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Chapter 28 - Introduction to 3D Coordinate Geometry

Exercise: 28.1

Page Number:28.6

Q1.

Answer :

(i) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (5, 2, 3) are all positive.
Therefore, this point lies in XOYZ octant.

(ii) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (−5, 4, 3) are negative,
positive and positive, respectively.
Therefore, this point lies in X’OYZ octant.

(iii) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (4, −3, 5) are positive,
negative and positive, respectively.
Therefore, this point lies in XOY’Z octant.

(iv) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (7, 4, −3) are positive,
positive and negative, respectively.
Therefore, this point lies in XOYZ’ octant.

(v) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (−5, −4, 7) are negative,
negative and positive, respectively.
Therefore, this point lies in X’OY’Z octant .

(vi) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (−5, −3, −2) are all
negative.
Therefore, this point lies in X’OY’Z’ octant

(vii) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point (2, −5, −7) are positive,
negative and negative, respectively.
Therefore, this point lies in XOY’Z’ octant.

(viii) The x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the point(−7, 2, −5) are
negative, positive and negative, respectively.
Therefore, this point lies in X’OYZ’ octant.

Q2.

Answer :
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(i) 2, 3, 4
(ii) -5,-4,-3
(iii) 5, 2, 7
(iv) -5, 0, 3
(v) -4, 0, 0

Q3.

Answer :

Let P≡(1, 0, −1)

The length of each side of the cube is 5.
The three edges from vertex of the cube are drawn from P towards the negative x and y axes and
the positive z-axis.
Therefore, the coordinates of the vertex of the cube will be as follows:
x-coordinate = 1, 1-5 = -4, i.e. 1, -4
y-coordinate = 0, 0-5 = -5, i.e. 0, -5
z-coordinate = -1, -1 + 5 = 4, i.e. -1, 4
Hence, the remaining seven vertices of the cube are as follows:
1, 0, 4 1,  5,  11,  5, 4  4, 0,  1 4, 0, 4  4,  5,  1 4,  5, 4 
Q4.

Answer :

Let P≡(3, 0, −1), Q≡(−2, 5, 4)

PE = Distance between the parallel planes ABCP and FQDE
= 4 1  5
(These planes are perpendicular to the z-axis)
PA = Distance between the parallel planes ABQF and PCDE
= 2  3  5
(These planes are perpendicular to the x-axis)
Similarly, PC = 5  0  5
Thus, the length of the edges of the parallelepiped are 5, 5 and 5

Q5.
Answer :

Clearly, PBEC and QDAF are the planes parallel to the yz-plane such that their distances from
the yz-plane are 5 and 3, respectively.

∴ PA = Distance between planes PBEC and QDAF

=5–3
=2
PB is the distance between planes PAFC and BDQE that are parallel to the zx-plane and are at
distances 0 and -2, respectively, from the zx-plane.
∴PB = 0 – (-2)
=2
PC is the distance between parallel planes PBDA and CEQF that are at distances 2 and 5,
respectively, from the xy-plane.
∴ PC = 2 – 5
= -3

Q6.

Answer :

Let PQ be the perpendicular to the xy-plane and QA be perpendicular from Q to the y-axis.
PA will be perpendicular to the x-axis.
Also, QA = 3 and PQ = 5
Now, distance of P from the x-axis:
PB = BQ 2  QP 2

 32  52  9  25  34
Similarly,
From the right-angled ∆PAQ:
distance of P from the y-axis:
PA = AQ 2  QP 2
2 2
=  4    5  16  25  41
2 2
Similarly, the length of the perpendicular from P to the z-axis =  4    3
 16  9 25  5

Q7.

Answer :

The seven coordinates are as follows:

 3, 2, 5 3, 2,  5 3,  2, 5 3,  2,  5 3, 2,  5 3,  2,  5 3, 2, 5
Exercise: 28.2

Page Number:28.9

Q1.
Answer :
2 2 2
(i) PQ =  x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2
  2  1  1  1   2  0 
 12  22  22
 1 4  4
 9
3
2 2 2
(ii) AB =  x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2
  1  3   1  2    1  1
2 2 2
  4    3   0 
 16  9  0
 25
5

Q2.
Answer :
2 2 2
PQ =  x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2 2 2 2
  2  2   1  3   2  1   4    2   1
 16  4  1
 21 units

Q3.
Answer :
2 2 2
(i) AB =  5  4    7  3   6  1
2 2 2
 1   4    7 
 1  16  49
 66
 2 2 2
BC =  3  5  1  7    8  6 
 4  64  196
 264
 2 66

