MOMEMTUM TRANSFER

(CHE-1005)

By
Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Bal
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
School of Chemical Engineering
Email: dharmendrakumar.b@vit.ac.in
Mobile no:7305142024
SMV -108
 Newton’s Law of viscosity

du
Shear stress due to viscosity at a point:    
dy

 = coeff. of viscosity

kinematic viscosity 

fluid surface

y
u( y) (velocity profile)
 Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Newtonian fluid (linear relationship)

Non-Newtonian fluid

 (duetovis cosity)

Non-Newtonian fluid
(non-linear relationship)

du / dy
 Newtonian fluids

• Among fluids there can be wide differences in behavior under

stress.
• Fluids obeying Newton's law where value of  is constant are
known as Newtonian fluids.
• If  is constant the shear stress is linearly dependent on
velocity gradient.
• This is true for most common fluids viz. water, air, mercury
• Thus for these fluids, the plot of shear stress against velocity
gradient is a straight line through the origin. The slope of the
line determines the viscosity.
 Non-Newtonian fluids
• Fluids where the linear relationship between the shear stress and
the deformation rate is not valid is known as non Newtonian
fluids.
• The fluids, viz. paints, different polymer solution, blood do not
obey the typical linear relationship are known as non-Newtonian
fluids.
• For non-Newtonian fluids the value of  is not constant and it
varies with rate of deformation.
• No general model can describe the constitutive equation of all
kinds of non-Newtonian fluids
• The mathematical model for describing the mechanistic behavior
of a variety of commonly used non-Newtonian fluids is Power-
Law model.
For power law model(Ostwald –de Waele model),

m - flow consistency index & n - flow behavior index

• is known Apparent viscosity or Effective viscosity

Different types of Fluids
• The abscissa in represents the behaviour of ideal fluids since for the
ideal fluids the resistance to shearing deformation rate is always
zero, and hence they exhibit zero shear stress under any condition
of flow. The ordinate represents the ideal solid for there is no
deformation rate under any loading condition.

• The Newtonian fluids behave according to the law that shear stress
is linearly proportional to velocity gradient or rate of shear strain .
Thus for these fluids, the plot of shear stress against velocity
gradient is a straight line through the origin. The slope of the line
determines the viscosity. The non-Newtonian fluids are further
classified as plastic, pseudo-plastic, dilatant and Bingham plastic.
• When n=1, m equals µ, the model identically satisfies
Newtonian model as a special case

• When n<1, the model is valid for Pseudoplastic fluids (Eg:

gelatin, blood, milk )

• When n>1, model valid for Dilatant fluids,(Eg: sugar in water,

aqueous suspension of rice starch)

• The fluids which require a yield stress for the deformation rate
to be established, is known as Bingham plastic(Eg: Sludge)
 Dimensions and Units
In fluid mechanics we must describe various fluid characteristics
in terms of certain basic quantities such as length, time and
mass
• A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable is
expressed qualitatively, i.e. length is a dimension associated with
distance, width, height, displacement.
 Basic dimensions: Length, L
(or primary quantities) Time, T
Mass, M
Temperature, θ
 We can derive any secondary quantity from the primary
quantities i.e. Force = (mass) x (acceleration) : F = M L T-2
 Dimensions and Units

British English
Primary
SI Unit Gravitational Engineering (EE)
Dimension
(BG) Unit Unit
Mass [M] Kilogram (kg) Slug Pound-mass (lbm)

Length [L] Meter (m) Foot (ft) Foot (ft)

Time [T] Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)

Temperature [θ] Kelvin (K) Rankine (°R) Rankine (°R)

 Ideal Fluid
• Consider a hypothetical fluid having a zero viscosity (μ = 0). Such a
fluid is called an ideal fluid and the resulting motion is called as
ideal or inviscid flow.

• In an ideal flow, there is no existence of shear force because of

vanishing viscosity.

• All the fluids in reality have viscosity (μ > 0) and hence they are
termed as real fluid and their motion is known as viscous flow.

• Under certain situations of very high velocity flow of viscous fluids,

an accurate analysis of flow field away from a solid surface can be
made from the ideal flow theory.
Question: A thin plate is placed between two flat surfaces h
cm apart such that the viscosity of liquids on the top and
bottom of the plate are μ1 and μ2 respectively. Determine the
position of the thin plate such that the viscous resistance to
uniform motion of the thin plate is minimum. (assume h to be
very small).
 Example
Ans: Let y be the distance of the thin flat plate from the top flat surface
and V= velocity of the thin plate.
Shear stress on the top portion = τ1= du V
1  1
dy y
V
Since the gap in the bottom portion =h-y, Shear stress,  2   2
(h  y )

Force on both the sides of the plate F=A(τ1+ τ2) = VA[(μ1/y)+(μ2/h-y)]

Where A = area of the thin plate.
For F to be minimum dF/dy = 0,
Or -(μ1/y)+(μ2/h-y)2 =0 or

or (y/h-y) = (μ1/μ2 )0.5

 Example
A 90 N rectangular solid block slides down a 30 0 inclined
plane. The plane is lubricated by a 3mm think film of oil of
relative density 0.9 and viscosity 8 poise. If the contact area
is 0.3m2, estimate the terminal velocity of the block.
Ans: Given ,w = 90 N, V = terminal velocity, Ɵ = 300
At the terminal velocity, the sum of the forces acting on the block in
the direction of its motion is zero.
Hence w sin Ɵ – τA = 0
Where τ = shear stress on the block and
A= area of the block
τ = μ(du/dy) = μ ( V/h )
where, h=thickness of the oil film,
μ = 8 poise = 0.8 Pa.s
h= 3 mm = 3× 10-3 m, contact area A= 0.3m2
Substituting the various values in the above equation,
90 sin 300 = {0.8 V/ (3× 10-3 m)}×0.3 = 0
Or V= 45/80 = 0.5625 m/s.