Department of Engineering Technology

 Non-Ferrous metals contain metals other than iron as their main

constituents such as, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Magnesium, Lead,
Tin, Nickel and their alloys
 These non-ferrous metals are used due to various reasons including
the following,
 Resistance to corrosion
 Their special electrical and magnetic properties
 Ease of casting
 Good formability
 Low density
 Attractive colors
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 Aluminium is a white metal which is produced by electrical processes from the oxide
(alumina)
 Properties
 It is ductile, malleable and very good conductor of heat and electricity
 Has very high resistance to corrosion
 In proportion to its weight it is quite strong

 Applications
 Mainly used in aircraft and automobile parts
 used for reflectors, mirrors and telescopes
 Used in making furniture, doors and window components, kitchen utensils, collapsible tubes

 Aluminium can be easily alloyed with other elements to improve various properties
 Such Aluminium alloys includes Duralumin,Y-alloy, Magnalium
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Alloy Composition Properties
Duralumin Copper = 3.5-4.5% • Can be easily forged and
Manganese = 0.4-0.7% casted
Magnesium = 0.4-0.7% • Possesses low melting
Aluminium = 9 4 % point
• Has high tensile strength
compared to mild steel
• Possesses low corrosion
resistance and high
electrical conductivity
Y-alloy Copper = 3.5-4.5% • Has higher strength and
Manganese = 1.2-1.7% machinability than
Nickel = 1.8-2.3% Aluminium
Aluminium = 92.5% • Can be easily cast and
hot worked
Magnalium Copper = 0-25% • Light weight and brittle
Magnesium = 1-5% • Possesses poor
Nickel = 0-12% castability and good
Aluminiuim = 85-95% machinability
ri
• Can be easily welded
Applications
Automobile and aircraft
components
Surgical and orthopedic
work
Measuring instrument parts
construction
Mainly used for cast
purposes
Used in aircraft engines for
cylinder heads, pistons, etc.
Used for making aircraft and
automobile components
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 Copper is the most widely used non-ferrous metal in industry which is extracted from
copper ores such as copper glance, copper pyrites, malachite and azurite.
 Properties
 It is a good conductor of electricity
 Non-corrosive under ordinary conditions and resist weather
 It is one of the best conductor of heat
 Can withstand severe bending and forging without failure

 Applications
 Making electric cables and wires
 Tubes for heat transfer work
 Household utensils

 Copper is used for making alloys with other metals such as Copper-Zinc alloys(Brasses)
and Copper-Tin alloys (Bronzes)
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 Brasses are widely used alloy of Copper
 The fundamental a binary alloy comprises of 5 0 % Copper and 5 0 % Zinc
 Addition of other elements may greatly change the properties of brass
 Following are the types of brass available
 Red Brass
 Yellow Brass or Muntz Metal
 Cartridge Brass
 Admiralty Brass
 Naval Brass
 Manganese Brass
 Iron Brass or Delta Metal
 Gliding Brass
 Free Cutting Brass
 Lead Brass
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Brass Type Composition Properties Applications
Red Brass Cu = 8 5 % Has excellent corrosion Making of heat exchanger
Zn = 1 5 % resistance and workability tubes, condenser, radiator
cores, plumbing pipes
Yellow Brass or Muntz Metal Cu = 6 0 % Has high strength and high Used in making bolts, rods,
Zn = 4 0 % hot workability tubes, valves and fuses
Pump parts, condenser
tubes
Admiralty Brass Cu = 7 1 % • Has high resistance to Plates used for ship
Zn = 2 9 % corrosion (specially for building
Sn = 1 % sea water) Condenser tubes in marine
• Can be cold worked installations
Naval Brass Cu = 5 9 % • Similar to Muntz metal Used for making marine
Zn = 4 0 % • Has high resistance to hardware casting, piston
Sn = 1 % corrosion due to sea rods, propeller shafts,
water welding rods, etc.

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 Bronze is a alloy of Copper and Tin
 Properties
 Has higher strength, better corrosion resistance
 Can be shaped or rolled into wire
 It has antifriction or bearing properties
 It is costlier than brass

 Following are the types of bronzes available;

 Phosphor Bronze
 Silicon Bronze
 Beryllium Bronze
 Manganese Bronze
 Aluminium Bronze
 Bell Metal
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Type of Bronze Composition Properties Application
Phosphor Bronze Cu = 89 – 9 4 % • Possesses good Used making of bolts,
Sn = 6 – 1 0 % corrosion resistance electric contact springs,
P = 0.1 – 0.3% • Mechanical properties bearings, bushes, gears,
increases with the ship sheathing, valve parts,
increase of Phosphor propeller blades, etc.

