Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ri8 PDF
Ri8 PDF
net/publication/222347831
CITATIONS READS
31 197
3 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
A low Reynolds number turbulence closure for viscoelastic fluids View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Paulo Jorge Oliveira on 07 April 2018.
a
Departamento de Engenharia Electromec^ anica, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu^
es D'Avila e Bolama, 6200 Covilh~
a, Portugal
b
Departamento de Engenharia Mec^ anica e Gest~ao Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Rua dos Bragas, 4099 Porto CODEX, Portugal
c
Unidade de T
ermica Industrial, INEGI-Instituto de Engenharia Mec^ anica e Gest~
ao Industrial, Rua do Barroco, 175-4465
S. Mamede de Infesta, Portugal
Received 25 November 1997; accepted 6 June 1998
Abstract
Results from numerical simulations and guidance from an approximated corrected-theory, developed by Oliveira and Pinho
(1997), (Oliveira, P.J. and Pinho, F.T. 1997. Pressure drop coecient of laminar Newtonian ¯ow in axisymmetric sudden expan-
sions. Int. J. Heat and Fluid ¯ow 18, 518±529) have been used to arrive at a correlation expressing the irreversible loss coecient for
laminar Newtonian ¯ow in axisymmetric sudden expansions. The correlation is valid for the ranges 1.5 < D2 /D1 < 4 and
0.5 < Re < 200 with errors of less than 5%, except for 25 < Re < 100 where the error could be as much as 7%. The recirculation
bubble length is also presented for the same range of conditions and the pressure recovery coecient was calculated for Reynolds
numbers above 15. Ó 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Sudden expansion; Loss coecient; Pressure recovery coecient; Laminar ¯ow
0142-727X/98/$ ± see front matter Ó 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 4 2 - 7 2 7 X ( 9 8 ) 1 0 0 3 7 - 1
656 P.J. Oliveira et al. / Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 19 (1998) 655±660
Table 2
Mesh characteristics of the outlet pipe for various expansion ratios
D2 /D1 L2 /D1 Nx2=3 Ny3 fx2=3 fy3
1.5 90 78 16 1.0888 1.0496
2.0 120 82 20 1.0879 1.0827
2.6 156 86 36 1.0868 1.0386
3.0 180 86 36 1.0890 1.0498
4.0 400 100 40 1.084 1.0564
Table 3
Recirculation bubble length, xR /h
Re ER 1.5 ER 2.0 ER 2.6 ER 3.0 ER 4.0
0.5 0.603 0.529 0.490 0.481 0.450
1.0 0.615 0.549 0.510 0.505 0.475
2.0 0.642 0.592 0.560 0.557 0.529
3.5 0.689 0.664 0.650 0.645 0.621
5.0 0.736 0.746 0.740 0.746 0.726
10.0 0.926 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.14
12.5 1.03 1.26 1.33 1.38 1.38
17.5 1.24 1.65 1.79 1.87 1.89
25 1.57 2.27 2.51 2.64 2.69
35 2.03 3.12 3.51 3.71 3.79
50 2.73 4.43 5.04 5.33 5.48
100 5.20 8.87 10.2 10.8 11.1
150 7.72 13.3 15.4 16.3 16.8
200 10.3 17.8 20.5 21.8 22.5
Table 4
Pressure recovery coecient, CpM
Re ER 1.5 ER 2.0 ER 2.6 ER 3.0 ER 4.0
17.5 0.769 0.660 0.575 0.539 0.487
25 0.476 0.474 0.373 0.309 0.295
35 0.468 0.492 0.404 0.355 0.265
50 0.480 0.509 0.435 0.379 0.277
100 0.499 0.545 0.452 0.387 0.271
150 0.508 0.552 0.452 0.384 0.264
200 0.515 0.554 0.450 0.381 0.259
Table 5
CI as a function of the expansion ratio (ER D2 /D1 ) and Reynolds number
Re ER 1.5 ER 2.0 ER 2.6 ER 3.0 ER 4.0
0.5 19.58 28.83 33.00 34.28 35.71
1.0 9.800 14.42 16.52 17.16 17.88
2.0 4.915 7.246 8.330 8.622 8.983
3.5 2.837 4.192 4.810 4.999 5.213
5.0 2.018 2.994 3.445 3.586 3.744
10.0 1.101 1.683 1.978 2.079 2.200
12.5 0.931 1.456 1.733 1.839 1.966
17.5 0.752 1.229 1.514 1.621 1.764
25 0.633 1.093 1.383 1.508 1.668
35 0.564 1.025 1.335 1.460 1.633
50 0.521 0.987 1.310 1.441 1.625
100 0.485 0.965 1.304 1.443 1.641
150 0.476 0.963 1.309 1.451 1.653
200 0.475 0.966 1.315 1.458 1.662
Fig. 4. Comparison between the calculated local loss coecient (´) and Eq. (5) (lines), with 7% error bars as a function of the Reynolds number and
expansion ratio.
