P.E.

Civil Exam Review:

Foundation Engineering

Jerry Vandevelde, P.E.

jvandevelde@ecslimited.com

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Table of Contents
 Foundation Types 4

 General Bearing Capacity 5

 Lateral Earth Pressures 21

 Pile Capacity 34
 Piles in Clay 42
 Piles in Sand 45

 Settlement 52

 Consolidation & Time Rate 58

 Slope Stability 72

2
NCEES Topics

III. Soil Mechanics

A. Lateral earth pressure
B. Soil consolidation
D. Bearing capacity
E. Foundation settlement
F. Slope stability

3
Foundation Type Selection
Shallow Bearing:
 Spread Footings: Adequate bearing capacity & acceptable
settlement
 Mat or Raft: Low bearing pressure & usually minimum
settlement

Deep Foundations: Higher Load Capacity & Minimal Settlement

 Drilled Piers: (Caissons) Large load capacity; good quality
control; generally limited to < 100’
 Driven/Auger or Injected Piles: Moderate load capacity; can
extend >> 100’

4
General Bearing Capacity

(a)
d e
B
qd’ δDf
Df
45°
b a a’ b’
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c per unit of area

1
Qult   BN  CNC  qNq
2

Note: q = Dfγ
5
General Bearing Capacity
(a)
d e
B
qd’ δDf
Df
45
b a a’ b’
°
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c
per unit of area

Qnet Qult   f Df  1 
Qa      BN  CNc  qNq   f Df  / F
F F 2 
Where: Qa = maximum net allowable bearing pressure
Qnet = maximum net bearing pressure
γf = composite of unit weights of foundation concrete and
soil above

Qult = ultimate general bearing capacity

F = factor or safety (typically 2-3)
6
General Bearing Capacity

(a)
d e
B
qd’ δDf
Df
45°
b a a’ b’
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c per unit of area

1 
Qnet  at Df     BN  CNc  qNq   f Df 
2 

7
General Bearing Capacity
(a)
d e
B
q d’ δDf
Df
45°
b a a’ b’
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c per unit of area

1 
Qnet  at Df     BN  CNc  qNq   f Df 
2 
Nγ = footing width & soil weight factor, accounts
for friction along bearing failure line (→1 if ϕ = 0)

8
General Bearing Capacity
(a)
d e
B
q d’ δDf
Df
45°
b a a’ b’
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c per unit of area

1 
Qnet  at Df     BN  CNc  qNq   f Df 
2 
Nc = soil cohesion factor, accounts for cohesion
along bearing failure line (→5.3 + if ϕ = 0)

9
General Bearing Capacity
(a)
d e
B
q d’ δDf
Df
45°
b a a’ b’
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c per unit of area

1 
Qnet  at Df     BN  CNc  qNq   f Df 
2 
Nq = surcharge factor, accounts for weight
above the bearing failure line (→1 if ϕ = 0)

10
General Bearing Capacity (a)
d e
B
q d’ δDf
Df
45°
b a a’ b’
0
w
c’
Shearing force c
c per unit of area

1 
Qnet  at Df     BN  CNc  qNq   f Df 
2 
Df = net bearing correction, reduces the
ultimate bearing capacity by the weight of
the soil and foundation above the bearing
surface
11
 Infinitely Long Foundation

Sometimes
considered
ZERO 1 
Qnet    BN  CNc  qNq   f Df 
2 
Note: multiply “N” factors by shape corrections for other shape footings
12
Bearing Factor Corrections for Rectangular and Circular
Foundations

Shape Nc Correction Nγ Correction

Square 1.25 0.85
Rectangular L/B = 2 1.12 0.90
L/B = 5 1.05 0.95
Circular (dia. = B) 1.2 0.70

13
Calculate Allowable Net Bearing Capacity
Use factor of safety = 3

Interior Square Footing

Total Factored Vertical
Axial Load = 125 kips

floor slab

0.5’

1.0’ Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf

footing
Unconfined strength qu = 1.8 ksf
Groundwater
1.0’
A. 2000 psf

B. 2500 psf

C. 3000 psf

14
Bearing Capacity – Shallow Footing

floor slab
Interior Square Footing
0.5’ Total Factored Vertical
Axial Load = 125 kips
1.0’
footing
Groundwater Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf
1.0’ Unconfined strength qu = 1.8 ksf

