B.I.T., MESRA ENGG.

MECHANICS LAB

SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH

AIM:-
1. To determine the effort required raising various steps of loads using a single purchase
crab winch apparatus and hence to calculate its velocity ratio, mechanical advantage,
effort lost in friction and efficiency and plot the following graphs.

(a) Load vs. Effort.

(b) Load vs. Mechanical Advantage.
(c) Load vs. Effort lost in friction.
(d) Load vs. Efficiency.

2. To determine the law of the machine for this single purchase crab winch

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
A complete set of single purchase crab winch apparatus with strings being wound on
the drum whose free end is hooked to the weight pan, a standard weight box, vernier scale or
outside caliper.

THEORY:-
The complete set single purchase crab winch consists of a pair of pinion and spur gear
which with their teeth being engaged to each other. The pinion is mounted on an effort axle,
whose one end is connected with an effort pulley and the gear wheel being mounted on the
load axle onto which a load drum is projected. Both of the effort and load axle are mounted
horizontally on a rigid frame through bearing and the whole set up is fixed on to a wall. A
string is wound on each of the drum and pulley, whose free end hanging vertically downward
is connected to the weight pan (i.e. load pan and an effort pan respectively).

NOTE: Students are advised to refer the Engineering Mechanics books for basic concepts,
its types like Single/Double purchase crab winch, their comparison, advantages /
disadvantages etc.

Velocity Ratio (V.R.):

Let
W = Load required to the lifted.
P = Corresponding effort applied to the machine.
D = Diameter of an effort pulley or drum.
d = Diameter of the load drum.
T1 = Number of teeth on the pinion
T2 = Number of teeth on the gear wheel

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Let, the pinion makes one revolution, the large gear will make T1 / T2 of a revolution.

Hence,
T1
The load will be moved or raised by a distance of × (π × d )
T2
And the distance moved by the effort is π × D

Therefore, Velocity Ratio, V.R. = Distance moved by the Effort

Distance moved by the Load in same interval of time
π×D T D
= = 2×
T1
× (π × d )
T1 d
T2

Mechanical Efficiency ( η ):-

η = Output work/Input work

Work done on the load

η =
Work done by an effort
Load X Distance moved by the load
=
Effort X Distance moved by an effort

⎛ T ⎞
W × ⎜⎜ π d 1 ⎟⎟ W
= ⎝ T2 ⎠ =W × 1
=
W
= P=
Mechanical Advantage
P × (π D ) P ⎛ T2 × D ⎞ P × (V .R.) V .R. Velocity Ratio
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ T1 × d ⎠
Where, W = Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)
P

Effort lost in friction ( Pf ):-

For an ideal machine, η = 1

∴ Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = Mechanical Advantage = W
P
If Pi be an Ideal Effort, then
V .R. = W
Pi
W
⇒ Pi =
(V .R.)
And if P is the actual effort and Pi < P
W
∴ Effort lost in friction, Pf = P − Pi = P −
V .R.

SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH

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Frictional Resistance (W f ) :-

For an Ideal machine, η = 1

∴ Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = Mechanical Advantage = W
P
If Wi be an Ideal Load, then
W
V .R. = i
P
⇒ Wi = P × (V .R.)
And if W is the actual Load to be lifted and Wi > W
∴ frictional resistance (W f ) = Wi − W = P × V .R. − W

PROCEDURE:-

1. The absolute diameter of an effort wheel (D A ) and the load drum (d A ) is measured.
2. The diameter of the rope or string (d R ) , wound on the drum is measured and an
effective diameter of an effort drum (D ) and the load drum (d ) is calculated.
3. The number of teeth on the pinion (T1 ) and on the larger gear wheel (T2 ) is counted
and noted.
4. The weight of the effort pan (P1 ) and the load pan (W1 ) is measured and noted.
5. A standard load of ½ Kg is placed on the load pan. The small amount of weight is
placed on an effort pan and is so adjusted or incremented (with the help of standard
weight box), that the pinion just start rotating and the whole system moves with a
uniform velocity. This corresponding minimum effort required is noted down in the
observation table.
6. Now, the load is increased on the load pan, in the step of ½ Kg and the above
mentioned step is repeated to get at least six set of corresponding effort reading
(Pincr . ) .
7. Next, repeat the above step while decreasing the load in same step and the
corresponding effort required (Pdecr . ) is noted.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Absolute diameter of an Effort drum, D A =

Absolute diameter of an Load drum, d A =
Diameter of the rope wound on the drum d R =
Effective diameter of an effort drum, D = D A + d R =
Effective diameter of a load drum, d = d A + d R =

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Number of teeth on the pinion, T1 =

Number of teeth on the gear wheel, T2 =
Weight of an Effort pan, P1 =
Weight of the Load pan, W1 =

Sr. LOAD TOTAL EFFORT, P2 TOTAL M.A. Wf Pf EFFICIENCY

No LOAD (Kgf) EFFORT
W2 η
W = W1 + W 2 (kgf) (kgf)
(Kgf) Pincr . Pdecr . Pmean P = P1 + P2 (%)
(Kgf) (kgf)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

CALCULATIONS:-

Load, W2 =
Total Load, W = W1 + W2 =
P + Pdecr .
Effort, P2 = Pmean = incr . =
2
Total Effort, P = P1 + P2 =
Mechanical Advantage, M = W =
P
W
Effort lost in friction, Pf = P − =
V .R.
Frictional Resistance, W f = P × (V .R.) − W =
W
Efficiency, η = × 100 =
P × (V .R.)

Law of machine, P = m × W + C

Where ‘m’ is the slope and ‘C’ is the intercept on Y-axis in the plot of Load vs.
Effort.

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GRAPHS:-
(e) Load vs. Effort.
(f) Load vs. Mechanical Advantage.
(g) Load vs. Effort lost in friction.
(h) Load vs. Efficiency.

SKETCHES:-

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Bearing of both the axles should be well lubricated to minimize the friction.
2. Both the pinion and the spur wheel should be well lubricated to minimize friction
during the engagement or disengagement of their teeth.
3. The load and an effort pan should not touch the wall.
4. Very gently, weights should be added or deducted to the pan.
5. There shouldn’t be overlapping of the string on either of the drum.

ENGG. UTILITY:-

RESULT:-

SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH