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Civil Engineering | Railway, Airport, Dock, Harbour & Tunnelling Engineering Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions MABE EASYR= =) MADE EASY Publications ‘orate: at Sra Nr Hae Kas Mato Sato New 8841106 Ek oveparesonyin ‘ann 01 ao, OTTO? allay, Airport, Dock Harbour & Tunnelling Enginesring (Cony, by MADE EASY Pubcators ‘Might are reseed No part hi pucalon may te opredueee, sored errsodied ino ative syste, or tenant ay frm orb sy ane (econ, mecha prei>copyng recording or cherie), ihe the Pre wate pemisson of e above tenon pubser of book Contents »—— an Railway, Airport, Dock, Harbour & Tunelling Engineering sesereupeanite dng epee ae ce Seetion-A- Railway Engineering Chapter 1 Chapter 4 Railway Track, Ballast and Formation ennnomnnons28 13 tocton 43a and it Funes. 42 Cicer of ond as. 243 Specitnof ait, 4 Heyer Balt 445 Fgatn and Fenton enn 16 Spade pore nt 12. Reimers ane Pomanet 13. Googeal anys. 14 Lead TanferonaRabay Tak. 15: Ray Tack Crosson 16 Congo Whe andCaning ete hom ie tras Chapter2 Chapter 5 pails. Tracks Fastenings wn dS 51g a Faring. i” 52. Wofpoffaeings a a warntate 5:3 alto Woude Sepeasterings.. on 54 Rago Stes ope Fastening. 2 Chapter 3 Sleepers... 2 Fatt Seeper. 52 Regutemer of eepen an 313 seep Density andSpcingeFSeepe manny Tack dnenstrCrson 3 Tipsof Sepa nie Tee bee Bane ayChapter? Station ard Layout and Equipment..64 21 Rat Sih 172. yotSnpeae Suton Ue Dae ea Sect 73 Ys ™ Obes Chapter 8 Train Resistance and Power of a Locomotive suman 1 Taco. 82 Restorer, Chapter 1 Airport oem 1 ipo 12 pre Comper 13. Act Outset. Once tai eases. 108 22. SuneptorSte Stn. 108 23. Apo Obsretn nd Rann er nn 09 Section-B: Airport, Dock, Harbour & Tunelling Engineering| wy Chapter 9 Geometric Design anni 8 Spelt. 93 Supereaton - 94 Taso Crvesd inng rick 8 95 Verte Caves aes, 8s ete Ba 5 Chapter 10 Signals and Interlocking, 93 109 Sp ~ 102 fnineng nce Sig 38 103 Cassiaten Signs nD) 231 Zong enon —-109 242 Qusieonof ncn, 108 ta ne Chapter3 Rumway Design nnn 3 Panay Otto, 32 CossVind amponent anid ease 321 Wn Co 34 Bachan Leng a, 5 435 Conecion er teationTenposter sn Gnd. 15 onjectveba eks. Chapter 4 Runway Geometric Design. Arg cea 42. Corto onjehe a es Chapter 5 Airport Capacity smn Spar apc. 52. moj Cetiguansan te Comes 128 53. Apart Optik Depends Up nnn 19 581 Ra 8 RD 532 Sauotblfpcy. ne 5:13 Gate copscy - 9 53.4 Tay Capen once fines Chapter 6 Taxiway Desigh nnanannannn 32 61 res fortadvay tay. mm 62 Geom Onn Ti a 64 en, tt (647 Holding pron anand warmup pa 1384 642 Root Tbe eS 65 Hager. ats pve ea. Chapter 7 Visual Aid nm 7 Aon a nn 19 22 Rip Ugh 72. etc con AO. 140 bce a ea 1 “ Chapter 8 Heliport nsmnmnnnnnnn 81 Hp nnn 814 Ping eps 12 Vou id stig Once tse. Chapter 9 Port and Harbour.. tacos. 92 Fo mn 93. being 24 ferbue. 943 Hb yout es 95 state 95: ypecl estates 952 ForcesAcngona Baha 96 SUN - 91 Sungate O Ob BO tn Chapter 10 Tides 103 Uso nnn ppv eo: Chapter 11 Dock T11.2Caton WED nen 8113 0peatonse Wet decks Lock nd Gate 8 Tid Sapte Bin. 189 115 Oreck pao 19 nee boner 16 Chapter 12 Tunnelling 163 121 don 7 18 Wc aig 188 122 Opeatorsinohedin Bored Trl. 123 Tune Consrcton Meth 1231S Tating Neto 1232s Coer Tuning ted. 1234Inmera Tae 1235 Tne ch. 124 Tamang nd Rock bj it aterm : Railway Track —_———S_ 1.1 Introduction + Radway tacks combination tral ied on sleepers ad resting on ballast nd subgrade, + Essential function of away Yack to suppor ad guide the vies tht run over ‘+The conventional alway wack exsist of worl acted at fred distance apa. The pressure reried ove byt rales in turn fansite tothe ermaton wth he help of sleepers and ballast. + aay rackis also kxoun a agemanont way. ‘+ Therame permanent way gga dting.ish the fa lyout othe rack om temporary racks, “Temporary racks afar exgusyance oath snd materi during construction wots. + Inapormanent way. ale re jpn i eres by Tih loos and bots and then they ae ted to sleeper by cerent types of aang, [Betta omet 1.1 Dac Se taper enti “+The sleepers propery spaced, tng on bala, are gutably packed an xed wih bast + This layer af baat ress on the prepared subrade ealethe formation. 1.2. Requirements of an Ideal Permanent Way Folwing ie the bt (0 The gauge shoud be untorm augcrrect. Bon mera should be athe ane vel in a sg Gi) Oncueves, proper superelevait aud be providedo the outer ra eshoudhaveereugh ters strength ‘Rane ERE requirments anideal parmcnent way rack,MADE EASY 2 | Civ Engineering Postal Study Package EXT] (0) Tack masthave cin amount of acy. (1). Radiandaupreleaion povad oncunes sau be rope designs (i) jis, points and crossings shoud be propery designe (ui) Orsvage system shouldbe pfs (@) lsteudhave sdequate provision oeasyrenewslsandrepars, (@) The components olrackie.ral, ngs, tpers, bast must fly slit equrement or wtich they apron, 1.3. Gauge of Railway Track ‘The gauge ota ralivay vack’stho clear stance batween he runing o gauge aces he tora (NOTE: The Waring aces ar the races ae ral, we Rave DYES VPS GRIDS Broad Gauge (B9)-> 676m (5H. inches) Metre Gauge NG)» fo00rren(3.3375inches) Natrow Gauge (NS}-+ 762mm (2A Birch) B10 mm (2H) ‘Alege gauge ras the advantage greater vate capscly, speed and salty. Howoveirequresftergacnts and curves. NOTE) SiO nmistor teaser wack gauge Fey Smatlenats of tnd gauge (1435 men) are used nn finial project hd Ki ster Ine engi, For example: Deh eto al Corporation, Factors espnsiietrslacton of gauge: © Costoteonstuction (i) Deveepmert funder developed area (©) Speedo vic movement (Votre sndnatwe of ate (0) Physicaloatures of tne coer NOTE) Onirpotantsectoninind Broad Gaugess petered { Socunanmonnwenanacy [GQ , tmeerencremnerredonntorocnccrameuatens abersometask. 1.4 Load Transfer on a Railway Track + Attecanponens ofa Psy eorequredtotanderherainglosdi nese whitmaninng ‘hepreper positon. ‘+ Ral acs gids to ane wheel loag to sleeper ‘+ Slepertoids the rain corect agement and anethe ed to balest ‘+ Balastestributes lad oer lamaton known as subgrade anda ental oon ground Gimaaam Aaibway Engineering | 3 ben am Sand Soe neom Sten ign ‘1.5 Railway Track Cross-section Tho nal cos ttn a ratnay Yack avo ben sown ne fe gen baw amen a PTF Ts Embartorant depth maar) a7 ee ery 1 ranaaanatanieg "ROE ERS apy ane aaa ES)MADE ERsy 4 | Gull Engineering Postal Study Package EXIE]| | ers secephateteg ptt Tin bem etre Te cessation fa 86 task for engl ne (sve ch A I “oor AT ED) avcive Pe spn eam | am AOS ory E | dee mabe EASY 1.6 161 Postal Study Package FUE] Albay Engetig | 5 ‘ne reese ot 28.6 Thr doe int nating On Cave Tech Fig13 Coning of Wheels and Canting of Rails Coning of Wheels ()Teteado im ofralway vehicles ae ot made fat but are sloped and tis sloping surtace along ‘ne creumierence ees par a.cone wth a slope of about 1 20) This known as coring ot hows. 4 (©) Onekaightandtevel ack the whet emine central and circumference of reads ofbeth wheels se oqual (On the lve trac asthe ene aves towards one ral the diameter of wheel ead over the rai Increase whit decreases verb ce al Tis prevents the urbe movement of ae raveat bck orignal postion wth equal cameters on eq pressure on both al6 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package BUTE] aoe ee 162 163 164 16s () Oncuredtiack, outer whoeins travel greater length fan the ier wheel. Vohicls ona curehas the endoncy to mae ldeways towards th cuter, s the ccumference oft vead onthe cuter raltonars nner edge ofthe whee becomes greater tan taron he eer ral Thishelps cue alto cover agreatercstnoe than henner. (0) Coniiy ot whet» angle bebveen whe! read andhaizonal axa ase, ‘Advantages of Coning of Wheel 4+ helps vic to negotiate curves smocty ; 4+ Tokaop the tain justin cert poston neve rack. + To provide or poestity of sterl movement cf axe wi ts whee + Toprevent whee tom sinpng to some een. + reduces wen and tea oho whee anges, Disadvantages of Coning of Wheel +The pressure otha horzantal cerpenent he oyoenesr netanet edge ofthe alas tendency ‘ower the ral quickly : ‘+The horizontal component the ere tend to un the rl guards an merce the gauge widened emotes, ‘+ fro base pats are provided, oper under the outer edge the rail may get damages Canting of Rails ‘+ tncrder to minimize he cssdvartages dus to cing ot wheel, canting of rls is done which ‘means thal a are not ai lat ut are tod wars, ‘+ Tis reouces wear on thera ae wel as on tne raecot the wheel ‘+The slope the base pate in 20 whicn i alo the elope ofthe wheel ange. + Ting tals canbe achieved by 0 Adzng of sleepers ( Useotcanies base plate Adzing ofteepers + Atgoove taving angle aft 20) boing cuton the top of the sioner. Thera being ates Ino tis groove in sucha manner tat remain fd inthis oeston, + Tis sro angle making in saepers sas to seat the ralisrown as adzng et eeper MADE ERS ERNEMNT] Atay Engineering | 7 Tammany + Ralwayeaakisacarbraion ovals ation despa wcreingen balan and Gade 1 Gauge of aratway rack he catance between tenet aces fhe two ais, D> Breeton tong atrar gga tom, brn {alsogt0 mm) rexpscivety {610mm narrow gauge ior feeder rack gauge, ‘+ Staard gauges 1435 mm ong + Coning of wheels a mothod of lveing the wheels o avoid depreciation othe wheels {2nd caused by Hieion between ms and inner aces ofthe alton + Cantig otras done in order to minimize he averages due to coring of wheels ‘+ Tog of as can be actiove by ster adzing of slopers othe use of canted base ‘pie: *SAgitsenia ect com ran see tebe ¢ ‘Objective Brain Teasers (2.1 Whichofnefosoving factors govemthechsice @.6. Theteadofwheclseprvcecano.tvcd slope 0) var erratic @imo @ ims 0 mentor Gino @ ins (© shy ees ctw xy 7 ‘Wher deck eed taneson one wreasiee tomas Ooo &) wmoeun eae) er {o) oth (a)and tii) — (A) (), (i) anc (ity ie eee 28 Cening ofwhows i provided (@) tocheck steralmovementofwhee's (©) avec damage toner faces of ale (©) toavorsclecomien passengers (6) Alte above 0.2 Fordevtping hint popuated ress, hecorect choice of gauge is (@) BioasGayge —&) Mote Gauge (©) NanowGauge —(@) ary fhe above 13 Thetomaion wothlorasingltinemstegsuge gg For proving be requied tt of al, agzing of track in embankment as adopted on indian eametey ° ‘wooden sleepers, is danetor eral (@) butheadearais ieee een (©) debi headoarate ea 9 tom (©) tat tocea ais 4 Te side sope of embankments fo a ainay ——_‘(@) ary petra tracks gorwraly taken as 2.10 Check rats are provided onnner side of nner fast w 15:1 raf sharpness of 8.6, curve, amore than at L@ne ae oe (0.5 Thetomaten with teradaule ne Broad Gauge oe oe track in cuting (excusing drains) a 2CC6124 —Q,14 Therallaecion whichis rotuseden iiantesd cn nian Raltays i Gauge vacks, @ 610m ©) eam @ aR («oR (@ 021m ( 1082m © 5R @ 558 nda ESSE he SDMADE EASY (0.42 Theratsectonichsnol secon Indian mate set Use cue wack. is ANER 4. Caleta 2A 30n BER 2 Goaltpur ©) 3A (6 «on ©. SCR 3. Nsigaon ie euvetas | CHAPTER 0.18 ninda tras re manactred by p.NERR)—& Seoueoabed (@) openheath process oe een Teco . (8 romero) aber Rails 0.14 n tna always, the ako of ano ead on =) STA wig ofa © 4524 fae @ 42 — : ose Oe 1 @) 2) 3) 4 (2) 5(c) 2.1 Introduction 2.16 Match List! (alway zone) wih List, (@)7..(6) 8: (@)_& (6) 10.(0) 1 pais ontetrackan be considered ae te! dr for be purpose fearing we oad (taoduaneryandsoettconectarawsrby 44" 4p. fd) 13. (@) 14. (@) 15.0) 1a ave made ottigh carbon steel witstane wear ad ear ‘ing codes gn blow het: ——ev1'—OO— 1 Fico monber reve ack wo pal ines a. Functions of Ralls Raisers folowing purpose Te pronaoe a conus endive suas (or movement ol Keay ale eas, nce to ved hazardous conden due woieducion of senor mmr) fo) Provdenasmudhsurace fo keep toon betcon thers and wheal rims) (obese creeses ueto heavy vrtcal loads, tral forces, breaking frees an tremal ae {rae shel bese tobearthe Sosees wihout far) ‘oo. Srosdvanantinaatoa pete abou (oad Yeritesroraltolepersndctrsaquenty feaucos pressure cnbalas\ and mation blo). (Proviso material wich is wang cut ona, 212 Compositionoffailsteel + Rale are genecalyade by open sath process, {Ral oolis comzed of C Mn 1.5.P {Fereceary a tighcabon tel used {Ferra or pons an coesing, medium carton stat isuse. 2.1.3. Requirements of Rails Fal shuld ret flowing euierns: (9 Proper compostonf stot : i) Suit vertical od ltr sti (3) Deepandtardweanng sustace of ead (i) Suen web icine. (0) Sotcint ot hicenes and fo wth, . {i Balanced sti omaeraatalin bead, wed ardoot ot rat fai section shoud be approximately a mie-eigh10 | ci egneing (te (enter lpr» 7oht 08 rales ag Ta 2.2. Rail Sections 22:1 TypesofRailSections The types of ai section whch sve bose ted so far er constuctng alway tacks re 85 ows ©) Doubleheasedrals(0.H ais) (@) Bulnoade ras (8, H. Ps) (i) Patiootedral (Fas) (0) Double headed rit (0. H.R) + These als incicato ho omy stage of evelopment. + ltmsiy consists of tne pars) Upper tae () Web (6) Lowectabie 1+ Bothupper tables and ler abies wore identical + Wen upper tabi gets wom cx, hen the sean be verted and reused, + This ype of allie practcalyout fuse nindian Ray, (W)_ Bullhosded ris (8. H. Rls) 1+ Theret even was hat ot BH, ras Iumainiy const of thee pars (a) Head f) Web (c) Foot Headhaslarger size ten oot So that evo ar wow, can wihetncdavecees, Foot designed nt toturish necessary atengt and stiess to ils ‘ul headed ls re especialy usod for making Polis and crossing. (i) Flat footed ral (FF. Rais) 1+ These rls ar als cle Vigne as afr the nam vent, + Rconssts of tree pats (2)Hoad(b) Web c) Foot. + The ootis preec out oma base (asthe name “lal Footed” eupgest) ‘About 99% oftharallayYacks in the word a ad wit his lama. Inna, at foto ral xo mest commen use Typor of Rall Sections bre eset caren ssten) “sien tieen” | saben MADE EASY PEST ally Engineering | 11 ‘Advantages of lat Footed Ralls: + Noveauirement of chars er keys (asthe oot of he ais cect spiked othe looper) + This am frais ster bot vertcaly ane aay then ho fullheaded al of equa weight. + Lesalabie fo develop kinks (ainiain amore regular top surace than the al headed ail) + More cheaper than tie BH, Ras ‘+ Dstbutosthe train ad ovr aleige number al sleeper hie resuts in greater track stabi) Disadvantage of Fst Footed Ralls: *Duetolmpsctot ting whoel ads, ting getcooened more Keauenty (NOTE iii, slandardongiol als oo 120m or8.G and 11a fer eter DRE 222 Details of Stidard Rall Section “Types of sg n use 0) tshiffvays (98S sectons-Revises Brith Standard specication) (@)75A,7 bate) (©) 907 0 sy) (9 SACS bata) @ edanraiways {@) 60k (UC section Union trations des Chemin defer ItranalUrionot Raia) —sutablefr speed uno 100k, (0). S2kgim(IRS secton-Incian Ray Stender) — sutabl fo speed upto 120k. “Types of section in use in India (Ral secten'n use on 8G (@) 60kaim[UIo} (© sexgim Rs) (©) 90F (90s ~ 45 g/m) (RBS) (8) Lngh-13m (@) ai sectonin use on (2) 80R (20 1646) (o) 75A(rS:0y6) (©) 60R (e014) (@)_Length-12m (13m incase of 90R rie) (3 Ra Seton in use on NG (©) sor (Soraya (©) Lengeviem "WOE: Faso larger longi av prolrad io amar longi las gives mov arena BoOnaTy and losternumberof ots between tworals 223. Selection of Rails Various considerations nseecten of ara ection (@) Gavgesrtrack ©) Heaviest aq iood {@) Maximum pemizeibe speed (8) Type and spacing seepess (©) Deptnetbatast cushion (0) Maximum pemissite wearon op of ras (5% of weight of als alowed)mabe easy 12 | Git engnesting “Thumb Rule: The relationship betwean weight fal and heaviest xe lad, which ais havo camry Maximum ad oad = 560 x sectional weight fa (inst or kgf) CCaleulste maximum aioload intnnss @) ForeDegin 0) Foxo0n 2.3. Wearin Rails + Wears orecothe prominent detec othe ral {Wear ofthe surface ofthe ramen ether the lop othe rl head ose ofthe rahead or endoh therahead gets removed 23.1 MajorReasons of the Wear + Extraordinary rgetoad + Hignspesdirains + Concentatadioad which are excesing the elastic so the el secon. + Gapatiteralons + Sipping, keking er string of anges cn curves, 232 Classification ofWear Cariicaton of wear canbe done othe following bass () Based antocaton tough which passes. (@ Based on postion of wear (0 Bases on looation though which ral passes Flowing are certain spect locaton slong te wack which may Induce the weasng of hs rai sector {@)_ Starpcunes (ue toappcaon cf cenvtugl forint cuted ection) {©} Stoop cracons(uhentrain is going up eta i reauiedin pug ile in going down, ‘era afatis required in pushing) (@Aoproachestostaen (vt raking or acceleration) (@)_ Intel and coastal areas (auotohumisty anc weate eet) (© Wetton (oats leet oa yy ()_ Based on positon of wear COnthe bese of potion, wer canbe athe tool thal head. ee eral head endothe raineas (2) Wear atthe top ofthe ral Head + Flowotimetat {concanvated sess excends the lati mit and hence te plastic Bom) + Rubbing action onthe top of ral aad {vecause of movement of ang stock at that ston) | Rorasivsetoniooresve action {abrasive + duetorubbing actin ol iterenttypes co matric) tectofwesherorchoricals) {eorrstcn-ore related ovarcs the abe SREY ay ih aed as —_ eaeenpaictonrs) eT Roltway Engineering | 13 + Improper suparelvaontcontriugal tree (duotounbalanced forces on tho inner ant the ote allsection, here wilde more ees ‘stone cation compareste athe cation, acing io wearing) + Sipping wrees on curves + Fluctuations intracks (cteotesexace regulars lading to lscominulty nthe contactbetween whesandral andhance wearing oso) + Lacket provisions of aang of slaspers (sade to stking behaviour athe point contac belween wheel ard the al section) (&) Wosr atthe sido of the rail tea "+ Fgity of wheelbase {to srkng ofthe whl tango on the inner side ofthe utr al end inside ofthe Inner rl atte leading section ote ling soctentecing to wear) + Slppinglkiaingo wheel on curves (hee! best spt he equloum conclon towards average claeter of he whee leading woe) “+ Gresar tmustanioner ro {(duoto speed esse than the quitrum speed) Wear at he ond ofthe ral head + Looee fh laos fish to (voto relative movement! heal sectors, theres a sviking behaviour of whee onal head) ‘+ Heavy fad at high speci (impact vanslemecet pando heal head wa high) ‘+ Efectat wide joints and ppenings (three mate contact tween he wheel and the orvardalleaing to westing) + Diferece incl elgg ewe {hogging eet when wtetmcves om higher veto lower ve: wie ower evo | Pigherovl, maverantot eal gectn is infonardcireston duet htzontl component «) ct fro) 233. Permissible Limits of Vertical Wear be21 + [Sea [enue [Gap oh | taal wr 3) @mwnae = se | Gages ‘Measured ata cctance of 1-18 rm below he 1 tp tabi, Profle of worn-out als recorded ancl suparimpotedover anew profi datetinolgtera wear14 | Giil Engineering MADE EASY PT) ees 234 Prevention of Wear 24 25 26 Flowing athe waye of preventing wear: + Betermintnancectirack + Reducing rumbol ots + UspolheatieranchignerUTSrat sectors + Useotbearing plates (edzng of separ) ‘+ tworcating gan face + Using checkraisen sharp cuves + Tackronenat + eerchanging ner and outer 38s + Weldingorcetogsingotbaterdends + Martonaneeofcatect gauge Hogged Rails 0 Ouetobatoring acon ofwhnelsoverthoendal the ral, the ri get bent down ange etetes atthe eras, (@)Trshogalng at ends is eve io loose packing une th ois andor loose sh late Femedial Measure: . (9 Hogged ends are cut an rsh holes for thing fh plates are provided —croping Hoggedrals ae entrlyreplaced, 5 (Defected onds are brounhtotews ty welding Buckling of Rails ‘+ means wackhas gone cu ois xgina alignment ' + IRhaopene when expansion of a a temperature varaton i proverted Remedial Measures: ‘+ Balas, Seopar anda eacons must be checked or design. + Providing ste! sleeper qc 1+ Prosionof expansion gop + Notvery song iohtening of eh ot Welding of Rails ‘The welding of ral is cated out depot of he "Fash but walang” process anc tse by the “ThermitWeldeg' process. in ganeral tere are four wecing metho 0) Gaspressure wong (i) Fash outweding Types of Welded Track Welded tracks canbe classified as shot welded, long welded rails and continuous welded ale, (0) Short Wilded Rall (SW) + Wisawelded rather contacts andexpands treughentits engl huspreducing excessive thomasvestes, + Normally 3, Ser f0ralonghs sre wold oper (@_ectricare welding ormetal arc welding) (W) Thermitwecing mape EASY Rainvoy Engineering | 15 + Short welded i of mora than3 alongs prosuceshigher hema skresses, so thesehave ‘en edo 3a lena + thas along upto 130 metres. (i) Long Welded Fa LWA) + isa welded conta parol wich does ret undergo snylngtudnal