Proceedings of The 1st International Workshop, Jakarta 2009

-0- Proceedings of International Workshop on
Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia,

Jakarta, 5-6 March 2009
Proceedings of International Workshop on
Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia
March 5th and 6th, 2009

Jakarta, Indonesia
Editors
Japan Indonesia
* Hidenori Takahashi (HIHC) * Hari Purwanto (RISTEK)
Mitsuru Osaki (HU) Bambang Setiadi(BSN)
Toshio Iwakuma (HU.) Herwint Simbolon (LIPI)
Toshihisa Honma (HU) Ratih Dewanti Dimyati (LAPAN)
Noriyuki Tanaka (HU) Achmad Pribadi(FORDA)
Takashi Kohyama (HU) Suwido H. Limin (UNPAR)
Takashi Hirano (HU)
Hendrik Segah (HU)
Eriko Momoda (HU)
Kazuya Kaku (JAXA)
Hozuma Sekine (MRI)
Aya Uraguchi (MRI)
*) Chief Editor
HU: Hokkaido University
JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
MRI: Mitsubishi Research Institute
RISTEK: State Ministry of Research and Technology
BSN: National Standardization Agency, Indonesia
LIPI: Indonesian Institute of Sciences
LAPAN: Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
FORDA: Forest Research and Development Agency
UNPAR: University of Palangka Raya
JST: Japan Science Technology Agency
JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency
Organized by
Hokkaido University and State Ministry of Research and Technology
Sponsored by JST and JICA Cosponsored by JAXA and LAPAN

Preface
The tropical peat (including swamp and forests) found on islands in the Indonesian
and Malaysian Archipelagos, the Amazon lowlands and Central Africa comprise some 42
Mha, and are estimated to store approximately 148Gt of carbon. Because of their inferior
nature, these environments remained undeveloped, and relatively virgin forests still remain.
Much of the recent increased interest in peat globally has resulted from their importance as
carbon sinks and stores and their role in carbon cycling between the earth’s surface and the
atmosphere. There is considerable debate about whether or not peatlands are globally net
absorbers or emitters of carbon and under what conditions they may sequester or release
this environmentally important element.
Throughout many research of tropical peat, the problems that result from development
of tropical peat stem mainly from a lack of understanding of the complexities of this
ecosystem and the fragility of the relationship between peat and forest. In its natural state
tropical peat is a vast carbon sink and store but once the carbon allocation to the system is
discontinued by forest removal and the peat is drained, the air exposed surface peat
oxidizes and loses previously allocated carbon rapidly to the atmosphere, which results in
progressive subsidence of the peat surface and contributes to climate change.
Thus, it is essential that future land use of tropical peat takes fully into account the
principles and practices of sustainable development and incorporates the 'wise use'
approach. The wise use of peat involves several elements, foremost amongst which is the
identification of the benefits and values that they can provide and the adverse
environmental and human consequences resulting from their disturbance.
March, 2010
Project leader,
Professor Mitsuru Osaki, Hokkaido University, Japan

Content
Preface
Keynote
K-1.Wildfire and carbon management in peat forest in Central Kalimantan
A. Teras Narang, S.H.
K-2. Introduction of JST-JICA Project on "Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in
Indonesia"
Mitsuru Osaki, Toshio Iwakuma, Hidenori Takahashi, Takashi Hirano, Takashi Kohyama,
Noriyuki Tanaka, Toshihisa Honma, Hozuma Sekine, Hari Purwanto, Bambang Setiadi,
Suwido H. Limin, Herwint Simbolon, and R. D. Dimyati
K-3.Tropical peatland wise use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Bambang Setiadi
K-4.Sentinel Asia, Support for Disaster Management
Atsushi Ono
K-5.Tree diversity and dynamics of peat swamp forest: above ground biomass, biomass production
and C-sequestration
Herwint Simbolon, Joeni Setijo Rahojoe,and Laode Alham
Part 1. Remote sensing and carbon and ecosystem managements in tropical peatlands
1.1 Building Wild/Peat Fire Control System with Remote Sensing and Simulation
Toshihisa Honma and Keiji Kimura
1.2 Peatland Topography and Hydrology of Ex-MRP and Sebangau National Park measured with
Airborne Laser Scanning- (LIDAR)-Technology
H.-D. Viktor Boehm and Juergen Frank
1.3 Detection of Active Wildland Fires Using Multitemporal MODIS Images
Keiji Kushida
1.4 Potential applications of remote sensing in tropical peatland carbon and ecosystem management
Mahdi Kartasasmita
1.5 Wildfire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia
Ratih Dewanti Dimyati
1.6 Ministry of Forestry’s Remote Sensing capacity for Carbon Accounting and Ecosystem
Management
Saipul Rahman

Part 2. Evaluation of carbon strorage and carbon flux in tropical peatlands
2.1 Comparison of CO2 balance among three disturbed ecosystems in tropical peatlands
Takashi Hirano, Suwido Limin, Hidenori Takahashi, and Mitsuru Osaki
2.2 Carbon aspect of the water chemistry at the upper reaches of Sebangau River
Harukuni Tachibana, Rofiq Iqbal, Salampak Dohong,
Untung Darung, and Hidenori Takahashi
2.3 Full Carbon Budgeting of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests using Airborne Laser Altimetry
Tatsuo Sweda
2.4 Full Carbon Budgeting of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests using Airborne Laser Altimetry
Ir. Tachrir Fathoni, MSc
2.5 Utilization of Remote Sensing Data to Support Carbon Stock Estimation
Orbita Roswintiarti, Kustiyo, and Suwarsono
2.6 The Role of The Centre for Forestry Education and Training (CFET) in developing Education
and Network of the management of sustainable-Peat- Forest
Waljemar Sinaga
Part 3. Sustainable management of carbon and ecosystem in tropical peatlands

