International Journal of Communication Systems

Dimming controlled multi header pulse position modulation

(MH-PPM) for Visible Light Communication system

Journal: International Journal of Communication Systems

Manuscript ID IJCS-20-0758

Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article

Date Submitted by the

17-Jun-2020
Author:

Complete List of Authors: Das, Sandip; University of Engineering and Management, Electronics and
communication engg
Mandal, Soumitra; National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and
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Research Kolkata

Keywords: PPM, VLC, Dimming, MH-PIM

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Dimming controlled multi header pulse position modulation (MH-PPM) for
5 Visible Light Communication system
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1Sandip Das* and 2Soumitra Kumar Mandal
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1University
of Engineering & Management, Jaipur, India (corresponding author, e-mail: info.sandipec@gmail.com).
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2National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training & Research, Kolkata, India. (e-mail:
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11 mandal_soumitra@yahoo.com).
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13 Abstract
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Visible light communication (VLC) is attractive due to two functions- illumination and communication. To maintain desired
15 brightness levels along with reliable data transmission, VLC requires to control dimming levels. In this paper, a dimming control
16 scheme based on PPM is proposed, which constructs a dimming encoded frame per symbol of input data. The scheme utilizes
17 multiple headers, which is selected depending on the dimming levels and the number of bits in a symbol of input data. The
18 proposed scheme for the VLC system is capable of supporting various dimming levels and flicker mitigation. To evaluate the
19 error performance of the proposed dimming control scheme random input bits are simulated simultaneously in a VLC
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20 system. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme supports different dimming target values with excellent error
21 performance and transmission efficiency.
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23 Keywords- PPM, VLC, Dimming, MH-PIM, MHI-PPM
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1. Introduction
26 Solid-state lighting has made significant progress in recent years and is widely used in indoor communication as
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27 green lighting applications [1-2]. The light-emitting diode (LED) is one of the solid-state lighting technology which
28 has made tremendous progress and possesses fast switching characteristic. This fast switching characteristic of LED
29 is utilized by visible light communication (VLC) systems to provide high-speed data transmission and illumination
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simultaneously and efficiently [3-4]. With the dwindling radio frequency (RF) spectrum and increased demand for
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speed and wireless data traffic, visible light communication (VLC) is becoming an alternating technique to RF
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communication. VLC has several advantages, e.g., huge bandwidth, high data transmission efficiency, immune to
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electromagnetic interference (EMI), and security [5-6]. VLC has two most basic functions- illumination and
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communication. To achieve both the functionalities simultaneously VLC system must have dimming capabilities.
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36 Though dimming has an adverse effect on transmission efficiency and hence is the primary concern for the rapid
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37 growth of VLC. Thus, to overcome the effect of dimming on communication and transmission rate, several dimming
38 schemes had been proposed and broadly can be classified into two- modulation based dimming and coding-based
39 dimming [7-13].
40 Different research on modulation-based dimming like on-off keying (OOK), pulse position modulation (PPM),
41 variable- OOK (VOOK), variable-PPM (VPPM), and multi-pulse position modulation (MPPM) have been done till
42 date. General, OOK based dimming can be achieved in two ways- either by altering the levels of ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ of
43 the OOK symbol to have the lower intensity or by varying the duty cycle of the waveform keeping the levels
44 constant by compensation time insertion. The first method causes chromaticity shifting due to under driven LEDs,
45 though it gives a constant bit rate, whereas the second method cannot achieve the desired bit rate as the light dims
46 [14]. In [14] variable-OOK based dimming method is proposed with a combination of OOK and pulse width
47 modulation (PWM). In this method, the inactive portions of the duty cycle are filled by either zeros or ones
48 depending upon the dimming level. OOK dimming schemes may also have a long run of zeros and ones, resulting in
49 flickering.
50 The IEEE 802.15.7 VLC standard mentioned that flickering of lighting should be considered while designing a VLC
51 system, and hence PPM can be more beneficial for dimming compared to OOK. PPM has more interference
52 resistance, and power utilization is also higher when compared to OOK. Variable-PPM was proposed in [15] to
53 provide dimming capabilities in PPM. The VPPM scheme is easy to implement and is done by combining PPM with
54 PWM, which provides a full dimming range. However, for low-intensity levels, the communication range for the
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3 VPPM based VLC system is reduced. In [16], multi-pulse position modulation (MPPM) is proposed, which varies
4 the number of optical pulses in a fixed slot MPPM frame for a symbol as per the dimming level.
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6 There are other PPM derivative methods like overlapping pulse position modulation (OPPM), digital pulse interval
7 modulation (DPIM), dual header pulse interval modulation (DH-PIM), multi header pulse interval modulation (MH-
8 PIM), multi header interval pulse position modulation (MH-IPPM) and so on [17-20]. The number of slots in all
9 these schemes except MHI-PPM is not fixed; hence are difficult to be realized for VLC systems. Though MHI-PPM
10 has fixed slots in a frame but desired dimming control is not achievable.
11 In this paper, an adaptive PPM based dimming scheme has been proposed, which can provide a wide dimming range
12 for different input symbol sizes and also maintain a fixed transmission rate for that symbol size. The scheme uses a
13 multi header concept that serves two purpose- dimming control and decoding of the input symbol. The simulation
14 result shows that it can maintain transmission efficiency for different dimming range and symbol size and hence can
15 be an attractive alternative PPM based dimming scheme.
16 The remaining paper is organized as follows: In section 2, the VLC system model of the proposed scheme is given.