movement veto terperaura changes + Along weloecralcontinue o expand atts end fra parca length tiladequsteresisting forces gets developed towards the cent + _-etageis cached whan ata paicular length ofthe al em sends, theresstanceofeed bytvackstucture becomes equal healchanges. + Thptpie ne movement of al beyond this point 1 lengh greater than 250 m.on BG. anc S00 m en MG, wi roma functon as LWA, + Mygbeninan errno sat berearaetaene bk +The lengh at each end af the LWA (or CHR) wbich is ubjctedto expansoricontaction on sccountcttemperatize changes icaleabreathinglengh, + Anexpensionpintnstated at each era of LR (or CW to permit expanscrycontaction a the adjoring breathing lengths due to temperature changes is calle such expansion jit (se) “+r ale are sometimes provided in lace of SE at he nd of LR fr CR) 4+ thas alengtvupto 1000 mene (i) Continvously Welded Rails (OW + is atighercatogory of HR + ttmay be ofaengt greater tan 1000, + cntines though station yardsnetuding point and crossings. + requteshemrymsiienance chen Meese) ene — nastnge ayn —— ig22 ihe os gra Tre purpose of carving te oad Ralsbrovide econtnuous and leveled aut, best recees dueto forces lng various plane an due tothe eects Fis are ade up of CM, Si §, ign carbon steois used incase o ordinary ste hile mec carbo sees used for (aoenonm ance oe Pl ane Bre Theory with Solved Exam16 | Chil Engineering ERE) * Debi sae. treason an a ole ete yes oad cia fecconstucting aay tracks + Wea ofthe surface ofa means wear a te top. side crn of altnasa + Wear canbe overt by resuong eurbar s,U fbearing pats, sing check raison sharp cuves, erenenaing inne ardoot als, dehogging el bare enas te, + Uiisasldedsatwose caneiporen does ei ay eras inert scoountoltemeeratue change 1+ SW expande and cerract hvoushou senate, ‘+ CHR higher category of WR. cosines lton yar boing pots and crossing, + Baterng oer onds sul hoggec as, 1 Taek goas ou of elgniant ino expansion goa provided Objective Brai feasers 1 Twoimponareconstuets inthe conection of stoelusad orate (@) catonanasiicon (@) manareco and phospnrous (©) cattonansmengieese (6) carbonandauohur 02 Thostendardiensh oral er Broad Gouge anc Note Gauge ae respectively (@) 1emard 12m (©) 12rmand 13m (@) 13mand 12m (9 13meatam 0.3 Thetcllowrg tees ae conduct eras: (ating weight ost ) tonsio test (ui) narmertest The computsery iste we @ enive) (andi (2 Mande) ——(@) Ghana 24 Largest percent @ toad (©) foot pel msteialinte alist (@) web () heat andi ty 25, The puxpose of pecng fil in ara secon (@) increase te latralevength (©) revesse he vercal sess (©) avoisinesteeseoncenation (6) recucotnewear Gy reer set res RE ERT QS s2kg alls are mest usadin {@) BoadGauge (0) NutreGauge {) NerowGauge (6) bomn(a)ando) 17 Tene stongth of stool usedinade shou not boos than (a) 4s0NPa () soos (eo e0Nee (0 S:0WPa 8 Head with of Kg a sections @ 13am () eS7rm © 87mm (@) 7238mm 29 Ordinary ais are made ot (@) mid tet (0) castion (©) wrcugttion —_()nihhcarbon tet (0.10 The main function oa tent is (2) topin he pias togetor {0) tojoin atthe sleeper (©) tatow ra ip expend anc contract rely fa) none oft above 0.11 Wnber of fish bole pe fh plat i @2 oa @s oe 12 Duotobaterngactinet wbeslecverthe end thera, orale gto onmand ar ict tends. Theserais are called {@) romingraie——() hoggedaie (©) comstedrals —(d) buckedrais ~ adept) mabe EASY 2.13 Theslopinget diving whecs tocar on therlle surface causes (@) wheetburs| (©) scabbing ras 0.14 The with fot fo 0a sections ©) hoogingot ra {corrugation oes (@ 100mm (@) 1222: (65mm = (6) 1460 (0.15 Thofsight thera for 524g ral sotonis (a 143mm (©) 156mm (@ tem @ 129mm 0.16 THe oa gap on both sides bemesn holst edges of hoe! fanges snd gauge faces othe ralishoplas @ 10mm ©) 19mm (© 18mm @ 19mm 0.17 Ona sing ra rack, goods ans foaed wih hey ron materia in arin rom Ato B and then empiywagoneruntemBtoA Thaaeunt olereep inthe ale {a} wil be more inne dcton o B19 (0) vilbe mare nthe drecion of Ato {© wit be madirum eth mide of Aand B {0} cannot ae determined tomthe gen data 2.18 Which one othe folowing rl atures caused ‘bylase tis bots ae expansion jos? (@) cusbodesd (©) angular break (© splines (ch wanevercetsoues 0.19 Wear otras is maxi int (a) tangentvack(@) sharpeuns (e) tunes (6) coestalrea 0.20 Ral section fst designed on Inian aways, (@) covelohoades (©) bulheased| (€) attocted (@) (0) (@) simutaneousl. (0.21 Wath ofthe tp portion ofa at footed, ) 650mm (196,521 (@) 6985mm (@) e877 eo) alway Engnering | 17 (0.22 Buheaded als are panera provdodon (@) ports andoreesing (0) sraigntangents (©) curved racks () mate gauge racks (0.28 Weightanccrass ection others are diced @) gage ctiacks (o) speedot ans (©) spacingot sleepers (@) Alto abow 0.24 cn fread Gagemsinines wen maxinamtatic leads the ral section preferredto @) 2981037:34gim (@) $25t0425kglem (@ 447:0568kgIn (oh Nene nese (225 On Ind Rawaye standart length of als or 8G. wack is (@) 33% (1006m) —(&) sBAKIOS7 Mm (©) san(1189m) —) a2n(12em) 0.26 On Incan Rallays etandarlongth of als for MS. tack i (@ 33n(1006m) fo) 36N(1097m) (@,39n(t129m) —(@) a2n(t2em) 0.27 Onin Raiways, the approximate weight of aralleectin geteemined om th forma weghtoftherail (9) Sialiead eocomeatve "70 5 =elgeinerat_ ©) Gaalload oflocomoive ~ 410 9 _ssittatenal (©) Sialtoad of locomotive ~ 560 woh fer (9) aitoad of ocomotive ~ 610 0.26 Therais getouttthseriginal postions dveto ingufcint expansion ga. This phenornerans rounae (@) hogar (©) bucking (creping (6) Nonectthese18 | Chil Engineering MaDe ERss a ee aan meee ied ren psoas ice: | eee ce | Histol : fang mn Aces L@ 20 30 40 50 ee eR nape Sleepers ee eee andl 4. nner sid fete raiton the cuve Ey cin sara Baotes ABE EASE <@ mo ea mo) me ole aa soe 5 2 (0) 276) 26.0) 29.) 3.1. Function theepers eee nee yen raresesrece tere of baat, (i) act a.an ease medium betwoon rasan the ballast to absct the blows and vibrations of moving eas (0) Ttoowdes longue ard lteral laity tthe permanant way pana oy ony “i tivaitsections ae not being supported eve into the Balas @ sleepers er not elaine deletion ill keep on neeasing anny the tack vwatbecame equa inshape. c 3.2 Requirements of Sleepers () ita cost ae wet as martenance cost should be nia (i) shoud ofmaderate weight, Gi) Ping and removing fastenings shouldbe easy 7 (i) There shoud be sfc beaing rea or athe sleeper. So as to resist crushing duet raise (0), Maintenance sheulbecasy. (6) Tackeircuting should be posse. (oi). Aettheand ant sabotage quate could be present. ' (si) shoud be capable of essing shacks and vibrator dus to heavy fads ‘ 3.3. Sleeper Density and Spacing of Sleepers 1+ Sleeper dens isthe umber of slaepers pr unitaillerath 1 His spoctiod ag Nor M+ where, Nor igh ase mets oryard,lsthe number varying according the factors F eC ed Theory wih Saved anolesey eresea a a ae =e "*" Sr nS OR RT a IT eels ctyan eae JG) 9 Bares tee err a er aie “ARG wack hae a sleper density fn 6 ifthe wack sald with weldecrais | ‘of 26 m length. Find out the no. of sleepers required for constructing a railway track of 1690 cn. | oper density = 190 no. of equa +90 | vf aepate = No, aie x Sleeper Senty = 100% 19 «2470 por donsy © $9empies 19 eoapersperrllengih 3.4 Types of Sleepers The sleeper which ae mos usedin icin al (Wonder sloaers (i Cation lescars ) soctseplll, Oo) Cones BAL Wodensloeers re once dee an tgmsage cline yh tsseses eidiordsoapere +S Sow leopars + Dood, Chie (Cheap anceasytomaruactue Very uel ees leeds and high speed wai (8). bso eke 95d dampens voraons roped nes Be ce ee MADE ERSY | MADE ERSY Baitway Engineering | 24 (i) Cen behanced easy without damage (0), Algamenteanbe corectod ess (0) Canbeueed wh or witout bast (vi). Moet stable fr wack cating (i) SuPable nth areas having ylng formation + Dsacvartagos cf woooen sleepers (@ Danetnalntainthe gauge acutely (i) Eaety e2velop cracks wih bate packing (i) Susoaptbioto trehazards {w) ‘tras eser led to waar, decay sr atack by vermins (0). Serapvaisistow } + Thesizoof sleeper for BG. M.G., LG. ae wel as bearing area per sleepers a oiows (Gas [a te Bovina won pr cer ine] Bo [reas 500 + Wooden sleepers required for bridge and pons and costings are thicker section. a NO"K6" ce 10°27" "Tere ain wd locprs Soule ad wh eapwond sae upwards andhesrtucodide domwaras. SAL Composite SleeperIndex(Cst) : 1 C&l used to lcokat te stent characteris and the suitably othe parte ber used in ‘wooden lopers. + 651i given by oloning formula ‘S104 2 eerl stent toute botn iron ancy rer al 12% moisture content Sepaal harness tigate both er green and dry tbs at 12% moisture contort i csi “+ Minimum CS! ereciibéd on indian Rua 1s as flows: ) Trackeleepe 9768 (8) Crossing sleeoer + 1952 (i) igs soeper 1455 342 SteclSleopers [About 20% of trace on Indian Rays ie on stl lpers. They arin be lor of steel tough on which as are xed by keys oreo ats, vantages of sto! sloopore: (@ €aey maintainance and ajsment gauge compared other sleeper (i) Easy to handle (ae hey are ight weight compared io ihe sleepers) (i) Smpleprocess of manuactring22 | Civil Engineering MADE ERsy | To) () Lengerite (0). Beter lateral sigiaty (1) roo tem decay and etackby veins (i) Noteusceptbe to fre haze (i) ood seap valve Disadvantages of sta! slepers () Proneteceroson (i) Develop cracks ata seater neariugs (i) Ussutabieforrackeieuiing (W)Can ent be used for type ae or which tie manufactured |) Dovslop the tendency tobecoms contre bound (oscaus ct slope at both ends) 342.1 Key Type Stee Sleepers : "nti type ct stopers, gs ot jaws are pressod cut of metal al keys are used fo holding tha al, These ae of wa types: © Lugtype © Looeejaw ype ‘Los reformed by pressing ou heel ofthe chanel ston whieloces law ypeisan improvement on proseed vg pe 242.2 ClipandBolt Type Sleepers + Cips and bots are used orhlcing the a, ‘+ Gracs are not deveopedin te sooper the hale for ine bole sal enc cul + Requis four cps and four bos fr hating each al 343 Clsleepers (Cast ron Sleepers) Ci sleepers ar ether of peype or plata ype ‘Advantages of Cl slooper over steal rough sleepers © Leser corrosion @Lesserkabio to crac ata set @) Esicrtomanulactre () oper scrap valve (0). Retain algront wel de tokee atte oto Diendvantages of Cl sleepers ovr sic! trough sleepers © Gauge maintenance i cut (ase bar gets ber) (© Afr esse tcl staity (@)_Unsutabiotor tack crcuitadtines 0) More susceptoioto breakage They roof olowing ype: 0 Potsleepers Paste stopers _ Gi) CST asseopere (2) Duplexraiteeointseepurs Aaihwoy Engineering | 23 mabe EASY MENT) 3.43: Pot Sleepers + Tee conatsttwotellw toms cor pot of creular of elipical ‘shape, placed inverted on the bast secon + Two pot are connected with the help of cotter and git (the projecting rm + Ralls placod onthe top of tho potin alco witha cantol in 2Dandis held in postion th he help of ama + teamgbe ged on cunes sharperthan&* on BO, + vost pitas are hidaen and nen inspection andmaintenance fe quite dieu, + Tishas become obsolete now 343.2 Plate Sleepers ‘+ Icons ofa plate wih mension of ao #84 om x 905 0m, + Itprevies an etocve bearing area ct0:292 sqm under each + The pate provided with a projcing rb undsmeatnto havea grip inthe ballast. + erica tines ar provided agonal onthe top of he plate +The plates are connected across he rack by mean of aero 3.433 CST9Sleeper(Central Standard Tral-9) + tis conbinaton of plat, po an box seepet + 9ST 9standslorcental standard slepers “Thisramecamestramthe diferent nunber oes which hasbeen caridcxtinte aboatres of rallesys where arent typeof cecons en ferent ypes of daigns relate io cast ton sleeper hasbeen ea 'o,in is scion, iis the hia which nas been avecossu + Ithas tianguar inverted pot cote ether side of he rai eat, a plate withthe projecting band bax en thetop of he pate, 1+ Thopieces ara connected across he ack by means ro, + Ail seat or char is provided 0 held the fat foted or ul headed ral respectively with 1 in aoeart + Sallontestrs of ST 9 stapes ae (@ Thetibaristestenedo the plate by means of four standard cote, ‘Swalvrigionn gauges is coecod ty means cot. (i) Thera eeathas 1in 20 cant and only 114m wide, Tisnaron beating tends toreducenerocking ofthe sleape pate unde the wave maton ot thecal (single two way kes provided keying of the bast inthe tao packets, ‘Theory with Solved Banos KD28 | Clu Engineering (i) Leterat tb is proved! by keying up of the bast in the wo packets. Adatonal anchorage ie MADE EASY fc by @ hee provided conta along te ra (0) he eating area i appresmataly ex tote bering area of wooden iepers 3.43.4 Duplex RailFree Joint Sleepers + Duplex lee jin sloopers have been pred under the rl js n wack ai ith CSS steeper. + Tisied eto prevent cantilever actenbtwean the two suppor ole sleepers aie it 344 Concrete Sleepers There ar twotypee ol conerete sleepers () Peiforced conerete sleepers (@) Prestessedconcrele seepars Reinforced concrete sleepersar ol wotypes © Troughiypesteepess (i) Composte te type pars fe seepets cancininate Inthistype,conceteis put under vey igh intl compression. “The design of presrasued concrete sleoprisbased.on (0) Themasimum permiastble compressive song ol 211K {@) Mirman cube crusting stent of concatei the Seeper is 42 halon? at 28 days (i) Prestressed wies ave sessed an iis tess of 882 kalo? ‘hack absorbing pad is provides a the ralloat prevent concteta sleeper dishiegate, anc ao to preventhard ring Gl iesitscnsionne: rantoacks lrenercedconcroia Soopers TRBE ERS w MADE ERSS ERENT 4A Tuagh pe RESerper ee cea earnest orm aly Engineering | 25 3442 CompositeTieType Sleepers 1 Iheonst fo ACC blacks connected bye etl of inverted Fsecten, {These sleepers are not subjcted to ary dogree of ela ses as in through ype. “The sleepor deneity for @ BG back If N+5. Find the number of sieepers | requtedfor 1 km of track length. Sol: | Corl rallr ep ack 28mersuy 8m | senor dnavisN +5 | | Snorer daoparsundor each gl = 13 +5 28 | ‘mot acklengh reautes nantes | sexi Sin. ofslooperrequkodtor 1 (1 t= 1000moiack ng = "EO wta646 = 1395 | Summary + _Sooporie + ippor or Gs nda oun loa arr toa bso: Hane BRS! “Theory with Solved Examy cnc26 ax a2 as as | Gilt Engineering Postal Study Package ELIE] MADE ERSY + Theta ou ty08 of slopars ae wenden, sta, castron covers lepers 1+ The ze of sloapes or BG. MG, NG. at 278 x 25 x 19 em, 180 x 20 x 115 0m, 10x 18x 150m, “+ Unestec wooden slopers shoul bo lad wi sapwood side upwards and heart wood se downwards. + Compost sleeper inde is used i ook atte srongh characteristics and sutabiiyot verbo, + Minimum CS preerbecon ncn Rabway ewe leper resin slosper and bdo ‘deeper are 782, 1382and 155 espectvey, + estos pat combination ofa, pot ard box sooner. + Duplex al efit leopers ave provided urider he ral ons tects ai wih CST-9 seeps “+ Breahingknginisthationgh ol LVR or CW which s sublet 0 expanscniconracton ‘naccountollempersturé change ‘+ Sutch expansion oti intl at each and of LF or CF to permit exoansion correction of be aging treating length t ‘Buller rads re a sto als provided in place SE a th ands of LVR (oe CHF Objective Brain Teasers ich ofthe flowing types of slopes is Peterrodon ois? (@) CST-Beboper (0) stool ough slope (©) wooden per (@) concreteslooper ‘Sloper destin nia is normaly kept as (@ Meziome7 (o) Mion? (@ MeSioms 0 om For a Broad Gauge route with Atv? sloopee density, numberof sloepersperallngth is oe ® on oa Standard san ct wenden sogpe fr BroadGaug8 trackie| (9) 275%25. 190m (6) 120.205 115 om (©) 225%23x 180m (6) 250%26 x 0m as as a7 on as TRE ene a CO Camas soeperindexis the index of (@)hacress and stength (0) svenginand cughoess (© toughness and wearrestance (@) wearresstanceandhardness Meir composts sleeper index prescribed ningian Raways ora rack looper is @ 2 (723 © we (@ 85 At points and crossings, the total number of Seepers for {in 12tumouts in Broad Gauge fe (st © 2 on om Mata slepes are superior to wooden sleepers vith expect (@) cost (6) backeiostng ait 1 (8) fastening Censirthefolovingsatmerts abet concrete ‘sleepers. (1) ey improve the tk mods (2) rey rave god serap valve mabe ERS {@) they tender wanspotaion easy (@) they manain te gauge qute salstactoy {a} Tand2arecorect (8) 2endSarecorect {o) Sanddarecorect (3) Yandareconect (0.10 Fer a sloeper dns al (+5), the mabe of ‘looper required ereonsactg abroad gauge rea ack feng 80 mis @ 95 918 (@ 9 o 0 (0.11 Bestwonstr woodion sleepers is (@ oh (0) ceodr sal 5 (teak yr ete, the ruber of 5 gnerally vases rom ® (a42)010+4) © (xajro(0+5) 212 Fristengn sleepers per al f@ nioin+2) © warn 8) (0.13 Minimum packing space provdedbatwcen WO ‘soopars is between fa) 201025em ——(b) 25t000m fe) s0to35em —(@ 5t04d0m (0.14 The slandareldemensions of a wooden sleeper fora BG. alway rack: (a) 274m 25emx Bem (0) 183mx200mx Tem (@) 152mx 1enx toon (6) 175emx2emx team (0.15 The standard dimensions a a weodon sleeper eet. alway wack re (a) 274mx25emx 190m [183m 20emx thom (6) 152m 35emx 10cm (6) 175mx20enx 120m 0.36 Sand Hare srg andhardnoss index timber at 12% moisture conten, ths composts sleeper inde fe T2079) eihay Engineering | 27 4 108 s+ 10H @ 0 mS+H s+ 20H oR we 0.17 Compost soeperindex determines (@) numberof sleepers pe alingth (6) sutaoliy of wenden sleepers (6) permissible svessesin soa sleoper (€) Nene ofthese (0.18 Momum composite sleeper index for wooden oopars used over ridge ars, @) 185 © 155 (e255 @ 15 (0.19 Minimum compose sieper indo for wooden ‘decpare used in tosses 5 @ 12 1a 192 (@ 1482 (420 For inspection ana packing of ballast, each pot _aopers provid wih (@) onehole (©) twoholes (©) teecholes (6) fourhates 2.21 By interchanging lbs and cotters of & pot ‘Sooper, gauge may beslactened by (@ 12mm (©) 22mm (@ 82mm 18) 2mm LO 2@ 3 40) Se 6 ©) 7.6) 8) 9 (0) 10.0) 11 @) 12) 13. © 14. @) 15.0) 36. (©) 17. (&) 18. (@) 19. (©) 20,00) 2. (0)(CHAPTER Ballast and Formation 4.1 Ballast and it’s Functions Blasts layer of broken stones, ravelor sand kankar ta and packed below and around sleeper Function of ballast (Distros th aad rom the sleeper to he formation (©) Provides asutabefoundstion forthe slaopers (i) Protete he top eutaceoffamasion by prvcing coarse aggregates wih panty of voids (i) Holds he sleeper in positon ard proven he aera and longitudinal movernant eto dynamic and vibrating aad of move tin (0). Provides elas tote wack (Provides essy means of corectng wack lvls ad agnment (vi). Provides good drainage a to track. of Good Ballast (@)Shoulsreset crushing under dyarric lads ould et be tl) (@) Should have esitance to abrasion and wearing (no-perus (Gi) Shoud provide ongudinal ad ator stab (stones hou nga anc ro Fa) {i} Wate that enters the las must rain of and voids choi be big gnbugh o prevent capianty (onan unter etabaty ar elastic rack) 7 (0). Should be capabieo being cleaned of al dust hat gets formed io provide good cainage (a). Should be chosen fom nearby quae (to have reduced costo supp) 42 26 usually ore durable) Nore Olsniypos ot bales used india we (@) Broken stone (b) Grow! (@ Sind (@) Cinderer hos (@) Soft aggregates ke moorun, kankar and brick sls (0 Sebcted ears Gi isons COMET Z005} 4.3. Specification of Ballast 43:1 Speciation based on Quality (0 Shouldbeherdandcxabie 10). Shodd notwear ou due topical easone (©) Shovibs tos temiprgan andorgane residues 4632 Specification based on Top With and Depth of Cuslon {+ Thodepthof valastis en important ator for lad bearing capactyenduniiomiy ltd dition, “+The with of batasayeifluoces te alr strngth of rack, AaibvayEngincring | 29 Nore “Wim depth of bates sccion Ax 0) Asse bed depart ot acl, A (0) Bepin ide sich hat prion tos do et vera. 4521 Speciation {Top wd varies between 3960 mma 1880 infor broad gauge and narow gauge. (i) Inthe case of broad gaoge, thernis« asslcstion as A, 8, C, Dand E whereas inthe case of Teneo tec ann swacicinin stor | eee ‘In the case of B, Cand A,, itis:250 mm. i wae Deets in the case of Dand A, itis 200.qm. Son ns Gps Se Inf oe of Ean ti SO foe. | cEnetemenau 432 Specifiation based on Physical Properties (0) Abrasion test vate atthe maxing can bs 20% (impact valve atthe maim canbe 20% Ui. Blongetenindex and Flakinessingx athe msximumcan be S0% {Specie gravy at aru vel canbe 2.65 (0). Maximum wer asrpon canbe 10% f= BALAST ASE i oe ow30 | Chil Engineering Fa.4.1 Cosssacioncarawaytack BEEIND snseosserinsnieciorgam tno cases | | ‘eoper spacing I 65cm and width of sleeper is 25 em. Calculte minimum depth of ballast required. Sotto: Dispersion lagram: seepr sper) where, B= Deptnotbalast S= Stsper spacing We With ol slaeper | Fromfoue | mane ERSY Sovmhimen pl elated 20m, 4.4 Keywords Related to Ballast 6) Pecing tite campus cui oi owe dope sec (0 Sxngs te late es bts he eet ioe leper ro ae cu, 3) See (att pores bt ote ado dpe ack isthe process ot renewing the bata! socton which has dograded. 