3.1 Structure and Composition of Vegetation and its Carbon Storage Following Peat Fire
Bambang Hero Saharjo
3.2 Large fluctuation of the water levels in Kahayan and Sebangau Rivers
Hidenori Takahashi, H.-D.V. Boehm, Aswin Usup and Suwido H. Limin
3.3 Vertical 2-D Analysis on the Groundwater Flow and Water Quality Change in the Sarobetsu
Mire, Japan and the Draft Plan of the Application to the Peat Swamp in the Sebangau River
basin, Indonesia
Koichi Yamamoto, Harukuni Tachibana, Mitsuhiko Kamiya,
Michihiko Saito, Saeko Kuchimachi, and Hidenori Takahashi
3.4 Microbial and nursery technology interference for sustainable management of peat swamp
forest
Maman Turjaman, Irnayuli R. Sitepu, Ragil S.B. Irianto, Erdy Santoso, Erry Purnomo,
Atok Subiakto, Sri Wilarso Budi, Suwido H. Limin, Yayusuki Hashidoko,
Keitaro Tawaraya,Yutaka Tamai, and Mitsuru Osaki

3.5 REDD : Scheme to preserve Central Kalimantan Peatland
Basah Hernowo
3.6 Effect of soil moisture and land-use management on greenhouse gas emissions from tropical
peatland
Kazuyuki Inubushi, and Abdul Hadi
Part 4. Education and network formation for sustainable management of tropical

peatlands
4.1 Hokkaido University Plan for establishing inter-university graduate and post-graduate
higher-education program in Indonesia
Noriyuki Tanaka
4.2 Integrated Fire Management, Activation of Community Fire Group for preventing peatland
fire in Central Kalimantan
Aswin Usup, H. Hayasaka, H. Takahashi, and E.P. Indra
4.3 The role of center of forestry and training （CFET） in development of education and network
or sustainable forest management
Waldemar Hasiholan
Part 5. Common subjects in sessions
5.1 Fire is a Major Threat on the Existing Peatland and Forest
Suwido H. Limin and Kitso Kusin
5.2 Rehabilitation of Fired Peat Swamp Forest Using Livestock
Sudarsono Jayadi and Hiroshi Hata
5.3 The Use of Dirty Coal or Rice Husk Charcoal to Support Reclamation Program of PT Adaro
Indonesia: preliminary results
Erry Purnomo, Agus Subandrio, Iswan Sujarwo, Ronny Tambunan, M Arsyad,
Priyadi, Maman Turjaman, and Mitsuru Osaki
Participants List

Keynote

Wildfire and carbon management in peat forest
in Central Kalimantan
A. Teras Narang, S.H.

Governor of Central Kalimantan
First of all, let us praise the Almighty God for his great blessing, mercy and protection so that all
of us remain in good health and be able to attend this seminar. Afterwards, I would like to extend
my gratitude to the seminar organizer for inviting me as a keynote speaker for this very important
seminar. It is an honor for us to share our viewpoints and experiences regarding the topic of this
seminar. As most of you have already known, Central Kalimantan has been exposed to a major
disaster at global scale in terms of peat forest, fire and carbon released. It was a man made or man
triggered disaster that none of us had ever imagined, hence none of us would expect this kind of
disaster ever happen again in Central Kalimantan province or in any other parts of the world. It is
an aching wish but of course, there is an obvious need for deterrent and determine actions all
together with global partnerships in managing the remaining peatland tropical forest, particularly in
the case of Central Kalimantan province.
Central Kalimantan is the third largest province in Indonesia after Papua and East Kalimantan. It
is located at the Borneo or Kalimantan Island, the third largest island in the world after Greenland
and Papua Island. Although the name suggested that this province lies within the central part of the
island, Central Kalimantan has a direct access to the sea along its seven hundreds and fifty
kilometres of shoreline to the Java Sea on the southern part. Along this shoreline, lies most of the
peatland area of Central Kalimantan province. With the area of more than fifteen point thirty four
million hectares or about one point five times the size of Java Island, Central Kalimantan has the
largest remaining tropical peat swamp forest in the Borneo or Kalimantan Island. All of this peat
swamp forest is located within the five southern districts which are Kapuas, Pulang Pisau, Katingan,
Seruyan and East Kotawaringin district. Regardless of the land cover status, peatland resource
counts to around three million hectares or almost one fifth or twenty percent of the provincial
administrative area. These natural resources have been managed for centuries by the native or
indigenous people of Central Kalimantan in a traditional manner. The multi purposes management
of peatland and peat forest are indicated by the existence of different land use and land tenure
applied by local people, starting from most intensive utilization and individual ownership along the
river bank to the communal property and open access forest resources with minimum human
interfere deep in the interior. This traditional wisdom, the stratification of peat forest land use, is
then proven by modern science as a practical and sustainable way of managing the peatland
resources.