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In section 3, the dimming encoding and decoding process of MH-PPM is demonstrated, and the encoding/decoding
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algorithm is summarized accordingly. In section 4, the proposed scheme is evaluated under different metrics of
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performance. In section 5, the simulation of the proposed scheme is carried out to evaluate the error performance.
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Finally, the paper is concluded in section 6.
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22 2. VLC system model
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24 In this section, the system model for the proposed dimming encoded MH-PPM is introduced. The system considers
25 intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) for simplicity, where the light intensity of the LED carries the
26 message. LEDs in this paper are modeled as Lambertian transmitters, and the line of sight (LOS) path is considered
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27 for the VLC system [21]. At the receiver side, perfect synchronization is assumed, and hence the detected signal at
28 the receiver can be expressed as:
29 (1)
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where denotes the transmitted signal and is the additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) with variance .
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32 represents the optical channel gain, and without losing generality, it is assumed as 1. Meanwhile, the average light
intensity of the transmitted optical signal can be given using eq. (2) by considering the dimming function.
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34 (2)
35 Where is the dimming value, and is the peak light intensity, which is assumed as 1. The whole dimming
36 process of the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1.
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39 Input binary Input message PPM Message
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data Sequence generation
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46 Dimming Dimming MH-PPM frame
47 Controller Header
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Message Dimming Photo
52 AWGN
53 output decoder detector
Noise
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56 Fig. 1: Block diagram of the proposed scheme
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3 Dimming controller: According to the dimming target value , the dimming controller selects parameter and
4 generates a block of input message of length . Part of this input message, in turn, is used to generate PPM
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message and rest is used to generate dimming header as per the dimming target value .
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7 Dimming encoding: With the dimming header generated as per the dimming target value , the generated PPM
8 message is added after the generated dimming header to form the MH-PPM frame . The dimming
9 encoding process of the proposed scheme is discussed in detail in the next section.
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11 Transmitted Signal
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Dimming header PPM Message
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28 Fig. 2: Transmitted MH-PPM frame structure
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3. Dimming Encoded MH-PPM generation
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In order to achieve the dimming target value of , the dimming controller generates dimming header . The
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dimming header is then added in front of the generated PPM message, to form the dimming encoded MH-PPM
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34 denoted as . The transmitted MH-PPM frame structure has two parts- dimming header, which is of
35 variable length and message part, which is a fixed-length PPM message, as shown in fig. 2. The process of dimming
36 encoding can be achieved as discussed below:
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38 i. For any binary data sequence, based on the required dimming target, we first divide the input data sequence
39 into specific blocks of input message of length bits given by , such that the PPM
40 message depends on the weight of having length 4 bits and dimming header of length
41 bits, which is variable.
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43 For example, if the input message = [0001], then the PPM message is given by [0100], i.e., in the
44 generated PPM message, a ‘1’ is placed in the position of decimal equivalent of , which is 1.
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46 ii. Number of dimming headers required in MH-PPM depends on of the input message
47 block, calculated as . Also, each dimming header , where ,
48 has a length of bits. Hence, possible combination of dimming header each of length
49 bits is required to generate the MH-PPM frame.
50 iii. Depending on the dimming target value , dimming header is assigned to the weight of of
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the input message of bits from the available combinations of headers.
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53 iv. The generated PPM message, , is always of 4 bits, and only one bit contains pulse ‘1’ rest are ‘0’. The
54 number of pulse ‘1’ in , depends on the dimming target value and can be calculated using eq. 1,
55 described as follows.
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3 Assuming dimming encoded MH-PPM frame consists of M = bits, as the number of pulse ‘1’ in
4 dimming encoded MH-PPM frame, such that number of pulse ‘1’ in dimming header is as
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6 the length of the PPM message part, which is equal to 4 and length of dimming header, is the same as .
7 Then, the dimming factor is given by-
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9 (1)
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11 Example: The generation of dimming header for an input message block of and dimming
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target value .
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14 Dimming encoded MH-PPM consists of M = bits, given by frame , where bits,
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bits, and thus M=8 bits. Since, , thus from eq. (1) we get number of pulses ‘1’required in
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17 MH-PPM frame is and thus the number of pulse ‘1’ in dimming header is given by
18 . Hence, out of available combinations only 4 possible combination {0111, 1011, 1101, 1110}
19 having 3 bits of pulse ‘1’ are allowed to generate dimming header . The dimming header , and
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dimming encoded MH-PPM is shown in Table I for dimming target value .
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23 Table I: Dimming encoded MH-PPM frame for and
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Input Dimming PPM Dimming encoded Dimming
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message header, message, MH-PPM factor,
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28 0000 0111 1000 0111_1000 0.5
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30 0001 0111 0100 0111_0100 0.5