2 2 2
AC =  3  4   1  3   8  1
2 2 2
  1   4    7 
 1  16  49
 66
Here , AB  AC  66  66
 2 66
 BC
Hence, the points are collinear.
2 2 2
(ii) PQ =  1  0    4  7    5  7 
2 2 2
 1   3   2 
 1 9  4
 14
2 2 2
QR =  1  1  10  4    9  5
2 2 2
  2    6    4 
 4  36  16
 56
 2 14
2 2 2
PR=   1  0   10  7    9  7 
2 2 2
  1   3   2 
 1 9  4
 14
Here, PQ  PR  14  14
 2 14
 QR
Hence, the points are collinear.
 2 2 2
(iii) AB =  1  3   0  5   8  1
2 2 2
  4    5    7 
 16  25  49
 90
 3 10
2 2 2
BC =  7  1   10  0    6  8
2 2 2
 8   10    14 
 64  100  196
 360
 6 10
2 2 2
AC =  7  3   10  5   6  1
2 2 2
  4    5   7 
 16  25  49
 90
 3 10
Here, AB  AC  3 10  3 10
 6 10
 BC
Hence, the points are collinear.

Q4.

Answer :
(i) We know that the z-coordinate of every point on the xy-plane is zero.
So, let P (x, y, 0) be a point on the xy-plane such that PA = PB = PC
Now, PA = PB
 PA2  PB 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  1   y  1   0  0    x  2    y  1   0  2 
 x2  2 x  1  y 2  2 y  1  x2  4 x  4  y 2  2 y  1  4
 2 x  4 x  2 y  2 y  2  9  0
 2x  4 y  7  0
 2x  4 y  7 ... 1
PB  PC
 PB 2  PC 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  1   0  2    x  3   y  2    0  1
 x2  4 x  4  y2  2 y  1  4  x2  6 x  9  y2  4 y  4  1
 4 x  6 x  2 y  4 y  9  14  0
 2x  2 y  5  0
5
 x y 
2
5
x y ...  2 
2
Putting the value of x in equation 1 :
5 
2  y   4y  7
2 
 5  2y  4y  7
 5  2y  7
 2y  2
2
 y
2
 y 1
Putting the value of y in equation  2  :
5
x  1
2
52
x
2
3
x
2
3 
Hence, the required point is  , 1, 0  .
2 
(ii) We know that the x-coordinate of every point on the yz-plane is zero.
So, let P (0, y, z) be a point on the yz-plane such that PA = PB = PC
Now, PA = PB
2 2 2 2 2 2
  0  1   y  1   z  0    0  2    y  1   z  2 
 1  y2  2 y 1  z2  4  y2  2 y 1  z2  4z  4
 2 y  2  2 y  4 z  9
 2 y  2 y  4z  9  2
 4 y  4z  7
7
 yz  ... 1
4
PB  PC
 PB 2  PC 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
  0  2    y  1   z  2    0  3   y  2    z  1
 4  y2  2 y 1  z2  4z  4  9  y2  4 y  4  z2  2z 1
 2 y  4 z  9  4 y  2 z  14
 2 y  4 y  4 z  2 z  14  9
 2 y  6z  5
5
 y  3z 
2
5
 y   3z  2
2
Putting the value of y in equation 1 :
7
yz 
4
5 7
  3z  z 
2 4
7 5
 2z  
4 2
7  10
 2z 
4
3
 2z 
4
3
z
8
20  9
y
8
11
 y
8
  11 3 
Hence, the required point is  0, , 
 8 8 

(iii) We know that the y-coordinate of every point on the zx-plane is zero.
So, let P (x, 0, z) be a point on the zx-plane such that PA = PB = PC
Now, PA = PB
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  1   0  1   z  0    x  2    0  1   x  2 
 x2  1  2 x  1  z 2  x2  4 x  4  1  z 2  4 z  4
 2 x  2  4 x  4 z  9
 2 x  4 x  4 z  7
 2x  4z  7
7
 x  2z  ... 1
2
PB  PC
 PB 2  PC 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  2    0  1   z  2    x  3   0  2    z  1
 x2  4 x  4  1  z 2  4 z  4  x2  6 x  9  4  z 2  2 z  1
 4 x  4 z  9  6 x  2 z  14
 4 x  6 x  4 z  2 z  14  9
 2x  6z  5
5
 x  3z 
2
5
 x   3z ...  2 
2
Putting the value of x in equation 1 :
7
x  2z 
2
5 7
  3z  2 z 
2 2
5 7
 z
2 2
7 5
z 
2 2
75
z
2
2
z
2
 z 1
Putting the value of z in equation  2  :
5
x   3z
2
5
 x   3 1
2
5
 x  3
2
56
x
2
11
 x
2
 11 
Hence, the required point is  , 0,1
2 

Q5.
Answer :
Let M be the point on the z-axis.
Then, the coordinates of M will be (0, 0, z).
Let M be equidistant from the points A (1, 5, 7) and B (5, 1, -4)
2 2 2
AM =  0  1   0  5   z  7 
2 2 2
  1   5   z  7 
 1  25  z 2  14 z  49
 z 2  14 z  75
2 2 2
BM =  0  5   0  1   z  4 
 2 2
  5   1  z 2  8 z  16