It’s publicly renowned that carbon emission from peatland, which is mainly due to the wildfire,
is responsible for the status of Indonesia as the third largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world.
Without emission from peatland, Indonesia ranked at twenty first. Behind this figure, whether we
like or not, the role of peatfire from Central Kalimantan is obvious and this is directly related to the
ill-fated story of the mega rice project or what is now called ex mega rice project (EMRP). The
devastating scale of EMRP is around half of the peatland area of Central Kalimantan and various
research confirmed that accumulative carbon emission from this area only is gigantic, count to
several million ton of carbon dioxide. In his famous report called Stern’s review on climate change,
Michael Stern states that without any significant effort during the year of two thousand eight and
two thousand and twelve, the amount of carbon emission from deforestation will be doubled, from
eighteen million ton to around forty million ton. This number would then raise the concentration of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by two ppm or two part per million and the implication on
climate change will be enormous. By using this related statement, then we could comprehend how
the carbon emission from peatfire had done terrible things to our global climate in the recent years.
I believe all of you already informed that in the last several years, the government of Central
Kalimantan province has tried its best to deal with peatfire and peatland management in general.
Real actions and regulations have been taken and of course, all of these efforts are not without
sweat, pain, tears and opposition. The result is clear and confirmed. We all know that Central
Kalimantan has recorded a significant drop of hotspot and people could enjoy better and healthy
environment. We could and should be proud of our effort but at the same time we also should
realize that this is not the end of story, not even the strong basic foundation for dealing with
peatfire and carbon issue of the peatland. One utmost estimation of peat carbon deposit in Central
Kalimantan is around six point three giga ton and this means a very fragile and delicate form of
environmental ammunition for the global climate. As I have mentioned earlier, Stern mentioned
that a doubling of deforestation emission from twenty to forty million ton would lead to two ppm
increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Now, we could imagine what will happen to our
global climate change even if only ten percent or one tenth of peat carbon deposit in Central
Kalimantan, ten percent out of six point three giga ton were released by peatfire to the atmosphere!
We need no words to imagine what would be the impact.
The best way of avoiding peatfire, the best way of managing its carbon issue is simply by
creating an environment where there a good canopy closure of peat forest, by restoring waterlog or
aquatic condition to the peatland so there will be enough humidity within the upper part of the soil.
Within this simple statement lie many consequences, implications, impact and efforts to be taken.

The master plan study for ex mega rice project (EMRP master plan study) estimates that from
hydrological perspective alone, at least seven hundreds damns or canal blocking constructions
should be build, as soon as possible. In general, it is estimated that more than seven million dollars
is needed in order to restore the environmental condition of EMRP area alone. Alone here means
we have not yet considered other peatland area such as The Sebangau National Park. Those figures
of course are well beyond the capacity and capability of Central Kalimantan government alone but
firm and quick actions should be taken or the situation will be hard to control. Having said this,
there is a very unfortunate news from the progress of REDD or Reduced Emission from
Deforestation and Degradation. The proposed REDD is supposedly substitute the CDM scheme of
aforestation and reforestation under Kyoto Protocol which has been proven to be unrealistic and
unpractical. The Bali COP or Conference of Parties of UNFCCC (United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change) thirteen in the year two thousand and seven mentioned through the
Bali roadmap that within next four years from two thousand eight and two thousand and twelve,
which is the last year of Kyoto Protocol agenda, REDD will be developed as a scheme for reducing
carbon emission from the deforestation related activities. What unfortunate is, various multi laterals
meeting afterward, up to the UNFCCC COP fourteen meeting in Poznan, the carbon stock of
peatland has never been considered in the negotiation of either baseline methodology (reference
emission level or REL) or in the calculation of additionality. This means that there is a big
possibility that peat carbon will not be recognized in the compliance carbon trading or carbon
market post Kyoto Protocol after the year two thousand and twelve. In other words, without
actions from the peatland and peat carbon scientists and community, the window of opportunity for
financing our effort to better and sustainable management of peat forest is getting smaller and
smaller and at the other end pressure from other financial aspects of utilizing peatland and peat
forest will lead to a bigger and bigger chance for having more and worse peatfire and carbon
emission from peatland.
I have raised some facts, concerns and questions regarding peatfire and carbon management of
peat forest in general and in Central Kalimantan for particular. I really hope that this keynote
speech will promote discussions and recommendations from this very important seminar. As the
final words, I wish you all the participants a blissful and meaningful seminar. Thank you for your
kind attention and look forward for the outcomes.

Introduction of JST-JICA Project on "Wild Fire and Carbon
Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia"
Mitsuru Osaki1, Toshio Iwakuma1, Hidenori Takahashi2, Takashi Hirano1, Takashi Kohyama1,
Noriyuki Tanaka1, Toshihisa Honnma1, Hozuma Sekine3, Hari Purwanto4, Bambang Setiadi5,
Suwido H. Limin6, Herwint Simbolon7, and R. D. Dimyati8
1
Hokkaido University, Japan, 2NPO Hokkaido-Kalimantan Exchange Association for Culture, Science
and Technology, Japan, 3Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc., Japan, 4
State Ministry of Research and
Technology (RISTEK), National Standardization Agency of Indonesia, Indonesia (BSN), 6University of
5
Palangka Raya, Indonesia (UNPAR), 7The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Research Center for
Biology (LIPI), and 8The Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)
Contact person: Dr. Mitsuru Osaki (E-mail: mosaki@chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp)
Abstract
Tropical peat (including swamps and forests) found on islands in the Indonesian and Malaysian
Archipelagos, the Amazon lowlands and Central Africa comprise some 42 Million ha, and are
estimated to store approximately 148Gt (1Gt = 1015g) of carbon. Because of their inferior nature,
these environments remain undeveloped, possess relatively virgin forests, and are extremely fragile
and very liable to disturbance. Much of the recent increased interest in peat globally has resulted
from the importance of peatlands as carbon sinks and stores, and their role in carbon cycling
between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Thus, it is essential that future land use of tropical
peat takes fully into account the principles and practices of sustainable development and
incorporates the 'wise use' approach. The wise use of peat involves several elements, foremost
amongst which is the identification of the benefits and values that they can provide and the adverse
environmental and human consequences resulting from their disturbance. Therefore, we propose
JST-JICA project on "Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia".
- 10 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

Tropical peatland wise use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Bambang Setiadi
National Standardization Agency, Indonesia

