DAT General Chemistry Equation Sheet

Chapter 0: General and Lab Concepts Review Chapter 5: Gases

Dilutions 𝑀" 𝑉" = 𝑀% 𝑉% or 𝑀 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Pressure 𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑃= 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶" 𝑉" = 𝐶% 𝑉% 𝐴
𝐾𝐸xfy = 3z2 𝑅𝑇
(𝐴 − 𝑇) Average Kinetic 𝐽
Percent Error 𝑇 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 8.314
× 100 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Energy 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
𝑇
Absorbance 𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑙 𝜀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Root-Mean- 𝐽
(Spectro- 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 3𝑅𝑇 𝑅 = 8.314
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾

𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) Square Speed 𝑣 = } 𝑀~ = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
photometer) (𝒗) 𝑀~
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 D 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑙 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Ideal Gas Law 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅 = 0.0821
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
Boyle’s Law 1
Chapter 2: Atomic and Electronic Structure 𝑉∝
𝑃
Energy of a ℎ𝑐 ℎ = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘 D𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Charles’ Law 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇
𝐸GHIJIK = ℎ𝑓 = (6.63 × 10RST 𝐽 ∙ 𝑠)
photon 𝜆 𝑓 = 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 D𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Avogadro’s Law 𝑉 ∝ 𝑛
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Combined Gas 𝑃" 𝑉" 𝑃% 𝑉%
(3.0 × 10Y 𝑚⁄𝑠) =
Law 𝑛" 𝑇" 𝑛% 𝑇%
𝜆 = 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 D𝑠
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Standard Temp. P=1 atm *1 mol of gas = 22.4 L
at STP
Absorption/ 𝛥𝐸 = 𝐸GHIJIK & Pressure (STP) T=273 K
Emission Line Standard All aqueous species @ 1M
Spectra Conditions All gaseous species @1 atm
T=298 K
Kinetic Energy 𝐾𝐸^R = 𝐸GHIJIK − 𝜙 𝜙 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃(𝑀𝑀) 𝑚
(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 Density 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
of an electron = 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛) 𝑅𝑇 𝑣 𝑅 = 0.0821
(Photoelectric 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Effect) 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Dalton’s Law of 𝑃JIJxb = 𝑃g + 𝑃n + ⋯
Partial Pressures

Chapter 7: Chemical Solutions
Dalton’s Law of 𝑃g = 𝜒g 𝑃JIJxb 𝜒g = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molarity 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠aIbcJ^ 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴
𝑀= Partial Pressures
𝐿aIbcJeIK Graham’s Law of 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molality 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠aIbcJ^ 𝑟" 𝑀~% 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚= Effusion =}
𝑘𝑔aIbf^KJ 𝑟% 𝑀~"
Henry’s 𝑃g = 𝑘h [𝐴] 𝑃g = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴
Real Gas 𝑎𝑛% 𝑎 & 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑘h = 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦 D𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑃 + )(𝑉
Law Equation 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
(𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚) 𝑉% 𝑎𝑛 %
[A] = conc. of gas A − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉%
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟
Freezing 𝛥𝑇l = −𝑖𝐾l 𝑚 𝑖 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 D𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑀𝐹𝑠
𝐾l = 𝐹. 𝑃. 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Point 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
−𝑛𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟
Depression 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Boiling 𝛥𝑇n = 𝑖𝐾n 𝑚 𝑖 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 D𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐾n = 𝐵. 𝑃. 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Point 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 Chapter 8: Chemical Kinetics
Elevation
General A+BàC+D 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Vapor 𝑃aIbK = 𝜒aIbf 𝑃aIbf q 𝑃aIbK = 𝑉𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Rate Law 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]~ [𝐵]K 𝑚 & 𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝜒aIbf = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 e𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
Pressure
𝑃aIbf q = 𝑉𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 Rate 0 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑀" ∙ 𝑠 R" 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Depression 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
(Raoult’s Constant 1aJ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑠 R"
s= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Units 2K† 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑀R" ∙ 𝑠 R"
Law)
3‡† 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 𝑘 = 𝑀R% ∙ 𝑠 R"
Osmotic 𝜋 = 𝑖𝑀𝑅𝑇 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑖 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 D𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Arrhenius 𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 Rˆ‰⁄Š‹ 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Pressure 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚 Equation 𝐴 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑥𝑛
𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐸x = 𝑎𝑐𝑡. 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
(𝝅) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

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 DAT General Chemistry Equation Sheet

Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibria Chapter 11: Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry

Equilibrium [G‡I†c•Ja]
𝐾• = [‡^x•JxKJa] 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Enthalpy (H) (𝛥𝐻 > 0): 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝛥𝐻 < 0): 𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
Constant
𝑘˜I‡™x‡† 𝛥𝐻˜ = 𝛴𝑛𝛥𝐻°˜(G‡I†c•J) − 𝛴𝑛𝛥𝐻°˜(‡^x•JxKJa)
Expressions 𝐾^— = Enthalpy of
𝑘‡^f^‡a^ Formation
š›œ•žŸ ¡¢
𝐾š = š 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑥𝑛
œ£‰ ¡‰¤¡¢
[𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠]
First Law of 𝛥𝐸 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 𝛥𝐸 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
Reaction 𝑄 > 𝐾 = 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
Thermo- 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑄 = 𝑄 < 𝐾 = 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑞 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
Quotient (Q) [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠] 𝑄 = 𝐾 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 dynamics 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