4.5 Formation and its Function ‘+ Fermaton ete trm usesta denote the surface formed atthe op ot embankments bette ct the cuting foray 038 ne “+ Itisalso called subgrade. + Wethotine tomation depends on (The numbe of gauges to be lad side by sie © Gaugetype + Tetndanstandara have made olowingecommendsons ar fomaton width s van intabl [eerie sede re eo | ae | am | — )Oaae re toe | os | ra | 2 a ge | (3) Single tow sao | azr | ass | — | (nie te soos | tan_| tor [154 “+ Function ffomation are a flows (9) Provdeeaameeth and untombed an which aiway rack can be a (@)_ Bears thotoad taremiod tit rom the Seeper trough te secten ol the bata. (@) Totes dtinage (i) Te provide stabi oto rack, (9) Torevent last tom parting ino oration, ‘+ Thehsigh ofthe enbarkmentar he depth of cuting depend upon the ground contours anche oratontadote, clved amples KD) Wane eau apa32 | Civil Engineering mADE ERSH 4.6 Subgrade Improvement ‘Metned adopied lor subgrade improvement ae: Bankating i) Gretieg (i Sorapating (6) Procastconerete mats OTE: Sibgrads roverae aod alagiade oneal haan oa Fpateale am eOTe GTN) ‘aye fankating lanat of noncoheewe sol between he subgrade andbaast secon mprove th bean anc ‘rainage proper, 46a 462 Sand Piling Jes about 30 erin caeter anc. tam indaph ae civ vertical ite suber by div wooden ples anc thn aking hem out + Holes arene filed wit ears “+ These sand piles provides mechanical yp ahd dainage. Inverted ites are provided iow the bala layer as sobaseforefocve danage rom sine es 463 Grouting + Consist of caret and sana mixed with wale 6 mae skery + Sabitoee the woak i + Usscio aii ane etrengthan te ene suborad ‘Thora of eamentto sane may very 11f0 1: 12 end even mare. + Theiiecienpoinisare placedat Sto 1m nstaggeres poson atbothends oh separ, 44 Pre-east Concrete Mats Havebeen used between the ballast sacton and ip of subgrade obtain an even distin of leaden the balls ote subgrade, rato one grate van haar BP napooaa ‘Summary = le, round Beeps Balt ibis tho tom stoopar to frration Top wish otal! vases beboen 50 mn to 1850 menor BG ar NG Peking ithe compacta ballast cushion ac ele the laos asp gracton {ovine he looge bas piace en the sie he sloperso prod ltr stably {alas rib the loose halt baton the wo adjacent sleepers inthe rack Fomationisthe tem usta denote he surface fed atthe top ofthe embark or ‘he bole of he cuting, Formato socalled sugbrade. *Meods acpotd or subgrade imorovéraent are barking, sand piling, grouting. precast concrtemats ‘with Solved Examples ABE RSS Gren ‘wawmadeeasypublications.org ) Aaitway Engineering | 33 & “Objective Brain Teasers (0:1 Theferaton wth oraraway ack depends cathe 0 ypeotgqu0e (i) umber of racks obo lad side by side (i slope of ides of embanieentor ting ‘Te corectansieris f=) ont) (©) batn() ana) (0) beth (and @ O.@ardcin (22 Minimum depth of balls oushion for a oad (Gauge wooden siepe of iz0278 x25 130m ih 75cm seeper spacing is (a) 35cm ©) 200m (©) 2em (@) Sem 23. The ominal siz of balls used for points and crossings 6 (@) 25mm (8) 4mm (© 50mm (@ 10mm (0.4 Who ati ection for Broad Gators @ 183m () 225m {9 335m (6 430m 1a. Wich ofthe folowing ststomontsvegerding ballast rata re comect? 1 Brick ballast has poor drainage characterises 2, Goal ashis et used as bal with stootor castronsiepers., 2 Gravel bast lve beta perfomance on softtormaton 4 Sand ballast causes excossive wear ontop otal Selet ne correct ansinor singe codes gen eon Codes: (a) 1and2! (©) tenes (e) tana (o) 2 danas 6 Packing of alatis done (@) nearthe ands a seepers 1b) onthesheuioos (©) under doopers (6) batwoentworae 7 Boxing of blasts done (a) under rats (&) atterais {6) tnbetwacn Wworals (6) nbetweon wo sleepers 8 Fortattotom soepes maximumsiz ofbalast (@) Som (@) 40mm (© sm (@) 25mm 2.9 Formataleieopers wthroundosedes maxim size falas, s (@ 50mm () dom © mm (6 25mm £2.10 Forpaintsancroasings, maximum sae baat, @ somm () dom (@ pom (6) 25mm 0.11 Sand may be used as balst fo: fa) booceneleepers (0) stelstoopers (6) Gaston doopers. (@) ale above (0.12 Best ballast contains stones varying in size fromm f@ 4Somto3en—(b) 200mto4cm (@ 20emlo5em (9 25amio6on 0.19 tris wot of sleeper, sis slosperspacking and oie depth f ballast then aa @ ae @ ot 0.44 Minimum depth of ballast prescribed for B.G. trainee of ncn alleys is (@) 200m © 150m (em (6) 300m oo)34 | iil Engineering 0.16 Foreven cetibutonctload treughbatact oad sporsalis assumed ae (@ artotheverical (b) 450th veical © sr totevorical_ (6) Noneot hase 2.16 I eeeper density is M+ 7 fo 13m ra, he ‘miriam depot balastunder weedon seepers @onx tem) s (@ 150m (@) 200m (© aan (@ S00 2.17 Tho standard with of ballast fr 8.6. rack in Inean aways, kept (@ 335m ©) 353m (@ 220m (8) 253m (0.10 The standard with of bala for MG. tack in Indian Relays, is ep (@) 335m (@ 230m ( asam (250m (19 Mtn List (alasporion whist Furcion) land select the correct ars by using codes ‘von below te tse: ust Balt cucton Shoulder baie Cribbatest Ea balaston st poe 1. Stabity agains centivga ores Provides resistance tthe ngtinal veackmaverart 8. Provides eistancetothelaterl movement cf tw ack 4. For dstibution of curves oad on the formation codes: A'B COD @t234 M213 4 @4s24 @s424 Anewers 1.) 20) 20) 41 5) 6) 7) BE) 9) 10.66) 11. (@) 92: (@) 13. (2) 14. (0) 15.0) 18. ©) 17. (@) 18. (€) 19. (e) _worwadeeasypublications.org ) 5a CHAPTER Tracks Fastenings Rail to Ralflastening { Thweleabreta teeny certs hos sls wc pane beer ote Dern pe eafoce resinous en + Roppectra pes romalyndr ean aes 0) Sepotapine (0. Sapo + Thepmedpit heen fe ae wopated ct ona sige spe Dit suger + Iremperddin, heen eae upended batt wo sleeper an caen te sore Seated + Ratton ep, bot anna Uf /. \ Li Fa 52Suspendedne36 | Civil Engineering saa PE) made EASY Fish Plates “These are usd nal ns to maintain the continuo eal. - ‘+ Thema objcti@ofsh plates arto ep the ang ends of theratn covet postion tohn ‘tint and verical planes. ‘+ Fh plates shouo be designed forthe fling prrposes (0 bear he srastes duo to neal and vertical bending wits geting distin. (he usual ‘secon dsigned fortis purpose isthe bone shaped cn ppd fish pa). (@)twalow for ne expansion and correction aaa of coset bewese ih platas anc ho ral should be minimum possible wit due regard to srengt and aher requiem of il in) (@) ‘oreset wear Ghe section of sh pats so designed thal he roglartes at the eurtace ot contat caused by wear can be acusted by futher ihtoring olf bal), ‘+ This th plat is designated as IST dash 1 oblige 7. + _Themininum wimae ton strength (US) hes plato shouldbe between 57 10 68h. + They shuld aon ey eneual end episcement ofan caso of wear and damage Sreboprasongtes » ig. 53 Alou desist ples mabe EASY DE EAS «= ERENT 2079] alloy Engineering | 37 111. Combination Fish lates There are crn locations wher he two al sation wtih have been ned together re not of ame siza0o rst sectional area, + Gives adctional ckenings of jin. + Eimnsts expansion ga. {Een plats are marked ight incu xvout depending upon drecton aight 28 theavir ra 542 Fish Bolts and Nuts + Thayeremadectmectumortighcarbon steal (owihstaredshear duetoheaty traverse stresses) + For80|bs al. abot ich dlamter and inch eng is cod {Too much igtering of bote i protbited. Ce prevent toe expsnsionand contraction ofa) + Forti, we use lacks and washers. FNOTE: Arcne pariouler joint there wil be two fish plates, four bolts an four nuts, 5.2 Ways of Festenings Lyng ofthe al ona sloeper and faxing te wo togther canbe done in following fou way: (©) Drectlayng and dtectxing (b)_ Disctlaying and incre ixing (@)_tnaect laying and eect xing (@)_Increctlayingandintet xing 524 Direct Laying and Direct Fixing + Ral ie aie 39 wel as ed crocty on to the pace with spies, serovs ope. + Bearing patesbetweon altool adie slesperis abeont + Sraeee caused inthe sleeper se high anime presaue onthe tists a80 "ah 52.2. Direct Laying and indirect Fiing + Pali ety on ie per witout beating plate + Separatetasterings fine rata is sleeper bute special anole of lt i ined tothe lesa cir sie ofthe 0 fat by means of spies + Lateral foroea on tho ral 6 transmit to the shoulder pate38 | Cit Engineering Postal Study Package EXT MADE ERs: | 523. IndirectLaying and Direct Fixing F + Rallsincrect ac on the slaper vith a bearing platen between, + Oniyone fastening es th baring plate ote sapere body andthe alone Dearing plete Fig Sindvectioyngondcscfang 524 Indirect Laying and indiectFixing + Ralislaidonthesleper with a bearing plat between, * Bearing pl iste toe sleeper with a sorews but the raised to he bearing plete by separate asterings. “+ Fastening fbng te alto the bearing plates ightenedinstuanditcan be aque, osenedor taken out without touching fats ng he beating pat teen, Fig. 57indveteyngondindeting NOTE) Aboarng plas saves o dati te ad ont al ovr a large area othe Sooper er sn MADE EAsy | MADE EASY PE T2015] Railway Engineering | 39 5.3. Rall to Wooden Sleeper Fastenings + alto wooden sleeper aenings. Dog spikes ang bts o screw spies bearing ples + Main unctons ote spike eo keep eran gauge 52:1 Dog pike, Round spike or Elastic Spike + Spikes ara means by utich chair ras ave ed the eopers a retype. + Thehelding power of dog sites isha hat of crow spbes. + Dog spas rst preered igh bocause othe economy oy hing andreevingancbetr ‘gagermariennce Fg.58 Ooyspke + Dog spikes permis crop ta some enter, 1 Spkesofersconsicerabaresitacetolstaraldelecon ft rate tolongitucna mover + Theputeutsrengthal he seke depends onthe elas grip ofthe ine aound he site ante nation eon. '+ Round spikes smart a soe wth onl ference that opi being provided wih acap. an ‘ternative obo) + Bastc spike aroused wiht botometral base plates and wooden sleepers, the sti pies hols the ral down and proven wpping and also secures base plats othe slopers. Eg Macbeth Spite ‘+ Baste spkes are sometimes used to overcome the ical of ree. ‘+ Adeg spite square in horzortal secon and has ponte penevating botlom andthe top has ‘wo lugs onthe side giving the impression of dog'shead, 532 SerewSpikes + Screw spikes ae avaiable n we types Pate serene screw + Ascrow epi + Mean be usedin combinatcn wit spring washer. 1+ Screw pikes are best suited for high speed tunk routes (becausectscreving natuethey haves tendency toreainin poston and ney donot movein nd cu othe ole again ard again) 9.59 oundspe Fig.5.10 Estes large metal crew usd oi apt fasten ats Wage ERS40 | civ Engineering PAREN 20] fat ogg | 1 + Ina plate screw, we uoad 2 plate along wi the screw spk whereas ara screw, sro spe 541 LooseJawsand Keys ‘+ L005 aus ae provided with one way keys or wo way hays, 5 ecty ted wih the ral socton jst hough “+ Therelanoproblom of damage, crackor dafomation = {Loot jaws goae blow he rat surtae and at his love ts yng to provide te later tabitios + In plate sce, tiebon ofleed by tre plate also teothet ou vector not lati avy. helps in aresting the laofal detomation and + Kaye ar used to faston the ras othe stupor though aw. lengtinsl maven of a + Jaws may bo ofthe fotowing types: 532 FangBolts (0 laws of antireep bearing plates on wooden sisapos. + Most weed for fing ris or eke chal 0 the (i) loose sing ous ofthe steel sleoper seep (i) CLL jaws of he CST9 sleepers + Round spikes or srew spikes aro used a5 an erative to ang bat “Fang bots a bot need trough @ hol inthe oe seeps: + They ae conaiderad elective then spikes are scrows nd hence ae used in postens such as sytches por, ti plates ancon sap curves. + More rsictant to loeseing by Wovatlons ard movement ofthe al TWOTE: Fang bot a bol which has loan a angular pate wah sharp ange projecg rom a comers. 5.34. BearingPlates Functon ol beating plates: (0) Absorbathe shocks sndor moving oad 5 Ai) Damp and abecrshigh reauoncy voraons and csipaes onery. (i) Resists ator delermationspecay on cutves} heals. () Resist ngiucnal movement of heal (0), Prevent abasion ofthe ota ofthe rail an the ra set ofthe sleeps {Resi ruting ote mse ta slooper jst below be ra. (Provides lctcal insulation between ras na tackecuted or eectid ct Bearing plates canbe categorised as oll: @ MS.canted boating pats. (Flatts seo bearing pes. (i) Cl antreep bearing plato. (i) Spacial Clearing pate for rath eoing key) + MScarted bearing ose ae ony meant fr usin tun out rack, + Gare bearing pata ha a povson a 120 slope {+ Fltsteelboarig plata are usedin points and crossing whore ering of ack ona) snd they are provides wih cog spas. 2 negra pes rae . 5.4 Rail to Stee! Sleeper Fastenings 5 Fos3 + Raltoate! hep asoring = Loose jaws Keys and ns TAGE ERSUmabe Ens | 42 | Gill Engineering To) ey hay \ ‘ST seer serene F516 542 Liners nid ‘+ Liner ties fasten or keep th connectivity fa ste sleeper i postion ‘+ Mota Singh, an employee ofthe nian Ralay onthe basi ofhis experince dave aliner which ‘came lobe krown a8 Mota Singh Line. + Theyre vate fstures igh drabiy,. dimensional sabi acaba fo witisand iret woo: conn 5.5 Rail to Cl Sleeper Fastening patisnne tonegtataooe 81. cater Scrarstio be ro + Acuna swetptonina santenscnsowictgn | + Caters ar offotoning types: T(OSO|S=] 6 cows LWA 0 Soot teams mosis 82 Tete ‘+ Tiobars const of tat plates wih fou hoes or the caters. + Thelengthofthe tis bar tobe used depends on the types sleepers andthe gauge NOTE: () Caters and ie bar ao ony lasers paciiar BOI Semper (] Most commonly used cotaria the side sp cots. 5.6 Elastic Fastenings Elastic tasterings = Bla yon ine panel cps. RN 202 lp, rubber pad, HM aetenings, MCI ns, foley Engineering | 43 mabe EAs 561 Pandrol Clips 4+ Thepandei cls or late ciphasafsrentnunber, The ae for au sein PRA lips. Pancka! ani cips). + tis apples paral he rats ands civen and removed with an orinary ham + Teepe tana toger ype 4+ Tis canbe wsed at any locations wth any typeof connect. + They use two fits = base plates nd C1 nse + Base plat i sma to boaring late + Clinsars aroused to connect hese cps othe seopers athe atom. + Teaload7:0}g or nari detection af 3.4 1+ Poi cont cause nderation on ao + Gauge ajusinentis iticut + Pancratigflan bo uses win advantage on wooden, sel concrete and sleopers. + Pencrleal fastenings assely for wooden sloepere = Pando! allcips, rubber pads, seelon Cl baseplate. "WORE Bao plates ae Tastoned io the scope by aoa asa such 0s dog pik Soren SBKSE riss16 S62. ww202cip Daven dana, + bt wad we Bk RCC leper + eons pinged 10D ig an 710k br te and, + Dotectentnttasber erases 12 Smnton 11 Smet be paca 5 reopettre Se ote ood 2 natter tron : wvenmadesyiaionan ROE ESS Theor eed omg KE44 | Civil Engineering mane EASY PESETn209) 563. RubberPad 1+ Elasic nbber pad genealy forme an nigral part al last fastenings usee wih cer han ‘wooden looper, 7 4+ Rpedormsfolong functions: (@ Absorbs shocks and dampens viratons. (i) ncreasea tcinal resistance tothe longitudinal andar mavemet thera (il) Helps to cistribue the lacs unitomly over the sleeper and prevents crushing ofthe sleeper {Provides electicalinsutin baton alan sleeper at thea set. + Groovediubverpads of 12 Sr thickness ar usd on dan Rallwaysto serve the above given factions. + Rubber under compression expands lateral dct and he giowehpsinacconmonstng he lateral expansion rubber under loa. ‘Sammary ie Fil anti he weakest isha rack Twente eninge joints, +, tanec ote panna andverica ‘+ Themininum tnsle strength fhe fsh pate shoul be between 87 10 69 inn. + There aro four ways ettatnings, (@. Diectisying and cect ng (0) Diectlying and inde fring (i Increttayng and ret ng (9 Indrectayegandincret ing ‘A boaing plata i estat for woods slepers. Elasic spikes ae ved wh fat botared ral base plates and wooden sleepers Rito ciel sleeper astorings = Loose jaws, keys and ners. Ral C sleoper fastenings Te bars orators Fal to wooden sleepers lasterings: Dag spikes, fang bots or screw spikes, be lates. ph «laste fastening: last or panct fps. R202 co uber pods, Hastings, ctingent, Nyon iners ; @.1 Match Lott and List and select tho eorect b. ansme using he codes given below th is: ust! 1 A. Stow 2 B, Ccowtars 2 ©. Reltonge 4 a cower sti! Toit Toremava dog spikes out of sleopers Toconrectrack alignment ‘Tonandl blast “4 az as as as a7 os codes: AB oD @sa2t maa 21 sat 2 @s41 2 endo! lips cannot be used wth (@) wooden sleepers (0) concrete sapere (6) CSFOSo0pers (o) seoinough deepers umber of cxtrs used in OST9 sleepers @2 3 4 os Loose aus of steal rogh losparsaremade ot (e) casts (0) mild soo! (6) easton (6) spring ste! ‘ie typ of elke wed fe fing chars of bul headed alls wooden slasprs Is (a) dog eoike ——() rasorew (©) sasiespke —(@) roundike Fat ld soe! beaing plies ave sed {a) fo points and crossings inthe esd parton (6) wih wooden sleepers at locations whee creep ely to be coved (©) cnalipes and cues {@) onaline above “ne yp of bearg plats used in aloes an cnounesin gvebetrbearngareatothersisis (a) farnid soa bean pie (0) mid soe cantod bearing plato {¢) easton anereep bearing pate (none oftre above og spikes are used for fing ral the (a) wooden seopers (0) CStO seep (6) sesitougnsioepes (0) concietestepers| when the ral ands rest ona joint sleep the iors i trea 3s Postal Study Package PLIE]| Raibway Engineering | 45 (2) supported int (©) suspondedralcint (©) bidgejone (6) base ont {2.10 Anioreep bearing pats ee provided cn (a) bedges and approaches © pets (©) bomiayanao) (6) :pone otine above {0.11 At rl on, the ends of ang a8, 16 Cconocted witha pac of fish plates anc {a} 2th bats) fen bots {© Gishbote (6) Bish bors 10.12 An-creep anchors ar fod to rals by ® ©) sora © (@) allt above 2.13 Ril tof on soo sospers (a) pybearng patos (©) By dog spkes {© by keysin ugs or jw (@) Nonectinese 0.14 Topreventcvep in ras the ste! slespers are fiat with rile by cps. bolts and (a1 ne iey (&) okays (© Yreokeys ——(G) fourkoys 2.15 Overall dep of @ dog spite, is (@) f208mn (©) 18590 (95mm (@) 180mm 1.16 Bearing plates ave used to (@) at ote as tore wooden sleepers {@) double headed othe wooden sleepers {c) butheaded rae othe wooden stepers (6) at ote ras othe cast iton sleepers i ‘Answers 1, 2.3 4@ 6 6. (ey 7.) 8 (a) 8. (@) 10.16) 11 @Y 12.) 13.) 