Sentinel Asia, Support for Disaster Management
Atsushi Ono, Associate Senior Administrator
Disaster Management Support System Office, Satellite Application and Promotion Center,
Space Application Mission Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Shin-Ohtemachi Bldg., 2-2-1, Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, JAPAN
Tel: +81-3-3516-9133, Fax: +81-3-3516-9160
E-mail: ono.atsushi@jaxa.jp
ABSTRACT
Many of the causes and impacts of natural disasters are observable in real-time from space by earth
observing systems. When efficiently combined with modern information-distribution methods,
such data can be sent rapidly to affected communities and local emergency agencies as
early-warning before the disaster occurs, or as post-disaster maps to assist in recovery operations. A
new project called "Sentinel Asia" was proposed in 2004 by the Asia-Pacific Space Agency Forum
(APRSAF), to showcase the value and impact of earth observation technologies, combined with
near real-time internet dissemination methods and Web-GIS mapping tools. The APRSAF was
established in 1993, in response to the declaration adopted by the Asia-Pacific International Space
Year Conference (APIC) in 1992, to enhance the development of each country's space program and
to exchange views toward future cooperation in space activities in the Asia-Pacific region.
APRSAF was originally designed to provide opportunities for regional space agencies and
associated governmental bodies to exchange technical views, opinions and information on national
space programs and space resources. Up to ten countries in the region and their respective space
agencies now operate satellite-data reception facilities, some of which also have their own earth
observing spacecraft, or are planning to launch new systems in the near future. Sentinel Asia
Project is a Disaster Management Support System in the Asia-Pacific region by utilizing the earth
observation satellite data aiming at (1) Improving safety in society by ICT and Space technology,
(2) Improving speed and accuracy for disaster preparedness and early warning, (3) Minimizing
victims and social, economic losses. Sentinel Asia Project is a voluntary initiative by participating
organizations and seeking for a step-by-step approach and now Sentinel Asia in the Step-2 phase
which will be completed by 2014.

Tree diversity and dynamics of peat swamp forest: above ground
biomass, biomass production and C-sequestration
Herwint Simbolon, Joeni Setijo Rahojoe and Laode Alham
RC for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong
Abstract
During the periods of 1995-1996 more then 4000kms of canals were established within the area of about
1.4 million ha of peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan. The canals have drained and lowered the
water table of peat swamp forests of the areas. Some of the drained peat swamp forests were burnt
during the forest fires in 1997-1998, while some others were remain un-burnt but fragile to forest fires
and ecologically have disturbed due to the peat subsidence and compaction after water loss.
The present works were proposed in order to understand and monitor the ecological function of the
biodiversity, forest recovery, biomass production and nutrient cycle of peat swamp forests in relation to
carbon balance under such various conditions. The studies are also will identified some promoting
species for conservation of peat swamp forests.

Part 1.
Remote sensing and carbon and ecosystem
managements in tropical peatlands

Building Wild/Peat Fire Control System with Remote Sensing and
Simulation
Toshihisa HONMA* and Keiji KIMURA**

*,**Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University
N14W9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0814, JAPAN
E-mail: *honma@ist.hokudai.ac.jp, **kimura@ssi.ist.hokudai.ac.jp
1. Introduction
A lot of wild/peat fire occurred in Indonesia when ENSO occurred because of light rainfall and
high temperature. As a background of wild/peat fire, we classify the latest land cover by
ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya. And for the important factors of the wild/peat fire
expansion, the local meteorological simulation with MM5 is calculated. We are also making the
wild/peat fire expansion simulation. We combine them and Dr. Nakau’s fire detection method. We
will building the wild/peat fire control system with remote sensing and simulation in this project.
2. Land cover classification by ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya

We classified the vegetation into eight categories from the HH and HV polarization of
ALOS/PALSAR with the ISODATA method which is a kind of the non-training classification. We
made the land cover maps of three periods: July 9, August 24 and October 9, 2007 around Palangka
Raya. The POSTEL vegetation is used for the sampling data. The results are compared with the
vegetation map by SarVision and both classifications are very similar. This means that the latest
vegetation map can be renewed every 46-day of the ALOS’s repeat cycle.
3. Local area meteorological simulation with MM5

Severe weather is the main factor of fire expansion. We constructs the local area meteorological
simulation with MM5 around Palangka Raya. The initial resolution of the weather forecast is 1
degree mesh from the NCEP Global Tropospheric Analysis. The finest resolution in this study is
4.1km grid. For example, we calculated the meteorological simulation from September 2 to
September 22, 2006 when a lot of wild/peat fire occurred.
4. Building the wild/peat fire control system

We are now constructing the wild/peat fire control system. We are making the fire expansion
simulation and the information service to firefighters. They will use the outputs of the system ---
the detected fire, and simulated fire expansion --- and they will be able to distinguish the fire more
effectively.

Contents
1．Introduction
Building Wild/Peat Fire Control System
2．Land Cover Classification
with Remote Sensing and Simulation
3．Meteorological Simulation
Toshihisa HONMA* and Keiji KIMURA** 4．Wild/Peat Fire Control Systems
*,**Graduate School of Information Science and
Technology, Hokkaido University 5. Project Plan
N14W9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0814, JAPAN
e-mail: *honma@ist.hokudai.ac.jp
1. Introduction El Nino and Wildfire in Indonesia

normal WMO(1984)
• A lot of wild/peat fire occurred in Indonesia when ENSO When El Nino occurs,
occurred because of light rainfall and high temperature. it rains less around
• Firstly, as a background data of wild/peat fire, we have to Indonesia because
classify the latest land cover by ALOS/PALSAR imagery the convection over
around Palangka Raya. Indonesia moves El Nino
• And the local meteorological simulation with MM5 is Eastward.
calculated for the important factors of the wild/peat fire
expansion, .
• Then, we execute the wild/peat fire expansion simulation.
• In addition, we will combine these systems with Dr. Nakau’s El Nino Index (NINO.3) by JMA
new fire detection method.
• Finally, we will build the wild/peat fire control systems with
remote sensing and simulation technologies in this project.
Outline of our system about semi-realtime fire detection and prediction