 25  1  z 2  8 z  16
 z 2  8 z  42
Then, AM = BM
 z 2  14 z  75  z 2  8 z  42
z 2  14 z  75  z 2  8 z  42
14 z  8 z  42  75
22 z  33
33
z
22
3
z
2
 3
Thus, the coordinates of M are  0, 0,  .
 2
Q6.
Answer :
Let the point on the y-axis be Y (0, y, 0) which is equidistant from the points P (3, 1, 2) and
Q (5, 5, 2).
Then,
PY=QY
2 2 2 2 2 2
Now,  0  3   y  1   0  2  =  0  5   y  5    0  2 
2 2 2 2 2
  3   y 2  2 y  1   2    5    y  5   2 
 9  y 2  2 y  1  4  25  y 2  10 y  25  4
 y 2  2 y  14  y 2  10 y  54

y 2  2 y  14  y 2  10 y  54
2 y  10 y  54  14
8 y  40
40
y 
8
y  5
Thus, the required point on the y-axis is (0, −5, 0).

Q7.
Answer :
Let the point be A (0, 0, z).Then,
AP = 21
 2 2 2
  0  1   0  2    z  3  21
2 2 2
  1   2    z  3  21
2
 1  4   z  3  21
2
  z  3  21  5
2
  z  3  16
 z  3  4
 z  3  4 or z  3  4
 z  7 or z  1
Hence, the coordinates of the required point are (0, 0, 7) and (0, 0, −1).

Q8.
Answer :
Let A (1, 2, 3) , B (2, 3, 1) and C (3, 1, 2) are the coordinates of the triangle △ABC
2 2 2
AB =  2  1   3  2   1  3
2 2 2
 1  1   2   1  1  4 6

2 2 2
BC =  3  2   1  3   2  1
2 2 2
 1   2   1  1  4  1 6

2 2 2
AC =  3  1  1  2    2  3
2 2 2
  2    1   1  4  1  1 6

Now, AB = BC = AC
Therefore, it is an equilateral triangle.

Q9.
Answer :

Let A(0, 7, 10), B(-1, 6, 6), C(-4, 9, 6) be the coordinates of △ABC

Then, we have:
2 2 2
AB   0  1   7  6   10  6  \
 18
3 2
 2 2 2
BC   1  4    6  9    6  6 
 18
3 2

2 2 2
AC   0  4    7  9   10  6 
 36
6
Clearly, AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
 ABC  90
& AB  BC

Hence, △ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle.

Q10.
Answer :

Let A(3,3,3) , B(0,6,3) , C( 1,7,7) and D (4,4,7) are the vertices of quadrilateral □ABCD
We have :
2 2 2
AB =  0  3   6  3   3  3
2 2 2
  3    3    0 
 990
 18
3 2

2 2 2
BC = 1  0    7  6    7  3
2 2 2
 1  1   4 
 1  1  16
 18
3 2

2 2 2
CD =  4  1   4  7    7  7 
 2 2 2
  3    3    0 
 990
 18
3 2

2 2 2
DA =  4  3   4  3   7  3
2 2 2
 1  1   4 
 1  1  16
 18
3 2
AB = BC = CD = DA
2 2 2
AC = 1  3   7  3   7  3
2 2 2
  2    4    4   4  16  16 36 6
2 2 2
BD =  4  0    4  6    7  3
2 2 2
  4    2    4   16  4  16 36 6
∴AC = BD
Since, all sides and diagonals of quadrilateral □ABCD are equal
Therefore, the points are the vertices of a square.

Q11.
Answer :
Let A(1,3,0),B(-5,5,2), C(-9,-1,2) and D(-3,-3,0) be the coordinates of quadrilateral□ABCD
AB=-5-12+5-32+2-02 =36+4+4 = 44BC=-9+52+-1-52+2-22 =16+36+0 =52 CD=-3+92+-
3+12+0-22 =36+4+4 =44DA=1+32+3+32+0-02 =16+36+0 =52Here, we see that AB=CD&
BC=DA
Since, opposite pair of sides are equal .
Therefore, □ABCD is a parallelogram .
AC=-9-12+-1-32+2-02 =-102+-42+22 =100+16+4 =120
BD=-3+52+-3-52+0-22 =22+-82+-22 =4+64+4 =72
∴AC≠ BD
∴ ABCD is not a rectangle.
Q12.
Answer :

Let A(1,3,4) , B(-1,6,10) , C(-7,4,7) and D (-5,1,1) be the vertices of quadrilateral □ ABCD
2 2 2
AB   5 1   5  3   2  0 
 36  4  4
 44
 2 2 2
BC   9  5   1 5   2  2 
 16  36  0
 52
2 2 2
CD   3  9    3 1   0  2 
 36  4  4
 44
2 2 2
DA  1 3   3  3   0  0 
 16  36  0
 52
Here, we see that AB  CD & BC  DA
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus

Q13.
Answer :

The faces of a regular tetrahedron are equilateral triangles.