Qult   f Df  1 
Qa     BN  CNC  qNq   f Df  / F
F 2 
since   0 N  1 Nq  1

15
Bearing Capacity – Shallow Footing
Assume foundation net weight is
average of soil & concrete
floor slab
γf = (120 + 150)/2 = 135 pcf

0.5’

1.0’
footing
Groundwater Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf
1.0’ Unconfined strength qu = 1.8 ksf

Qult   f Df  1 
Qa     BN  CNC  qNq   f Df  / F
F 2 
Assume a reasonable footing width, say B = 8 feet.
From Tables: Nc = 5.3; for square footing shape factor 1.25
Nγ = 1; shape factor = 0.85
Nq = 1; no surcharge shape factor
16
Bearing Capacity – Shallow Footing
Interior Square Footing
Total Factored Vertical
floor slab
Axial Load = 125 kips
0.5’
Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf
1.0’
footing Unconfined strength qu = 1.8 ksf
Groundwater
1.0’ C = 1/2 qu = 1.8 / 2
= 0.9 ksf or 900 psf
1
 0.85  120  62.4  8 1  1.25  900  5.3     2.5 120 1   2.5 135 
Qa  2
3
196  5963  300  338
Qa   2040 psf
3
Answer is “A”
Footing Size  125000  / 2040  61.3 ft 2 61.3  7.8 '
Close to assumed B = 8’
17
Bearing Capacity – Shallow Footing
Interior Square Footing
Total Factored Vertical
floor slab
Axial Load = 125 kips
0.5’
Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf
1.0’
footing
Groundwater
1.0’

Recalculate for sand with water at bearing level ϕ

= 300 and assume footing width “B” = 7.9 feet.

18
Bearing Capacity – Shallow Footing
Interior Square Footing
Total Factored Vertical
floor slab
Axial Load = 125 kips
0.5’
Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf
1.0’
footing
Groundwater ϕ = 300
1.0’

Overburden above water – moist unit weight

1
Qult   b BN   Df Nq
2
Base failure submerged unit weight

19
Bearing Capacity – Shallow Footing
Interior Square Footing
Total Factored Vertical
floor slab
Axial Load = 125 kips
0.5’
Soil moist unit weight = 120 pcf
1.0’
footing
Groundwater ϕ = 300
1.0’

1
Qult   bBN   Df Nq
2
1
 120  62.4  7.9 17  0.85  120  2.5  20  9288 psf
2
net  9288  2.5 135   8951 psf
shape factor
for FS  3; 8951/ 3  2984 psf
say  3000 psf net allowable
20
Lateral Earth Pressure

 h   v k  d k
(vertical stress: gravity & surcharge such as footing)

“k” depends on loading condition

Active
d
At Rest

Passive

Equivalent fluid pressure = γk

 v  d

21
Active Lateral Earth Pressure

Minimum pressure
achieved when soil
Ka strains toward wall &
mobilizes shear
W
resistance
S

  
  45  ka  tan  45  
2

2  2

22
Passive Lateral Earth Pressure

Kp The maximum
pressure achieved
F
when structure is
S pushed toward soil -
lateral bearing failure

  45  at limit
2

  1
k p  tan  45   
2

 2  ka

23
At Rest Lateral Earth Pressures

The pressure
maintained when
no movement or
relief occurs

24
At Rest Earth Pressure

strain in elastic zone; stress at equilibrium (not in failure)

k0 = /(1- ) where  = Poisson’s ratio
or k0 = 1- sin  (for sand and normally consolidated clay)
k0β = k0 (1+ sin β) (for backfill sloping up at angle β)
or k0β = k0 (1+ sin β) = (1- sin ) (1+ sin β)

25
Rankine Analysis

Ka  cos 

cos   cos   cos 
2 2
 2

1
cos    cos 2
  cos 2
 2

If ß = 0; ka = tan2(45 - /2)