Pressure- 𝑤 = −𝑃𝛥𝑉 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Solubility [𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠]
𝛥𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐾aG = Volume
Product [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠] Work
Constant (𝑲𝒔𝒑 )
Calorimetry 𝑞 = −𝐶•xbI‡e~^J^‡ 𝛥𝑇 𝐶•xbI‡e~^J^‡ = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Thermal 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝.
Energy (q)
Chapter 10: Acid-Base Equilbria & Titrations
Heat Curves 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇 +𝑞: ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
Ionization 𝐾™ = [𝐻S𝑂« ][ 𝑂𝐻 R ] = 1 × 10R"T 𝑞 = 𝑚𝛥𝐻˜caeIK −𝑞: ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
& Thermal
Constant @ 25 °C 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Energy (q) 𝑞 = 𝑚𝛥𝐻fxGI‡e·xJeIK 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
of Water
Entropy (S) 𝛥𝑆 = Σ𝑛𝑆G‡I†c•Ja − Σ𝑛𝑆‡^x•JxKJa
pH & pOH 𝑝𝐻 = −log [𝐻« ] [𝐻« ]
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −log [𝑂𝐻 R ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑆yxa > 𝑆be—ce† > 𝑆aIbe†
[𝑂𝐻R ] 𝑆x— > 𝑆aIbe†
𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
[H+] & [𝐻 « ] = 10RGh Bond 𝛥𝐻 = 𝛴𝛥𝐻‡^x•JxKJa − 𝛴𝛥𝐻G‡I†c•Ja
[OH-] [𝑂𝐻 R ] = 10RG¬h Dissociation = 𝛴𝛥𝐻¯‡I±^K − 𝛴𝛥𝐻˜I‡~^†
[𝐻 « ][𝑂𝐻 R ] = 1 ∗ 10R"T Energy
𝐻𝐴 + 𝐻% 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻S 𝑂 « + 𝐴R 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐 (−𝛥𝐻)
Weak 𝐾x = 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
[𝐻S 𝑂« ][𝐴R ] 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐 (+𝛥𝐻)
Acids 𝐾x = Gibb’s Free 𝛥𝐺° = 𝛥𝐻° − 𝑇𝛥𝑆° 𝛥𝐺° = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
[𝐻𝐴] 𝛥𝐻° = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦
Energy (𝜟𝑮)
[𝐻 « ] = ®𝐾x [𝐻𝐴] 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝛥𝑆° = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦
Weak 𝐴R + 𝐻% 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻𝐴 + 𝑂𝐻 R 𝐾¯ = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
[𝑂𝐻 R ][𝐻𝐴] 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Gibb’s Free 𝛥𝐺 = 𝛥𝐺° + 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝑄 𝛥𝐺 = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
Bases 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐾¯ = Energy (𝜟𝑮) 𝛥𝐺° = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾^— ¼
[𝐴R ]
𝑅=8.314
~Ib∙½

R
[𝑂𝐻 ] = ®𝐾¯ [𝐴R ] 𝑄 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Larger 𝐾x = smaller p𝐾x 𝐾^— = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
pKa & pKb 𝑝𝐾x = −log [𝐾x ]
=stronger acid
𝑝𝐾¯ = −log [𝐾¯ ]
Larger 𝐾¯ = smaller p𝐾¯
𝑝𝐾x + 𝑝𝐾¯ = 14 =stronger base
𝐾™ = 𝐾x × 𝐾¯ = 1 Chapter 12: Electrochemistry & Redox Reactions
∗ 10R"T Standard 𝐸° = 𝐸°‡^†c•JeIK + 𝐸°IŽe†xJeIK
Neutralization 𝑛g 𝑀g 𝑉g = 𝑛n 𝑀n 𝑉n 𝑛g = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻 « Cell 𝐸° = 𝐸°•xJHI†^ + 𝐸°xKI†^
Reaction 𝑛n = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂𝐻R
Potential
Buffers [𝐴R ] [𝐴R ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾x + log [𝐻𝐴] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 Nernst 0.0592 𝐸•^bb = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
[𝐻𝐴] 𝐸•^bb = 𝐸° − log 𝑄 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Equation 𝑛 𝑛 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
t𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
Chapter 13: Nuclear Reactions 𝑄 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Kinetics 𝑁 = 𝑁q 𝑒 R±J 𝑁 = 𝑎𝑚𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Faraday’s 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀𝑊 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐼 ∗ 𝑡a ∗ 𝑀𝑊G†J 𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (Amps)
(always 1st ln 𝑁 = ln 𝑁q − 𝑘𝑡 𝑁q = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑡
Law
𝑡a = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠)
order) 0.693 𝑘 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑛∗𝐹 𝑛 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑡"/% = 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑘 𝑡"/% = ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑦 D 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
*note that 𝑡"/% is independent 𝐼 ∗ 𝑡a 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
(96485 )
of concn for 1 st order rxns 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒 R
𝑛∗𝐹
Nuclear 𝐸 = 𝛥𝑚𝑐 % 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝑈𝑆𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔)
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Binding 𝑚
(3.0 × 10Y )
Energy 𝑠

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