31 0010 0111 0010 0111_0010 0.5
32 0011 0111 0001 0111_0001 0.5
0100 1011 1000 1011_1000 0.5
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34 0101 1011 0100 1011_0100 0.5
35 0110 1011 0010 1011_0010 0.5
36 0111 1011 0001 1011_0001 0.5
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37 1000 1101 1000 1101_1000 0.5

38 1001 1101 0100 1101_0100 0.5
39 1010 1101 0010 1101_0010 0.5
40 1011 1101 0001 1101_0001 0.5
41 1100 1110 1000 1110_1000 0.5
42 1101 1110 0100 1110_0100 0.5
43 1110 1110 0010 1110_0010 0.5
44 1111 1110 0001 1110_0001 0.5
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47 The analysis is done so far also points the fact that for a fixed block of input message of length bits having
48 dimming header of length bits can support various dimming levels. It is important to note that the MH-PPM
49 dimming encoding process is limited by the number of allowed dimming header available for an input message
50 block of bits, and must satisfy eq. (2) expressed as:
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52 , where and (2)
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54 Hence, solving eq. (2), it is found that MH-PPM dimming encoding is possible for input message block of length
55 bits. Thus, to generate dimming encoded MH-PPM for any binary data sequence, based on the required
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3 dimming target, the input data sequence should not be divided into an input message of block length bits.
4 Dimming factor and allowed dimming header for an input message block of bits is shown in Table II. Evidently,
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it is seen that the achievable dimming levels for a fixed block of input message of length bits can be controlled by
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7 varying the number of pulse ‘1’ in dimming header .
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9 Table II: Achievable Dimming range under different
10 Input Number of Allowed Available dimming header, Number of Achievable
11 message ‘1’ bit in combination dimming dimming
12 block dimming of dimming headers factor,
13 length, header of header required,
14 length K,
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16 3 1 3 {001, 010, 100} 2 0.285
17 3 2 3 {011, 101, 110} 2 0.428
18 4 1 4 {0001, 0010, 0100, 1000} 4 0.25
19 4 2 6 {0011, 0101, 0110, 1001, 1010, 4 0.375
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21 4 3 4 {0111, 1011, 1101, 1110} 4 0.5
22 5 2 10 {00011, 00101, 00110, 01001, 8 0.33
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01010, 01100, 10001, 10010,

24 10100, 11000}
25 5 3 10 {00111, 01011, 01101, 01110, 8 0.444
26 10011, 10101, 10110, 11001,
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27 11010, 11100}
28 6 3 20 {000111, 001011, 001101, 001110, 16 0.4
29 010011, 010101, 010110, 011001,
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30 011010, 011100, 100011, 100101,