Let us consider △OAB
2 2 2
OA   0  0    0 1   0  1
 2

2 2 2
OB  1 0    0  0   1 0 
 2
2 2 2
AB  1 0    0 1  11
 2
Hence, this face is an equilateral triangle.
Similarly, △OBC, △OAC, △ABC all are equilateral triangles.
Hence, the tetrahedron is a regular one.
Q14.
Answer :
Let the points be A (3, 2, 2), B (-1, 4, 2), C (0, 5, 6) and D (2, 1, 2) lie on the sphere
whose centre be P (1, 3, 4).
Since, AP, BP, CP and DP are radii.
Hence, AP = BP = CP = DP
2 2 2
AP  1 3   3  2    4  2 
2 2 2
  2   1   2 
 4 1 4
 9
3
2 2 2
BP  11   3  4    4  2 
2 2 2
  2    1   2 
 4 1 4
 9
3
2 2 2
CP  1  0    3  5   4  6 
2 2 2
 1   2    2 
 1 4  4
 9
3
2 2 2
DP  1  2    3 1   4  2 
2 2 2
  1   2    2 
 1 4  4
 9
3
Here, we see that AP = BP = CP = DP
Hence, A (3, 2, 2), B (-1, 4, 2), C (0, 5, 6) and D (2, 1, 2) lie on the sphere whose radius is 3 .

Q15.
Answer :
Let P (x, y, z) be the required point which is equidistant from the points O(0,0,0), A(2,0,0)
B(0,3,0) and C(0,0,8)
Then,
OP = AP
2
 x2  y 2  z 2   x  2   y 2  z 2
2
 x2   x  2 
 x2  x2  4 x  4
 4x  4
4
 x
4
x 1
Similarly, we have:
OP = BP
⇒OP2=BP2
2
 x 2  y 2  z 2  x 2   y  3  z 2
 y2  y2  6 y  9
 6y  9
9
 y
6
3
 y
2
Similarly, we also have:
OP = CP
⇒OP2=CP2
2
 x2  y 2  z 2  x2  y 2   z  8
 z 2  z 2  16 z  64
 16 z  64
64
 z
16
 z4
 3 
Thus, the required point is P 1, , 4  .
 2 
Q16.
Answer :
Let coordinates of point P be (x, y, z).
Given:
3PA = 2PB
 3    2 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 x  2    y  2    z  3    x  13   y  3   z  13 
   
3  x2  4 x  4  y 2  4 y  4  z 2  6 z  9  2   x 2  26 x  169  y 2  6 y  9  z 2  26 z  169 
Squaring both sides,
  
 9 x 2  y 2  z 2  4 x  4 y  6 z  17  4 x 2  y 2  z 2  26 x  6 y  26 z  347 
 9 x 2  9 y 2  9 z 2  36 x  36 y  54 z  153  4 x 2  4 y 2  4 z 2  104 x  24 y  104 z  1388
 5 x 2  5 y 2  5 z 2  140 x  60 y  50 z  1235  0
 
 5 x 2  y 2  z 2  140 x  60 y  50 z  1235  0
 9 x 2  9 y 2  9 z 2  36 x  36 y  54 z  153  4 x 2  4 y 2  4 z 2  104 x  24 y  104 z  1388
 
 5 x 2  y 2  z 2  140 x  60 y  50 z  1235  0 is the locus of the point P.

Q17.
Answer :
Let P (x, y, z) be the point if PA2  PB 2  2k 2
2 2
   x  3   y  4    z  5      x  1   y  3   z  7    2k 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

   
 x  6 x  9  y  8 y  16  z  10 z  25  x  2 x  1  y  6 y  9  z 2  14 z  49  2k 2
2 2 2 2 2

 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 z 2  4 x  14 y  4 z  109  2k 2  0
Hence, 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 z 2  4 x  14 y  4 z  109  2k 2  0 is the locus of point P.

Q18.
Answer :
Let A(a,b,c) , B(b,c,a) and C(c,a,b) be the vertices of △ABC. Then,
2 2 2
AB = b  a   c  b   a  c 
 b 2  2ab  a 2  c 2  2bc  b 2  a 2  2ca  c 2
 2a 2  2b 2  2c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca


 2 a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
2 2 2
BC = c  b   a  c   b  a 
 c 2  2bc  b 2  a 2  2ca  c 2  b 2  2ab  a 2
 2a 2  2b 2  2c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca


 2 a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
2 2 2
CA =  a  c   b  a    c  b
 a 2  2ca  c 2  b 2  2ab  a 2  c 2  2bc  b 2
 2a 2  2b 2  2c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca


 2 a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
∴ AB = BC = CA
Therefore, △ABC is an equilateral triangle.