4. @) 15.10) Ge Beer wih iver aes Feary with Solved Braraples KO)‘CHAPTER eh eee Points and Crossings (On road, the facies of tring of a vice rom cn pat 6 anther does nt requ any seca! _srangorent wile onranays, special arengemeres ee neceeaay season bal lange whoo) Totcttate ‘moverento vehicles rom one route to antral and crossing assehbs aro pred otc), 6.1 Turnout . * turnouts provided on aay tackto provide acti fr uning of vehicles hemone tackto| anathee "consist opr of pins etches), four load ras, We checks anda crossing as showin fig, * Turnout enables ether a branchlinec icing to eke of ram anober rack = ae Tomato ue Sp ast oe Shih ba a MADE EASY PERT 079) Ralwoy Enginecring | 87 61a TypesofTurmout ‘+ Theoo are dood bared onthe drecton cf movamers trom hema Wack () Rohtnand wna = Facies are provided or uring nthe ight (i) Lethand tumou = Facities ae prouded fr hain anthelet + Turnout re roquied or yar, sidings or mia sot of conn. + Turnout are the weakest points cn the ack ce 1 joints ar movable Faterings + They rete movement he aie, 6.2. Points (or Switch Assembly) ‘+ Asotof svt consists four lead ral, the cuter wo hnown as stock as athe inner two as ‘smth or trie ra8s, + Apairo\cngue ras with hin cock als are comeneny know as pont, + Inswizriptlicker endo tapredralhnown a hoe remain fect te main rack whereas the thinner and knoun as toe remain movable bymeane of which he Hanged wheel are verted + Icons of te folowing (0A pao stock tie 1+ They remade of ortnary stool and have te same dimersions as rahe als inthe tack (A pair of tongue rile ‘+ They areal called portals witch ral ‘+ Theyaremadecthigh carton oc manganese steal stand wear + Thoyliebetwosn the sock alse ae taperedto point + The tapered ond cle he oe and tne urapered ond se oho 1+ Heels ted whe thet ean un wth hee on cenit GMa eolecos43. | Cull Engineering Peo] 1+ The tongue rails so tapered an bot te sides, so as obtain a proper ten the stork ra, ‘hon the tongue ras moved towards the stock ral + Langer the length of tngue a, sor wil be th joining ict (because wih a given hel ‘Svorgence he swich angle wil crease wih an nceaseinthelengh ofthe tgve rl.) (W)_ Sting Fates 1 Sing plates seo are provided over which te stockriqrians fed while the tongue ral is able sido (tv) Ho Block 2 Heel ott tongue ras connected ta stock aby means ofa Chee! block thusproving = ‘98 oth whee ange 1+ Heel blocks same a tence block, the object of wichis to previse lange way between theruning al and check. (6) Stotcher Bar = Tratoasolbot the tongue ras are connected ingoter by means of sotchor ber {aothat each tongue moves tough the same tance or gao when changing pons) + ttmayconsst fone, to or treo bars. (0) Gauge Tie Bar or Pe tis provide oho te wack igi tthe gauge athe toe of he switches {is placeden te sleeper under the toe ofthe switches and hols the two asin poston, (ui) Flangoway Cioarance 2 Thedlstanee between the adjacent ac88 fh running allan the qurso:the check vaich pond a clearance to passage ol whee! Ranges (i) Flangoway Depth ono vertcal distance between the top othe ening surface oft runingral othe topithe {stance book or he! lec) used between the unnngrailand check. (x) Heel Clearance or Heel Divergence cis tnecnance Betweon the rnving foes ofthe sites ral andthe stock perpenciodar oe late al the hea of he sch + Indan standard sacty hel lsrance for BG rackas 18.7. (8) Flare ; or isa radial aperig lhe Hangeweyby bending or splays endo checkra or sing rate nel of to crossing) away rm be gauge ine. rmeasred (4) Throw of Switch 2 Sapthrouh which ne te ofthe gauge all moves sideways to prove path ortheeaured rection over uot + Towat ech accoring to ndanstandors 8G-95em, MGING=88.cm (i Swen Angles + Bogle betwcen the runing faces ofthe stock aad tongue {+ iga con of nel cvergonce and ong ofthe longue ra Gicraiiiitonin SEY eamaionon Sl iin eet ; or wget = sr) ee ww wns or) - eel ‘wnat d= heel dergeecs 5, = atl long 6 ongue fl, S = Tereial long of ‘engueral 621 Tovof Switches “Te toe of th switches may be ofthe following Pes panedto accommodate {) Uncereutewich: Mises tpect teh which ne fost ne sok tengueral 3: (oy Overtingswtchn ni case, to ck as el econ ane enoerat lane ‘Ie thck edge and aver ries teeth stock al. cme ee - Spring Waar = (ane oman toa Fig. 6.3 6.3. Crossings 1 ansege isthe potion of th wack where two tracks crosses gach thet ange may move imo over tho gap rm ‘eat ono 1 Provies two tangenaystrouphitich the {inthe rosin, he anges wrens ofthe tan 63.1 Typesof Crossings Crossings are classes based oni oon: { Shapectercssing i) Aesombiy of exossing Craiaiaicaos—mADE EASY ETT 2075] 50 | Civil Engineering 6.14. Based on Shape of Crosing Theee ae tres ypes of crossings ()*Vreracute angle crossings ato med ata og) (i) Obtus angle or diamond crossing (@) Square cessing (Acute Angle Crossing ‘+ The crossing is obtained when aright hand ral af one rack cesses lt hana of anther track or vos verse. + thieused in wmout * theonsis of (0. Tworals jones together to form an acute angla. The nt may be ormed by point ai anda spice ral or bytes pot ral. These as re mace ot high carbon ar manganese soo. Ly 7 (@ A pal of wing ras bent in the shape of abuse angle, One end ot each wing rs connected wih ala ral andthe other end tareto provide fact one anges to eter gap. () Apairof check ras + Inno case ot acute anos crossing, th ple ral and pont a ere place insu way tat ‘ho ange formed bythe wos acute angle Figs (W)_Obtuse Angle Crossing: The crossing is eta when et hand rao ane wack crosses right handrail anchor wack at ancbluee angle orice vase, (Square Crossing: ‘+ ile ral sectons have been provided a an angle of 9 wt. each oer. + Theres heavy wearen such crossing due to dynamic loads, [ mADE EASY M29) alway Engineering | 51 46212 Based on Assembly of Crosing Soringormovabowing crossing (W) Rampedercesing (0 Spuingormovabie wing crossing + Thewingraisareprovided wn apings. (or tere a possity of movng the weg alsin coran ection) (amped costing ‘+ Nosuch above arrangement isbsing povided. +» They are provdedwith ramp for cern movement ‘Number and Rigle of Crossing + Tannggsornngs imine iodeseetdattebysecustg nelngh Faas 632 oft rofl messured rm tn thereical oe. ‘+ erossgare designated ether he angle hich the gauge aces makes wih each other or mare ‘omni by ther numb, represeried by symbel N. Toate | Coaiaeninn [OTA] amneriows [ee =] Methods to calevate number of eossing {( Rightangieor Gols metiod | 2 Centerline method | & leoeoales Wangle method vl) vom “Acrpasover occurs between wo parallel BG tracks cf eame crossing number | of 1 In 8.5 wih sraightintgrmedtate portion between the reverse curve Distance between cenires of tracks eS m. Find the overall length of cross-over. rossingrumber gle oferossing| | ge tance (1676 mincase of BG) I WADE ERE52 | iil Engineering EMS) Ensu = Ceritetocenre distance between to tacks = 5m(aier) | 2GN = Lenghoftarenss ‘$» Staghtharzortl portion between ths tunous? Necata85 (given) S« DE=BDex0 2 (0-)-AC 390) cota = (0-G)- Gree alco -[e-aofeai | _[e-o-ee = (0-a- OH 2 ovealongn ofcrosover= 4 GN+ S | = 4gH14(0-0WW-GINF 1 | = ext.576x0.5+(6-1678)x85-1676 5571 =7OREM | “A crossover betwoen two MG parallel tracks of same crossing number 1 BI +2. emauntintermeciate portion between the reverse curves and the eistance betwoen the cries sr vacke is 3.5 m. Fd the intermetiate straight distance and ovecal length ofthe crossover. | ‘Soltion i Given: A= 12, = 1m Meter gouge) | 4. Theintrmediat aight stance | $+ (0-GN-GRF | (35-)x12-Wivlz = 17.98m. 2 The i Fengtn of th c a ‘he oralengat neces oa Ted N+ S an rere i 8 96m ta bbe z gE Wore Te pone and Palen nO ans ‘enion Lk 633. Theoreticaland Actual Noseof Crossing 1+ Nose ofa crate i a point at which tworalse point ad spice ralimeets + isknownas taorecal nec olcrssing ite wo ral meet a pein. + thet ofthe nso isbn (mm). then tis caled acta nose of crossing iene maDe EASY eo) Raibway Engineering | 53 «Rota abut noee used as point all would break ff under ai. 1 ‘fcaledatons ae made rm heretical nose of rosin 6.4. Track Junctions (oF Crossovers) 4 ticanbe dened as a combination of pois or crossing which enables the vices to crossover from one wackto snot Gat TypesofTrack Junction (i) Based on Flare : = Sek (a) Siar ne = {+ Tumouttakestuminthe same cirectionin fa te maine are % +) Simla txze means siniar curate being provided to main tne 65 wall 36 ‘umout + Doge of faxureoftunouts higher than {(b) Contrary Flexure Tee ‘Wain ow (Oe) dvetonohat which main ine tus. ( vecohon ot 9.68 Cuneofconrayoure (@) Smmmotca Spit 1 orovides an opportu take aur nthe lfc sight or beth rections {When he ai ofthe curvesin botte cist ae equal is known as symmetrical pli 1 iseultabefor locales yr turnout toma straight ne woul take to much space Fig. 7 Covetsinorfenue ‘eo trownas ¥ 5 ft eonots ofa pair of pois, our curved lead als, two cheek ral, one acute angle crossing. (@) Three Throw Stn sr hmay be of eontry sila Hee,MTT pane Epew “+ tKecnsiats of two switches, (each etch having to fongue ras ide by se) Combined esl blocs, to stock al, tree crossings and check a, four conta nd sic sina Nour ceriion + When two nous from the same tangent point of saight rack ar taken ou, the rangement sown as three tow + Tis ype of urneuthas mary objectionable fetus snd alnost out of use, + Twopat of ongue al (i) Double Turnout + Wsan improvement ove three texte. ‘+ Thetis staggered at wo clon places ‘ln case turnouts coming rom ilerent places (nthe case ofthe thaw eth, we saw ‘hattumous were coming romthe same locaton) + Risused in congested aroas wih heavy tat, + Asokooun as tandem or flowing point crossing certain distance from Sach other. o «TC pi cfs, oe age gw tee ane wo stureaghgintomenr ooosese + Gstguny reap ops onan hee econo Nopruceaas (9 Doron Geaong —fomara neato tpe ig oreo ck le + en San spas Pe ae dara fr toad age ann rowan + Wefue Ooo over vg tide tin 1 Nammaccorgteronawaseeetancen «nt Gonna eget ecto ene met Set ee ZT aio (baer sip (a Soup + ‘ows vhiles oun in ety ane cretion, + Reon f wo acute angle cressings, tw obtae angle crossings, fur checks and special curved! Gir nihatedtinis TT 09] railway Engineering | $5 ‘+ tconsits of wo pio swiches. + Amodicaton of kaon crossing ‘+ Hor, aking atumis allowed (but notin diamond eossing) + Intis cas of sgl li, eumber af movements have creased. | a | r | ‘ Fg. ©) doutll sip + Two pairs cuved leadrai ar beng provided i this form so cow ees a possibilty co taking amovementn any ofthe det, + estreton associated wth anon crossing moverethave been completely eminated by using a double sip. + Fourpatrofsutcnes Fig (i) Scissor Crossover + Acombinaion a wo cossoverstoenablethe taints change the rack, emer dracon ‘slang themain ack + treonsts of fou pio swiches, six acute angi cossng, two diamond crossings, check ralsand sraightongts. + tis used where theres space constrains + More expensive initial cost src msitenance. mona me Se S< : 4 Ss oad eweMADE EASY 56 | Civil Engineering PME 2079) (i) Gauntet Track + isprovided under fotoing conden: {@) where double vackis tobe narowed tora shot distance (0) trackisunderrepae (2 onbrdges Fig. 6.14 Gounod + tine isrequierént of providing tw tacks, which are cf deren ssciiestions atthe sme locaton than hat ype of conaton isa gaumet rack. + Twottake are lad sie by shaving two set of crossings without any switches, (©) Gathering Line = tisastping ne rom whic ¢ number f paral wacks ae taken oft. + Provided n yard seings to serve various requirements 1 Theangle which te gatharingtine makes wih te paral sings, iskrow as gathering ne angle ania aqualt angle of crossing adopted in ya. Figs wy (9) Tangle i eto change drecon of ha ange on nina inser hore euch ee is aonb + is undesiable to provide cosy tum able, + Consists of wo simple urnas and one synmatical spit Eg, Roorkee, Saharanpur Bet {Ten ables ate cular in section, on circular secon rat have been provided aod the locarotves comes and sands on he tual, “Then heturtabl sro ed itovese he ectenfthelocometve and helmet (goes tof het abe Trntablois very cosy and requires larga amount energy 5 + Three crossings ae being provide, ED mApE EASY 209) Aaibway Engineering | 57 Fig616 (8) Double unetion + Provided wi two ormora sin acks having branches. + fheensats oun outs and canona crossing Figs7 ape ensMET 205) 0 o w Sos — |e (Ac Geosec®. angle of 1 i 10. selton: Let a= Angleofecesing N= Numeeroteresing = 1.676m Fromthe igure, werave made ensy | mApe ens’ SMEMMEET zo) Railway Engineering | 59 ‘Now we know that ‘cot. | = cot!(10)=571 AB BC = CD « DA = 1676 cose0n = 1676 x cosee 571" = 16.85 a0 Gaee EB = OF = Goota = GN= 1.676% 10 1076 1678 "Rrha provided ona away ack provid facies for tuing vices rom one facktg ane Depts of pao point ewtches, ou nad al, two check als an crossing “Torus rails connected tothe sac al atthe eet of he torque wih the help of ast block an ordinary eh plates. Tonge a are supported on sing plates and each pai of ongue rls is connected togeter atthe oe with ne setcher Da Panis othe svitenes ges the fects of dvering the vehicles and essing proces ‘gapsin the als tbe crossed by Hanged whodls “Tapered ena he tongue as ale toe wher thickor ons calle hee, ‘Sitch anges te angle beween he gauge face of he stock ral and ihe tongue rl Fangenay cleamace isthe tance between the adiing facet ol he rucing al the check Heel divergence isthe stance between the asoring faces cf herunning allan check. fat Tow lth switch is the distance through which tongue ell moves latray ate toe ot the seh fr maverer of wins. ‘crossing ie designate eiher by the angle he gauge faces make wit each other cn mars commany by crossing number N Metneds adopted for meascing te eroteng no. 'N' are cone Sire method. ight angle ‘mated, lsoceles angle metiod. Iningia. ght angle method is used, ‘According to ahtangle metho, W's hecotangentol the angle format oto gave faces Cn incian Raways,tin8 Stureuts ae normaly vsedor goods rains and tin Y2and 4 In 16ier passenger tains esnods used tor desing tumou rm astaight wack are colesrthedandIRS metro. A crost-over ie a means of Yarseting a ran tom ono continuous trsck to another contnucustack ich mayo maynot be pall to eachother, [Double junctions are necessary where a branch takes of armupotrack [Gaunteted tracks a temporary dverson provided ena doubie tne tsck so hal one of ns aes tact se aps tanh obo: ROE ERS Fea ioe Ba ED60 | civil Engineering (0.1 Whien of the folowing pais ate comecty rmatcea? «T Distance between aconing acoctnnning ralland cheokral: Fangeway clearance 2. Dstance eeush riche tngueraimoves tora thet ctewicn torte moverent oftraine: Hea eergence {8 Oitance benwoan the gauge faces of ho stock ral and tongues: Tow temic 4 Angle between he gauge aoe tock arid tongueraSwth angle Select corectanswerusing te codes en below Codes (@) anda 2anda (©) Sane (@) 1.2.30na4 22 Toensixe exact gauge, he gauge tales are provides at fa) tonal be switch (&) rose of rosin (o) bath (e)anate) (@) eonectinesbove 28 A tangle Is used for (a) changagt drecionotengine mADE EASY (6) always reste: than fangonay clearance {@) sxmetmes pester han fangony Clearance 6 angnayclestnceisthedtancs {@) bateen the adiing faces ofthe curring rand he check ra nearthe crossing (b) between th gauge faces ofthe stock ral andthe tongue (9 troughwhicnhetongueralmaves tray atthe toe othe sich (6) noneet te shove G7 Thedetinceriougntichinetenqueralmoves laterally atthe te ofthe sich ox movement of transi ales oe emors oer esos | 0.8 tna scissors crossover hecrossings provides | (0 2cbuse angie cessing | (i) Aobtee angle crossings \ (i) 4 acute angle crossings (in 6acuteangie crossings The correct answeris mane EASY (11 hint fellowng treats test ciety teed for goods ein on Indian Rays? fe) tne (©) tint 118 (@ tinz0 0.12 Wale te angle of crossing, han the ruber sferosting'N according torightanglemstios wee) oof oa, @ fom) 0.13 which ofthe fling methods of designation of ossng fe mosiy used In Inc? {@) eanvetine maton (0) figttanglomethos (©) isosceles angle method (@) nonectine above 0.14 sete aris provises (a) pert ateralmoverentcltheongye fb) tomaintain te twotongue als atthe exact eroe (@) ensure exact gaugeat tose he sch awellas te nceeot crossing (@) wprevert any verical movement between thewngralland nose of crossing (0.16 Maxiram value of vow of suite’ fr Boat away Engineering | 61 (@) the gauge lace ofthe stock ral and outer face othe tongue rat (a) thoowaraosottn stockralanatve gas9e ace ofthe tongue ral 2.10 Dstancebetneen ent a ard ehck ra fowted on tarp cov i som ‘e) «2mm {etme (ame 4.10 1ype 50 kph auibeum speed) ¥ 3p 0F Vy wichover ists.MADE EASY 20 | Gvil Engineering = A). For Vq< $0 kph Take V, 35a Vor U whichever fees. be,” Vy = mamum pemisile speed ale speed ()Onsomerainaye, “weighted averages calcite fixing othe equtium spoed of ans Weighted average of equilixum spend , oem el = ertm + Pa) where VY, Von Ma edo! erent numberof vans ny. Moving onthe same rack, TWOTE: Unis of masa SE Gan asl coum inthe nan alway aro a IONS 41. Broad Gauge [Group AB and routes 15m (aalue of 15 rm may beadoped for laring ture ware ‘nal g10up'A outs) {Geeup D and routes — Om 2. Mave Gauge 90 mm (100 mmwith speci persion on highspeed toutes) 3. Narrow gauge (762 mm) ~ 65 mm (rScimith special permission) 234 Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) MPS on 8 cures the ipimum cline values calouatod as (Maxima esctoned speed ote socton (authorized by the commission of abway set) (@)Seeedioased onthe considerion ofan! defesency and actual cant (3) Maximum speed taking no carsderaton speeds af goods van and can excess (6) Speecooresponcingto th engin ole Tankion Cues (10), Tihe length of the TC cannot be mreased, then the speed based on the length of he TC is also ‘oneidered along withthe sve teemthods I (NOTE: Following values al mania cant deficiency ae perritied 7 — 1. Brosd gauge—75imm {For 98808 nex0285 0 10Dkmph on group A sn B outs —100 re with epoca permission) 2 Mae gavge— 80mm Neon gauge (762men)— 40mm 935 Important Technical Words (0) Cantor Superetevation + iste citferance betwsen th height he oer aiand ner aon acs. “Inner ais mained atrignalleveland caledgracient ra. + hie same as supereteation. Ey Bi wih sand ani Em) allway Enginering | 81 “Teraisedolovaonof oor ratebove telnet ahoraovalcuneto couneractoerios! force is nown as cant as supeteovaton L + Cantaeo provide equal dsrouton of wheal oadson ZT pareaesnatr tan worais ONE Siena (i) Cant deticioney (0) Thee is decency in can when tain uns at a speed ghar than te equ speed. + Tes lover ante xter side ofthe curve 1 so.tigher pood sobs rested ris tobe fed cocamdame (ii) Cant excess (C,) . Fig. 2 Thre excesincant vents taspeed ter tran eaubeum spond TK gente + Decaimentmay cu t vem —_— ROE A Hagher car Senay Faare Wore aOR. MOTE Oper unblncedcettigal texte end sone (aor pressure nine cera : (A condition has to be achoved by providing ” Guperelevaonnavtoaay aia Wand ay regen trees thot danger oretring 2h over Poe trainmay nn salely wut ear of erate 9.14 Steps for Calculating (Cant) and Vy {0 Cabate carter maximum sunioned spec sing ov n= RTH (0 Capit canttorslowestiatic(C) (i) Add cantercesst0i(C,+ C) (s) Cale canto euitium apd) (0) Chocklor cart deter (Cina Cyan (a) Hles tan standard vale, OK (ta sett stand vale (0 Lowes vant) ana @smeemissbecat(C) fu) Addon cxioorey (Cs Gand cau Ving senda fomda arfiGarCaAl 9.2. Curves i + Acumve's cevicerequede change the rato of movement of an abject ether n vatical or hint plan «+ Anonzontl curveldrequredti change the action of mavement ofan object inte lan wane EASTMADE ERsy 82 | Civil Engineering MT =07] ‘A voriclouve is required to ine two gradients athe pons here they meets so prove ‘a smocthmovernent over tose we gadints. 