31 100110, 101001, 101010, 101100,
32 110001, 110010, 110100, 111000}
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35 Table III: Performance comparison under different
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38 3 0.285 0.428 0.356 0.428
39 4 0.25 0.5 0.375 0.5
40 5 0.33 0.444 0.387 0.555
41 6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6
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44 From Table II, it is also seen that dimming encoded MH-PPM can support varying dimming levels, which can be
45 achieved by varying the value of . It is also clear from Table II that by selecting appropriate dimming header,
46 varying dimming levels can also be achieved for a fixed value of . From the analysis, the transmission efficiency
47 can be expressed as:
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49 (3)
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51 where the transmission efficiency remains fixed for a fixed value of under varying dimming levels when the
52 bandwidth is given. The performance comparison is shown in Table III for minimum dimming value, ,
53 maximum dimming value, and average dimming value for different values of . It is also seen that average
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dimming , lies between 0.35 0.4 and increases with . The performance of transmission efficiency also
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3 However, comparing and analyzing Table II and Table III it is seen that input message block with supports a
4 broader range of dimming levels when compared to all the dimming levels available for different value of and has
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the minimum dimming level, and maximum dimming level, . Therefore, the whole
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7 dimming encoding process for MH-PPM is summarized as algorithm 1.
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10 Algorithm 1: Dimming Encoded MH-PPM
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12 Require:
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Step 1: Dimming target value
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Step 2: then get and divide input data into block length of input message of
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16 Step 3: choose dimming header from lookup table depending on the weight of
17 Step 4: generate PPM message depending on the weight of
18 Output:
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22 3.1 Dimming Decoder
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24 In this subsection, the decoding process of the MH-PPM frame is discussed. To make the presentation clear
25 following points are stated:
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i) After detecting the received signal using the Maximum likelihood (ML) detection method, the received
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signal can be thought of as the binary estimation of the transmitted frame . The estimated frame can be
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29 denoted as and is taken as the input to the dimming decoder.
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31 . Using the of is decoded and using
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the of from the lookup table is decoded. After
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34 decoding the message, the output is given as .
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36 Algorithm 2: Decoding MH-PPM frame
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37 Require:
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39 Step 1: received estimated binary signal as
40 Step 2: divide into and
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42 Step 3: decode as and as from lookup table
43 Output:
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45 Message output as
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Thus, the above-mentioned algorithms are capable of encoding/decoding the MH-PPM frame, which can
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48 simultaneously support dimming control and data transmission with a fixed transmission rate for .
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4. Metrics for Performance Evaluation
51 In this paper, average hamming distance, run length, transmission efficiency, and bit error rate (BER) are considered
52 as the performance evaluation metrics to test the performance of the proposed scheme for different dimming levels.
53 Analyzing the available dimming header for a fixed value of from Table II, it can be concluded that the hamming
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distance can be either 0 or 2 in any dimming header part of the MH-PPM frame depending upon the combination of
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two consecutive dimming headers. Also, the hamming distance between any two consecutive PPM message part of
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3 the MH-PPM code is 2 for any value of under any dimming levels. Hence, for any value of under any dimming
4 level, the hamming distance of any two consecutive MH-PPM frames can be either 2 or 4. Table IV shows hamming
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distance between two consecutive MH-PPM frames under the dimming level and =4. Thus, the average
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hamming distance between any consecutive MH-PPM frame for different value of is listed in Table V and can be
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8 expressed as follows:
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10 (4)
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12 or
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18 Table IV: Hamming distance between two consecutive MH-PPM frames for and
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21 and
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23 Hamming PPM message, Hamming Hamming distance
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25 between between consecutive MH-
26 & { } & PPM frame
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28 For any header For { } as
29 combination {1000,1000} or
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30 {0111, 0111} or 0 {0100,0100} or {0010, 0 2

31 {1011, 1011} or 0010} or {0001,0001}
32 {1101, 1101} or
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33 {1110, 1110}
34 For any header For all message
35 combination {0111, combination between
36 1011} or {0111, {1000, 0100, 0010,
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37 1101} or {0111, 2 0001} except 2 4

