Name: Khalid Waheed

Roll No: 151160640

Production Engineering
The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when the oil and gas are
produced. By this time, the oil rigs used to drill and complete the well have moved off the
wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or
Production trees. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore
in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow
can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to
refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.

Flowing Wells

 Defined as any well which has sufficient pressure in the reservoir to cause the oil or gas
to flow naturally to the surface through the wellbore.
 A well which produces oil or gas without any means of artificial lift.
 They require relatively little equipment or expense to bring the oil to the surface.
 The equipment commonly used consists of tubing, wellhead and x-mas tree

Components of Production System

1. Surface Equipment
2. Completion design
3. Perforations

Christmas Tree
The assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges, and chokes that are fitted to the well head of
the completed well is called a Christmas tree. It is used to control the flow of oil through the
tubing hanger.
The function of a Christmas tree is to:
• Prevent the release of oil or gas from an oil well into the environment
• Direct and control the flow of formation fluids from the well
When the well is ready to produce oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of the formation
fluids is allowed through a pipeline leading to a refinery
Surface Equipment of Well

Diagram of Downstream Equipment

Well completion
Well completion creates a dependable pathway to the surface for the hydrocarbons. Once the
well is drilled, it has to be made ready for the safe and efficient production of oil. The term
‘completion’ describes the assembly of down hole tubular and other safety equipment that is
required to enable the safe and efficient production of oil or gas from the well after it has been
drilled.
Well completion activities include:
• Conducting drill stem test
• Setting production casing
• Running production tubing along with downhole equipments
• Installing surface safety equipments
• Starting production flow
If it is decided that the well will not be completed, then it will be plugged and abandoned.
Perforations
A perforation in the context of oil wells refers to a hole punched in the casing or liner of an oil
well to connect it to the reservoir. In cased hole completions, the well will be drilled down past
the section of the formation desired for production and will have casing or a liner run in
separating the formation from the well bore. The final stage of the completion will involve
running in perforating guns, a string of shaped charges, down to the desired depth and firing
them to perforate the casing or liner. A typical perforating gun can carry many dozens of
explosive charges.