Silicon Bronze Cu = 9 6 % • Has good general Used for making boilers,

Si = 3 % corrosion resistance tanks, stoves, screws,
Mn or Zn = 1 % • Has higher strength tubing’s, pumps, etc.
Manganese Bronze Cu = 6 0 % • It is highly resistance to Used for bushes, plungers,
Zn = 3 5 % corrosion feed pumps, rods, worm
Mn = 5 % • Stronger and harder than gears, etc
phosphor bronze
Bell Metal Cu = 66.7% • It is a very strong metal Used to make bells
Sn = 33.3% • Possesses resistance to
corrosion water and
atmosphere
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 Nickel is a sliver shining metal which is extracted from Iron Sulphides which
contains about 3 % of Nickel
 Properties
 It is as hard as steel and possesses good heat resistance
 It is tough and have good corrosion resistance
 It is paramagnetic

 Applications
 Kitchen utensils and appliances
 Laundry and dairy machines
 Electroplating to protect iron and brass surfaces
 Making stainless steel

 By alloying nickel with other elements nickel alloys can be obtained such as haste
alloy, monel metal, Inconel, nomonic and ni-chrome
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Nickel Alloy Composition Properties Applications

Haste Alloy or Ni = 4 5 % • Can be hot and cold worked, casted and Used in components of
high temperature Cr = 2 2 % welded nuclear plants, jet and rocket
alloy Mo = 9 % • Has high corrosion resistance engines
C o = 1.5% • Can be machined
W = 0.5%
C = 0.15% and Fe
remaining
Monel Metal Ni = 6 8 % • Corrosion resistance is superior than Used for pump fittings,
Cu = 3 0 % brass and bronze condenser tubes, sea water
Fe = 1 % • Can retain strength at high temperatures exposed parts
• Has good mechanical properties Used for make turbine
blades, containers,
machinery parts, evaporators,
etc.
Inconel Ni = 8 0 % • Has high resistance to corrosion and Used for making springs,
Cr = 1 4 % oxidation at elevated temperatures exhaust manifold of aircraft
Fe = 6 % • Can be casted, forged, cold and hot engines, machinery for food
w o r ke d
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 Lead is a bluish grey metal which is a very durable and versatile
material
 Properties
 It has high density
 It has a very good resistance to corrosion
 It has properties of easy workability
 It is the softest and heaviest of all the common metals

 Applications
 Used in safety plug in boilers, fire door releases, fuses
 Sheaths for electric cables
 Produce alloys such as brass and bronze
 Lead sheets are used for making roofs and gutters
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 Zinc is a bluish grey in colour and obtained from common Zinc ores such as Zinc
blende, Zincite, Calamine.
 Properties
 This material becomes brittle at 200 0 C and can be powdered at this temperature.
 It possesses high resistance to corrosion
 It can be readily worked and rolled

 Applications
 Commonly used as a protective coating on iron and steel ( galvanizing)
 Also used for generating electric shells
 Used for producing alloys such as brass
 Zinc oxides are used as pigments in paint

Department of Engieering Technology, Facutly of Technology, University of Sri

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 Tin is a brightly shining white metal which is obtained from tin ores such as
tinstone.
 Properties
 It does not corrode in wet and dry conditions
 Considered as a soft and ductile material
 It possesses very good malleability

 Applications
 Commonly used to make bearings which are subjected to high pressure and load
 Used as coating on other metals
 Tin cans are used for storing food and food items

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  A bearing alloy commonly possess good wearing quality, low co-efficient of
friction, high thermal conductivity, good casting qualities, non-corrosive properties,
ability to withstand high pressure and impact, low shrinkage and low cost.
Bearing alloy Compositi Properties Applications
o n
Admiralty Gun Metal Cu = 8 8 % Tensile strength = 270 MPa Used for bearings where
Sn = 1 0 % Hardness = 65 BHN lubrication is needed and oiling is
Pb = 2 % difficult
Lead Bronze Cu = 8 0 % Tensile strength = 230 MPa Generally used for bearings where
Sn = 1 0 % Hardness = 65 BHN lubrication is doubtful
Pb = 1 0 % Has antifriction property
Hard Bearing Bronze Cu = 8 5 % Tensile strength = 220 Mpa Used for bearings where high
Sn = 1 5 % Hardness = 100 BHN compressive loads apply
(locomotive slide valves, etc.)
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 What is it meant by heat treating a metal?
 Following are the main constituents of Iron
 Austenite
 Ferrite
 Cementite
 Pearlite,
Study about these constituents of Iron

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 Title: Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology
Author Rajender Singh, Publisher: N E W A G E INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED,
PUBLISHERS, ISBN: (10) : 81-224-2316-7 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2316-7
 Title Workshop Technology: Manufacturing Process (3rd Revised edition), Author
S.K. Garg, Publisher: Laxmi Publications, ISBN: 8131806979, ISBN-
13: 9788131806975
 Title A TEXTBOOK OF WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY : MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES (English) 6th Edition, Author J. K. GUPTA , R. S. KHURMI , Publisher: S
Chand, ISBN-13 9788121908689

Department of Engieering Technology, Facutly of Technology, University of Sri

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