Q19.
Answer :
Let A(3,6,9), B(10,20,30) and C( 25,-41,5) are vertices of △ABC
2 2 2
AB = 10  3   20  6    30  9 
2 2 2
  7   14    21
 49  196  441
 686
 7 14
2 2 2
BC =  25  10    41  20    5  30 
2 2 2
 15   61   25
 225  3721  625
 4571
2 2 2
CA=  3  25   6  41   9  5
2 2 2
  22    47    4 
 484  2209  16
 2709
 3 301
2 2
AB 2  BC 2  7 14    4571 
 686  4571
 5257
2
CA  2709
 AB 2  BC 2  CA2
A triangle △ABC is right-angled at B if CA2  AB 2  BC 2 .
But, CA2  AB 2  BC 2
Hence, the points are not vertices of a right-angled triangle.
Q20.
Answer :
(i) Let A(0, 7, -10) , B(1, 6, -6) , C(4, 9, -6) be the vertices of △ABC.Then,
2 2 2
AB  1  0    6  7    6  10 
2
 12   1  42  1  1  16 18 3 2
2 2 2
BC   4  1   9  6    6  6 
 32  32  0 9  9 18 3 2
2 2 2
CA   0  4    7  9    10  6 
 16  4  16 36 6
Clearly, AB  BC

Thus, the given points are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

(ii) Let A(0,7,10) , B( -1,6,6) and C( -4,9,6) be the vertices of △ABC. Then ,
2 2 2
AB   1  0    6  7    6  10 
2 2 2
  1   1   4   1  1  16 18 3 2
2 2 2
BC   4  1   9  6    6  6 
2 2
  3    3   0 9  9 18 3 2
2 2 2
AC   4  0    9  7    6  10 
2 2 2
  4    2    4   16  4  16 36 6
AC 2  AB 2  BC 2
Thus, the given points are the vertices of a right-angled triangle.

(iii) Let A(-1, 2, 1) , B(1, -2, 5) , C(4, -7, 8), D(2, -3, 4) be the vertices of quadrilateral □ABCD
2 2 2
AB  11   2  2    5 1
 4 16 16
 36
6
2 2 2
BC   4 1   7  2   8  5
 9  25  9
 43
2 2 2
CD   2  4    3  7    4  8
 4 16 16
 36
6
 2 2 2
DA   1  2    2  3  1 4 
 9  25  9
 43
 AB  CD and BC  DA
Since, each pair of opposite sides are equal.
Thus, quadrilateral □ABCD is a parallelogram.
Q21.
Answer :
Let P (x, y, z) be any point that is equidistant from the points A (1, 2, 3) and B (3, 2, −1).
Then, we have:
PA = PB
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  1   y  2    z  3   x  3   y  2    z  1
 x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4  z 2  6 z  9  x 2  6x  9  y 2  4 y  4  z 2  2 z  1
 2 x  4 y  6 z  14  6 x  4 y  2 z  14
 2x  6x  4 y  4 y  6z  2z  14 14
 4 x  8z  0
 x  2z  0
Hence, the locus is x – 2z = 0

Q22.
Answer :
Let P (x, y, z) be any point , the sum of whose distance from the points A(4,0,0) and B(-4,0,0)
is equal to 10. Then,
PA + PB = 10
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  4   y  0   z  0   x  4   y  0   z  0  10
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  4   y  0   z  0  10   x  4   y  0   z  0
 x 2  8x 16  y 2 + z 2  10  x 2  8x 16  y 2  z 2
 x 2  8x  16  y 2  z 2  100  x 2  8 x 16  y 2  z 2  20 x 2  8x 16  y 2  z 2
 16 x  100  20 x 2  8x 16  y 2  z 2
 4 x  25  5 x 2  8x 16  y 2  z 2

 16 x 2  200 x  625  25 x 2  8x 16  y 2  z 2 
 16 x  200 x  625  25 x  200x  400  25y  25 z 2
2 2 2

 9 x 2  25 y 2  25z 2  225  0

Q23.
Answer :
To show that ABCD is a parallelogram, we need to show that its two opposite sides are equal.
2 2 2
AB   11   2  2    1 3
  4 16 16
 36
6
2 2 2
BC   2 1   3  2    2 1
 9  25  9
 43
2 2 2
CD   4  2    7  3   6  2 
 4 16 16
 36
6
2 2 2
DA  1  4    2  7    3  6 
 9  25  9
 43
AB  CD and BC  DA
Since, opposite pairs of sides are equal .
 ABCD is a parallelogram
2 2 2
AC   2 1   3  2    2  3
 111
 3
2 2 2
BD   4 1   7  2    6 1
 25  81  49
 155
Since, AC  BD
Thus, ABCD is not a rectangle.