K p  cos 

cos   cos   cos 
2 2
 2

1
cos    cos 2
  cos 2
 2

26
Coulomb Analysis β
α

cos2    
Ka  2
 sin     sin     
cos  cos      1 
2
 δ PA
h
 cos     cos     
 

cos2     θ
Kp  2
 sin     sin     
cos  cos      1 
2
 β
 cos     cos     
 

 Includes wall friction

h
 Passive earth coefficients can be
UNCONSERVATIVE (too high)
PA

θ = 90°

27
Active Lateral Earth Pressure

pa  d  ka

 
ka  tan2  45  
 2
d

 
Pa pa  d  tan  45  
2

 2

pa  d  ka 1
Pa  dpa   ka d 2 / 2
2

28
Calculate Active Pressure Total Force per Foot of
Wall

  122 pcf

  24 A. 3690 pounds

12’ B. 615 pounds/ft2

Pa C. 307 pounds

29
Calculate Active Pressure Total Force per Foot of
Wall

  122 pcf
ka  tan2  45  24 / 2   0.42
pa  12  122  0.42
  24
 615 psf
12’ Pa  122  0.42  122 / 2
Pa  3689 pounds force

Answer is “A”
pa  d  ka

30
Calculate Total Force Due to Passive Earth
Pressure

Ground Surface

  122 pcf

  24
A. 2,800 pounds force

12’ B. 3,470 pounds force

Pp
C. 20,818 pounds force

31
Calculate Total Force Due to Passive Earth
Pressure

Ground Surface
k p  tan2  45  24 / 2   2.37
  122 pcf
pp  12  122  2.37
  24
 3470 psf
pp  122  2.37  122 / 2
12’
Pp
 20818 pounds force

Answer is “C”

32
C – ϕ Soils Earth Pressure
Active Case

Cohesionless

pa  H tan2  45   / 2 
H
For C & ϕ Soils
Pa
pa  H tan2  45   / 2   2C tan  45   / 2 
1 2
Pa  H  tan2  45   / 2   2CH tan  45   / 2 
2 pa  H  K a
pa   h  K a v  2c K a

For passive case, change

negative signs to positive.

33
 Pile Ultimate Vertical Load Capacity (Qult)
Q
End bearing piles Q
Friction or cohesion pile

GWT
Soft compressible
Pile soil

Pile Soft soil

becoming
increasingly
Firm soil stiff with depth

Qult = Friction (Side Shear) + End Bearing

Qnet = Friction (Side Shear) + End Bearing– Pile Weight

Qallowable = (Friction (Side Shear) + End Bearing– Pile Weight)/FS

34
Pile Capacity
Q
End bearing piles

AT = Tip Area (B2 or πR2)

Soft compressible
Pile soil C = cohesion

Pile q = overburden pressure

Nc & Nq Deep Bearing Factors

Firm soil

Tip Capacity = AT (cNc + qNq)

35
Pile End Bearing Factors – Cohesive Soil

Note: for Z/B > 4, Nc = 9

36
Pile End Bearing Factors – Cohesionless Soil

Bearing Capacity Factors – Nq

ϕ* 26 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
(Degrees)
Nq 10 15 21 24 29 35 42 50 62 77 96 120 145
(Driven Pile
Displacement)
Nq** 5 8 10 12 14 17 21 25 30 38 43 60 72
(Drilled Piers)

* and **: limit ϕ to 28 if jetting or bailer used

37
Pile Capacity: Total Strength, Alpha Method*
Q C = cohesion
Friction or cohesion pile
α = adhesion/cohesion ratio
GWT
d = pile diameter

L = pile length
Soft soil
becoming K = earth pressure coefficients
increasingly
stiff with depth
P = overburden pressure

δ = pile material friction angle

Side Shear = adhesion + friction

= C α π dL + KP tan δ πdL
*Beta method utilizes effective strength for all soils
38
Adhesion to Cohesion Ratio

Ref. NAVFAC DM7

39
Pile Earth Pressure Coefficients

Earth Pressure Coefficients KHC and KHT

Pile Type KHC KHT
Driven Single H-Pile 0.5 – 1.0 0.3 – 0.5
Driven Single 1.0 – 1.5 0.6 – 1.0
Displacement Pile
Driven Single 1.5 – 2.0 1.0 – 1.3
Displacement Tapered
Pile
Driven Jetted Pile 0.4 – 0.9 0.3 – 0.6
Drilled Pile (Less than 0.7 0.4
24” Diameter)