2. Land cover classification by ALOS/PALSAR
imagery around Palangka Raya
Hotspots
• We classified the vegetation into eight categories from the HH
Fire History and HV polarization of ALOS/PALSAR with the ISODATA
Firefighters
method which is a kind of the non-training classification.
Topology Fire prediction • We made the land cover maps of three periods:
(SRTM/ASTER) simulation July 9, August 24 and October 9, 2007 around Palangka Raya.
WWW
Vegetation Cell • The POSTEL vegetation is used for the sampling data.
(AVNIR2/PALSAR) SMS • The results are compared with the vegetation map by
Regional SarVision and both classifications are very similar.
Met. prediction • This means that the latest vegetation map can be renewed
Met. Simulation Inhabitant every 46-day of the ALOS’s repeat cycle.
(MM5 / WRF) static data
dynamic data
Met. data output
(JMA/NOAA) calculation
Designed by Dr.Nakau
Water
Estimation of CO2
emission from EMRP
Results of land cover analysis Dense forest
Thin forest
Thin bush
Burnt forest
area We can analyze the land cover every 46-days Burnt bush
Bare ground
Non-forest
(8tC/ha/year emission)
with ALOS-PALSAR imagery. Town
413,000ha 1.65MtC
Thin Forest (15-40%)

1,670,000ha  10.02MtC
Thick Forest (40%-)

19,000ha  0.076MtC
Total: 11.7MtC from 2,100,000ha

by the soil respiration
around the EMRP area
Japanese annual emission of Carbon is
about 341MtC(2005). This area emits July 9, 2007 August 24, 2007 October 9, 2007
the 3.4% of CO2 from Japan. Original data by POSTEL(2008) by Mr.Baba

3. Local area meteorological simulation
Study area of MM5 meteorological simulation
with MM5
• The weather information with high accuracy is Domain 1

needed as the main factor of fire expansion.
We conduct the local-area meteorological simulation
Domain 2
with MM5 around Palangka Raya. Area mesh numbers
• The initial resolution of the weather forecast is 1 Domain 4
degree mesh from the NCEP Global Tropospheric Domain 1 111km 32×32
Analysis.
Domain 2 37km 40×40
• The finest resolution in this study is 4.1km grid.
• For example, we calculated the meteorological Domain 3 12.3km 37×37
simulation from September 2 to September 22, 2006 Domain 3
when a lot of wild/peat fire occurred. Domain 4 4.1km 37×37
by Mr.Hatanaka
A result of MM5 simulation

Wind field around Palangka Raya 4. Building the wild/peat fire control system
The local wind can be analyzed by this model.
• We are now constructing the wild/peat fire control
system.
• We are making the fire expansion simulation and the
information service to firefighters.
• They will use the outputs of the system
--- the detected fire, and simulated fire expansion ---
and they will be able to distinguish the fire more
Palangka Raya effectively.
At 13:00 local time in Palangka Raya, on September 4, 2006.

by Mr.Hatanaka
Case study in Alaska Result of fire expansion simulation in Alaska

Initial condition
Fire is burning at red points.

This result of simulation is
overestimated now. We are
Gray area is burnt. calculating the best coefficients
in the many parts of this
simulation with Genetic
Algorithm.
Beginning time is 16:00, June 24, 2004.
Step1: Making prototype in JAPAN

Step2：Transfer of Technology Analysis LAPAN
Firefighters
in Palangka Raya Semi-
Real time Validation Visualization (GIS)
↑Indonesia Web
On
↓Japan demand
Data storage
Semi-
Transfer
JAXA Real time

↑Indonesia Firefighters
(automatic) Analysis Visualization（GIS）
↓Japan JAXA Web
（Validation）
手動配信
(automatic) Hokkaido Univ.
Data storage
Hokkaido Univ.
↑Japan
（on demand） ↑Japan （on demand）
Analysis: Fire detection &
↓Indonesia fire expansion simulation ↓Indonesia
Terra & Aqua ALOS
（MODIS）（PALSAR/PRISM/ ALOS（PALSAR/PRISM/AVNIR2)
AVNIR2) Terra & Aqua
（MODIS）
From 2009 to 2010 From 2011 to 2012

Designed by Mr. Nagano Designed by Mr. Nagano

Outline of our system about semi-realtime fire detection and prediction
Step3：Sustainable Use Analysis LAPAN
Semi-
Real time Validation Visualization (GIS)
On Hotspots
demand
Data storage
Indonesia Fire History Firefighters
Firefighters:
Palangka Raya Topology Fire prediction
Web (SRTM/ASTER) simulation
(automatic) WWW
Vegetation Cell
Japan (AVNIR2/PALSAR) SMS
（on demand） Regional
JAXA
Met. prediction
ALOS（PALSAR/PRISM/AVNIR2) Met. Simulation Inhabitant
Terra & Aqua
（MODIS） (MM5 / WRF) static data
dynamic data
Met. data output
After 2013 (JMA/NOAA) calculation
Designed by Mr. Nagano
Designed by Dr.Nakau
Bran new wild fire algorithm

• NASA MOD14 fail to detect weak fire.
Development of • A bran new algorithm was developed.

