STRC03 ReinforcedConcrete Part1 0717 PDF

Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 1)
Structural Engineering Prep Course
© 2017 Professional Publications Inc.

Reinforced Concrete Design Part 1
Lesson Overview
• General Requirements • Shear in Beams
• Strength Design Principles • Deep Beams
• Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete • Corbels
Beams
• Beams in Torsion
• Serviceability Requirements for Beams
© 2017 Professional Publications Inc. 2

Learning Objectives
You will learn
• reinforced concrete design theory
• R/C beam design
• R/C corbel design
• efficient solution approaches
• common terminology and practice
• code nomenclature
• short-cuts and rules-of-thumb

Prerequisite Knowledge
You should already be familiar with
• statics
• mechanics of materials
• structural analysis
• basic reinforced concrete terminology

Referenced Codes and Standards
• International Building Code (IBC, 2012)
• Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318, 2011)

General Requirements
IBC adopts ACI by reference.
Sec. 1905 of IBC modifies some sections of ACI.

General Requirements
2011 ACI follows strength design method
• apply factored loads
• determine required ultimate strength
• calculate nominal strength
• multiply by factor to get design strength
• design strength ≥ required ultimate strength

Strength Design Principles
required strength
• service load × load factor
• check all load combinations
• most critical combination governs
U   Q
= service load
U = required strength
γ = load factor
Q = service load

loads

load combinations (ACI Sec. 9.2.1)
STRM Sec. 1.2

Example: Strength Design Principles
CSCO Example 2.1
dead load
live load or
roof live load
wind load



design strength
nominal strength (theoretical ultimate) × strength reduction factor
design strength   Rn
ϕ = reduction factor
Rn = nominal, or theoretical, strength

reduction factors
Multiply nominal strength by these values to get design strength.

Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
reinforcement bar sizes
CSCO Table 1.1 Properties of Standard Reinforcing Bars (no. 14 and no. 18 omitted)

typical assumptions
• rectangular stress block
• tension reinforcement has yielded
• linear strain
• max concrete strain of 0.003
• neglect concrete in tension

Fig. 1.1 Rectangular Stress Block
Tu = Cu (assumes no axial force)

Mu = Tu (d – a/2) = Cu (d – a/2)
Cu = 0.85fc’(β1c)(b)
American Concrete Institute. Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete.
Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 1985.

nominal flexural strength
• two basic concrete strength equations to calculate nominal flexural strength
• very important concrete equations

depth of equivalent rectangular stress block
depth of portion of concrete that is effective in compression

required reinforcement ratio
amount of steel required when
• concrete dimensions given
• moment given

tension-controlled section
• strain in compression fiber (concrete) = 0.003
• strain in tension steel ≥ 0.005
• c/d ≤ 0.375
•

compression-controlled section
• strain in tension steel ≤ 0.002
• c/d ≥ 0.600
•

transition region between tension- and compression-controlled sections
• 0.002 < strain in tension steel < 0.005
• 0.375 < c/d < 0.600
•

Poll Question
The reinforced concrete section below is
(A) tension-controlled
(B) compression-controlled

Poll Question
The reinforced concrete section below is
(A) tension-controlled
(B) compression-controlled
The answer is (B).

maximum reinforcement
minimum reinforcement
• applies to non-prestressed bending
members • ACI Sec. 10.5.1
• tension steel strain = 0.004
• c/d = 0.429
• ACI Sec. 10.3.5

Example: Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
CSCO Example 3.1

CSCO Example 3.1


beams with compression reinforcement
required when
• concrete strength and/or area cannot be increased
• factored moment exceeds design strength at steel strain = 0.005
f
•   t  0.3191 c
fy
Beams with compression reinforcement, when used, also require additional tension
reinforcement.

Example: SD of Reinforced Concrete Beams
At what applied factored moment does
compression reinforcement become
required?
fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

f c
t  0.319  1
fy
 kips 
 4 in 2 
  0.319  0.85 
kips 
 60 
 in 
2
 0.018
As   bd
  0.01812 in  20 in 
 4.32 in 2 fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi

 0.59  fy 
0.9 Mn  0.9 Asfyd  1  
 f c
 
 kips 
  0.9   4.32 in 2   60 2 
20 in 
 in 
  kips  
  0.59  0.018   60 
 in 2  
 1  
 kips 
 4 2 
 in 
 3922 in-kips
fc’ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi
The answer is 3922 in-kips.