40
Pile Material Friction Angle

Friction Angle – δ
Pile Type δ
Steel 20°
Concrete ¾ϕ
Timber ¾ϕ

41
Pile Capacity – Clay
10”

10” Diameter Concrete Pile

Qu = 2800 psf; c = 1400 psf

γm = 120 pcf; ϕ = 0
50’ 10 "  0.832
d  diameter   0.83 ' End Area 
12 4
A  0.54 ft 2
pile weight  0.54  50  150  62.4  pcf  2365 lbs
surface area   dL   0.83  50  130.4 ft 2

42
Pile Capacity – Clay

Concrete Driven Pile;

C = 1400 psf; α  0.6

Tip capacity  A CNC  qNq 
50’
 ACNC  0.54 1400  9  6804 lbs
Side Shear  C dL  C 130.4
 1400  0.6  130.4  109536 lbs

43
Pile Capacity – Clay

Total Capacity

= 6804 + 109,536 – 2365

=113,975

Or

= 57 tons ultimate

For FS = 2

Working Capacity = 28 tons

44
Pile Capacity – Sand
Load Capacity in Sands Depends on Confining Pressure

Do end bearing and side

shear therefore increase
infinitely with depth?
50’ A. Yes

B. No

45
Pile Capacity – Sand
Answer is “B” No* - Tests show confinement effects are constant below
“critical depth”

Critical Depth
20d = 16.6’
20d for dense sand

15d for medium sand

50’
10d for loose sand

* Recent research indicates confining

pressure does continue to increase,
but it is not reliably linear, so the critical
depth method is still a preferred
conservative method.

46
Pile Capacity – Sand

Confining Pressure
20d = 16.6’
Po = 0
γm = 120 pcf
50’
Max P = 16.6’(120 – 62.4) =
956.2 psf

P = 956.2 psf

47
Pile Capacity – Sand
10”

Nq  21; K  1.5

(A) =30
3
    .75  30   23 956
4 16.6’ psf
50’

Tip Capacity  At P max Nq

 0.54  956  21 (B)

 10,841 lbs
956 psf

48
Side Shear (friction) = KP tanδ πdL

(A)
Section A:
956
 1.5  956 / 2  tan23 0.83 16.6  16.6’ psf
50’
 13174 lbs

(B)

956 psf

49
Side Shear (friction) = KP tanδ πdL

(A)
Section B:
956
 1.5  956  tan23 0.83  33.4  16.6’ psf
50’
 53012 lbs

(B)

956 psf

50
Side Shear (friction) = KP tanδ πdL
Total Net Capacity = tip + side shear – pile weight

= 10841 + 13174 + 53012 – 2365

(A)
= 74,662 lbs/2000 lbs per ton
956
16.6’ psf
= 37.3 tons Ultimate
50’
For FS = 2

Allowable Net Capacity = 19 tons (B)

956 psf

51
Immediate Settlement – Cohesive Soils
 Low stress - elastic behavior

 Homogeneous - isotropic

 Uniformly distributed load

B
B Applied near surface
q 

L Si = settlement
H
Cs = shape & rigidity factor

Si = Cs q B (1 - 2)/Eu  = Poisson’s ratio

Eu = undrained Young’s modulus

52
Immediate Settlement – Cohesive Soils

 = Poisson’s ratio

B 0.15-0.25 soft to firm clay

B q 0.2-0.5 firm to stiff clay
L
H
Eu = undrained Young’s modulus
Si = Cs q B (1 - 2)/Eu 250-500 psi, soft clay

800-2,000 psi, hard clay

53
Immediate Settlement – Cohesive Soils

Cs for Infinite Depth

Shape Rigidity Center Corner
Circle Flexible 1.00 na
Circle Rigid 0.79 na
B
B q
Square Flexible 1.12 0.56
Square Rigid 0.82 0.82

L Rectangle Flexible

H L/B
2 1.53 0.76
5 2.10 1.05
10 2.56 1.28
Si = Cs q B (1 - 2)/Eu Rectangle Rigid
L/B
2 1.12 1.12
5 1.60 1.60
10 2.00 2.00

54
Calculate Elastic Settlement

Cs for Infinite Depth

Shape Rigidity Center Corner
Rigid footing L/B = 2 Circle Flexible 1.00 na
Circle Rigid 0.79 na