Fire Algorithm – New masks for IR reflecting objects:
• Snow / Ice Mask is adopted,
• sophisticated Cloud mask is employed.
JAXA/EORC Koji Nakau
– Contextual method is used to identify
candidate.
• MOD14 uses a static threshold
– Estimated radiation is used in fire detection
Proposed algorithm detects small fires

but smoldering fires are omitted by MOD14.
Result: doubled S/N ratio
Algorithm Detected HS Correct HS False Alarm
MOD14 v4 34,647 34599 48
Nakau2008 40,143 +16% 40089 +16% 54 +13%
Experimental 63,117 +82% 63074 +82% 43 -10%
Yellow: • Images: Daytime MODIS 2004-Jun-20 to Sep-12
• Area: Most part of Alaska (160W--141W, 50N--70N)
MOD14
• Ground truth: Burned area in 2004 (Fire History by AFS)
RGB: ASTER Imagery Red: • Correct HS: [Distance between HS and burned area]
R:2.24m G:1.65m B:0.66m Proposed < 3km
Summary of New Algorithm Future Works

• Doubled S/N ratio (comparing to MOD14) • Operational use
– 80% more HS and & 10% less False Alarm – This algorithm will be adopted in the peat fire
monitor.
– Smoldering, small fire or slush and burn
detected • Validation of fire product
• New fire product – Validation should be held two steps as
• MODIS  LANDSAT  Ground observations
– Geographical distribution differ from MOD14
– Collaboration with Indonesian researchers
– New fire product is suitable to detect small fire
and to confirm extinction • More sensitive algorithm
– Reflectance of vegetation should be observed.

“Peatland Topography and Hydrology of Ex-MRP and Sebangau
National Park measured with Airborne Laser Scanning-
(LIDAR)-Technology”
Dr. H.-D. Viktor Boehm and Juergen Frank
Kalteng Consultants, www.kalteng.org
Abstract
With a high-resolution Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) the topography of peatlands was measured from
5th to 10th Aug. 2007 by a helicopter to achieve a 3-dimensional Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for
Block A + B + C + E and Sebangau area up to the Tangkiling hills. With this ALS-information we
processed and analysed the topography of peatland with an elevation resolution of +/-15cm and x-, y- of
0.5m in the Ex-Mega Rice Project (Ex-MRP) and in the Sebangau area. The 1.5µm laser beam in the
near infra-red with the beam divergence of 0.5mrad could penetrate the PSF by 3% to 5% of the
laser-pulses.
The highest peat dome was found between rivers Kahayan and Mangkatup with 37.5m at the flight
track approx. -229km south of the equator. The highest peat dome in Mawas area between Kapuas and
Mentangai river at -229km is 32m and at -238km 29m respectively.
In Block A at the main channel we get an elevation maximum of 25m (-247km) between rivers Kapuas
and Mentangai. At Mentangai river on main channel we have the lowest point of this cross-section with
21.3m. Right from Mentangai on main channel we found the next peat dome with an elevation of
approx. 23m.
The peat dome in Block A drops down to 22m between Kapuas and Mentangai at -261km.
Peat Dome of Block E-Mawas and Block A, elevation calibrated to Palangka Raya Airport reference
point with 25m, see figure with 6 profiles.
Elevation Longitude Latitude Kapuas Delta
32.0m 894.0km East -229km South Block E-Mawas 17.5m 14.5m
29.0m 894.0km East -238km South Block E-Mawas 17.1m ~ 12m
25.0m 889.5km East -247km South Main Channel 16.5m 8.5m
24.2m 889.0km East -251km South Block A, other day 16.9m ~ 7m
23.2m 889.0km East -256km South Block A, other day 16.8m ~ 6m
22.0m 889.0km East -261km South Block A 16.4m ~ 5.5m
The water-level on 5th August 10h - 11h near the main channel (approx. -247km) was 17.4m at
Kahayan, 16.5m at Kapuas, 21.2m at Mentangai and 19.9m at Barito.
The upper part of Block C has at the Kalampangan channel peat dome (20.6m) a height of approx. 5m
to the Sebangau river (15.4m) and approx. 3.5m to the Kahayan (17.0m).
The peat dome between Sebangau to Katingan has a height of approx. 31m at km -265. The peat dome
reduces to 30m at km-254 and km-247 (equivalent height of main channel) because of influence of
bending Sebangau river, but the peat dome increases to approx. 50m at km-212 on the Jalan Tjilik Riwut
between Tangkiling hills and Kasongan village.
Fig. 1: German-Indonesian ALS team in front of Bell 206-Helicopter in Central Kalimantan:

Juergen Frank, Detlef Klante, Suyud, Alam (pilot), Viktor Boehm (manager), Jan Giehler
(operator) and Mustafa Syafrudin. Aug 2007
Fig. 2: ALS-LIDAR-Flight tracks from

campaign in Aug. 2007, approx. 500m width
superimposed on LS2000 Fig. 3: LIDAR-tracks in Block C from Aug.
2007

Detection of Active Wildland Fires Using Multitemporal MODIS Images
Keiji Kushida
Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,

W8 N19, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
E-mail: kkushida@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp
Fire fractional area and radiances at 11 µm and 4 µm of active fires in the boreal forests in Siberia and
Mongolia were estimated using ASTER images. In addition a stochastic fire model was constructed.
The efficiency of a bi-band threshold method used for detecting active fires on the basis of the thermal
anomaly obtained from multitemporal MODIS images was evaluated using the stochastic fire model.
The results of fire detection indicated that the abovementioned method accurately detected 90% of the
fire pixels with almost no false alarms when the radiances of the non-fire pixels at 11 µm and 4 µm
were estimated using the past MODIS images with a standard deviation of 1 K. The analyses also
indicated that in order to obtain fewer errors than those obtained using the conventional contextual
algorithm (MOD14) from the objective area (omission errors less than 50% and commission errors less
than 1%), it is essential to carry out the non-fire radiance estimation using past images with a standard
deviation of less than 4 K.