9.2.1. Limitation of Provision of Curve Prevents the use of hey lcci ‘heres apossbiy of derilmnt or overturn unequal stibton leas turning isnet smoot on curate vats ttngs ar requires 922 DegreeotCurve Anglo subtended atthe centr ofcuve bya chord ol 90.5mor t00f, ‘eae pe TH m5 _0] oe 2a 3s] where, A= rads of cular cue (inmates) 923 Versine of Curve(V) From principale geomety ABXEC= 08 x8E = weenie - sar Sinn tieg - ee 0 ® 924 Setting ofCurvein the Feld Method of curve song in the ald are (Tangential otsetmetiod (i) Crore cetecton matron (i Longchord osctmotnos (09, Tweodotte menos 9.3 Superelevation Atisdiference between the height of eter al andinnerrallonacuve + Asolcown as cant + Imerralis taken as tho erence rail and wt. ner al outer lis raised, T2075] 1931 Objective of Providinga Superelevation + toneutalie thetic of cantugallerce + achieve equal dbuton of wheelcads. + toinprove he contr lovl of passengers + toaviderahen rang stock moves tom a stalght section a curved section. Poway Enonering | 83 mage EASY 932. Formula or Superelevation here, @= gauge, V= speed in vs), Gis 1750 mm fore, wit 923 negnvesostovaton Laatigeraonin tn | “The ameunt by which outer rai of branch line slower than the inner rallis called negative supe | | track in transition zone in order to allow locomotives Fora oad ga with a maximum permissible speed a 110 kmph, calculate the towing (W Degree of curvature () Radius of curvature (i) Superetvation () Long of tansion | Solution: i ‘As por Marini rms fr a BG ack na tansiion 20ne se VR6F 0 | ‘hete, Vie masinum permisibe speed in mph sr Ris edus of cuvatuein tes ‘okmph | Gin, Fromoq i) Ge emp awe es | werimadecasypublictions. orgave ERs satoy frei | 85 Postal Study Package BIKE] MADE EASY 706.45 7191719 A Toes semintin 0 Length otranetonis given by 84 | Civil Engineering ‘herlor,maximuan permissible speeds least oth flower {) Mavimam saneioned speed = 110.1¥T0n (0). Speed computed »10%enph ‘Alowable maximum permissible speed = 1Ohroh {pesuming that reno resticton ol vnsiton curve erat moat akes afin contrary Hoxie peed that can be parmitedon the _ Degree of eunatise eText? Farxroeag OEM Froma BG main ine curve of 20112 rmigsible cnt on mainline andthe (woereeisinmm and Lisinm) | | greteaneh ine Find out th per soxz26 ain ine oz «1055 rm | Solon: EEE Deore otra = For a BG vack, maxim sated speed is 110 kph equilibrium egies taint pe NET vrata set graph Caron he teen trum spear we ar bart (= 750%) | 3790 _ 178 jusol branch necuve « 5 22m Redusal brani 160, EP = 003 onpesvomenea 26 | | | Solin: 1750 : Radu tee, 90 aD sSpeedonranchine = 90k ‘where, 8 nde : vt __760%50° Sipetlevain or equlorum speed ‘cantraaded or beanchine = Seg =aerage ag = 1988 = 2dr | GUE 175080" 169 8 mm “oensre tat nagtve Cantor ranch ine does notncragae theft of cant deficency 75mm, | a7 Tarx875 nainum Gant at ean be peed on ie | Siperlaton formasinum pemissibo sped 75= essen | asoxt108 raw native Cast for branch ne {e106 an reer anie nimunsdatcrbapemedow ent oars Cam detiene, ye Cy C= 1906-1008 = 8081 v= Off ETRE | 7 ab kph ~80%OH Less than maximum cantdefisency Hence, OK ‘Superlevaontr booked speed godin Des apeclicaly nenioned GRR Spas caren ine atoradio be 00h for aus thas at 150x509 Tarver “OS™ conto c= 08-8997-61400i7 || ‘al offs than 75 en, hence pried | \ 9.4 Transition Curve and Widening of Track vrai enoncurvecomacste saigiteectonrackatan end andcrouacurve athe oa en Snare estan inty (or srigtscton of ack) Rater (or cua eacton of track at unr ale Smooth raversing of hiclcectrs duo our o2nC+CF | 1 supeclovation rrosuced a um ae Maximum speed potent | | | jr ae frauen of cenuuga ce. = 027 {R008 +BDE)ETE [o> Sie npntten rein te | = sore (c,bowstvaebeteen CCMADE EASY 86 | Civil Engineering 941 Typesof transition Curve (0) Euere Spit iis gen by eta, 9° BAL wee, ¢= angle betwoan slg in rackand lager te tastoncuve 1 itance fey pont on be ranstn cure tone akeo pin Azredus of tecine cvsalonghiobe proidedtoetanstin cue, + Tisisanidealtraneiion carve bits ot peered due omaha comput. + Dieta provi me ac © Cubie spat oy Nis en by terra : fo "om Is ote set inte fl. (W) BornoutsLenciscate ‘ + Radus decreases as tele increases and ths caves rail acceleration fo kep on fang, ‘+ Wii 2" aeecton angle his cuneparome wel. Beyond, unio als. (0) Cubic Paraboia + Bohne curvature and Cantincreses a near + Astaight ine ramps uedto rae cuter awhile keping the ner lathe ea ve (vet otras increased aa utom ate wileinner is the same eve + tismesty used on tan ralways. + is gen he ora aa wher, ylevoricalccowinate, sishuizortlocerdeat Lslenghofranstioncwve, Riradus cl cus cove 942. Shite + Tis amountby whi a crcuarcuveis fed marc so aso mesa ranton cure + tis gent he femusa Ss aah where, S=shi\(n mete) L= length ef ranstioncuve fa mets) Arad ime} Gees wai seed ttimcier inne ESM 943. Length of Transition Curve allway Engineering | 87 2, | Rawal enepeot Con aciney er, Cd aresetual Cant anc Cant diene espe an) (Gefen pemisabie sed (npn) 944, Widening of Gauge on Curves Reasons tor widening ol gauge: () Cenéugaltoroe ties totakevehicein tne outward rection) (W)Plgidty of wheat base (here are endtrows or ovetvows atte conte ore end fhe base) (i) Relative cstance navel by he whoo (os of contactbetween wheel end rain raling pasion) ‘ra with requitd.on curves is oven bythe folowing formula sesh F whee, B= whao bse (6m forbroad gauge and 488 m formate gauge) Lelapottange » oaadiF om (metre) fhe dept ol tang below too ofl (inc) famator wheal (incr) radius of euve em) ‘Gverbvow sto eira coaranco oquvod aio Cone evan, owards wewsioe thecune 2. End rdw the extra clearance required atthe ends where the vehicle projects towards ‘ouside of he curve Bact rnatvow = “=o ROE ERS Tena ccenne D,‘88 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package FXID] MADE EASY ‘Design the length of a ransivon cuve fora BG ralway curved rack having 4° detection andaean of 12m, The maximum design speed onthe cuve is 100 kph, Also caloulat Coffees at every 15 m intervals and sit of he crcular curve, Assume the cant deficiency Solution ‘As princi Ratwaye tha lengthethe anion vei the rate out tho flowing tro values @ L=720x0=720%12= 634m ( £=0073 Ds Yygg2 0 73D 75 x 100.285 48.m (i) £0078 0%Vy = 0072 12 10067 6m-= 88 Hence lrgth of curve if be akon 8 8m ow, som{say) ‘Tha equation of bie parabola which suse as transtoncune i given by 78m. 729, = Dogeeciauve” #0" Tating ofsts at 15 m itera, we get ea (3) 100 =, x480%90" gw (100 fbx Hg 49100 * Gtx {(60)° x100 ee a080 _ (75) «100, Ys ~ 430x090 PERS DTS (ovisat (omy [ a5 | 7168 | 38.2 | 83.02 Si tte ce so £.0F BR" Dox 9.5 Vertical Curves and Gradients + Vertical curves are basicly provided inorder to provide sohson tothe probes wit meeting ot wogradent + Problem with tha meeting of wo gradients (@) angutarormatione, ks (©) roughnun ha venice ont Ye =2024 em Yea = 83.02 om 31395 em (6) vention inte tension af coupings inthe sureit 95a 952 93 Ee Raibnay Engineering | 89 ‘+ These probs rests intra paring and an uneomorable id + Vertes! cures are oftwotypes (@ Sumeitcurves (@ Vay cues + Ivsumm cuves,arsing rents olowed bya faling green vate curves tiling gradients folowed by 8 rsing eden 1 Vertical cures needsto be provided bere the algebraic dference bweenthepradesis greater than or oqualto0.4%. «ising gradient sorely considered postive and alinggracents considered negate Parameters Related to Design of Vertical Curves 1. Length ofverial cuve : + depends uoontheslgbrac silence in grades andthe type of curve. 2 ate of change in graientis osc as + sshould nt exceed 0.1% per 305 mates length of chord fore summit uve 1 rshould notexceed 0.05% por 30 mates eng of chesfor he valley cur 13. Requed length of verical uve for achieving maximum permissible speedis oven by ts ( gergaesiecesihd sates Faraeotchrged 088 A. Menu adusclretoscue te A420" feud 0.622500 ute 6 +2000 MG arouses 2800 Gradients onder ror aig retin eevee ac 1 (ittmesunady te anes let arse crf onune x wheessheerzonts ares + Soci podting graent () toreach ves gore goer oats {h toolon erat eons ote grata posble (@) erecneahecosttewer Types of Gradients 1, Ruling Gradients Tis Setarminad onthe basis ofthe madmen oad that a locamatve can haul wn mayan permissive speed. + Extra pul requited by lncomaive on gradient with 9 ineination Pe Wsinds Wx Gradent 1+ Ruling gracint wih one ocomote | Planearea-+1in 16010150250 * tity area 1in 10080 tin 450| | 90 | Cit Engineering MADE EASY tay Enginecting | 91 { | Se sraineerng — < ney sins [NOTE Once alg oradiet ie pecifog a soolon, anal or prado ond na acioo OU '+ Degree ol cave the angle subtendédat the conve ct cure a chord ct 2.5m ath oft tan he ue gait ‘Grade compensatonhas tobe made Preis ary curate slong wth he acer ei aroun by which acitcular uve’ sitedin-nard to moot atansion cue. + Paling aan athe design racer, ‘Shits th amount by which me 1+ ma waraion curve, resus changes am nf rit value a uo + Euler pals an ideal waniion cue + Cubic prabols mst secon ncn Rays 9531 Grade Compensation ‘+ 1a any curvature along wah the gracent hen seme compensation has tobe made in . terms of to types of esitances, Grete resitance ores te rant and tris rexstunc ore ye cute. + 86-4008 per dogtect covoor TR (GQ ovictve brainteasers MG 0.09% per cegreect caver S28/8 Moirumct te Wa vole. NG -+0.02% per degre of curve or 35/8 2. Pusher Grasiont 1 in 2 BG raihay tick, he speciiod ning 6 The stepest gracient pormissible on a 25° \ raientis 1 iNzeg¢the heart cuneof3? cane er Broad Gaugele having ug racent *+ Gradient tener han rung ractentrequting ee locomotve cnagradentol asowilnavethepamisble of tn 20018 +) Reoucesthe lng otraivay scion es wo asthe over cst cradiont of (@) tin250 (ey tinzee 3, Momentum Gradient (a) tin2sr (@) tinas7 (© 1in238 vin275 + Gradients stoper te ing grdient eed 0.(nem: 27 The fintng van of cant deficiency for Mare * Therestace due tome grace ae overcome by he momen whichis gatheredwnie | 02 The grads compensation on a 4*cuve on @ Gauge rates i having @ unin plane xen aig gracentn vas Broad Gauge ratvay rack (4m ©) Somm + Usesadeliona inet energy received uring un ona section (@) 020% ©) 016% (© Tm (@ 190mm 4. Gradientsin Staton Yards j ore 4 8 Vertical cures are provided where algebraic + Tatevnt standing vhice om ring and moving away em te yard to comained | 3 ForBrcuve ack dverang rom amaincine "" Girence beeen grades i equ oor ‘fect of rat an svong winds) 25" nan cpposte recon inthe ayext ta) fas an 2mm ‘+ Desrablemaxirum value of graces 1 400. broad gauge yar, te cant tobe provided er) eee than 2a ‘+ Recermended minimum racent om nage considerations in 100. the branch rack orm speed ol AS (©) lessthan 4mm " conthemainineand’S = 1.s7emiPamniee mes an AN Wr at aia ed tana na a Vs STIS —— Gy Otman ey -atkcon” Cie mitig sue ot cnt ese fr Brad — | (¢) 7432em (@) 7.768cm Gauge is ‘Summary + Gaye movean be gomwicaan wn ad twcpatimepioetietcte rome: wasn) Emm Speed othe tain on a curve of radius A metres and speed of © Tom (4) 100mm i torenstane rte sii ae ese ony So eos (2 Vata arvana rent ee ireasoot tare Gace 2 + Average sped copends cn to lngth of he secon end no. oppages. © oR © eA (a) 20mmsec (0) SSmmsec ‘+ Maxnumsancionedepzeds delved te rackengerwro has cosigned ht secon. a a (©) SSmmmisec ——_() 6Smnisec + Equibvum speecisinespeedatwicnetecotcanrivalaceisexscycortutalanond | of O om 0.11 Siaggated jens re generally provided bycant proved, | ‘ (9 oncanves . * Maximum cant deficiency permitted for BG, MG and NG (762 re) are 75 ren, 50 mm, 25 Normally masimam cant pemissibte in Metre {(b) on straight track AO mm respectively. Gauge is (6) when two different rail sections are required + Thopielcenynewtwtonjannasatasoeedhtrtanequisumspoos ig tirm oom Steed ‘Theres cant excess when tan uns at speed lover an equim spec (0) None oe shove a insoved amples RED92 | Civil Engineering 0.12 Degree otariwaycurvels dened as number ‘of degrees cubtanded al he conse of acurve byanarcet @ 10m & 15m © 20m (@) 905m 0.18 Sate spo0d(vjon cure of radius S70 meres provided wth two tansiion cures on Broad Gauge rackie @ Tamhow (@) 132kmbour (©) 122kmhour (@) Ve2keirowe (0.14 Cant disioney occur when 2 around cues (@) equitramspece (@) spoeds higher han eau speed (6) speeds ower than equitiium speed (6) booked specs ici travels 12.15 The compensation tor curvature on gradient or Mae Gauge 5 given by 70 ©) s25iR @ sR 6) 10518 hore Ris adusotcuve (2.16 The shape of traniion curve used by Inlan always (@) cubicparbola 0) spat Postal Study Package FUTE] 0.17 Rie the rads ofa ctcular cure, then te (0.18 AsreadGaugebrenchin kes cas eccnary 1.19 One degree of cone ls quent to 1" 16. MADE EASY (6) snecurve (G8) leiscate of Bernous versine ona chord fength Cis gven by my a of, oF e c og og feu rom a ma ine, the superlovation requ for branch Ene § 10 mm and cant Cefcancy fs 75 man the superlovaton to be ‘ctl providedon the brench ino willbe @) 100m (b) 64mm © 85mm (5mm @ 180R ©) THR (@ TSHR @ rsa" where Ris the acs of cure in mbes. Anowers © 20 30 4@ 5 @ 7.0) 8 &( 10.0) (2) 12 (@) 18. (6) 14. (0) 15.00) (@)_17. (6) 18 @) 19. (6) ‘wowimadeeasypublications.org ) | CHAPTER Signals and Interlocking 10.1 Signals Signals costs the controling part he movement of toting stock an a alway rack which has eons oe bo the design, Ove t signal, tang or operated fice and racks are used to te maxim ere avataning he ell ol be passenger, ong stock andthe lal Mein cbjectves he signals reas fens @ w 7) o Efiiet movement of rains Ensuring salty of an moving on crossing Wacks Maxirurn ization fe rack Safety during sharing operations Managingtenmovement dung maintenance end cepa cexassincdines Acconns 10 Loegnon — Baten secon 12 ue tn bea ig. 101 Typical Signals Layout 10.2 Engineering Principles of Signalling + Any tahxein signaling system gil est in ros estitive aspect. > Rigen signal mas convey the Sm ndcaion oda al ime and at al race 5. Iishoudbereliable, simple anc vononical 7 “kAspects of ies signal shouldbe stint ans enambiquoss Theory with Solved Examples KE sehhe ERS94 | Civil Engineering Aainoy Engineering | 95 ‘mane ensy | mage Enss i I 10.3 Classification of Signals Ctessicaton of signa can be done onthe folowing bass (© lassifcation based on operating characteris: + Onis basis, there are audible signa as wells visual nas ‘+ lecase of audible signals, detonation s used eo a8 to mak a big noise Ail signals aroused dug aw vist conten (mois an fog) + Detonator are rote rls and ae placed! 4010 500m bore the Sana + Visual signee can further be cividod es hand operated skate ed signa 1+ Fired signals ar esto he ie placed tthe topo the post 1 Fried gnats may be of movable am type er coouright ype or ee ype + itherone or more number of fed signa can ba placed onthe same pest {ih lasiaton based onthe functional characterises: On this basis, there are har inal an fod signal Hand sinsis con be subdivided ino ag, colour igh and and indcaton Operating sats are provides th wo types of lag: Red Flag and Ge Fag, ed detnes the sopping conan, gran dts the staring coneton, gt incators may be red and orsen or ec yatow and gree, ‘olom defies the caution Le, the speeds needs fo be reduced. Handinccatons are used rainy when shunting operaonis being caried x Fd signals canbe classes as (2 stop signal (0) wai signals ‘Sto signals dofnes ha rain ha tobe stopped + Wamer signa dsnes tet ainhas ormove ata lower ped butheis sno sed ie top atthose locators, = eer eae ae ‘The tds painted yetiow and extiits yellow or amber colour a night instead of red, sss en . {he somaphot sina) ot ne mmc e cacaiey Pa) meeremeer =P Hint approaching socten is clear, nox next SE] biock section ie clear nen semaphores lowered anc war horcetl they ciate “proceed with “Tis means secon & clear upto he stator bute next block teton isnt oa. Win both the semaphore ard warner aelowered, ey dete proceed wth caine’. * Bat stop sonsland warner sna hss movable mincing whether movements alloweden “This means ato econ anda the rot lock ston cer ‘eva orn + Both sep slgral ana warner igang te (0) Disc Signals (hunting lon) movement anton based onto colour fe + Used in station yar fr tung operation aoa Pane + Asotnawn ashing seater + Bectic cure used cate of colo aspect far rinatee samechoresgnls canes wes anh ade — Mijn tnd ew ‘movebie arm coal aes painted white with a rd band + Movable am signals are knan a semsshore = O' Moan z Ee Soogts dager! ne O weit +The disc can revolve in a vertical al + Those sorts wich ae proved wince ihis plane bypulingofalever by ac, 1 When the ed band is hevizoral oF shows relight at night, is Indicated “STOP ang when | inctnod at 5° show goon ight 2 atnight, kindleatas-Proceod™ aa a +The conte ofthe co 6 about 2 fest above he ground ove aretemod as io aspect signals {2}, Semaphore Signals 5 + consists of a movable arm pivoted on 5 hrizoniapinneartetepota pot specticle holding two cciowglasec, lamp fr night inca, crak rod, cam, lever and counter ‘weighs, inal post, chain and ploy. roto Fig. 104 Dignan sto nates proceedEnsy | mAaDE a 96 | Civil Engineering PE 2019) MADE Et ne e209) ‘Railway Engineering | 97 (c) Colour Light Signals {a)_ Reception signals + Tyr vsid ont atc nes ervheretene son ere 2 Sarai which conolthe reception of rainsino stan. a vow Pn reac rosea eet . sually adopted for automatic signalling = iwblock section. {The erases oe | 1 CR arninin consideration Jo ra gheinetenby Set Dm GAY Yay +S Suede secen fic ain remain saonod athe plator eee = «Block sevon ita setin which just ater the staton section eectionbatwoen two station + Uptndcaiomaetesanesstasenpnoe. | | SD eae Lae « 7 . eae 1+ These signals ral tothe tation section (not he block scton oe be shies rand 1 for, aso we have wotesc gd () ote oa) ae oa a pee Pa area | 1 Ouran signals thefirtston signal belore tho tan enters om he back ection tothe station Igheteved toner Cesena nett ‘+ Diece with fre lights are commen copie. + Outer signals stat the outer periphery ofthe statin selon. (2) Pont inceators Fa. 10saconccoe 1 peaueattces gauge: the tance of uta sgn! om ants 0 mates. Tey ate nscators placesin he yanear be poi ona! icone of mae gauge + Tey are nat gas tedsancedse sit enaen |+ They indicate whether the points are set for the main line or not. from station limit is 490 ie = me + Mteonsists of a box without a li. moves : " shunting vein + rca +, Home signal is just oe ae + Ywoopposte sides ct th box are cour ds 16 tehnclametr anc arp whiten "Proved ale ort ere the outside. a Eaton (sal ut bela i a sonra es + soxcan oat abou vera ax tie te tsp wh © Inside the box there is @ lamp with ‘can stop the Wain before cH tour ses. ‘ning oe piston ase ate surge ‘+ At night the two opposite sides + Home signals are cot, BEE “Gumennig” JAK=Suntrgtows parle oewin ec eran ene ‘eau stace ere . ° Igitande ede paatotnebane than 190 mime sit p07 emanate geanight + thors and eubes, + ene ports are stor the min Ooo track the indicator shows white aise 1 iynen the ain i sanding onthe platform andi has to depart, that locaton the signal from ether side of the track rodeo depatch harem om the tation ae knoe as depart sign + hen points are ohanged, the « Petatuecipcanteache rio wo ypes( sar ga) aan starsat indetor oats tough 90° ana 1 EEE elie prousog jst head te nsomoive om bre is gong estan is indicator shows green disc or green rare ine ist upto ubieh attain stopping athe station should come toa sta a «These ar la top gia whic s provided win he tation es, + Incicatorisacuatedby turing othe Fig. 10.6Poinindicotor 1) thes types of sonalis provided beyond trang points and switches at a cstance 180.m or voi rae (ai)cassication ted on lctonl characteris: Satin inreoetig sors a vn re lbw a oewoten a ae ea ee 2 raling pats and sich ae priced the te when tho eins parting or tie apenas ocr | | FL, © Seuateonoten ns z (©) rag sons (3) sing sats oe . ea g : = noe ES Fae GE ieor wih Sones ample SSETERSY“ymadeneypultonsarg,) | worimadnenyplntons Eid niesMADE EAsy P2075) (©) Routing signals * Its @ group of semaphore signals placed at facing point of acne ora numeral tumouts, * Lowering ofary ona oft signalsinccats the "rachin which he pons are set + Signalforamainackis at higher leva while ‘signals for other tious ae at ower level + Aplatesatzched nit which dois the tack tobe taken up or being sat fr he tin, (€)_Shusing signals *Usedfr shunting operate in station yards, * Where semaphore signa are used, nthegeconetons the senting signals re providedin Inelorm of ceul icshape (acs proved wih are band on whe backarcunc, 'NOTE:Shuring operations ar atl e dow operations which ake lado BaTOTTOTIS (Classification based on special charecters Diferent types af signals based on special characteristics are: (2) Repeater signal (©) Coating signal (© Caling on sgn (9 Indeatore relat ports, peed, shunt, caun tp, level crossing, whist, grade, (2) Repeater signaie "isbrovdecuhena signals not visto crver tam adequate tance, dustocuvatire any ote reason tothe guard che ain at he rer en ofthe platoun "repeats the operation ot home igal (©) Co-sctng egnat + Ty oiesten soa nave we de an oe ein arm cen oc overbridge, high structure etc. . Scmeties thi i being provided in such a way thst comes inthe tne of the sight of the tier othe guard and thay are rotin a pstion oe the main signal Son het cose oe ‘etna sna prod and hs costing egal e parse ae or Pe ‘above the main original signal, eee ne se pa ©) Calting on signal ‘+ Pacedon sane post beiw th home signal {+ Wemean by cating enslnal that you are alowed or being ead to tke ono wack * helps curing main sgna ars tain movement (2) Intostors ‘+ Pointngeatrsndcats whether he Win is taking main nc oa tune ‘Werks a «precaution agaist bursting ct point or urhings into an ocaapec ine J aoe ERS aly Egerng | 98 E2075) ‘+ this provided win oan cscs which cates wih he change nseting al pots ‘+ Caution necator indicates whattypo cl cautenerdris bing given whahe tia reticod concton or epesd “+ Moe of hese nave to be placed 700 m before the epee in instar board an 800 before actual point of any permanent way work + Gradeincicaers dofnes the gradesistrmscl ike tn mvs itmay be upgrade cr dourarade + End ofthe grades indicated by providing a sign wth nly ltr. ese srowsfrinicating downorade or upgrade + Siopincicatris used for tmporay or permanent engineering resins wich calor ain tocome ta dead stop belore proceeding ht sheet where we have rea background wih wite bbaskiand on ether ie long the length + Soh agysindicstors was tne vr of signal ahead + sont Bferc notcats tr goods rain are paced 1200m ahwad For pascenger van hey ar placed 100 naires bear the signal + Block socton it inscator dares the eyo th wan int the sation teri ater the block sections completed + Block section imi inaicteis general placed a estan o 101m om the home signal. signa. 