38 1110} or {1011, {1000,1000} or
39 1101} or {1011, {0100,0100} or {0010,
40 1110} or {1101, 0010} or {0001,0001}
41 1110}
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43 Table V: Average hamming distance and transmission efficiency under different values of and
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47 3 0.285 3.75 0.428
48 0.428
49 0.25
50 4 0.375 3.875 0.5
51 0.5
52 5 0.33 3.937 0.555
53 0.444
54 6 0.4 3.969 0.6
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3 Transmission efficiency of MH-PPM is compared with PPM, DPIM, DH-PIM, MH-PIM, MHI-PPM, and Unary
4 coded schemes and is presented in Table VI. It is seen from Table VI, that has a better performance
5 compared to all other schemes as increases. Though it is seen that the performance of schemes like DPIM, DH-
6 PIM, MH-PIM, and unary code performs better than MH-PPM, but their performance degrades fast with an increase
7 of whereas for MH-PPM it improves. Also, schemes like DPIM, DH-PIM, MH-PIM, and unary code don’t
8 provide variable dimming range, and also their code length is not fixed like MH-PPM. Thus, it can be concluded
9 that MH-PPM has better performance than all other schemes.
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Table VI: Comparison of different schemes based on transmission efficiency under different values of
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14 Sl. No. 3 4 5 6
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16 1 0.375 0.25 0.156 0.094
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2 0.545 0.421 0.286 0.179
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19 3 0.857 0.727 0.526 0.342
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21 4 0.563 0.615 0.613 0.571
22 5 0.667 0.47 0.303 0.185
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24 6 0.428 0.444 0.384 0.285

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7 0.428 0.5 0.555 0.6
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28 Run-length of any binary data can be defined as the maximum runs of (continuous) zeros in between two ones in a
29 binary data. For example, run-length for MH-PPM encoded frame for
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30 and , it can be clearly seen from Table I that maximum run length at the beginning of any MH-PPM
31 frame is one and likewise, maximum run length at the end of the MH-PPM frame is three, making a total run-length
32 of maximum four at the junction of two consecutive MH-PPM frames. In Table VII, the maximum run-length of
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34 ranges between 4 to 6 for various dimming value.
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Table VII: Maximum run length between two consecutive MH-PPM frames for different values of and
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38 Maximum run Maximum run Maximum run length between two
39 length at the length at the end of consecutive MH-PPM
40 beginning MH- MH-PPM frame
41 PPM frame
42 3 0.285 2 3 5
43 0.428 1 3 4
44 0.25 3 3 6
45 4 0.375 2 3 5
46 0.5 1 3 4
47 5 0.33 3 3 6
48 0.444 2 3 5
49 6 0.4 3 3 6
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51 In the next section, the simulation results for the BER performance of the proposed MH-PPM are presented and
52 discussed.
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54 5. Simulation results
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3 Simultaneous simulation has been carried out in Matlab to evaluate the performance of the proposed MH-PPM. The
4 indoor environment of the system has been designed as in [1] with a room size of 5m × 5m × 3m. At the height of
5 2.5m above the floor, the LED was installed, and the photodiode was put on the desk at 0.85m under the LED. The
6 effective detected area of the photodiode was 1 , semi-angle at half power of the LED was 60 deg, and field of
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view was 60 deg.
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9 To compare the error performance of the VLC system with the proposed scheme shown in fig. 1 under different
10 dimming conditions, the peak light intensity of the LED was fixed according to [22, 23]. MH-PPM frame is
11 generated for a length of input bits in the simulations and are transmitted through an AWGN channel. The bit
12 error rate (BER) simulations have been carried out for the proposed scheme under different dimming schemes where
13 the SNR gain (in dB) was utilized, and five representation values of dimming level (i.e., 0.25, 0.285, 0.375, 0.428,
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0.5) for different values of were considered to examine the BER performance.
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16 As seen from fig. 3, the red lines and blue lines represent the proposed schemes with and respectively.
17 As increases, transmission efficiency also increases but remains constant irrespective of the dimming level
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corresponding to that . It is seen that under the same parameter , different dimming level has different error
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performance. In terms of the same parameter, , the error performance with dimming was better
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21 than . Similarly, for , the error performance with dimming was better compared to
22 and . Again, comparing all the dimming factor, it is seen that the proposed schemes have better
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error performance under low dimming values. With BER= , dimming , MH-PPM with has the
24 best performance, followed by , with .
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46 Fig. 3: Error performance of proposed scheme under different dimming value
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48 6. Conclusion
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In this paper, an adaptive PPM based scheme has been proposed to achieve dimming control and data transmission
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effectively with fixed transmission efficiency for different dimming values under the same . Through analysis of
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52 different performance metrics like hamming distance, run length, and transmission efficiency, it is seen that the
53 proposed is scheme is a better variant of PPM based dimming scheme. Through extensive simulation and BER
54 performance, it is shown that the proposed scheme can achieve reliable data communication through the VLC
55 system via the proposed encoding/decoding scheme. Thus, the proposed scheme is an attractive PPM based
56 dimming scheme.
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