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Thermal Lab II Manual
Thermal Lab II Manual
2 IVC
3 EVO
4 EVC
1
Ex. No.1
Aim:
To determine the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust valves in a four stroke
diesel engine and draw the valve timing diagram.
Description:
The Four stroke engine has two valves namely inlet valve and exhaust valve. The cycle of
operation is completed in two revolutions of the crank shaft.
During suction stroke, only air is charged into the cylinder. Theoritically this stroke is
executed for 180 of crank shaft rotation. In actual practice the suction stroke starts before TDC
and continues few degrees of crank rotation after BDC.
During compression stroke, the air is compressed. Theoritically this stroke should be
executed for 1800 of crank shaft rotation. Before few degrees from TDC the fuel injection beings
and ceases at few degrees after TDC with simultaneous auto ignition.
During power stroke, very high pressure developed by the combustion of fuel pushes the
piston at fast rate, both suction and exhaust valves remain closed.
During exhaust stroke, the exhaust valves remain closed, gases are left out of the engine
cylinder. The actual exhaust stroke starts before the BDC and continues a few degrees after
TDC.
Procedure:
2
The piston is moved to the top position by rotating the flywheel in the correct
direction (clockwise) and a marking is made on the fly wheel against a reference
point. This is the top dead center (TDC).
Another mark is made on the flywheel at 1800 from the TDC and this is the
bottom dead center (BDC)
The fly wheel is rotated slowly in the same direction and the opening and closing
of the inlet valve are marked on the fly wheel as IVO and IVC.
The timing at spark occurrence is also measured by looking into the opening of
Cylinder block.
Similarly the opening and closing of the exhaust valve are also marked on the
flywheel as EVO and EVC.
Circumferential distances between the various markings are measured with
respect to the nearest dead center and the lengths are converted into suitable angle
(Ө) and tabulated.
The valve timing diagram is drawn.
The duration in degrees for which both the valves remain open is noted as the
angle of valves overlap.
Result:
Angle of valve
IVO –
IVC –
EVO –
EVC –
Thus the valve timing diagram of the given four stroke diesel engine is drawn.
3
OBSERVATIONS:
TABULATION:
Sl. Crank Retardation Load W-S Retardation Braking Brake Frictional ήmech
no shaft Time with (kg) (N) Time with Torque Power Power
speed no load(sec) (Tb)
range load(sec) N-m
(rpm)
4
Ex.no.2
Aim:
To conduct the retardation test on a single cylinder diesel engine and to determine the
frictional power and thereby the mechanical efficiency.
Engine Details:
Fuel specifications:
Procedure:
Calculate Wmax
Check the engine for no load, coolant supply, fuel levels.
Start engine, allow it to run for 3 minutes.
Adjust fuel rack to obtain 1500 rpm.
Cut off fuel supply by pulling fuel rack level and simultaneously note down time
taken for a fall in speed of 200 rpm. Soon after speed falls by rpm restore fuel
supply immediately so that engine does not stop.
Repeat step 5 for a fall in speed of 400, 600 and 800 rpm.
5
Now apply ½ Wmax gradually.
Repeat steps 5 and 6.
Remove load gradually, run engine for 3 minutes, stop the engine by cutting of
fuel supply and close coolant supply.
Formulae:
Result:
Thus the Retardation test on single cylinder diesel engine is conducted and friction power
and mechanical efficiency are calculated.
6
TABULATION:
7
Ex.no.3
Aim:
To determine the flash point and fire point of the given sample of oil using Cleveland
open cup apparatus.
Principle:
Apparatus Required:
Procedure:
The open cup is filled with the given sample oil up to the standard filling mark in
the cup.
The thermometer is held in the oil in such a way that it does not touch the metallic
part.
The sample of oil is heated so that it gives on vapour.
At the testing time the test flames is applied by heating short distance over the
surface of oil and watched for flickering sound.
The minimum temperature at which a momentary flash is obtained is called flash
point.
Heating is continued after obtaining the flash point. The lowest temperature at
which the ignited vapour continues to burn is called fire point.
Note the flash point and fire point of the given oil in a separate tabular column.
Result:
8
Thus the flash point and fire point of given sample oil are found out as follows:
Sample Oil Flash point Fire point
9
Ex.no.4
Aim:
Apparatus Required:
Procedure:
Formula:
Ө=
Where,
Ө – Subtended angle in degree
Dc – Circumferential Distance in cm
2πR – Circumference of flywheel in cm
Result:
The point timing diagram of the given two stroke petrol engine is drawn.
IPC =
IPO =
10
EPO =
TPD =
TPC =
EPC =
OBSERVATION:
T1 – Room temperature
T2 – Temperature of Water inlet temperature to the engine
T3 – Temperature of Water Outlet temperature to the engine
T4 – Temperature of Water outlet after calorimeter
T5 – Temperature of Exhaust gas before calorimeter
T6 – Temperature of Exhaust gas after calorimeter
BP
Qw
Qeg
11
Qun
Ex.no.5
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON DIESEL ENGINE
Aim:
To prepare a heat balance sheet and to draw the heat balance chart for the given diesel
engine by performing heat balance test on the engine using air flow.
