ANSWERS

Data and Results :

1.
Four Stroke Cycle
Piston Intake Stroke Operation of four-stroke cycle engine

A.Intake stroke
1.Cycle starts with piston at uppermost
position in cylinder (TDC) with intake valve
open and exhaust valve closed
2.As the piston moves down the cylinder, it
draws air-fuel mixture into the cylinder from
the carburetor
3.When the piston reaches the bottom of the
cylinder (BDC), the intake valve closes

Piston Compression Stroke

B.Compression stroke
1.Air-fuel mixture is compressed tightly as the
piston moves up the cylinder
2.Compression of the fuel creates heat which
prepares the fuel for instant ignition

Piston Power Stroke

C.Power stroke
1.As the piston reaches the top of the cylinder
on compression stroke,a spark from the
ignition system ignites the air-fuel mixture
2.Burning gases expand very rapidly and force
the piston down the cylinder

Piston Exhaust Stroke

D.Exhaust stroke
1.As the piston reaches the bottom of the
cylinder on power stroke, the exhaust valve
opens

The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle p-V diagram:

the intake (A) stroke is performed by an isobaric
expansion, followed by the compression (B) stroke,
performed by an adiabatic compression. Through the
combustion of fuel an isochoric process is produced,
followed by an adiabatic expansion, characterizing
the power (C) stroke. The cycle is closed by an isochoric
process and an isobaric compression, characterizing
the exhaust (D) stroke.
Two Stroke Cycle
Operation of a two-stroke cycle engine

A.Piston moves up in cylinder drawing fuel-air mixture

into crankcase
B.Piston moves down cylinder, pressurizing mixture in
crankcase
C.Piston moves past transfer port allowing pressurized
mixture to move into combustion chamber.

D.Piston moves up in cylinder again

1.Compresses fuel-air mixture
2.Draws more fuel-air mixture into crankcase

E.Spark plug fires compressed mixture

F.Combustion moves piston back down cylinder
1.Piston uncovers exhaust port as it nears bottom
of stroke allowing exhaust to escape
2.Piston uncovers transfer port as it moves nearer
bottom of stroke allowing fresh charge of fuel-air to
enter combustion chamber

G.Piston starts back up cylinder closing both transfer and

exhaust ports

2. Auxiliary system of gasoline engine.

Lubrication

Surfaces in contact and relative motion to other surfaces require lubrication to reduce wear, noise and increase efficiency by
reducing the power wasting in overcoming friction, or to make the mechanism work at all. At the very least, an engine requires
lubrication in the following parts:

 Between pistons and cylinders

 Small bearings
 Big end bearings
 Main bearings
 Valve gear (The following elements may not be present):
Cooling

Cooling is required to remove excessive heat — over heating can cause engine failure, usually from wear(due to heat-induced
failure of lubrication), cracking or warping. Two most common forms of engine cooling are air-cooled and water-cooled. Most
modern automotive engines are both water and air-cooled, as the water/liquid-coolant is carried to air-cooled fins and/or fans,
whereas larger engines may be singularly water-cooled as they are stationary and have a constant supply of water through
water-mains or fresh-water, while most power tool engines and other small engines are air-cooled.

Functions of the cooling system

A.Removes surplus or unwanted heat
B.Maintains efficient. operating temperature under
all operating conditions
C.Brings an engine, when started,up to operating
temperature as soon as possible

Starting

Components of mechanical starting system Components of DC starting system

A.Starter housing- Cover for the starter mechanism
B.Recoil spring used to automatically rewind the
starter rope after each starting attempt
C.Pulley -Housing for pawls that lock to crankshaft
adapter to crank engine
D.Engaging pawl-Locks pulley to crankshaft adapter
on starting pull of rope
E.Pawl spring- Returns pawl to neutral position
during rewind cycle
A.Battery- Source of electrical power
B.Key switch-Device which activates the starter
motor switch
C.Starter motor switch-Switch which closes the high
amperage circuit from battery to starter
D.Starter motor-Drives the flywheel to crank the
engine
E.Switch wire-Conductor that carries a low amount
of current to energize the starter motor switch
F.Battery cables-Conductors which carry large
amounts of current to complete the starter circuit

Exhaust
3.
Carburetor
Mixes fuel and air in the proper proportion for a combustible mixture.
Carburetion- the process of mixing (as in of a carburetor) the vapor of a flammable hydrocarbon ( as gasoline) with air to form
an exclusive mixture especially for use in an internal-combustion engine.

Carburetor systems

Float type Carburetor

A.Float-Maintains a given depth of fuel in

the float chamber
B.Choke-Provides a richer mixture for cold
engine starting and operation
C.High speed-Used when the engine is called
upon to supply power for full,partial, or
no-load at various operating speeds
D.Idle speed-Provides fuel delivery during
closed or nearly closed throttle operation
E.Throttle-Regulates the amount of air/fuel
mix allowed to enter the engine