Q24.
Answer :
Let P (x, y, z) be any point which is equidistant from A (3,4,5) and B (-2,1,4) .Then,
PA = PB
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  3   y  4    z  5    x  2    y 1   z  4 
 x 2  6 x  9  y 2  8 y  16  z 2  10 z  25  x 2  4 x  4  y 2  2 y  1  z 2  8 z  16
 x 2  6 x  9  y 2  8 y  16  z 2  10 z  25  x 2  4 x  4  y 2  2 y  1  z 2  8 z  16
 10 x  6 y 18z  29  0
10 x  6 y  18 z  29  0
Hence, 10x + 6y -18z -29 = 0 is the required equation.
Exercise: 28.3

Page Number:28.19

Q1.

Answer :

AB = 42  52  32  16  25  9  50  5 2
AC = 12  12  42  18  3 2
AD is the internal bisector of ∠BAC.
BD AB 5
  
DC AC 3

Thus, D divides BC internally in the ratio 5:3.

 5  4  3 1 5  3  3  1 5  2  3  3 
 D , , 
 53 53 53 
 23 12 19 
 D , , 
 8 8 8
 23 3 19 
 D , , 
 8 2 8
2 2 2
 23   12   19 
 AD   5     4     6  
 8   8  8
17 2  202  292

82
289  400  841

82
1530

8
Q2.

Answer :

Suppose C divides AB in the ratio λ:1.

 8  2 3 10  4 
Then, the coordinates of C are  , , .
  1  1  1 
The z-coordinate of C is 8.
10  4
 8
 1
 10  4  8  8
 2  4
 2

Hence, the coordinates of C are as follows:

 8  2 3 10  4 
 , , 
  1  1  1 
 8  2  2 3 10  2  4 
 , , 
 2 1 2 1 2 1 
 18 3 24 
 , , 
 3 3 3 
  6,  1, 8 

Hence, the coordinates of C are (6, −1, 8).

Q3.

Answer :

Suppose C divides AB in the ratio λ:1.

   2 2  3 3  4 
Then, the coordinates of C are  , , .
  1  1  1 
But, the coordinates of C are (-4, 1, -10).
  2 2  3 3  4
  4,  1,  10
 1  1  1
   2  4  4, 2  3    1,  3  4  10  10
 3  6,   2, 7  14
   2,   2,   2
From these three equations, we have:
λ=-2
So, C divides AB in the ratio 2:1 (externally).

Q4.

Answer :

Let A≡(2, 4, 5) and B≡(3, 5, 4)

Let the line joining A and B be divided by the yz-plane at point P in the ratio λ:1.
Then, we have:
 3  2 5  4 4  5 
P  , , 
  1  1  1 
Since P lies on the yz-plane, the x-coordinate of P will be zero.
3  2
 0
 1
 3  2  0
2
 
3

Hence, the yz-plane divides AB in the ratio 2:3 (externally).

Q5.

Answer :

Suppose the plane x + y + z = 5 divides the line joining the points A (2, −1, 3) and B (-1, 2, 1) at
a point C in the ratio λ:1.
Then, coordinates of C are as follows:
    2 2  1   3 
 , , 
  1  1  1 
Now, the point C lies on the plane x + y + z = 5.
Therefore, the coordinates of C must satisfy the equation of the plane.
   2 2  1   3
  5
 1  1  1
   2  2  1    3  5  5
 2  4  5  5
 3  1
1
 
3

So, the required ratio is 1:3 (externally).

Q6.

Answer :

Suppose C divides AB in the ratio λ:1.

Then, coordinates of C are as follows:
 9  3 8  2 10  4 
 , ,
  1  1   1 
But, the coordinates of C are (5, 4, -6).
9  3 8  2 10  4
  5,  4,  6
 1  1  1

These three equations give λ=1/2.

So, C divides AB in the ratio 1:2.

Q7.

Answer :

Let D  x1 , y1 , z1  , E  x2 , y2 , z2  and F  x3 , y3 , z3  be the vertices of the given triangle.

And, let A  2, 3, 5 , B  4, 1, 7  and C  6, 5, 3 be the mid-points of the sides EF, FA and DE,
respectively.
Now, A is the mid-point of EF.
x x y  y3 z z
 2 3  2, 2  3, 2 3  5
2 2 2
 x2  x3  4, y2  y3  6, z2  z3  10 i 
B is the mid-point of FD.
x x y y z z
 1 3  4, 1 3  1, 1 3  7 x1  x3  8, y1  y3  2, z1  z3  14  ii 
2 2 2

C is the mid-point of DE.

x x y y z z
 1 2  6, 1 2  5, 1 2  3
2 2 2
 x1  x2  12, y1  y2  10, z1  z2  6  iii 

Adding the first three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii):

2  x1  x2  x3   4  8  12
 x1  x2  x3  8
Solving the first three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii) with x1  x2  x3  8
x1  12, x2  0, x3  4
Adding the next three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii):
2  y1  y2  y3   6  2  10
 y1  y2  y3  7

Solving the next three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii) with y1  y2  y3  7 :
y1  1, y2  9, y3  3
Adding the last three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii):
2  z1  z2  z3   10  14  6
 z1  z2  z3  15

Solving the last three equations in (i), (ii) and (iii) with z1  z2  z3  15
z1  5, z2  1, z3  9
Thus, the vertices of the triangle are (12, 1, 5), (0, 9, 1), (−4, −3, 9).

