sustainable development is crucial.
37
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Sustainable Development and India Convergence of Law, Economics, Science, and Politics -
Bimal N. Patel and Ranita Nagar
 Inequality, Poverty and Development in India Focus on the North Eastern Region - Utpal
Kumar, Pal, Manoranjan, Bharati, Premananda
 Aiyar, S. and A. Mody. (2011). The Demographic Dividend: Evidence from the Indian
States. IMF Working Papers WP/11.
WEBLIOGRAPHY:
 http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/operations/projects/poverty_reductio
n.html
 https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/world-bank-india-poverty-report-
poverty-line-2804279/
 http://www.nber.org/papers/w21983
 https://www.thebetterindia.com/sustainable-development-goals/
 https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sustainable-development-and-india-
1503408725-1
 https://www.iisd.org/topic/sustainable-development
 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development/development-
planning-and-inclusive-sustainable-growth.html
38
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Project Report:

POVERTY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Eritriya Roy

(Faculty, Department of Economics)

B.A. LLB (Hons.)

Semester III, Section A, BatchXVIII, Roll No. 84

Date of Submission: - 03/08/19

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

Uparwara, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh

1.2 TYPES OF POVERTY……………………………………………………...……………….12

CHAPTER 2: POVERTY IN INDIA IN BRIEF……………………………….……...……..14

4.1 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT………………………………………….….24

4.2 STEPS TAKEN BY

4.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS……………………………………………….27

4.4 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDEX……………........................................33

Bibliography and Webliography………………………………………………………………36

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The Following are the objectives of the study:

 To study poverty and its different types.

 To discuss, in brief, poverty in India.

 To study Sustainable Development

Inequality, Poverty and Development in India Focus on the North

Bimal N. Patel and Ranita Nagar

Sustainable Development and India Convergence of Law,

POVERTY: DEFINITION, MEASUREMENT AND TYPES

Poverty has two theories4:-

1. Individual Theory: The right-wing view is that poverty is an individual phenomenon. On

2. Structural Theory: The left-wing view is that poverty is a structural phenomenon. On

1.1 MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY

A. Income approach: It refers to incomes below a “minimum subsistence” or 50% or 60%

Poverty is seen as a multidimensional lack of resources and conditions to achieve

1.2 TYPES OF POVERTY

C. Collective Poverty: It is a lack of basic resources that is so widespread that it afflicts an

D. Cyclical poverty: Cyclical poverty is a condition in which poverty is widespread but

CHAPTER 2: POVERTY IN INDIA IN BRIEF

2.1 Concepts of poverty in India

2.2 Measurement of poverty in India

YEAR RURAL URBAN

2014-15 972 1034

A. Survival Deprivation: People not expected to survive to age 40.

B. Deprivation in education and knowledge: Adult illiteracy rate and education up to

C. Deprivation in economic provisioning

 Access to safe water

 Access to health services

 Underweight children under age 5.

2.3 Rural Poverty in India

2.4 Poverty statics of rural and urban India and combined

Union Persons Pers line Persons Perso rty Persons Persons

Territor (Thousa ons (Rs)/mo (Thousa ns line (Thousa (Combi

y nds) (Rur nth nds) (Urb (Rs) nds) ned)

Rural al) (Rural) Urban an) (Urb Combin below

belo belo an) ed poverty

West 14114 22.52 783.00 4383 14.66 981.00 18498 19.98

Uttarakhand 825 11.62 880.00 335 10.48 1082.00 1160 11.26

Uttar 47935 30.40 768.00 11884 26.06 941.00 59819 29.43

Tripura 449 16.53 798.00 75 7.42 920.00 524 14.05

Tamil 5923 15.83 880.00 2340 6.54 937.00 8263 11.28

Sikkim 45 9.85 930.00 6 3.66 1226.00 51 8.19