10.4 Interlocking + Interecking is done to proven the hunan arr when pains are st and signals are lowered or ‘aod by moans offer. + Reymanpulaion in hun err ean ead io an accident. + Lovers are intrconnsctd or irerocke, suc tat ely one pat ina pail rute can be ‘pened atone ime and would give sgnal cr th same pot. + Signaling rintrioesng cant dons atnermachanicaly celal, 104.1 Fundamentals of interlocking “+ Ineick betwoen a point and ts caresponcng signa means that signal canet be lowered Uunlss the tne for which the signals loneredis comet St and locked, As lng asthe signal ramais lowered, the points cannot be focked oevorsed, + Nocontacctory signa can be lower at he sam tno, This moane that aries tans rm opposite or converging dectio tothe seine anda the came te cannct take place ‘+ Noloose wagons can enter the line ater the points arose and ign lavere. This means hat the pins andsignas shave be soinetocked hat when man ereop Ine routing gna st ether endo! yard are omered, tis mpassible to workhe rap pris. + Thowack or which pins are se and signal lowered should be clear of obsucton. 10.42 Mechanical Devices for interlocking (Chiot mechanical devices use ae Pohtock eee eran100 | Civil Engineering @ Tesdebers Dae (6) Comectng devices (0.9 fod, crarks ac temperature compere) + Toprevent accents defacing ois Jocks, detectors and wade bas ae used + pit ci placed inthe mid fe rack ate ont ofthe ns ce ong a +The objet of pit oko ensure that oachswichis corte Fig. 10.10) Connecting cdevies (0 Temperature Comoenstor OTE ecb wis operation ol pars and ial has boon adopied on ndian Fiver working POR and signal. ae Samy Tp ce Sas nd ing a er [= Pear gerennnstin soa ‘ > 1 Remitiroaathetiterrsantne states ision é seen avtnaierm are u Disc signals are used in station yards for shunting operation. wc Se eae plte enero W687 ton en 1 HRI ecetoamnrrt eh posed sa naneqeeent + Winners semcrgomemre res 1 teen tec or necna des 5 ee ty conga eaten ect uk prt scan Poe eset Ces (Ces Ces Ces CEs 5 @ + cormon yes of poetokiie ger ype {Thepngo' wtedy are oma sgaleabn {hoster bates cach tached one svich skein pg aang alihtangesto rerwrae + Thesiger cn onybe esha ante ssn rtrd reste carey Dounce punge goss her ox te sens caret bam ci Ce ee ee se manasocnas | [Wy ooesne se “worked, the treadie bar rises slightly above the rail evel anBMRetNowers. fo + Detectorsare specialdevices employedto prevent signastecmbsing meted when ary pat | @.4_ va shunting signal the 1d band i ncined (@) botnarmarehorzntal ofthe nttlockig appartu i cut of order at 45° Wndiates (6) semaphore aem lowered but warner arm 1+ Theconnectng devices between thelever nthe eignalcabinand switch of gna, consists oh (sto orzortal +4 inch diameter pipe or solic ods, ©) proceed ( bohoenephora ener enslonend 4 * (©) proceed cautiously (@ Noneote above + Vertical or harzonta bends re provided by means of cranks. (6) Noneofthe above (05 Who gf and viral cto 1+ Temperature compensator ate provide at about evry 80 cites ores nthe ne oh 12. ‘When somaphore and wane re wetted on (a st ee the ame pot then the top indleation sien (©) proceed + They consis of pro earks (one sous and shor obtuse angled wi a connecting ik ‘en (©) proceeccautousyy between them (@) Nonectne above tees wit sive artes ar ED102 | civil Engineering oO as os or The recepton signal is @ outersignal home inal ip store (9 advarcod stare ‘The corroctansweris @ Genet (© Wandgi (9 Wendi ——() (anainn ‘The helght ofthe cere af arm of somghore signal above the ground is @ 55m (65m (© 15m @ 85m ich one ofthe folowing gare represents Warner signa in alnays? © © to I © => © gor Consider the foi statements Automat signaling eytem resus in 1 greater 2. higher eticieney 3. sveidanceot beckinstruents 4: igher operating coe, Oftnese statements (@) tend2ereceract (0) Sand4areconect (©) Vana dare conect (6 2andsereconect EXE 2075] Q8 The object of proving a pint lock ic (@) toensure that oach sitchisconecty act (©) toerawe thatthe pontmaynet be opera while he rain iso t (© t detect any obstruction benvoen ang tonguerat (6) none ofthe above 2.9 The treacle bar ie provides (@) inthe mid fe wack ate in on of the toos ofthe tongue ral (©) rear an paral tonne side of one ofthe ras (6) aight argieto no at (6) near and parle o nner side of both the 2.10 Which ofthe folowing macanics devices ie ‘used fo ensure hat ute cannot be change hile te train ison he pat ave ar puting back the sana? @) daeoere (©) pointiock (©) looktar (@) suetenertar 0.1100 8. tack he stance of cue signal om Sain bits kept @ s10m (©) 520m (530m @ 540m 1) 2) 26) a 5¢) 60) 7.) 8. (a) 9. 0) 10.66) 11.) ee (CHAPTER Airport 1.1 Airport, Ctasetication of Airprt ‘A. According United Stat Federal Avalon Administration (FAA) Primary Aipot: Thess havermore han 10,000 bersinge each years 'Non-Primary Airports: Wich hancelees han 10,000 paeeengers each year. 8 According Intenatona Civil Aviation Organisation CAO) 1. Based onninway ath ‘+ Thecassfcaton's don using code ruber 104 ‘+ Ware code 1 as least bac runway long (< 800m) and coda 4 hi length (= 1200") 2, Based onving span and over mais gear wheel span ‘This cassicaon is done using code ter to E ; * Hore has last wing andutormain gear whec spans whe has highest wing and outer rman gear whee! spans 1.2. Aircraft Components aroin—t_ ff WADE ERS Thay th Sed as104 | civil Engineering Postal Study Package PUIE]} MADE Ensy 1. Wings: Wings suppor the airrat in the fight when te engine has gy wos oh hen he engine hs gen the nacessay ong Faz "Wot h ang olncdace han Ui conpano SRO TSSSS UTS i conperenivadiccs 2. Thvee principal contos: Thore ae tree axes about which an ai Provided wah hee principal contol, (2) Elevator Contos tha pitching movement (©) Rudder: Used fortuming or ysning movement {6} Allon: Usedto cant the ring momar 3. Fuselage: toms main body of areal and pr Paste al and provides for power plan, il, cockpit, passengers, 4, Flaps: Used for ncoasing lito ecto. NOE = Lé,- ‘attmay move io contol hese movements, he arlene ‘The movement aera abou he as 's called lateral orang movement ‘The movement about y and 2 ares are called piching and yawing movernens respectively, 1.3 Aircraft-Characteristics The irra characerisics needed 3 losneededtobestcies are: 1. Type ct roputson sir as © tims > then trim ing ats © Capea oar 7 Aeatwoohendutetcongsain ahaa ae elspa : 10. tose Type of Props: pet orl conse mee Bade ih a Cea pah fecting at bachvardswit anaccouatonardusmomeren ae ‘the asroplane, this is called propulsion. “ews inat ioe Steclaroan toc ting rads, speed and wegh carying char Stetoraat Peed and weight cayng characte te. dependugon the | enn 2, Sie of Acrat Sz of Arr Ino obovng dimensions DE EASY RENE 2079) Airport, Dock, Harbour... | 105 1. Wing span 2, Fuselagelengia 8 Height 4 Distance betwoanmain gorse. goa toad 5. Wheelbase and 6. Talla ‘+ Thewing span decides the with f taxiway, sie of aprons, hangars ee + Thetengtt ara decides the widning ftanays on curves sizes sprns and hangars, “+ Thensighto arczatiskrown as empennage eight decides he height of hanger gate + Thegeartade andthe whee! base afect he minima turning radius te ac 3. Minimum Turning Radius : 1+ Is ery essential to decide te acs of taxa, to estabish pathol te movernt of aca + Thecsstane ofthe fares wingtip tom the conve ofrtation represents the minimum tring radius, ‘ + Theoretical he maim angel ctatlonis 9° which earespondsabeoteminimmturing radius whic produces excossive tire wo - 4. Minimum Cireting Radu: tis minioun rads wth whic the ara can ake em npc, '5. Speed: Crushing speediGround Saad Arcrah peed with respect to ground when aerate fig at te maximum epeed. ir speed Aca spood lave to wind. 6. Actat Capacity Capac oar i described in oars of mumbo of passengers, cargo anc fuoltha canbe accommodated inthe rat “ 7. Weight of Aircraft iohuoneee te rin of away ticknies ol uray, tay. ptonendhanger te + wingspan —————a Gie,pot Deck Hatow. | 107 OE ERSY Postal Study Package EAE) ‘Airport, Dock, 106 | civil engineering Postal study MADE Ensy| MADE ERS —— Weight Components: + ty operating weights a constant weight of aera. { Zxotus weights the sum of empty opesing weight and he maximum pay * Muiumtak cl ight sum at empty peng wigan texblocomton ot paong sandtua. 5 tasiman ancing weight < Maximum tke of weigh (because fis bumad cng ih * Madura weights ight higher thn th maseum eke of weight becaLs some fu ‘sued in taxing eto). et Bla: The exe turns pavements are alloted by thet blest, terete is stable Statement (I): Ther are titans in the use of space when passengers are cated in an secret (a) Both | and i ae tue and Wis coect explanation of (0) Both and are te but is pt a carect coxplaaton of A © Hietue but lis tase (@) Hie age bu is we Pik up the component not applicable to 09 Winglosding ofan aircrafts (@) baat ho wings goss tol weight othe erat OT eadahwings 9068 ot weight the art © wege area ross cal weight ofthe ara (©) "cial avaiable FP of engines ar Answers 95 Leprol caren concrete pave lla at hetouch oom paren ore efotacs aie ‘ncamparzen ote bani pavenorts fo wie ee, ©) ogres 1 @ 26 36) 4) 5 8. Ful Slag: he foxbse bituminous paveents ate atlected by the ul plage an thee (o) alrscren’ "" ** (a) None ofthese 6 @) 7 8) 90 constant supervision of the area bythe apo auhoritesis estan Thetucclage els (@) passengers chamber (0) pietscabin (6) talotarcrat (G) Actthe above 10. Noise: The covet asessmort orate pater e esl te cpa lyut of he runways, as Classica fazer is done accexcing te Federal Avaton Aanivaraton FAA) Oa 'terationl Avision Organisation (CAO), Fuselage man boy part o rer incudngpascengers cham Plats cabin antl dlarerat é 1+, Thewing span decides the width o txiny, sis of hangers and apors Q? ovsecin rain Teasers 2.1 Cruising spoad ofan aera is 650 keh thers is need wind of 50 kph than a sped end ground sped of arerat respectively (9) 7Ookmphand 700 eng (6) €50hmpnand 700Hmph (©) 650kmphand 850 nah {) Tookmphandss0kmon @2 Which othe towing sateen are conect (@) the sossdot ara relate tothe grou, (©) equaltosumotampty operating weghtand mmaxirum ey lad (6) ess then empty operating weight 24 Naxinum ramp weigh ofan strats (6) equaltomaxium ako of wight (0) more nan maximum take of weight (6) less ran maximum ake of weight (6) equsliomaxman landing wet 8 Moxinumiancing woigt oan acratis {scalled cxlsing speed (a) equal to maximum take off weic 0) fesmeidaaateovinicaes (9 Salminen tree © uous te dncn ane (Me tarammite fight, i speed is eas than cnusing spees ‘ (@) alabove 6 Statements): The actu payioad pticulay a in passenger ara ¢nomal lees tan the as ‘maximum sructual payload oven when the ‘crafts completly fh Zero fuel weigtat an arate (2), eavalioamptyeperaing weight (©) equaliomaxnumcpsrating woightCHaprer| y Airport Planning 2.1 Airport Site Selection 1. gional Pan: The ste selected should ft werinothe regional lan anion anne partot. ‘honational network ot apo, 2. Apo Use: The selocton ose depends cnt usage ie wheter br cian orf itary cperatons, Proxy to Other Apo: Te cleced ste should be aa reasonable dian em he xin ‘pots so that t does rot cause ay interference wih the movement of rats 4, Ground Accessibitly: The site shouldbe such that ead accessible tothe uses, valabity Of pub ransporaton facies, e.9, bus, tet. utr qualiis the subi of te at 5. Topography: des! ake for apart shil op cpleteau area soa have less obstruction, natal ‘lainage, unto wind and beter bity duet lesser og, 6. Obstructions: Long clearance ere a obo provided an ether sds of urmay knowns sppcach areas oer vhich ne aera can safely gino loss alitude 7. Visibilty: Peo ality loves the rate capaci ol he port The selected sie mute tes Hom fog, smoke andhaze 8. Wind: Rurwayis 0 clente tha anding andtake of dane by heading inthe wind Ruy ‘ertaton qppeste owns rection Dataof erection, dwation and hens of wis popes foramina pesod of ve yoo 8. "Noise Nuisance: There should not be any esleral or ieustal gpelopmert inthe vcity of pen \ 10.Granding, Drainage and Soil Charactristics: High wir tabi ates cece costly subssol ‘rainage system hus shouk be avid Deseabi cote aor earn i of pons ratio such as gravel, sand, 11. Futur Development: Considering the ansicipated future developments fhe spot, lige cea shouldbe acquit inal, 2.2 Surveys for Site Selection 1. Trafe Survey: fo determine cute and anticipate tur avai, 2, Meteorological Survey: To dstormine drecton, cuation and intensly of wind, ral og, tomperatue and barometric pessur et Gey tier ai scived trample; «DE ERS mADE EASY 23 23a 2015) Aiport, Doc Harbour. | 109 ures such as tees, seams 8. Topographical Survey: To prepare contour map showing natural cand constructed objects as poe nes,bulang, roads et 4, Soll Survey To determine sot ype sr round water ale 5, Drainage Survey: To determine quaniy of storm wag, rainfl tena and outs fox rn wale 6. Material Survey: To ascertain the avalbiliyo sutable constuction materi treascrabie cost. Airport Obstruction and Runway Orientation Zoning Laws ‘These ar ave made by concemed authors nore is pravant ture development of oberon, “Toso lus check he constton ofhig ise buldegs, wtich proce sokes inthe vic ofthe apart. 232 ‘lassfication of Obstruction ‘Obstucson to sale navigation aed ino to calggoros: (0, Objects provucing above cern agin surface. (ects exceeding tering nels stove he tpursurtacen approach zones an turing aL pe rd —ae F i SAT ‘chat Meat ogra Suet eas hier wane alef 100 | j { | 2 ‘Approach Surt tenes FERS Imaginary Surfaces + Tako Climb Surface: stad be estate Boye the endotunwayr cles or ay rection intended obe used fr he aeroplanes ake. should be establshed ftom smal ond ofrunway sip or rue decton Intended tobe used fr ancng of aeropanes. eons ofthe allowing * _Aninner edge of speesed ont, taza and perpencular the extended centre othe ‘zw: lcatd aa species dance belt the test. The elevation ole Fer edge ‘shale equal oat of he midpoint ol the ieshold * Two sides criginaing at he ends ofthe inner edge and cverging uniformly aa specified rie trom he extonec centre ine of tho runway. The surface extends upwards and outwards ot pected slope whichis measurodin te eral plan containing hs cane ine onay, Inner Horizontal Surtaca (IHS): isthe surtace eesti horizontal plan aowe aerecrome ond ‘ssurouncing, The shape of HS need notbe cular aay, Tho radu outros ch bemeasured rom ipo reterence pat (ARE). Conical Surface I projects upvards and outwards em tha periphery cf nner hrzntlsxace , Thetimts ofthe conical suace shall comprise of the ellowing (8) lower edge coinciers wit the exper ofthe ner horizontal surace (HS). (©) Anupper edge looted at speci height above ier havizartal surace (IMS). The lope ot the conical surtace is measured a vorical plane perpenccua to he pershery oe rer horace autace, ‘Tranatonal Surface: tis = complex surtce tom the edge of the aporoach sirace tat slopse \pwarés anc outwards tothe ier harzora susie (MS). Rs inended lo sea the contcing obstacle lmtation sutace for buldings et Theis ofa tration! eurtace consi of: (@) lower edge begining ane ntorsectin ct he side approach sustace with henner hizo ‘lace and extorcing down the ide ofthe approach eens totheinne: geo! he aoproseh ‘krface and rom there exterds along he ongth he sip paral othe una cersno, (©) An upper ego locatesn the pane ofthe ier horizctl race, The sop Pearson ‘uae is measured in a vertical lane stright angles tothe centine ote romney, Outer Horizontal Surface (OHS): sccm plane wth cent located st ARP (arp erence point. ‘+ Theheight of OHSis 150 m atove Pe ARP elevation. + Constustions protruding sbove ths sutace wll note pemited. Zone ‘The wide clearance areas are nun ss apprcach one, equedon iter side fray song the ‘tection oflancing and iake of (ver this area, ne aicraftcan stoy nose gain atta, ‘Te whol ofthis aeshas tobe ket reo em oeructins by apphing zing laws inthis aea, ‘The planotenprosch zone isthe samo as ato! he approach suriace, The enlycerencabetueen "wo fs that approach surface isan imaginary sutace and the aovoach wea inccaes the at) oundarea, MADE EAsy | ADE EASY ‘Aiport, Dock, Harbour | 111 PST) ae tion from obstruction view point, 7” hist ct ponot apron andtamot et panto abn + Tre dimeeton of clear zane depends upon type of runway and clstance requited to each eight olism + Instrument waysnrmay equippedvih cece pemtinghelancng unde poorly condtons. — E aia ree “tama | cn Cites er ann craft wil "Duin te ako egos elect ncse taney hn ra ave to tae avn come nine wih runway beter lanng + Trearea of arport othr than he approached ara, which s used for tuingoperatonis own as Samay + pp maw in arc wea ct ey Sa ae direction of landing and take-off (@ + Gorcuwtere rm pon asc a nd os a sn tom ceanctonnep + Area used tumning eperaton eter hen approach reais own asturing zone } Objective Brain Teasers 1 Asstacelongtucnaly cereradon ho xterded (2) Covicteulace Tanstial euace tinycetoineardedandngoavarand (0) Yarra i sed " {€) Inner horizontal surface Piney ore er hoizeialstace (0) Par suroce (6) Outer (©) Conca 13. What ao we cal he imaginary sutace which (© Hevcnta tate extends upwards and cutwards rom perghory (0) Appwoechsurtace * ofnner horizontal surface at airports? 22 whines atte ivnginagraysutoesn erate, Sneccrcunnpanncewetcania 0) Apmeaesace raneienciSomacatearpaniiwercs (0 eperalanace (8 conalsotoe _ meor Theo wi ed als RE)112 | Civil Engineering Post 24 Asutacelongucoalyceneecontheestended ‘unway cent tne and extending outward aed ‘pwar rom each end ofthe primary surfaces krounas (@) coicalsutace (b) vanstionsutce (©) spproschsurace (9) harzorialsutace QS Aste List (imaginary surtace) with List (Characters) an select the comect answer List evict epraach Peary Teta! sti Longin centered énarunay Longiucinaly corereg onthe extended way 3. xtonng outward and upward rom the essheryotthanerzontal eurtice 4. Extending cuward and upward et vght _ngiostotherunvay centring code: a Bc Oo @ 3124 M4243 @s216 @4i23 26 Considerthetotowing statements Ditference between airport and highway avermenthicknese aries ce to 1. Magnitude wheel 2. Tyepressure 3. Number otrepettons 4. Szoct the vice \nicholtte stoners gen above are core? (2) 1.2enddony(@) 1,2and3enly ©) anddcay (6) 2.3andseonly 7 Ascoton (4) :Incaseof pons, heimneme Partonol approach zone. whee any acto 'sto.becrtcay vowedisknoonae cla 2ore Reason (fi) The area arpor. other han te ‘approach zene, which i Used for turing of arcrats i caed he uring zone ey wise anges ‘Study Package ELIE] Codes: (@) Both A and Rare tue and R is correct explanation tA (&) Both A and Fare ae but i not a coment explanation ofA (©) Ais he but Ris false (G) Als taco bu Fie tue Q8 Mnimum wath clearway orinsturent nway (@) 75m ©) 150m (900m (@ 250m 9. Match ne ftowng: ist stat APNE 1. Noise va BLN 2. Viuatrange © sto 3. Alport pavemant ccassfeaton 4. Typeotatorat cose: ABC Ka @1s4m148 421204 0.10 Aportsivaton isthe reducedevel abot NS of (2) contettover (8) highest point ofthe arays (©) lowset point ofthe runes (©) Nowottness 0.11 For the proposed aipar, the eurvay project Provides (2) master pian © gadegpian newer 1. (9) 2 (6) aN 4. (b) 6. (0) (©) topograptic lan (8) Alatnese & 0) 7.) Ed 5. (ay 10.00) 1 * Wink Sag. 8) NB, Peresived neice vel itensy LCN Losdclassteabon ums tpn) STOL: Shor ake of and nding Cuarrer| Runway Design 3.1 Runway Orientation ‘+ Theovintatonol runway dopends upon the drecton ol we and o some extent area avaabe or evstopenet + uwayis oreo the drecten ct prevaling wind such hat he rection o wind i oppose the ‘recon landing and ake of 2 ‘+ Thehead wind provides greater it foxco onthe wings facet while taking of, thus strat isos above he ground eaters. ina shorter length runway. ‘+ During acing, heed wind provides greater crag force eo hati comes to hatin shorter lngth ot ray < . ‘+ tance g and take of eperaton is ene along the wie cect then it rogue longer ray. + Thewod bowing rom oppose clipcion ches or nosso acre, oppostoto tha movement of reat eo rng o tke of erm as es ena it + Trevindbowng nhs same agen flaring ct take off of arf is ead ap tal wind, tt fA yong ineease ne sop dare orf off tance, ves 3.2. Cross Wind Component and Wind Le oon Coverage Figs + 1s nt fea 0 obssin the etecton of wie along the direction of ho cete ne of runway throughout year : + the section of wnat an angle to uemay centeln, tenis companents re shown nig. 3.1 + Thenormal eampocent lo movenion fakes is eae eras wind component Iinterups aafe landing an take of operations ce + [Resse “Feereh es) [Bacon = neh) ; “+ Canta tine ofthe