Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers are very cheap IC chips used to perform many

useful tasks in many consumer, industrial and scientific devices.

Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they

were used to perform mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear
and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a
building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility.

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 Integration
 Differentiation
 Amplification
(Multiplication/Division)
 Filtering
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Operational Amplifiers
Active Components of Circuits

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Operational Amplifiers
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Operational Amplifiers
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Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers

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Operational Amplifiers
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More Opamp Configurations
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Operational Amplifiers
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 Operational Amplifiers
• Properties
– open-loop gain: ideally infinite: practical values 20k-200k
• high open-loop gain  virtual short between + and - inputs
– input impedance: ideally infinite: CMOS opamps are close to
ideal
– output impedance: ideally zero: practical values 20-100
– zero output offset: ideally zero: practical value <1mV
– gain-bandwidth product (GB): practical values ~MHz
• frequency where open-loop gain drops to 1 V/V
 Basic Opamp Configuration
• Voltage Comparator
– digitize input

• Voltage Follower
– buffer
• Inverting Amp

• Non-Inverting Amp
 More Opamp Configurations
• Summing Amp

• Differential Amp

• Integrating Amp

• Differentiating Amp
More Opamp Configurations
Active Components of Circuits
This is called a buffer.
A voltage buffer
amplifier is used to
transfer a voltage from
a first circuit, having a
high output impedance
level, to a second
circuit with a low input
impedance level. The
interposed buffer
amplifier prevents the
second circuit from
loading the first circuit
unacceptably and
interfering with its
desired operation.132
More Opamp Configurations

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More Opamp Configurations

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More Opamp Configurations

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 Converting Configuration

• Current-to-Voltage

• Voltage-to-Current
 Instrumentation Amplifier
• Robust differential
gain stage
gain amplifier
• Input stage
– high input impedance input stage
• buffers gain stage
– no common mode gain
– can have differential gain total differential gain
• Gain stage
– differential gain, low input impedance total differential gain
• Overall amplifier 2 R2  R1  R4 
Gd   
– amplifies only the differential component R1  R3 
• high common mode rejection ratio
– high input impedance suitable for biopotential electrodes with high output
impedance
 Instrumentation Amplifier w/ BP Filter

instrumentation amplifier HPF non-inverting amp

With 776 op amps, the circuit was found to have a CMRR of 86 dB at 100 Hz and a noise level of 40 mV peak to
peak at the output. The frequency response was 0.04 to 150 Hz for ±3 dB and was flat over 4 to 40 Hz. The total
gain is 25 (instrument amp) x 32 (non-inverting amp) = 800.
Input and Output Impedance
Active Components of Circuits

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Input and Output Impedance

The output
impedance is
determined at the
output terminals
looking back into
the system with
the applied signal
set to zero.

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Input and Output Impedance
Input Impedance is
the ratio of input
voltage to input
current.

Note the difference

between the two. Output
impedance requires that
applied signal is set to be
zero. While input
impedance is merely an
impedance which any
source will find when it
gets connected to the
circuit. 141
Input and Output Impedance
The (input/output) impedance is the ratio of how much the
(input/output) voltage will change for a given small change in
the (input/output) current. You can alternatively define it as
the ratio of a given small voltage change to the observed
change in current.

• A larger output impedance means that the output can be a

good current source.

• A smaller output impedance means that the output can be a

good voltage source.

• A larger input impedance means that the input can sense a

voltage without attenuation.

• A smaller input impedance means the input can sense a

current without attenuation. 142
Input and Output Impedance
Active Components of Circuits
Generally we prefer
high input impedance
over low input
impedance. There will
be no voltage drop
across the source
impedance when input
impedance is assumed
to be infinity. So what
ever the voltage we
applied at the input
reaches the gain block
(or any block) in the
amplifier.
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Input and Output Impedance
Active Components of Circuits

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Input and Output Impedance
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Input and Output Impedance
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