Q8.

Answer :

2 2
AB =  1  22   2   1  4  4  9  3

2 2 2
AC =  2    3   6   4  9  36  49  7

AD is the internal bisector of ∠BAC.

BD AB 3
  
DC AC 7
Thus, D divides BC internally in the ratio 3:7.
 3  1  3  0 3  1  7  4  3  3  7 1 
D   , , 
 3 7 37 3 7 
 3 25 2 
 D , , 
 10 10 10 
 3 5 1 
 D , , 
 10 2 5 

Q9.

Answer :

Let the sphere meet the line joining the given points at the point (x1, y1, z1).

Then, we have:

x12  y12  z12  504

Suppose the point (x1, y1, z1) divides the line joining the points (12, – 4, 8) and (27, – 9, 18) in
the ratio λ:1.

27  12  9  4 18  8
x1  , y1  , z1 
 1  1  1

Substitute these values in equation (1):

2 2 2
 27  12   9  4  18  8 
2
 2
 2
 504
   1    1    1
2 2 2 2
9  9  4    9  4   4  9  4   504    1
2

3

Thus, the sphere divides the line joining the given points in the ratio 2:3 and 2:– 3.

Hence, the given sphere divides the line joining the points (12, – 4, 8) and
(27, – 9, 18) internally in the ratio 2:3 and externally in the ratio −2:3.

Q10.

Answer :
 Let:
A = (x1, y1, z1)
B = (x2, y2, z2)

Now, let the line joining A and B be divided by the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 at point P in the
ratio λ:1.

 x  x  y  y z  z 
∴P=  2 1, 2 1, 2 1
  1  1  1 
Since P lies on the given plane,

ax + by + cz + d = 0

Thus,

 x2  x1 y  y z  z
a b 2 1 c 2 1 d  0
 1  1  1
 a   x2  x1   b   y2  y1   c   z2  z1   d    1  0
   ax2  by2  cz2  d    ax1  by1  cz1  d   0
   ax2  by2  cz2  d     ax1  by1  cz1  d 
  ax1  by1  cz1  d 
 
 ax2  by2  cz2  d 
ax1  by1  cz1  d
 
ax2  by2  cz2  d
ax1  by1  cz1  d
Thus, the given plane divides the line joining  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  in the ratio  .
ax2  by2  cz2  d
Q11.

Answer :
Let A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  and C  x3 , y3 , z3  be the vertices of the given triangle,
and let D 1, 2, 3 , E  3, 0, 1 and F  1,1, 4  be the mid points of the sides BC , CA and AB respectively.
D is the mid point of BC
x x y  y3 z z
 2 3  1, 2  2 and 2 3  3
2 2 2
 x2  x3  2, y2  y3  4 and z2  z3  6 ... 1
E is the mid point of CA
x x y y z z
 1 3  3, 1 3  0 and 1 3  1
2 2 2
 x1  x3  6, y1  y3  0 and z1  z3  2 ...  2 
F is the mid point of AB
x x y  y2 z z
 1 2  1, 1  1 and 1 2  4
2 2 2
 x1  x2  2, y1  y2  2 and z1  z2  8
Adding first three equations we get ,
2  x1  x2  x3   6, 2  y1  y2  y3   6 and 2  z1  z2  z3   12
 x1  x2  x3  3, y1  y2  y3  3 and z1  z2  z3  6
The coordinate of the centroid is given by
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 z1  z2  z3 
 , , 
 3 3 3 
 1, 1,  2 

The coordinate of the centroid is given by x1+x2+x33, y1+y2+y33,z1+z2+z33⇒1, 1, -2

Q12.

Answer :

Let G be the centroid of ∆ABC.

Given: G≡(1, 1, 1)
Let C≡(x, y, z)
3 1  x
Then, 1 
3
 3  3 1  x
 3  2 x  x 1
5  7  y
and 1 
3
 3 2 y
 y 1

76 z
and 1 
3
 3  1 z
z2

∴C≡1, 1, 2

Q13.