ermay shoud not make an angle wih the wind direction exceeding 30° ~ MARGE EREG' “Theory with Sohed Eames KE)14 | Gt eneog "MADE Ensy i 32.1 WindCoverage ~ P2013) Airport, Dock Harbour... | 115 ‘+The value entored in each segment represents th percentage of ine ina year dung which he racetertae cine nayearcsing whch cos wind carponetiwiin the permissible ni, ‘wine having a particular intensity, blaws from ecpective direction + preety brome tenn et b + Surrmaton fale percentages (shown in segmend is wid coverage value elooeagen afi such that minimum wind coverages 96%, ‘+The best orientation of runway is along the direction of centre fine rotated about centre of wind r03e . * For busy pen, wind coverage may be increased to 98-1008 phot sot hat wind overages mameen 3.3, Wind Rose . + Thegraphicalrpreseiaton ovine datas io. tection, uration and eons ig cated wind ove, + Thowhda cf ateast yaar snctpretrayo 10 yeas shouldbe considreduhile designing an apo. ‘Tho windrose agra is used for eng oventaton + Windosedagramscan be platen io ways flows: ‘ype-t: Showing direction and duration of winds { * Thera nes death wind dtsctonand each ole Fepresetsthe duration of wind Tha best crectonfunway isuevaly sng te drecton of he gest ine on wero diagram, 3.4 Basic Runway Length (BRL) tis the longth of runway calculated under he folowing assumed condition: (@Atpontis ateealove, (i) Temperature at ports standora(15°C), (i) Funway s tyoledintongtucinal drecton ee fective racer (i Neo winding onary. (0) Aero goa at te tl aang capacity, {ui There srs bowing enroute a destin (i) Eoute temperature isstancar, Factors nfuencing basic runway length ()Avcratprermarce characterises, (Gross taning and takoot weight cf aterat Fesa (i Satay requirements i ‘Net Cat lod Pocerige in ing wich whaiaay aes han BURG ‘Apart tem vse; hana wns, conden ol anway surface alesnfuences eran th "ype: Showing rection duration snd intensity of wind “The basi runway lng is detemines by three cases: + Eachee represents howd sonst tse 1 Neal Landing Cae: nis case ara shoul comet sto win 60% ct anding tance! rarwaylent 2. Normal eke OF Case 115% oft of lsance toques to reach height ot 10m. 5. Engh Fale Case: nts case, basic uray lngth considers eer cleaway Or stonway or both + Stopnay is he atea beyond the nay, centrally located in algnment with he cenene ot + Stooway is uedor deceleration of atest endbringig ito hat dung aborted ake ‘+ the engine has fae a spd les than te designated engine tare speed then arcrat eacooertes wih ute of stopvay + engin fal at speed, higher nan designates speed then put has to conte to tke ol hen ‘urn intuning 2ne and land again tor nx take i case giving longest longi naling WeoononGed 3.5. Correction for Elevation, Temperature and Gradient ‘+ Thebascrunmaylengh ecusedaboveisiormean aleve, havhg standard mosphere condtions. + Necessary conettons: ‘A. Correction for Eovation + Astho clevation increases, the a donsyeduces, Thu, itn the wings ofthe ratedoes apple or clavaton temperature ard gratent or acta se contin andthe ara requres greater gourd speed. To achieve greater speed, onger runway nth Isrequred, ) wim madeeasypublicationsorg eee ‘Theory with Solved Examples dg116 | Cuil Engineering pitty a9) ‘Atport Dock Harbour... | 117 ‘+ 10 ecormends thatthe basicrunnay length (FL) shoud be increased atthe rte of 7 percent Solution: ‘er 300m (10008) sein slovaton above te mean sa eve. 20 0 sionfrelevaton = <2 x 1660x252, B. Correction for Temperature io (Cancion eo Foa* 1889% Fp = 86:25 m . Aor erence tempore (ART iscaioatod using CconectesRunnaylenghh = 1650+ 9625 =1746.25m AAT = Ty (i Standard samosptericlemperaive othe gven elevation ‘. were, 1 18°-00065 «250= 19.275 7, = monly mean of average daly tempera for theo! month of he yor Dilerence intemperate, . “T= momly mean of maxarum dally tempera fr same month he yeas, aT = s2er-13378 + tein spot reference temoeraur has he same eects thes in elevation ves 1 Recarargii0A0, Behave bee coreted fo era souk iter ese by ' {Ser Pere naar ares tare above tbe standaarogphre leper st 174625, Serio ove ecu ona pe conecintrwnpeaie = 25 ige26 = 1096 «Temperate gant or tarda sbospher tempat lvaon ton Maan Sos Leva Conecednemylegh = 174625 + 24096 = 208720 (het ote tae wre torpor 156) ORES po eter (2) Cheeklocembinesorectn + Senparsue yadent econ zo above he altude wha lamps 6.0. ete {stanaratospners toner stmeansaleaiiaen a 15. Tomloorecten ns = Typgp <1 ame €. Chwoktor tt carecton fr Eaten pus Temperate cers CAO, hn combine carson sau ot exes 5% heree OK, ce econands na cre comecsnseneds SSN AL, en tess cee sas | 0 bo tuer checked by spec tues athe ste by model testing, cc) Corestente Gresien = 22 xa0er.2x0.2= 88.49 , conectn fr Gradient Conecdieath = 20572 8940 217071m + scope grant gt nh of uns seed so att cn an cess ound Fay ate carci, cometacunay gh 2571 e % speed Determine the actualruneay length after applying necessary corrections for | 1 prtreconmancs that afar empersiaeendalvaionoomeckers, BAL.shoulsbelncressesby | glyationand temperalure ae pec ICAO and gradient correction as per FAA specication forthe data fate of 20% fr every 1% of fective ore sven below: ne : «fective grants dane as maxrum erence n even batwoon highest ard west | ‘Basie runway longh = 2100 metres pois on enaay divided by tll uray length + ICAO reconmends no corecton fr gracnt | f Btelner dpe os « td ee a — 7 + Monty ant vag daly ore re rates ntl ne yar «21°C Tied eta rancva! Gres eat magn daly operas | + Mon nun enannum vinous eae man = 70 ‘as 44.62°C and mean of average dally temperature as 28.12°C, then whfiFTs'Mpe airport reference * Effective gradient = 0.6% ¥ Solution . Meant msc daly temperature (7) = $4626 sn of Basicnewaytangth,L = 2300! Elevation fap a = 100m Monthy man ct verags dally eperre fr the hats nth othe yoa,, Morty mean of maxerum daily tompagtur forthe rare marth, T,=20°C Etscive racing = 00% | CCorecton for Elevation a _ "on fr elvan as recommend by ICAO, is 7% por 300 mlevation. sh of ranway unde sion . clos BEN hoc lence epee 20%. Ite away be const wh | Tere, Comet = ag tffective greciont of 0.2%, Then dstermine the. temperature. i | sobtion: * | vagecdalyiomperstue(T,) = 28.12 Arman elerencs tampaMADE ERsy 118 | CiilEngineering 7, 190 ee x210 «49m Comectadiongh.L, = 210049 1 = 240m | Correction for Tomperature: , Standard atmosphef temperature at given elevation, 1, = 15-0085 100 ase | rele 3 = Consctionforetvaton 0-21 > p= 206 Fisintempetsine = Ty-T, 2415 | = 9050 { ‘AS PerICAO, comestion for mperatureis 1% for every Crs in temperature, (es) spe, Cid Conecion = Conectionfortemperatre = <1. .65%Cx2149 = 207.28 m cS Coreciediength,L, = 2149 6207.38 | meson mck ICA tl concn roti pls oncrare hed oxee 5 as aay oun Tale denon ace = + 2588s | alcorcennpucetage = SE stooer2e%<25% HncooK Conecten or orci: | Facecormercs hatuneay igh ater bee conc eloaten antares shou | beluternereed torte 2% orev Toone gaunt 20 Conecedtorgadint = 22x ots 20 2B x082956:90 = 280.77 m BR x06 2386.30 = 280.77 = Pralnniaylengh = 2056084 2807 : | 2899.15: EE ET2009) Raa nat eed a avn andar sioxphoioconion’ ' 2am ny leah veut otto cet aol a sone hee cn caren 2400, Aeocumeevsion 27m andres temperature ove ae, te standard stoapere for 270m atone 2 and unnysape e SN Coane ae a Cte rma ate ppg cacti away og | Solution: | Bascrmayake alent, = 2500 Bescrameylndng kee. 2 2200m itch = 270m yeorce tipo Ty = aC ""Sandardtemperaue, Ty = 120 Nggh Rimavsoneg = 058 1. Care oranway tke onth Conection for elvan Coctonorseetonas recommended ICAO, 6% pe Sm evan 7 hvaion 75 300 7 2, ny ‘05 * 500 *?400 Conesteatength Ly = 24004 1812 Conction for empereture: Aeeintenperaine = Ty-T, a | ‘Airport, Dock Harbour. | 119 Correction vation ty isc Conetentrtaroeatne = MADE EASY @ ‘Moan of maximum daly temperate T= 820 Mean ofaverage daly tonperate red Alpanretrence temperate = a0s4nare @ Correction elevation Cconectedienath 900 +1005 = 20005 = 2100 m C) ‘+ leAO recommend mcarectanorcradent *+ FRArecemmonds tha ater temneratre and ‘dovatoncorectone, BL shoud reese Dy rat of 20% fr every 1% af atoctive gradert nado is) Runway Geometric Design 4.1 Geometric Design of Runway ‘The lowing ao 0 be considered in gooretic design ofnsways (0) Runway Length: Base runway lerath depends upon estegoryn which aera fats as per ICAO classtieaton (i) Pansy Wietn + 10AOrecanmends pavement width varying rom:8’m to 45m + @epende upon ype faa and ingest ara pra. {) Width and Length of Sétoy Are + With of safety area = rary wicth + shoulder on ether age of runway + he rea at eared, graded arden Tote: engin elay aoa langhvalruneay + 1omas lenginal ealoy arene Goh boyend unway bot ond, ; (iv Etoctv Graciont ‘Maxum Lint for elective graiot shoul be oat, A.B. Ciype-» 1% D.EYype>2%a 126 | Gi Engineering SaOE eeee mADE Ensy Peo) ‘Aiport, Dock Harbour» | 127 (©) Transverse Gracin + Waprolieder que nage teste water Lovet Brain Teasers + According to ICAO zt i Maxi vane grader etn 1 at ang dtnd as thao : ABope > 1b po ICAO, rat of change of atlectve 0 Castor ang sonal poe 2 pete eaten, Bit ea nan a Bp capt ted ioa tre be recon movement ot hae + Hover se shostbe es han 1 ater pret ime ce x Ar Son ton ; love 05% on ©) 02% «9 Bia te aac tid ae (00 Longitudinal Gradont (6) 03% () 04% Pe eareannatiecaearclta ema + nresn nog gd reutsnerese nwa gh 02 As pext0k0 for Dand Eype of arpon'3m tocesmedompoxe + l0A0recanmandmasurlongtunl rare oo ee ayanih _() Bowaanonroranse hedge ats i AGS 1 ny hae mene wee tevecteton ass | D.Eypa-92% ntl (gan 1 @) 20 2) (inate of Chango of effective Longtucnal Gradient i | OO | * Vertical cue shouldbe proved to amecthen the chenge in graion, + CAO Recommends ratof change of lengiucesl gradient Maxirum int fox A and Bype + 0.1% per 30 mlengt of vertcal cuves, Maximum trit Ctype-» 0.2% per 20 mlengtholveicalcuves Maxima mit 0, Etype + 0.4% per 30 m length of vertical curves, (i Sight Distance * Gant ere sie sane rst as the; — ‘ongitudinal gradients forthe runway ave quite gente. ( 7£ Hwonnwayerriayendtnnayriscecteocnonee_| the uel ot dance eeu, + 1CA0recanmanorrcotson For Biypeal fpr, ry poets 18 man? 1m respec aoe stil way roa rly ible fom aciance oq ao ey eng \ « Rrcondepa trains ed Lan Si tom en pon 3matowcioy ome dlance ot ast on hat og tary. Fig 42 9 car gio 4.2 Castor Angle * Casior ange the anal formed between th longitudinal sso he aircrat and tangent the conte ine Gea ea ‘Theory with Solved amples REDGa rer wit Sod aes ‘CHarn Airport Capacity Airport Capacity Is he quartatie messure fora supply of sevice r "ste quar py of service over aspect period of Ye under gun peasy Gang FR VF uesondtnsiatymeetan ceg fee Flight Fules) conditions. Syren ese 5.2. Runway Configurations and the Connected Taxiways — xKY * nme why / \. / \ 53 saa 532 533 Airport, Dock Harbour | 129 “+ Single Runway:is usualy adopted when the wind blows in one ection fo most ofthe ine a ‘oa’ and a ralcreqacement cis nt exced he capac of such pate. + Parallol Runways: The capacity ofthis pattam depends upon te lar! spacing between te two runways, the weathercondton andthe raigaorl age avalable a be akport «+ Inereecting Runways: is usualy adopted whon runway na partcuar drecon does nat provide the required wind coverage. Whether both the rawsays can be ueed fr simultaneous landing and lakoof, depends upon the cos wind eponenon each Una. «+ Open Vrunway: hon take-f aneanding ao made sway romthetwo closer ends peraions per hourinereasesslgracant. Factors affecting Airport Operating Capacity “+ Funway cntiguatin and conectodtsway + Aivaland departurerato, ook 5 {ror serving smal and slower acre genealy have higher eapacty than the ene eeving ‘iggerand later seats 4 «the ratio of arivig to dopartingidorats alto ntassces the aipotcepacty because landing operations generally oven preity overtaking ol operations. + eater conaions + Obsrusions ‘+ Loading apren space “+ Nxigatonalsis + Aecrati processing echrique Runway Capacity «Abily fauna osteo accom mase stra lanings snd take, ding specie time ‘vena + ttusualy expressed in operations por hour operation per year Saturation Capacity The ulimate or saturation capac ofa runway isthe xen number of aoa that can be handled ding given ped under concn of continuous demand Gate Capacity (60) Gat: ti an azcral parking space (acento terminal buiding) used by a single strat fr the ‘oading, uneadng of passengers, baggage arya + Gato Capaciy Abit o aspecite)anbar al atest apconmodatestcratladng and uoadog tporatlone under ondtion of conjuous demand. Gale “apactyisinvese of weighted average {ate occupancy ine for al acre Seed. + Gate occupancy ine dopends utes + Arountot baggage and mal per igh {Wether th tt originating turing arcu trough htrT 130 | Gill Engineering T2075] MADE ERsy ; + sence garner wot ntsc ae] For Gate Sytem: 1 6,0. cf gates hat can accommodate ara of class TP Mean gat occupancy tne ora cass | 1 F,-Fracton fara elas demanding service 534 Taxiway Capacity ‘+ Taxway capacty is generally grater than capactes of her he runways the gates, ‘Cross rurmay tx capacty depends upon runway operation eo and cation oes axing, ‘in rts). Solution: ‘Assume each gates valle for aera . Tho gate capacity fringe gate is 1 ‘Weighted caries re 1 aDES FORKED) = 0.0227 akeratiingate CCapactyforallgate C= GC xn. of ate = 0022725 = 0568 acratin = 34sicrthour Runway capacity capaci of nunwaytohandlelandng and take-of paratons sun ‘is operations perhou or onraions pe yea. Apt capacity ding visual ight des (VFR) conons f usualy move than during Instrumental fight nées (FR) cancers, mane EASY EET 2079] ‘Aiport Dock, Harbour .. | 131 (i 1. Asserion (A) Teratootamvinganddeparing 2. Thacapacty of parse untay pattem depends craft etuences the sper cane Reason (R): Lancing operation is generally ven pity avr the taking of operation Select your answer based onthe coding sysiom ‘venbeiow (@) Bath A and Aare tue and Ris correct cexolanaton (0) Bah Aga Raye me bu Risnotte core explana (0) Ais tue bu R is talse (@) Ais fale buh ve Gia Eom mane Eas ven (@) weather condone and navigational aids arabe (by) lateral spacing betwoen two runway and wethcondions (c) lateral spacing betwoen two runway an ravigatoal ie avaiae {e) lateral spacing between two runways, ‘weather eonciens end navigational sis salable 2.(¢)4 CHAPTER Taxiway Design en a nenennernnenetc stn e Maia Function o axney sto provide kage tote rat rom he unways to leading apron et sore hanger ete. 6.1 Factors for Taxiway Layout + Tweay locaton should be euch ht landed act, taxing tovard apron shou hve iim interierence win aera taxing frtake of ‘Seperate entrance and ex taxa should be pve a varouslocatons along herunway 0 clea ‘he aay soon a posibe + Route oftwinay shouldbe shortest fom terminal ding trun, “The nterssction of urway andtaxinay shouldbe avcided. Higher tum speeds shoul be facitstod, ast results la redution of raay occupying tne hence acon capaciyneeases. 6.2 Geometric Design of Taxiway (iy am of oy wen (tonutna Gedr i sve fu! consume, lesser tatofarway' ied atauway is kower 5 patally paved shouers on ee side plus the area thet Is lenge demands goaor ful consumption solovel axways are mere dedable +1080 recommen at maximum ongtudinal gradiant should be 38% or A and B ype anc 1.5% foraer ypes of apo, (©) Transverse gradient: Provided quik canage. Minirum Wanaversegracieni aken 05% lx ‘gid pavement ard 14 for oer eases Ge “DE BRET (tee concen Fae (i Rate of chango of ongtudinal gradient ICAO recanmends tht maximum rate of change of ‘ope nlengitinal dtecton 1 pe cen par 25m lengho vericalcurvater A Bypes and3.33 per cent for C, Dand Etypes tapos (uinsight distance: Since speed on einay i ower han uray so male ight stance i required ‘comparatively ICAO recommends tht + For &.B Clype of apo, surface of taxiway chou be vise frm 3 m height fr $00 m etanee 1+ For Etypect aan, surlace of taxiway should isl rm 21 might fer 250 m stance (it Turing radius + Tochangethe drecenol crt pth ahoizntl uni isrequed. + Thecuneisee designed that aciaftcannegotts ‘awithoutreducing speed sonia + Giculr cure af age radius i preter, ve FReciue ofthe cure (R)'= Sy + Radi in mater Vs speed in moh 1-5 Tansvers coaligent of icon sesimed equal a 90.18 : TWoter > Ferlarge cubsonioj@ Fg = 12077 (er any valve of spsea) 4 For supersonic rept, Fe (84m (for any vale of gpaed) “+ Acconding to Horcnett theradiys of taxiway should be decided such thatthe distant ofthe cleo tuto te nearby main gers ntiess than mig the pavement ede + According Hoon we have pw 23880! S280 in meter) z W-> Wheelbase of aera in tor 3 Win of tay pavement) ‘5 s0sstanca between midway in of te man gears andedgooltinay pavementin meter imaaapabieaionag SHOE ERS Tear wih oved ces EDTo] MADE ERsy DEERE eins sored pagar ing blonng racemic Subsonic, erat, Whee! base = 17.80 , Tread of main oading gear = 6.82 Turning speed « 45 kmph width of taxiway pavement = 225 and Coefficient of ction between tyre and pavement = 0-18. Calculate tuning race Solution Taming rads, © Femterayets equation, (i) Absolute min tuning rads for subsonic aca egarles ary speed = 1201 Selecting maximum among tor cases above so uringrachve = 124.69 1251 6.3 Exit Taxiway “Taxiway shoud be located such tal landing strat leaves the runway 23 early as posite. Such ‘aways ead exttadnay 6.4 Apron Paved areata itil parking, loading and unloading of passengersanccaraée ‘his area reat terminal buldng or hangers ‘Sie of apron depends upon nurberof gate postions, "Number of gate postion sel depends upon the peok haul sitraft movements an tine Ramp {ime} during which sachaerat romaine na gate pon, | Ramp times ew minutes osm ara ane mora than hour tr big aca Capacty of runway Num te postions = C2PACHY OOH. yerage gate occupancy tine ber of gate posi TL EY. pvorage gate occu Here, unit runway capaci mavens per hor 64.1 Holding Apron (Rur-up and warm-up pads) ‘+ Wiating area for airratsbetore tat ie cae hldng apron *+ size depends upon peak hour arcratimoverents srr ize and manoeuvring characterises Gy heey Saved Beamer mADE EASY (ERs4 ERNMEMNEMET 2079) ‘Arpor, Dock Harbour... | 135 642 ApronTurnTable + Tisused 0 expe the parking of ort and save parking space. 6.5 Hanger “tis coved aoa for eps arc serving ofthe acrats. “+ Number hangers depends onpesk hour volume cf acts Tote Hangar ite daponds on ras of tas and tarning rads, Eee od mary nn at Coefficient of latetal friction = 0.13, Wheel base = 18.0 m, Tread of main landing gear ws a caus “nent twtvay iso be designe for Bosing 707 with turnotspeed of 70 im Giwn Tuning sped, V= 70 hmph Wheel beso, We 180m “woad of main landing gear, T'= 7.2m | Wad of txinay, T= 225m Conciente, f= 018 | i : aot y= 201s4m 0) Pacis of anny, a Wau (© From ronets equation, Ts whore, $= stance between midway point of rain gears and edge a Assuming Ole dance = 6m | | zea? | etcieaypaverent | i Then, Puting values in Hovones equation. wa get en 2B ge a (a) Boeing 707 sub-set. threo, minimum rai of taxinay Ry, 120" From above mum abe ot i301 mTorr ahs ota wl 901 tm, ino the rads of © tmeway for @ supersonic aircraft to negotiate curv ata turning sped of 50 kph. The whe! baso is 32 m and the ead of main anting gears | om Witte 225. Assune cote ot fon between bread pavemertsutae a | a1. aa136 | ct agnnng mage ensy | maDE EASY say oc ar | 187 ne Tring sen. v= neh Vina bse, 22m tesaing ne sea . Teadotnanundng get = 1:3 vietnow ge deodamoe+ Fas eate Coztticient of fiction, f= 0.13 e Tee) wth F= 228m Putin val nore ena, eget . aor oases? | 0 War ah, ao eat caer i) From Horonjeft's equation, ae 230M akeaeen (For supersonic era, minimus a8 sway Py 180°. From above, maximum value of Ais 180, heel ragusftaxnay wilbe 180m wher, = distance between midway poi of main gate and edge of the txiey pavement in pe ‘Skelch a ypical cross-section of a urway and taxiway. Assuming eo detance = én = Weknow Furnway oes econ Oo oisance + a Ce | whore, = distance botwoan midway point of main gears and ede othe taxiway pavement in | | | Lae Puting value in Herons equation, we get L Da be ain a tar wp ae Tayo 28 m and the tread of main landing gear is 6.2 m, For design tuming speed of 52 kmph Assutne covttciont of reton between tyre and pavement surace as 0.13 and width of taxiway pavement as zen why ae x30 | : oo PETRTN SS eo, 38-265 | ot om ee oneugnarts i leeches“ || ee ad From above, maximum val of Ris 248.92. Thoreore rads ol taxiway wll be 248.92 m | , at | fet Solution 2 Given, “ead ofmain landing gat, 7 Ceeticiento icon, With of taxlvay T Letras oftaxvay i acius of tena wil be maximum of * Teivay provides acess fe aka rm Be ewaye ong apron or anon | | | | ey 7 a | “+ xttaxways are taxivays located auch that landing aircraft leaves the runway as early as wv 1251” 5xo7a = 14m | possive. * o | + Ateratpeed on ray signiicanty moe than th spedion axa. . osee we \ ft speed on uray 6 (i) From Hornets equation, a + Aprcnie area provides pain, loading andunlading of pasengers and cargos + Hanger cleecarea meri fr repar ard seeing akerat aay aed ae “rider )138 | Cuil Engineering ‘Objective Brain Teasers PNET 2079] MADE EASY °. ‘Assertion (A) The with of toxway i smatiee than the runway wih Reason (fi): The speedet aircraft on ataxinay 'sgesor han hat en ray (22. Assenion (A): The paved area adacent tothe ‘termina bulding one hangers soar loadng sndunoading,sevcing and aking fara | ‘scaled as apion. Reason (Ri) The sizeof he apron depends on the size and rumber of ate posione and the way he gate postone are ranged, 3. Forsupersonicranspor minimum ning reise of tweway i (@ om (120m &) 120m (@ 240m 24 Which of ho fotowing is covered sea used fo sevcing snd repair aera, (9 Aeron (©) Hanger (©) Teminabuiing (3) Holding scron G5. Tesize of hangar in an pons guided by (@) Spees and dtecten of wid and vsily (©) Woigh ot stcratanctuming needs (©) Thefuoing capecty ane sorage space (0) Telength wog:pananchoighofarcra ‘Wich of ne folowing factors are tobe taken ino consiaraten wile signing the axe syston? 