2’ q = 1500 psf Square Flexible 1.12 0.56

Square Rigid 0.82 0.82
Rectangle Flexible

4’  = 0.3
L/B
2 1.53 0.76

Eu = 500 psi 5 2.10 1.05

10 2.56 1.28
Rectangle Rigid
Si = Cs q B (1 - 2)/E u L/B
2 1.12 1.12
5 1.60 1.60
10 2.00 2.00

55
Calculate Elastic Settlement
L/B = 2 Cs = 1.12
q = 1500 psf/144 = 10.4 psi
Rigid footing Si = Cs q B (1 - 2) /Eu
= 1.12 x 10.4 x 2 x 12(1 - 0.32)/500
2’ q = 1500 psf
= 0.5”

4’  = 0.3

Eu = 500 psi

Si = Cs q B (1 - 2)/Eu

56
Immediate Footing Settlement in Sand
Si* = qB0.75Ic (yields settlement in millimeters)
* Assume settlement will achieve 1.5 estimate after 30 years
Ic = 1.71/N1.4; where N is the average Standard Penetration Test (N60) uncorrected
for overburden pressure
B = footing width in meters
Q = foundation pressure in kPa
or kilonewton/square meters

If B = 2 ft (0.61 meters), N60 = 15, q = 3 ksf (144 kPa)

Ic = 1.71/(15)1.4 = 0.039
Si = 144 (0.610.75)0.039 = 3.9mm or 0.15 inches

Burland & Burbidge method as defined in Terzaghi & Peck 3rd ed.

57
One Dimensional Consolidation

e/pn

58
Settlement Calculation

Soils Laboratory

S  H   H  e  / 1  eo 
or
S  HCC / 1  eo  log  p0  p  / p0

Compression index is
obtained from the slope of
the virgin compression curve.

59
Primary Phase Settlement
Primary Phase Settlement (e log p)
∆H = (H x ∆e)/(1 + eo)

Soils Laboratory

Compression index is
obtained from the slope of
the virgin compression curve. Fixed Ring Oedometer

60
Consolidation Test
Soils Laboratory

Pre-consolidation Pressure

Cc = slope of e log p virgin curve

est. Cc = 0.009 (LL-10%) Skempton

Compression index is obtained from Rebound or recompression curves

the slope of the virgin compression
curve.

61
Calculate Compression Index; Cc

e- l o g p

ksf (e)
1.50
0.1 1.404
1.40
1 1.404
1.30 4 1.375
Void Ratio (e)

1.20 8 1.227
16 1.08
1.10
32 0.932
1.00

0.90
A) 0.21
0.80
0.1 1 10 100 B) 0.49
Pr essur e ( ksf )

62
Cc is the slope of the virgin e-log p

e- l o g p
Cc = -(e1 - e2)/log (p1/p2)
1.50
Cc = -(1.375 - 1.227)/log(4/8)
1.40
Cc = 0.49
Cc
1.30
Answer is “B”
Void Ratio (e)

1.20

ksf (e)
1.10
0.1 1.404
1.00
1 1.404
0.90 4 1.375
8 1.227
0.80
0.1 1 10 100 16 1.08
Pr essur e ( ksf )
32 0.932

63
Footing Settlement
P = 150 tons
Calculate Bearing Pressure
sand
150  2000 2’ γm = 118 pcf
Q 2
 3000 psf
10 2’ 10’ x 10’
GW
What is the stress change ∆ Pat 5’ sand γsat = 124 pcf
mid-height in clay layer?  = 30o

A. 680 psf clay

Gs = 2.70 qu = 0.9 tsf
B. 3000 psf 12’ W = 52% LL = 64 Cv = 0.01 ft2/day

Sr = 100% PL = 19
C. 2000 psf

rock

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Footing Settlement
P = 150 tons
Calculate Bearing Pressure
sand
150  2000 2’ γm = 118 pcf
Q 2
 3000 psf
10 2’ 10’ x 10’
GW
∆ Pat mid-height in clay layer 5’ sand γsat = 124 pcf
 = 30o

P 150  2000 clay

P  
 B  Z  L  Z  10  11
2
Gs = 2.70 qu = 0.9 tsf
W = 52% LL = 64 Cv = 0.01 ft2/day
 680 psf 12’
Sr = 100% PL = 19