Potential applications of remote sensing in tropical peatland carbon and
ecosystem management
Mahdi Kartasasmita
Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

Wildfire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia
Ratih Dewanti Dimyati
Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

Ministry of Forestry’s Remote Sensing capacity
for Carbon Accounting and Ecosystem Management
Saipul Rahman
Directorate of Forest Resource Monitoring

DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FOREST PLANNING
Ministry of Forestry, JAKARTA
E-mail: saipulrahman@dephut.go.id; saipul.rahman@gmail.com

Part 2.
Evaluation of carbon strorage and carbon
flux in tropical peatlands

Comparison of CO2 balance among three disturbed ecosystems
in tropical peatlands
Takashi Hirano1, Suwido Limin2, Hidenori Takahashi3,and Mitsuru Osaki1
1
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
2
University of Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, Indonesia
3
Hokkaido Institute of Hydro-Climate, Sapporo, Japan
Tropical peatlands have accumulated a huge amount of carbon as organic matter in soil, and are
naturally covered with swamp forests. Recently, however, the tropical peatlands are disturbed on a large
scale by deforestation and drainage to produce timber and create farmlands. Such disturbance changes
petland environment and should enhance the decomposition of organic carbon into CO2. In addition,
drought caused by El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its consequent large-scale fires
accelerate CO2 release to the atmosphere from peatland soil through decomposition and burning. These
facts suggest that tropical peatlands keep vulnerable carbon stock and will be a major CO2 source in the
near future. Therefore it is important to evaluate the effects of disturbance on CO2 balance of
tropical-peatland ecosystems to globally predict the trend of atmospheric CO2 concentration.
We have measured CO2 flux using the eddy covariance technique above three peatland ecosystems
differing in disturbance conditions near Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia in 2004 and 2005,
non-ENSO years. Three ecosystems are as follows: a swamp forest growing on undrained peatland in
Setia Alam area (SF), a swamp forest in drained peatland on Kalangpangan area (KF) and a cutover in
drained peatland in Kalangpangan area (KB). Large channels were excavated in Kalangpangan area in
the 1990’s. In Kalangpangan area the large portion of forest was clear-cut after the channel construction,
and KB site was burned twice in the ENSO years, 1997 and 2002.
Annual sums of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) between May 2004 and May 2005 were
positive even for the undrained forest (SF), which shows that all peatland ecosystems functioned as CO2
source for the atmosphere. The annual NEE was between 100 and 800 gC m-2 y-1 and was the largest for
the cutover (KB) and the smallest for SF.

Carbon aspect of the water chemistry at the upper reaches
of Sebangau River
Harukuni Tachibana11, Rofiq Iqbal2, Salampak Dohong 3

Untung Darung4,and Hidenori Takahashi5
1.Hokkaido Institute of Hydro Climate, No.7 Koei bldg.,N14W3, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0014 Japan,
E-mail: knc_tachibana@amail.plala.or.jp
2. Institut Tecknologi Bandung, J1Ganesha No10,Bandung,Indonesia40132, iqbal.rofiq@gmail.com
3. University of Palangka Raya, J1.Bakti No.8 Palangka Raya 73111 Central Kalimantan. INDONESIA ,
E-mail: salamdong@hotmail.com
4.University of Palangka Raya, J1.Bakti No.8 Palangka Raya 73111 Central Kalimantan INDONESIA,
E-mail: suwido@palangkaraya.wasentara.net.id
5. Hokkaido Institute of Hydro-climate, No.7 Koei bldg., N14W3, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0014, Japan ,
E-mail: nana77@mtg.biglobe.ne.jp
ABSTRACT
Recently, storage and release of carbon related to the greenhouse effect of the earth has become a
worldwide attention. In this study, amount of released carbon from the forest river and its balance in the
tropical forests were calculated from water chemistry data of KYA station at the upper stream of
Sebangau River. The river, located in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, INDONESIA was
studied at regular interval from 1998 to 2008.
Items related to carbon in water chemistry are TOC, DOC, and 4.3Bx. Even though carbonic acid plays
an important role in the release and the storage of carbon, but due to its complicated movement, only the
results calculated from TOC and DOC concentrations are reported.
Takahashi (2009) calculated water balance of this area and found that the total amount of rainfall was
3113 mm, evapo-transpiration was 1219 mm, and amount of direct runoff was 1957 mm. Hirano
2
(2008) reported that amount of emission of carbon as CO2 into the air was about 100 g/m .year in
un-disturbed peat forests (UF), 400 g/m2 .year in disturbed peat forests (DF), and 800 g/m2.year in
cutover districts (DC). Amount of carbon that flowed into the river was examined on the basis of these
data.
From the results of water quality analysis of KYA station, it was found that TOC and DOC
concentrations were high, and changes of concentrations were very small. The mean concentration of
TOC was 39.9 mg/l and coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.08 where the mean concentration of DOC
was 37.6 mg/l and CV was 0.10. Each concentration was multiplied by river flux to get the amount of
emission of carbon, and the amount of emission of carbon was compared with the amount of carbon that
generated into the air. The amount of emissions of carbon of TOC and DOC were 28.3 g/m2.year, and
26.9 g/m2.year, respectively. They were approximately 30% of the generated amount into the air. The
amount of carbon that flowed into the river was a large quantity if compared with the amount that was
generated into the air. If the carbon of the groundwater was generated into the air by microorganisms,
it will contribute the greenhouse effect.