Fig. 1.3 Flanged Section with Tension
Reinforcement
American Concrete Institute. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.
Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2011.

procedure for flanged section with tension reinforcement
1. Calculate the steel required to balance the flange.
2. Determine the moment resisted by the flange.
3. Calculate the residual moment resisted by the web.

procedure for flanged section with tension reinforcement (continued)
4. Calculate the additional area of reinforcemen required to balance the web.
5. Superimpose the results.

Serviceability Requirements for Beams
overview
• control crack widths
• limit deflections
• service load conditions apply

control of crack widths
Fig. 1.4 Tension Reinforcement Details
tension reinforcement
skin reinforcement
If h > 36 in, provide skin reinforcement Per ACI 10.6.7.

deflection limits
• allowable immediate deflection (flexural members)
• l/180 for flat roofs
• l/360 for floors due to applied live load
• total deflection after attachment of nonsensitive elements limited to l/240
• total deflection after attachment of sensitive elements limited to l/480

service load conditions
• apply for the calculation of deflections
• rectangular stress block assumption is not made
• linearly varying stress distribution assumed

Fig. 1.5 Service Load Conditions

deflection calculation procedure
1. Calculate moment of inertia of cracked transformed section.
2. Calculate cracking moment.
3. Calculate effective moment of inertia.
ACI Eq. 9-8

deflection calculation procedure (continued)
4. Calculate short-term deflections using
STRM Table 1.3 Values of ξ
effective moment of inertia.
5. Calculate additional long-term
deflections. ξ comes from STRM
Table 1.3.
ACI Eq. 9-11

deflection calculation procedure (continued)
6. Calculate live load deflection
7. Calculate final deflection

Example: Serviceability Requirements for Beams
Example 1.7

Example 1.7





Elastic Design Method
elastic design method overview
• also known as the “alternate design method”
• allowed by 2011 ACI per Commentary R1.1
• covered in 1999 ACI
• service load conditions apply
• actual stresses checked against allowable stresses

procedure
1. Determine allowables.
2. Calculate service load condition coefficients.

procedure (continued)
3. Calculate actual stresses.
reinforcement:
concrete:
4. Check actual stresses against allowable stresses.

Example: Elastic Design Method
CSCO Example 4.1

CSCO Example 4.1



Shear in Beams
critical section
Fig. 1.6 Critical Section for Shear
as shown in Fig. 1.6 when
• checking near support
• reaction produces compressive stress
• loads applied at or near top of beam
• no concentrated load between support
and section location shown
otherwise, taken at location of max shear

Poll Question: Shear in Beams
The critical section for shear is at which location?

Poll Question: Shear in Beams
 checking near support
 reaction produces compressive stress
 loads applied at or near top of beam
 no concentrated load between support and
section location shown
The critical section is located d away from the

support.
The answer is (B).

Shear in Beams
When is shear reinforcement required?
V
• For Vu  c , provide minimum reinforcement.
2
ACI Eq. 11-13
• For Vu  Vc , provide reinforcement with a capacity of Vs so that

Shear in Beams
shear capacity of concrete
simplified
ACI Eq. 11-3
refined
ACI Eq. 11-5

Shear in Beams
shear capacity of stirrups
for inclined stirrups Fig. 1.7 Beam with Inclined Stirrups
ACI Eq. 11-16
for vertical stirrups
ACI Eq. 11-15
maximum allowed shear capacity from shear reinforcement

Shear in Beams
spacing of stirrups
limited to maximum d/2 or 24 in when Fig. 1.7 Beam with Inclined Stirrups
limited to maximum d/4 or 12 in when

Shear in Beams
SXST Vertical Breadth Problem 40

Shear in Beams

Shear in Beams
shear capacity of inclined bars
for single, bent-up bar or group of bars
Fig. 1.8 Beam with Inclined Bars
ACI Eq. 11-17
for series of equally spaced bent-up bars
ACI Eq. 11-16
Spacing = s, as shown in Fig. 1.8.

Shear in Beams
spacing of inclined bars
typical condition
Fig. 1.8 Beam with Inclined Bars
When Vs  4 f cbw d , use ½ of typical value.

Example: Shear in Beams
Example 1.10
Each U-stirrup has two vertical legs.

Example 1.10
Each U-stirrup has two vertical legs.