Apparatus Required:
1. Diesel Engine
2. Stop Watch
3. Tachometer
Procedure:
Before starting the engine, keep the fuel cut off switch in ON position.
Start the engine
Allow the engine to run at no load for about 10minutes to warm up and to attain steady
state condition, hence bring the engine to its rated speed.
Distribute the load equal so as to get at least 3 trial runs during the test from no load to
full load.
At no load the following observations are to be taken.
a. The speed of the engine by means of Tachometer.
b. The time taken for every 10cc of fuel flow.
c. The rate of flow of cooling water using water flow meter and stop watch.
d. The temperature of the exhaust flue gas.
e. ‘U’ tube manometer reading in terms of height of water column.
f. Repeat the same procedure at different load.
g. Be sure to allow sufficient time for the establishment of a steady state before taking a
new set of readings.
h. Remove the load from the engine and stop the engine.
Formula:
Where,
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X – consumption of petrol in ml.
t- time taken for ‘X’ ml of petrol consumption.
Where,
N – Speed in Rpm
W – Load in kg
S – Spring balance reading
R - Radius of brake drum in ‘m’
Where,
x- litres of water
t- time taken for ‘x’ litres of water
Cpw – Specific heat of water to the engine.
T2 – Inlet temperature of water to the engine
T3 – Outlet temperature of water from the engine
.
(5) Heat carried away by exhaust gases = mCpt(T6 – T5) KW
Cpt – Specific heat of flue gases
T1- Exhaust gas inlet temperature to the calorimeter.
T2- Exhaust gas out temperature from the engine.
(6) m- mass flow rate of air X flow rate of fuel (TFC) = ρair X Cd X a X V kg/sec
where, Cd = 0.64
a = area of orifice
V=
.hm = hd
13
(8) % of heat equivalent to break power =
TABULATION:
14
Ex.no.6
Morse Test on Multi Cylinder Petrol Engine
Aim:
To perform the Morse test on the given multi cylinder petrol engine and to determine the
efficiency at the given load.
15
Cut off cylinder no.1 by lifting the cutoff switch no.1
Bring the engine again to rated speed by adjusting the load on brake drum and not by
adjusting the load on brake drum and not by adjusting the throttle and note down the
corresponding load on the engine.
Similarly cut off the cylinder.2,3,4 and repeat the above procedure to find the load on the
engine for cylinder.
Remove the load from the engine and stop the engine by switching off the ignition
switch.
Formulae:
Indicated power when:
Cylinder 1 is cut off IP1 = BPn - BP1 KW
Cylinder 2 is cut off IP2 = BPn - BP2 KW
Cylinder 3 is cut off IP3 = BPn - BP3 KW
Cylinder 4 is cut off IP4 = BPn - BP4 KW
Total Indicated Power = IP1 +IP2+IP3+IP4 KW
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Result:
Thus the Morse test on Multi Cylinder petrol Engine is done the
following observations are made.
OBSERVATION:
Room temperature TR = 320 C
Density of oil at room temperature =0.85 gm/cc
TABULATION:
Sl.no Temperature Time taken to Kinematic Density in Dynamic
Of oil (0C) fill 50 ml Viscosity in gm/cc absolute
Flask in ‘sec’ ‘Centistokes’ viscosity
‘centistokes’
17
Ex.no.7
VISCOSITY TEST ON REDWOOOD VISCOSMETER
Aim:
To determine the kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of lubricating oil at different
temperature using redwood viscometer
Apparatus Required:
Redwood viscometer
Thermometer
Stop watch
Standard narrow necked flask
Given sample of oil
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The dynamic viscosity of fluid is defined as the shear stresses required to produce
unit area of deflection or deformation
Procedure:
Clean the cylindrical oil cup and ensure the orifice tube is free from dirt.
Close the orifice with ball valve.
Place the 50 ml flask below the opening of the orifice.
Fill the oil in the cylindrical oil cup to the mark in the cup.
Fill the water in the water bath.
Insert the thermometer in their respective places to measure the oil and water bath
temperature.
Heat the oil by heating the water bath strimes water bath and maintain the uniform
temperature .
At particular temperature lift the valve and collect the oil in 50 ml flask and note the time
taken in seconds for collecting 50 ml 0f oil.
A stop watch is used to measure time taken; this time is red wood seconds.
Increase the temperature and respect the procedure and note down the red wood seconds
for different temperature
GRAPH
The following graph has to be drawn.
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1 Temperature vs redwood seconds
2 Temperature vs kinematic viscosity.
3 Temperature vs dynamic viscosity.
RESULT
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