1 Volume of atratic 2. Rumaycontguation 3. Location ottemial building 4. Locatinofhangers Select th coect answer using the codes gen boon (@) 1,2an03, (tana as © 2a03 (@ 1.2.3ana4 07 Where the acct is stansng (parking), be fectyrloadng enduncasing epeatcnin ont ‘ofteminabuleing iknow 2 Cy trea wh Sched Barve (@) toidngapeen (apron (© tmimay (@ hans 8 Match nefetowing: st stat ‘A Tainays 1, Langespansiuctures Bi. Contotower 2. ist al ound and soundpret Hangar 8. Tuning acu BL Agen 4, Waiting eapscty for skerat Conde: ABCD @tas2 ma214 @ 123.4 Os412 (2.9 Minirum tring acs asvay fr eudsorc srcrats @) 100m ) 120m © 150m (8 160m (0.10 Friction coetcient between ys ana pavement ol taxvay is assumed #8 @or ©) as (© 015 @ 01 1.11 Which ene ofthe folowing gs the oumber of ‘ate poston in an apo? Caney of may = aa average gate coun ie Capaciy ef halaing apron 2 occupancy tina average gate Seappaioa) 7 MADE EASY PPNENENET075] ‘ipot Dock, Harbour. | 139 012 Nath oon: RL ttt 1 © 20) 86) 40) 50 A Mehardinghteyacatsipat fe ee ns B. engoetere cate ©. Losonofecticiaye n@ 2) . Grading of ape area Eis Se EE sat 1. Bascrimay gh 2 oe «somo sch to 2, Rawaygsonati dosan Sarsiescratmoroveteacl 3. Aiport drainage ores 4, Runway capacity 12. (0) Code (Stays casi wi an engi sly AB GFD area is considered. For determination of basic 24s Stroy length FL) engine fair can fs wo 31 Ng ‘considered, Runway capacity is affected by 21 te fuer, oon and design oa toys @eata Fp reat graded 10 enable te ck Cranage storm water‘Cilarrer| Visual Aids 7.1 Visual Aids The Pio equres visual ads fr perorning landing and taking of operations during a type of weather, stl, uray rrestot, unway edges urway centene andharion se he pst pata Should be ces Vio pat ‘+ nay ine visti enhanced by marking racwaya, taxvays and others wih fe ane numba + _nnighttme adequstlghening at arr, runsay and tana shouldbe done tmrove vii Airport Marking axle inthe porters done otha pots can easy recogni he varous sructues othe wien Types of sirpor marking are 1. Runway marking: Rincudes the martngs of centerine, edge stip and esholdurmay ending zone, Almarkngs are done wih white paint. “Teeway marking: Al markings te done wth yellow colour paint ‘3. Runway and Taiway shoulder markings Shoulder marking are dn with yellow colour paint. 4 ‘Apron Marking: This marking done wih yelow colour pai Pant should be tel eitan as soron's prone to fue space, 5. Wind Breton Ieseator:ectesthe wind econ sia wince, 8. Landing ection Indicator: itholp te pt io know he erection lac ay ofthe sips, isin to frm o Tor arom shape and painodin orange or wt cl 742 Rirport Lighting + During night aiport ighsng i aad or beter vit ‘+ Fray ging is diferent han ho tna 8038 avoid contuion ‘+ Atrunway ighing are usualy tite + Altaxioay So ints oe usualy be + Thettreshoias ao ighted green eight ending, CAREER 075] 7.2. Air Traffic Control (ATC) + Airraic cotolieeseetsfor safety of operatons, eincrease capaci of aiprt and towxpedte the tig movements. - Aiport, Cock Hatbou.. | 144 Neos for Ar Trafic Conta ‘To gui the scat landing ko of ‘+ Touide he ara onthe alec bowoon the apron and runway, + Te giao the atzlt slong he aroutes er adequate a vertical eepeatonsoas to aid cotsion + Togve away and weather inormaton opt ding the igh ‘i Talle Control Ads ‘+ Vaught (VFR) prevade when he weather condi s good encuch ao pilotcan conducthe ‘ight by veual nection ony wlhou the need far trate contol + instrument ight ue (FF) prevals when he vty isaioquate dung right or Cveto cid fog, “During all isbity conden, sre cortzt ate ha ro avy alah to pt during ght 4. Evoute aids 2 Landag its. +The nemay capacty ie mora under VFR (ie! ight Ful} thr: capacity under IF (Instrument fight se) Various enous + Aaway con + Lowimesium roquency (FINE rao range. 4+ Argoundoonmunicaon + Dslance measuing equipment (OME) + Marker beacon + Ditotontircer 1 Aico survelanoereder(ARSA) \erious possible landing als for Alrcrat ar as ows + Instrumentlancing estom (LS) + Gioune eppreach cont (646) Apo sunvelancerader(ASR) 1+ Aiport surlace detction equipment (ASOE) 1+ Anproach Bohs ‘The instrumental Landing Systern (ILS) + Theinetunentl landing systom proves bath vorical a aor] guidance to atrat. ‘+ Zrrakers,trestoidights, lide sane antenna and cag arernaarecomponenis of Sinsaled inasequence, in crcton of enn. + Localser Antenna: ems ato beer ignalin vetica pine ard indcaesothepot whether bois tothe torte ight fhe cect agrment ler prgach othe ay > Alrurway markings a dope wis whit pat + Altaxiay marking are one win yan par. 5 . + Abnunway side his areususlywrite,—/ ‘+ Ablaxiway side lights are usualy bive Ch es eisai142 | civil Engineering a) Qi ran Teasers Q.1 Assertion (A): Airport capacity during IFR —Q.4 Consider the folowing factors: CHarrTeR| cendton say eos tan hat Sieg ER saree contac: condton 2: Arclatconposton Reason (Ri: ing olor wathrcoriion 3 VP Mopracns (VER. straton inal aopoach orwmay may cog A canbe sptcedcoserhanduingpan vay Whol ose actor lt he cepacy of Heliport cendione newey? (0) Bah AndRae isi iweantR yan) 2and3 a fete core encaracen (©) tangs () 1,2,3and4 my ©) ScinAanaarenviunty tu bie i ride comemaieereasrra 8 AsperICAD al marking oF te runways are 8.1 Helipor “ (© Aistne bith tase (yok 1) wie | «Helper pais cesiated ae roses neta tne fe Paopr. (@ Avstalse but his tue (@) black @ rt | + Advantages of using hwicopers: caus 2 Consider the folowing four components in an 8. AS per ICAO, all marking ol axinay are | Hetcopte can itt or land ina neal vertcl dracon. This refered to vertical insirurental landing system (a) yoton (b) ite | landing (TOL) a Ysnowta 1 ects (6 Back (0 wd Daring wir oropan igs ae sty case of saw 1 Readies ar ean = Thean re protradi’ tances ns tan 40 en er ICAO, runway igting colours Hotcopters have enensve use in milly ac rei peretions ‘3 Z mothers (@) yellow: (b) white = Hekoopte = 4 Localize antenna (9 the (9 lanning of Helipo These components are installed in the direction ° Os eels + Helps ave designated areas er lnding snake aperations. These also provide facies or One 4 oe | eer atoning hopes aor aaa badge aoe Osis @! © toe a cong s we |. Thewoctomaheescrtristesoanan cates ndegara 2.3 AVOR radio transmitter which emits bearing @.9 Fornight landing, the thresholds are lighted 1 ‘+ Remaining areas called terminal area. Weep blae enc ghee ania eat chy ed entation is so that landing and take off perations are done along the wind direction. whether he i othe let or right ofthe corect (white (2) yotos eat La a a Siomentraocashiteromyinow pgs © owrnarer L@ 20 86 4] 5e) | © toler ana 2 © 70 20 86) (©) Gideslopesrtonna (@) Maker beacon RIDE ea184 | Enns aoe Ens: mApE ERs Note: Peisibe cross wind component far helcoplre are Maher han hall GO WATORE Sight Selection + Location shouldbe coset the vac generating ares, + Hofpad stoutthave conveniont acess by roadway eralay. + Sites shod te eas objectionable for rose, “s + Obsircton ree pat shoul be ert2blanec er apovoach ane depate. Size of Landing Area (FAA with IATA recommendation} z er | Siecuingine [A Sets — G2700\a weigh wR) | 2250m4225morc chet one [ascamergan | movenemeeetaen 812 Visual Aidsand Marking + !AQ recommends hat lancing andteke-i ato shouldbe uly marked wth cpl lete * This is done sothat a clear vssn is possibie ram all approach above the harzon ‘Note: The reconmendad colour for panting is white Beaufort Sate * is an empiria! scale fr messing wind speeds based on obsened condor erofot * Hie a wing ike stuctare which may be fat or curved ands designedto obtain reactions upon ls suface rom the a ough wichit moves Stary + Helpor ae th designated area provided fr ako and landing ofinoFalcopons Orlentaton ot hllpatis done ong te wit cretion, © Landing and take-off area sully merked with ceptaletse 1, The recommended colour pacts wea aly } Objective Brain Teasers _ 2.1 Trehetportoventston’s made sothallandng 2 Sieaclandingareatormuttengined hlcopters ec aera een coos promi to atie-generating areas ‘rwimadeeasypublicationsirg os Reason (R): A helicopter cannot ascend et descent exact verily Select your answer basedon the coding system ‘ven boon (@) Both and R are tue and Ris com oxplaraton of, (0) Bot Aandi ae rue buts nthe darect oxolanaton ofA 5 (0) Ais tu but Ris tate (6) Ais ace bu Ris tue Beavort sale ie ws a determine {@) vlooiy of wing (0) drecton twa (6) height of aires (6) None otinese Cte 2079) 3 © From econaic port view, apart te shad be located in close proximity tothe trac ‘denereing arses Fer hecope ell vertical £30 10 lake offi olped by the ground cusion ‘nhich built up the ar pressure crcted aganat ‘hs ground by revoking ot, However exact vera take of and landing isnt pactPort and Harbour 9.1 Basic Definitions for a Ship ‘Beam: Beam fa vessel moans the width of vesoe, at west pin. {Bra tisthe cept! hekeslt sips bow waar evel ie pari conn fading, + Ballast tis tho welt addedto bast comparenents fa stip to hcrease ts dak oncona cent of ray. hus mproung the stabi of hein. 9.2 Port "Aor is location ona shore having one or moce harbours whete ships can dock and tants People oreargotocr rom ands + leans ete natural or aici, + tean also be sine riverportercoa port 9.3 Dredging iste oparaton af removing material am the bed eee, orks end cspecing ina ‘steam oronto the sore, * MS aeneraly done fer deopein bs under wae, tus netsing te navigator nays 9.4 Harbour 941 Harbour Classification ‘A. On Bass of Genesis 1 Natural Harbour: This ype of harbour protected tom the some and waves by the nat and contours, Example: Muna! 2, Semi Natural Harbour: Harbour protected nso and Waves enone side by naualand contours and ater ede byanticialman-mace ccnstcton Example: Vishal Bisse F281 power “srwimadeessypublictions org 942 Alor, Dock Harbour... | 147 Postal Study Package BITE] 8. Arca Harbour: Harbour whichis peace om storms arc waves tom bh sds by man made structirescaledbreakwsterortmay be created by dodge Example: Chins Fig.92 Sonicarathato Fig. 93 satcirbour B. Onthe Baas of U 1. Refugaarbour 2. Commercial arbour 28. Rigg 4. Pally arto ©. nthe Basis of Ste Location 1 CxalHarow 2. Lakoharour 2. RiverorEsuary Harbour 4. Ses0r Oceano Site Selection ‘+ Thesie shoulchave maximum natural rcectin from wind ancwaves “+ S1should have adequate depth fr aterent ype o ships. ‘Station ad ersion should net pose apeblem, ‘+ Thesubsollcondtion for lundaton shove avowable 1 Mis proerabiy established on rade ou. * Availity of industia inastuctye,elecweal energy and resh wate supp, cheap land, constcton matrals and abour are ako importa acters sie slecton Harbour Layout Elements Harbour Depth + Depth of harbour should be slices er navigation at ow water evel when ships ay loaded, + Themaximum harbour depts below vest iow waters given a8 ‘Maximum harbour deh = Loaded cat + 1.2m hen bottom sot) Maximum harbour ph = Leaded dat 1.8m when botiom sock). ‘here, losded drat means sutmerge pth sip whens uly loaded. Harbour Entrance Channet ‘+ _Ertance witout ges known asta errance anc entrance wit gates known as pounded cance, . + The entancetoaharbouris more exposed towaves as compared othe harbour itsell Ths, depth ‘and with requtedattheervancearemee than those aquired in he chan mane BAS Theory with Solved amples KE142 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package ELIE] MADE EASY ‘+The entance shouldbe wide encugh fr navigational raqurements But should nat be too wide to Increase wave hight within harbour, Anchorage Area ‘+The place where ships are held forinepecton and wats to ere ports cated anchorage sea 4 Turing Barn . + Tis aneniargemont ofthe charneluved fortuniagota ship, + _Theminimom diameter olturing bean er which te ship une witout asia i nasthe Tong fhe ship. “+ When the ship nas assistance, the tuning ameter is 1.7 times the length of ship 5 Breskvaters 1 tsfuncton sto protect he enclosed area of water ram sem waves 6 Fenders ‘+ They are woodon members orrubing sips lastened tothe dock eon the face ofthe dock to resent spor dock tom being damaged during mooring ‘+ Thete absorbs he inte enoay of inpact othe span hence poet them fom damage 7% Wht and Quays + Theses contac para! shore ot basher whine harbour te pemitbernin of vesse “They give necessary depth fr navigaen. ‘+ Thohave bac ofa sutabie mse andhave wie patorm atop. + Whon buitalong and paral the hore, then thay ae calod as quay, “+The space requied alongeide a wher forberthing depends upon flloving factors 1. Availabilty of materia 2. Wharteonguation 3. Size and ype of sip served & etter + Thoeo are sructresin the fom of plc projectors. nd hoy ae ul out rom the shove to deep \walr and they may be consiucted ether ors navigable rive rin hese. ‘+ Inthe sea, the jis are provided at places wherehsrbouenvancei 03 shallow or ing cstancs. Thus, hey extend rm he shore ships. he + nstiing sence ty ls dened asa narow statue proecting Ht he shore into water wits beths an one or hot sides ana somtimes athe end also. Ditterences Between Whar and Jet Following are the wo cifevences been a hart anda ety: 1. The wher consincted paral othe sve ety ie perpenccsart the chore or breavate: 2. Thaw has bern ow ede ony a thas baci earth ety ay have Berner two "2023. led by itoal cit onthe ea recive he Pls + Thastuctures which are bull perpendicular oblige tothe shore oie or a sea aro ken as pes. _srtmedeensypubliations.org ) een ie E079] ‘+ Inthe sea, the prs are constructed where the se8 Is not deep an! he natural harbours ot coment or alowng the ships tober adjacent tothe shore. 10. Pietheade 1+ Apichead sa structure constructed athe ip fa breshvate athe harbour entrance, ‘+ theism ceary demarcating he approach channel 1. Dolphins , ‘+ Theos are man-made marina stucius er mooring vessels an to absorb mpact oreo vessels, ‘+ The constuction inthe form ofa custo tosoly spaced plea known as obi. ‘+ Thepils are pul togsher tthe top and ie by cable. Thay aremarneseuctur for mening vessels, Tote: Thy ae Uvaly ood Goroalon vi plas re aria saan te angi dl hidso Brus, ‘+ Dolphins are ueod for Wing up ships and also for trnsfrring care em one ipo anche han mooted along bot of hi sido. ‘+ Dolphins ae mainly designed Ic eisng horizontal impact fore, wind force an wale exent forces froma vessel when docking, “Tyne9 of Dalphine: Delphine are af he flowing wo pee 1 Breasting Dolphins ‘+ Thay are provided wth ferret absor the Impact f ship endo prtectne dolphins a wel asthe sip rom he damage. 2. Mooring Dolphins + These ae adstionaldophins and hey. bowing ina desc away from he dock + They arenot designed fo tho npactat heen. Provided o hold a ship against a broadide wet 2 stp, +" Thaspace of water ara betsen two accent ier whers ships ae berhed is known ass. ‘+ Ishould be suffeient fortwo vessels 6 bo sinutaqoously located stayin the sip ana grant ‘eneugh space for barges to foa a unloaa he ships. 1 Motos ‘ 1 ‘© Themaseive scutes formed sock ing ero exenaing rm shores are known as mals. ‘+ They ge pote to restos who» water dopth slg than 3m and ino case, he height of mole shoulderceed aim t 5 “+The section of male should be designed in auc a nay tht prove to be unileing ad stable fromeresion 34 Lodkand Loeked Basin + Locke's basnis an enclosed asin where veeels can be beshod ais entrance is contoledby look gates, ++ Thewster wiih looked aeateindepandent ouside water level tucastions 15. DvyDock and Slipieays “its provided for maintenance, eps and consructon of ships. “ea ed oa ED)150 | Civil Engineering roe 2) 9.5 Breakwaters ‘hismanmade constuction to fam snsricia ario fot he ely oof artificial harbour Broakwatre holt is usoaty kot equal to 1210125 times ol he haghtol he wave expecta above the high waar ve sothat waves donot penetrate inside the wal 95.1 Typesof Breakwaters Breakwatrearecfthae ypes 1. Vertical mound breakwater (conventonal oe) 2. Rubble mound breakwater 3. Composie Rubble Mound Breakwater (Most Common): ‘These are constuted wth ston wie. The mount consists of vee ars: 1. Treamour(cover) Le 2 Tretrsrnderayer 8 Thasecondunderlayer (ore) ‘The stabily othe section depends upen the weight and shape ofthe ameur block, he necking boweon indvdua blocks and the slopes a wich hey ara 952 Forces Acting ona Breakwater ‘A breakwator has to resist ho forces imposed by waves impinging upon it.The feces include the fotonings i "L Hyostato pressure due tothe rie in the levelot wave onthe sea sides fhe wall upto the crest ‘ofthe wal 2. Hycroetatc pressure dst fal inthe level on th seaside othe wal upto the tough ol he wal 3. Uplitpressie due to ilrerce ilove of water on two des of wal “4 Complex forces gaetated due oon sus and downrishol waves on asloping sutace Tote: Tha oval ol wha shoul be above he hgh wale ve 9.6 Soundings ; “These are usedto mesure depth below he wate sstace is requied fr pepaing aia charts fr Aiport, Dock Harbour. | 151 ETT 07] Station Pointer * isa twee am protractor toh a pin tram ree more higanametc stations using resection. Hei ‘+ Anigh-precionleconic device known asisichas been extensively used by ships and aitratto ‘otemine te poston by ecsving rai signals cr (@ * Heche paceman in antenna tenant, ewan oomrecma oteee 1 Breskaterprotsss the enclosdarea ct water rom stom waves, “+ "Feri are proved onto acaothedockto abeatimpactf be hips. Thos protecting Ngan ctton canage ev Objective Brain Teasers as ‘rats the dato the aol of th hips below water lvelor the partaar conditions ot ean. 8.1 Assertion (A): Depth and width requted atthe eswercetpahatbouaemerethantoeeeauted ‘To minimum eametr of uring basin, where ships tun by going aheed and without tug inthe channel assistance shoud be Reason (Fi): The ewwance oa harbours usualy @u w 15 mote exposed to waves as compared to the © 200, (@) 40u harbour sat ‘her Lis the nat ofthe gest ship to use Select your answer based an the coding system thepon. ‘hen below 4 Aseertion (A): Break rata, Reason (A Broakvaters hap in contig wave acto andsandmovemertnothe harbout (@) Both A ard are tue and Ris he comect orplanton of (@) Both &and A ate tue and Ris te correct "sate commen ie explanation of A (0) Bot AandRare we butRis note corect explaatonct A () Alstue buts false (@ Alstalee bu Rite, cmtencrtormmancentintaramereswwsincccemmgmscamtly | | GAbieuniin Seana nem Sea oo cs 26 Soden nsrnens ee cance eee Iathett cesug) : niadosaats'ematertomonisna 08 EAosondrgmine ath ih tbe “+ Its an echo-sounding instumentin which deepwater depth are obtained by determining he te Of hese statements ee lergireriaireemsiniateriestersiminsteratets | Sitceaamnmt i back to the point, These are usually employed for ogean depth measurement, (b) (and (ii) are correct Sesuring ses surlace levels Pa lasses 3. Determining depth of se5-bed below soa ‘Saxtant () (il) and (v)are correct . “menmncnpibtniony FADE ERSS Thay ih aed soles SQ)