Participants List
No Country Name Institution E-mail address

1 Japan Mitsuru Osaki Hokkaido Univ. mosaki@chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp
2 Japan Noriyuki Tanaka Hokkaido Univ. norit@sgp.hokudai.ac.jp
3 Japan Hidenori Takahashi Hokkaido I. H.C nana77@mtg.biglobe.ne.jp
4 Japan Toshihisa Honma Hokkaido Univ. honma@ssi.ist.hokudai.ac.jp
5 Japan Takashi Hirano Hokkaido Univ. hirano@env.agr.hokudai.ac.jp
6 Japan Hirosi Hata Hokkaido Univ. hata@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp
7 Japan Tatsuo Sueda Ehime Univ. sweda@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp
8 Japan Hayato Tsuzuki Ehime Univ. zzukky@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp
9 Japan Kazuyuki Inumushi Chiba Univ. inubushi@faculty.chiba-u.jp
10 Japan Aya Uraguchi Mitsubishi R.I. uraguchi@mri.co.jp
11 Japan Koichi Yamamoto Yamaguchi Univ. k_yama@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
12 Japan Keiji Kushida Hokkaido Univ. kkushida@pop.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp
13 Japan Hirosi Tani Hokkaido Univ. tani@env.agr.hokudai.ac.jp
14 Japan Takeshi Tange Univ. Tokyo tange@uf.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp
15 Japan Masahiko Fujii Hokkaido Univ. mfujii@ees.hokudai.ac.jp
16 Japan Yoko Yabe Hokkaido Univ. nyabe@ees.hokudai.ac.jp
17 Japan Koji Nakau JAXA nakau.koji@jaxa.jp
18 Japan Atsushi Ono JAXA ono.atsushi@jaxa.jp
19 Indonesia Hari Purwanto RISTEK harip@ristek.go.id
20 Indonesia Bambang Setiadi BSN bbsetiadi@yahoo.com.au
21 Indonesia Herwint Simbolon LIPI herbolon@indo.net.id
22 Indonesia Ratih Dewanti Dimyati LAPAN ratihdewantidimyati@gmail.com
23 Indonesia Achmad Pribadi FORDA
24 Indonesia Suwido H. Limin UNPAR cimtrop_suwido@yahoo.com
25 Indonesia Abdul Hadi UNLAM atakhadi@hotmail.com
26 Indonesia Erry Purnomo UNLAM erry_purnomo@telkom.net
27 Indonesia Rofiq Iqbal ITB iqbalrofiq@gmail.com
28 Indonesia Bambang H Saharjo IPB bhsaharjo@gmail.com
29 Indonesia Aswin Dj Usup UNPAR gnmas@yahoo.com
30 Indonesia Hendrik Segah UNPAR segah@upr.ac.id / hsegah@yahoo.com
31 Indonesia Drasospolino Head of Sebangau NP sospolino@yahoo.com
32 Indonesia Maman Turjaman FNCRDC/FORDA turjaman@forda-mof.org
33 Indonesia Sudarsono Jayadi IPB sudarsonoj@yahoo.com

34 Indonesia I Made Sudiana LIPI i made sudiana@lipi.go.id
35 Indonesia Teguh Rahardjo Deputi Program
Riptek, KNRT
36 Indonesia Tachrir Fathoni Ka Balitbang Dephut
37 Indonesia Mahdi Kartasasmita LAPAN
38 Indonesia Wardoyo, M.F. Departemen Kehutanan
39 Indonesia Antung Deddy Kementerian LH
Radiansyah
40 Indonesia Tachrir Fathoni Ka Balitbang Dephut
41 Indonesia Agus Kritijono TPSA, BPPT
42 Indonesia Orbita Roswintiarti LAPAN oroswin@indo.net.id
43 Indonesia Basah Hernowo Bappenas
44 Indonesia Nick Mawdsley
45 Germany H.-D.V. Boehm Kalteng Consultants viktorboehm@t-online.de

COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS:
 Hokkaido University (HU)
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
 Mitsubishi Research Institute (MRI)
 State Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK)
 National Standardization Agency, Indonesia (BSN)
 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
 Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)
 Forest Research and Development Agency (FORDA)
 University of Palangka Raya (UNPAR)
 Japan Science Technology Agency (JST)

 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JAXA)
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-0- Proceedings of International Workshop on

Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia,

Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia

March 5th and 6th, 2009

Sponsored by JST and JICA Cosponsored by JAXA and LAPAN

-1- Proceedings of International Workshop on

-2- Proceedings of International Workshop on

-3- Proceedings of International Workshop on

Part 3. Sustainable management of carbon and ecosystem in tropical peatlands

-4- Proceedings of International Workshop on

Part 4. Education and network formation for sustainable management of tropical

-5- Proceedings of International Workshop on

-6- Proceedings of International Workshop on

A. Teras Narang, S.H.

-7- Proceedings of International Workshop on

-8- Proceedings of International Workshop on

-9- Proceedings of International Workshop on

Contact person: Dr. Mitsuru Osaki (E-mail: mosaki@chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp)

- 10 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

- 15 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

Atsushi Ono, Associate Senior Administrator

- 23 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

Herwint Simbolon, Joeni Setijo Rahojoe and Laode Alham

RC for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong

- 28 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

- 30 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

Toshihisa HONMA* and Keiji KIMURA**

2. Land cover classification by ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya

3. Local area meteorological simulation with MM5

4. Building the wild/peat fire control system

- 31 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

1. Introduction El Nino and Wildfire in Indonesia

Outline of our system about semi-realtime fire detection and prediction

Thin Forest (15-40%)

Thick Forest (40%-)

Total: 11.7MtC from 2,100,000ha

- 32 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

• The weather information with high accuracy is Domain 1

A result of MM5 simulation

At 13:00 local time in Palangka Raya, on September 4, 2006.

Case study in Alaska Result of fire expansion simulation in Alaska

Fire is burning at red points.

Beginning time is 16:00, June 24, 2004.

Step1: Making prototype in JAPAN

JAXA Real time

From 2009 to 2010 From 2011 to 2012

- 33 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

Bran new wild fire algorithm

Development of • A bran new algorithm was developed.

Proposed algorithm detects small fires

Summary of New Algorithm Future Works

- 34 - Proceedings of International Workshop on

Dr. H.-D. Viktor Boehm and Juergen Frank

Kalteng Consultants, www.kalteng.org

29.0m 894.0km East -238km South Block E-Mawas 17.1m ~ 12m

25.0m 889.5km East -247km South Main Channel 16.5m 8.5m

24.2m 889.0km East -251km South Block A, other day 16.9m ~ 7m