Answer :

Let P≡(4, 2, -6) and Q≡(10, -16, 6)

Let A and B be the point of trisection.
Then, we have:
PA = AB = BQ
∴ PA:AQ = 1:2
Thus, A divides PQ internally in the ratio 1:2.
 110  2  4 1  16   2  2 1 6  2   6  
∴ A≡  , , 
 1 2 1 2 1 2 
 10  8 16  4 6  12 
 , , 
 3 3 3 
 18 12 6 
 , , 
 3 3 3 
  6,  4,  2 
⇒ A≡(6, -4, -2)
AB = BQ
Therefore, B is the mid-point of AQ.
 6  10 4  16 2  6 
∴ B≡  , , 
 2 2 2 
 16 20 4 
 , , 
 2 2 2
  8,  10, 2 

⇒ B≡(8, -10, 2)

Q14.

Answer :

Let, C divides AB in the ratio λ:1.

    2 2  3   4 
Then, coordinates of C are  , , 
  1  1  1 

 1 
But, the coordinates of C are  0, , 2 
 3 

  2 2  3 1   4
 0,  , 2
 1  1 3  1

From each of these equations, we get λ=2.

Since each of these equations give the same value of λ.
Therefore, the given points are collinear.

Q15.

Answer :

Let Q divide PR in the ratio λ:1

Thus, the coordinates of Q are as follows:
 9  3 8  2 10  4 
 , ,
  1  1   1 
But, the coordinates of Q are (5, 4, −6) .
9  3 8  2 10  4
 5 , 4,  6
 1  1  1

These three equation gives λ=1/2.

So, Q divides PR in the ratio 12:1 or 1:2

Q16.

Answer :

Let A = (4, 8, 10) , B = (6, 10, -8)

Let the line joining A and B be divided by the YZ-plane at point P in the ratio λ:1.
 6  4 10  8 8  10 
∴ P=  , ,
  1  1   1 

Since P lies on the YZ-plane, the x-coordinate of P will be zero.

6  4
 0
 1
 6  4  0
 6  4
2

3

Hence, the YZ-plane divides AB in the ratio 2:3 (externally)

Exercise: 28.MCQ

Page Number:28.22

Q1.

Answer :

(c) (-2 : 3)

Let A≡(2, 4, 5) and B≡(3, 5, -9)

Let the line joining A and B be divided by the yz-plane at point P in the ratio λ:1.
Then, we have,

 3  2 5  4 9  5 
P  , ,  Since P lies on the yz-plane, the x-coordinate of P will be zero.
  1  1  1 

3  2
 0
 1
 3  2  0
2
 
3

Hence, the yz-plane divides AB in the ratio -2 : 3

Q2.

Answer :

(d) c : b

Let A≡(a, b, c) and B≡(-a, -c, -b)

Let the line joining A and B be divided by the xy-plane at point P in the ratio λ:1.
Then, we have,

 a  a c  b b  c 

P  , ,
  1  1   1 

Since P lies on the xy-plane, the z-coordinate of P will be zero.

 b  c
 0
 1
 b  c  0
c
 
b

Hence, the xz-plane divides AB in the ratio c : b

Q3.

Answer :

(d) π/2

2 2 2
PQ 2   4  0    2  1  1  2   16  9  1  26
2 2 2
OP 2   0  0   1  0    2  0   0  1  4  5
2 2 2
QO 2   0  4    0  2    0  1  16  1  4  21
Since, PQ 2  OP 2  QO 2

Hence, POQ 
2

Q4.

Answer :

(b) 3

2 2 2
Length of the diagonal =  2  1   3  2    5  3  11 4  6

Length of diagonal 6
∴ Length of the side =   3
2 2

Q5.

Answer :

(d) None of these

Suppose:
A(5, –4, 2)
B(4, –3, 1)
C(7, 6, 4)
D(8, –7, 5)

2 2 2
AB   4  5   3  4   1  2 
2 2 2
  1  1   1
 111  3
2 2 2
BC   7  4    6  3   4  1
2 2 2
  3   9    3
 9  81  9  99  3 11
2 2 2
CD  8  7    7  6    5  4 
2 2 2
 1   13  1
 1  169  1  171
2 2 2
DA   8  5   7  4    5  2 
2 2 2
  3   3   3
 9  9  9  27  3 3

We see that none of the sides are equal.

Q6.

Answer :

(c) curves

Since, there is only one variable in the given equation. Also, it is quadratic equation.
Hence, It represents curves in yz plane.

Q7.

Answer :

(b) 3

Suppose d is the diameter of the sphere. Then

 2 2 2
d 2   1  3   2  4    3  1
2 2 2
 d 2   4    2    4 
 d 2  16  4  16
 d 2  36
 d 6

Hence, radius of the sphere is 3 units.

Q8.

Answer :

(c) −3:7

Let A≡(2, 3, 1) and B≡(6, 7, 1)

Let the line joining A and B be divided by the xz-plane at point P in the ratio λ:1.
Then, we have,

 6  2 7   3   1 
P  , , 
  1  1  1 

Since P lies on the xz-plane, the y-coordinate of P will be zero.

7  3
 0
 1
 7  3  0
3
 
7
Hence, the xz-plane divides AB in the ratio -3 : 7
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