Table 7 Acknowledgements
Values of CI /(1 ) r)2 for Re P 50 and 1.5 6 r 6 4 (Eq. (6))
ER 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.0 4.0 This work was in part supported by Junta Nacional de
K 1.54 1.72 1.80 1.83 1.88 InvestigacË~
ao Cientõ®ca e Tecnol
ogica, Portugal, under project
PBIC/C/QUI/1980. A. Schulte acknowledges the ®nancial
support of the EC programme Leonardo da Vinci. The authors
are listed alphabetically.
number is greater than approximately 50 (the high Reynolds
number range under laminar ¯ow conditions). The uncorrected
2
theory gives CI-th
1 ÿ r for uniform velocity pro®les and References
CI-th 2
1 ÿ r
1 ÿ
1=3r for parabolic velocity pro®les; the
actual predicted values at high Reynolds numbers in Table 5 Back, L., Roshke, E., 1972. Shear layer regimes and wave instabilities
fall in between those bounds but closer to the latter, as it would and reattachment lengths downstream of an abrupt circular
be expected. Still, we can correlate the local loss coecient as channel expansion. J. Appl. Mech. 677±681.
Badekas, D., Knight, D.D., 1992. Eddy correlations for laminar
2
CI K
1 ÿ r
6 axisymmetric sudden expansion ¯ows. J. Fluids Eng. 114, 119±121.
Batchelor, G.K., 1967. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cam-
valid for Re P 50 and 1.5 6 r 6 4, with K given in Table 7. The
bridge University Press, Cambridge.
maximum error of this correlation in this range is 2.0%, except
Halmos, A.L., Boger, D.V., Cabelli, A., 1975. The behaviour of a
for r 1.5 where the error can be as high as 9% close to the
power law ¯uid ¯owing through a sudden expansion. Part II.
lower limit of the Reynolds number.
Experimental veri®cation. 21, 540±549.
Idel'cik, I.E., 1971. Memento des Pertes de Charge. Editions Eyrolles,
Paris.
4. Conclusions Macagno, E.O., Hung, T.K., 1967. Computation and experimental
study of a captive annular eddy. J. Fluid Mech. 28, 43±64.
Results from numerical simulations and guidance from an Oliveira, P.J., Pinho, F.T., 1997. Pressure drop coecient of laminar
approximated corrected theory, developed in a previous work, Newtonian ¯ow in axisymmetric sudden expansions. Int. J. Heat
have been used to arrive at an empirical formula expressing the and Fluid Flow 18, 518±529.
irreversible loss coecient for laminar Newtonian ¯ow in Pak, B., Cho, Y.I., Choi, S.U.S., 1990. Separation and reattachment of
axisymmetric sudden expansions. The proposed correlation is non-Newtonian ¯uid ¯ows in a sudden expansion pipe. J. Non-
given by Eq. (5), which is a best ®t for the ranges 1.5 < D2 / Newt. Fluid Mech. 37, 175±199.
D1 < 4 and 0.5 < Re < 200 with errors of less than 5%, except Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., 1992.
for 25 < Re < 100 where the error could be as much as 7%. Numerical Recipes in Fortran, 2nd ed., Cambridge University
Predicted values of the recirculation length and of the Press, Cambridge.
pressure recovery coecient are also given in tabulated form Scott, P., Mirza, F., Vlachopoulos, J., 1986. A ®nite element analysis
since this information may be useful for future validation of laminar ¯ows through planar and axisymmetric abrupt expan-
studies and for engineering design of diusers. sions. Computers and Fluids 14, 423±432.