Answer is “A”

rock

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Footing Settlement sand
4’ 
Calculate e0 5’ sand
wGs 0.52  2.7 
e0    1.404
S 1 12’ clay

rock
Calculate Unit Weight of Clay

 sat 
 Gs  e   

 2.7  1.404  62.4
 106.5 pcf
1  e  1  1.404 
Calculate effective stress at mid height of clay layer

P0   '     
 4  118  5  124  6  106.5  11 62.4
 1045 psf

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Calculate Settlement of Clay Layer
sand
Note: moisture is close to LL, void 4’ 
ratio is high & loading is large;
5’ sand
expected settlement will be large.

Cc = .009(LL – 10) after Skempton 12’ clay

Cc = .009(64 – 10) = 0.49 rock

S  H  CC / 1  e0   H log  Po  P  / Po 

 0.49 / 1  1.404   12log 1045  680  / 1045 

 0.53 ' or 6.4 "

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Calculate settlement using e-log p curve
e-log p

P1 = 1045; e1 = 1.395 1.5

1.4

V o id R atio (e)
∆P = 680 psf e1
1.3
e2
P2 = 1725; e2 = 1.288 1.2
1.1
S = ∆H = H∆e/(1 + e0) 1
= 12(1.395 – 1.288)/(1 + 1.404) P1 P2
0.9
0.8
= 0.53’ or 6.4”
0.1 1 10 100
Pressure (ksf)

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Rate of Consolidation
Avg. Degree of Time Factor
Consolidation
U% Tv
10 0.008
20 0.031
30 0.071
40 0.126
50 0.197
60 0.287
70 0.403
80 0.567
90 0.848
100

TV  CV t / H 2 H = maximum distance to drainage

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How long will it take to achieve 70% consolidation?
P = 150 tons

A. 16 years
sand
B. 4 years 2’ γm = 118 pcf

2’ 10’ x 10’
Avg. Degree of Time Factor GW
Consolidation 5’ sand γsat = 124 pcf
U% Tv
 = 30o
10 0.008
20 0.031 clay
30 0.071 Gs = 2.70 qu = 0.9 tsf
40 0.126
12’ W = 52% LL = 64 Cv = 0.01 ft2/day
50 0.197
60 0.287 Sr = 100% PL = 19
70 0.403
80 0.567
90 0.848
rock
100 ∞

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Time to 70% Consolidation
P = 150 tons

Tv H 2 0.403 12 / 2 
2

t 
Cv 0.01 sand
 1450.8 days, or 2’ γm = 118 pcf

4 years 2’ 10’ x 10’

Answer is “B” GW
5’ sand γsat = 124 pcf
Avg. Degree of Time Factor
Consolidation  = 30o
U% Tv
10 0.008 clay
20 0.031
Gs = 2.70 qu = 0.9 tsf
30 0.071
40 0.126 12’ W = 52% LL = 64 Cv = 0.01 ft2/day
50 0.197 Sr = 100% PL = 19
60 0.287
70 0.403
80 0.567
90 0.848 rock
100 ∞

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Circular Failure Stability

 Homogeneous soils

 No surcharge

 No tension cracks

 ϕ = zero

 Circular arc failure

 No water on slope

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Slope Stability by Charts

Cohesion = 650 psf =0

T = 100 pcf

2
d  D / H  15 / 25  0.6
1
H = 25’ FS  N0C /   H 
β = 27°

D = 15’

73
Slope Stability by Charts

N0 = 6.2

74
Slope Stability by Charts

Cohesion = 650 psf =0

T = 100 pcf
d  15 / 25  0.6
2
1 FS  N0C /   H 
H = 25’
FS  6.2  650  / 100  25 
α = 27°
FS  1.6

D = 15’

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Thanks for participating in the PE review course on
Foundation Engineering!

More questions or comments?

You can email me at:

jvandevelde@ecslimited.com

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Study References
 Foundation Engineering; Peck Hanson & Thornburn

 Introductory Soil Mechanics and Foundations; Sowers

 NAVFAC Design Manuals DM-7.1 & 7.2

 Foundation Analysis and Design; Bowles

 Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook; Brown

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