Deep Beams
deep beam definition Fig. 1.9 Minimum Shear Reinforcement for a Deep Beam
clear span
• 4
depth
• illustrated in Fig. 1.9
minimum reinforcement
• illustrated in Fig. 1.9

Deep Beams
maximum shear strength
The maximum achievable shear strength for deep beams is limited.
deep beam action

also applies to beams with concentrated loads less than 2h from support

Deep Beams
B- and D- regions (beam theory applies)
Fig 1.10 B- and D-Regions
split beam into D-regions and B-regions
• D (discontinuity)
• Region where traditional beam

theory is not applicable
• D-region extends distance h from

discontinuity
• B (beam)
• Treat this region like a typical beam

Example: Deep Beams
Break the beam shown into D and B regions.

Example: Deep Beams
Though this beam is not a deep beam, it still has D- and B-regions.

Deep Beams
strut-and-tie model Fig. 1.11 Strut-and-Tie Model
• ACI App. A
• only applies if “compression struts can form”
load ≤ 2h from support
results θ ≥ 25 deg

Deep Beams
strut nominal strength Fig. 1.12 Prism and
Bottle-Shaped Struts
• governed by transverse tension
• developed by lateral spread of
compression force
• ACI Eq. A-2
• ACI Eq. A-3

Deep Beams
tie nominal strength
• strength of tension reinforcement
•
•

Deep Beams
nodal zone nominal strength
Fig. 1.13 Nodal Zone
• ACI Eq. A-7
• ACI Eq. A-8

Example: Deep Beams
Example 1.11

Example: Deep Beams

Example: Deep Beams

Example: Deep Beams

Example: Deep Beams

Example: Deep Beams

Example: Deep Beams

Corbels
introduction to corbels Fig. 1.14 Corbel Details
• cantilever bracket supporting a load-

bearing member
• shear span-to-depth ratio ≤ 1
• horizontal tension-to-vertical shear
ratio ≤ 1

Corbels
introduction to corbels (continued) Fig. 1.14 Corbel Details
• shear force (Vu) requires reinforcement

area Avf
• moment (Vua + Nuc(h − d)) requires
reinforcement area Af
• tensile force (Nuc) requires reinforcement
area An

Corbels
shear in corbels Fig. 1.14 Corbel Details
Avf = shear friction reinforcement

factored shear force

Corbels
tension in corbels Fig. 1.14 Corbel Details
Nuc (tension force) ≥ 0.2Vu
total tension reinforcement,
primary tension reinforcement
minimum closed ties over depth 2d/3
STRM Sec. 1.7

Example: Corbels
CSCO Example 5.3

Example: Corbels
CSCO Example 5.3

Example: Corbels

Example: Corbels

Beams in Torsion
introduction to torsion
 Acp2 
Torsion may be neglected if Tu   f c   . Otherwise, provide torsion
reinforcement to resist Tu .
 pcp 
 
Fig. 1.15 Torsion in Rectangular Section Fig. 1.16 Torsion in Flanged Section

Beams in Torsion
reinforcement requirements
• required area (per leg) of closed stirrup
ACI Eq. 11-21
• required area of longitudinal reinforcement
ACI Eq. 11-22

Beams in Torsion
minimum and maximum reinforcement
minimum longitudinal area bar size
ACI Eq. 11-24
minimum transverse area max spacing
ACI Eq. 11-23

Example: Beams in Torsion
CSCO Example 5.4




CSCO Example 5.5







Learning Objectives
You have learned
• reinforced concrete design theory
• R/C beam design
• R/C corbel design
• how to avoid common exam pitfalls
• tricks to speed up problem solving on
the exam

Lesson Overview
• General Requirements • Shear in Beams
• Strength Design Principles • Deep Beams
• Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete • Corbels
Beams
• Beams in Torsion
• Serviceability Requirements for Beams

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Reinforced Concrete Design (Part 1)

Structural Engineering Prep Course

© 2017 Professional Publications Inc.

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Tu = Cu (assumes no axial force)

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• tension steel strain = 0.004

• ACI Sec. 10.3.5

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2. Determine the moment resisted by the flange.

3. Calculate the residual moment resisted by the web.

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5. Superimpose the results.

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2. Calculate cracking moment.

3. Calculate effective moment of inertia.

ACI Eq. 9-8

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ACI Eq. 9-11

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6. Calculate live load deflection

7. Calculate final deflection

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