Schlumberger

CasedHole Log Interpretation

Principles/Applications
 Schlumberger
CasedHole
Log Interpretation
Principles/Applications

SCHLUMBERGER *EDUCATIONAL. SERVICES

Fourth printing, March 1997
0 Schlumberger 1989

SchlumbergerWireline & Testing

PO. Box 2175
Houston, Texas77252-2175
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
recording, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United Statesof America

SMP-7025

An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to

denote a mark of Schlumberger.
Contents

1 Introduction........................................................... l-l
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. l-l
Well Logging . . . . . . . ..,. .. l-l
Cementing . . . . . . . . . . ... .. l-l
Perforating . . . . . . . . . .... .. .. .... .. .... **. . . l-l
Correlation Logs . . . . . *. . .. .. .... .. .... ..... l-l
Formation Evaluation. ... .. .. .... .. .... ... . l-3
Other Developments. . .... .. .. .... .. .... ..... l-3
The Field Operation . . . . . . .. .. .... *. .... ..... l-3
Log Data Acquisition. .. .. .... .. ... . *. . . l-4
Data Processing . . . . . .. .. .... .. . *. . .... l-4
Data Transmission . . . .. .. .... .. *. . . ..... l-5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. *. .... ** ...* ..... l-6

2 Fundamentals of Quantitative Log Interpretation ............................ 2- 1

Log Interpretation ....................................................... 2-l
Porosity ........................................................... 2-l
Saturation ......................................................... 2-l
Permeability ....................................................... 2-2
Reservoir Geometry ................................................. 2-2
Temperature and Pressure............................................ 2-3
Log Interpretation .................................................. 2-3
Determination of Saturation .......................................... 2-4
References ............................................................. 2-4

3 Formation Evaluation in Cased Holes ..................................... 3-l

Logs for Cased Hole Formation Evaluation .................................. 3-l
Natural Gamma Ray Logs ................................................ 3-l
Properties of Gamma Rays ........................................... 3-2
Equipment ......................................................... 3-3
Calibration ........................................................ 3-3
The NGS Log ...................................................... 3-3
Physical Principle. .................................................. 3-3
Measurement Principle .............................................. 3-4
Log Presentation.................................................... 3-4
Interpretation ...................................................... 3-4
Applications ....................................................... 3-5
Contents

Neutron Logs ........................................................... 3-6

Principle .......................................................... 3-6
Equipment ......................................................... 3-7
Log Presentation.................................................... 3-7
Calibration ........................................................ 3-7
Investigation Characteristics .......................................... 3-7
Tool Response ..................................................... 3-8
Hydrogen Index of Salt Water ........................................ 3-8
Responseto Hydrocarbons ........................................... 3-8
Shales, Bound Water.. .............................................. 3-10
Effect of Lithology .................................................. 3-10
Determining Porosity from Neutron Logs ............................... 3-10
Thermal Neutron Measurement ....................................... 3-10
Sonic Logs ............................................................. 3-10
Principle .......................................................... 3-10
Log Presentation.................................................... 3-12
Sonic Velocities in Formations ........................................ 3-12
Porosity Determination (Wyllie Time-Average Equation) .................. 3-12
Log Qual~y ........................................................ 3-15
Applications ....................................................... 3-15
Thermal Decay Time Logs ................................................ 3-16
Introduction ........................................................ 3-16
Principle .......................................................... 3-17
The TDT-K Tool ................................................... 3-18
Log Presentation.................................................... 3-18
Dual-Burst TDT Tool ............................................... 3-20
Porosity Determination from TDT-K Logs .............................. 3-24
Porosity Determination from Dual-Burst TDT Logs ...................... 3-25
Gas Detection with TDT-K Logs ...................................... 3-25
Gas Detection with Dual-Burst TDT Logs .............................. 3-25
TDT Interpretation .................................................. 3-26
Matrix Capture Cross Sections ........................................ 3-27
Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool (GST) ...................................... 3-32
Introduction ........................................................ 3-32
Principles of the Technique. .......................................... 3-32
Fast Neutron Interactions ............................................ 3-32
Neutron Capture Interactions (Thermal Absorption) ....................... 3-34
Contents

Log Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 3-35

Carbon-Oxygen Interpretation . .. .. .. 3-36
Capture Mode Interpretation . . .. .. .. 3-37
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 3-39
Reservoir Monitoring. . . . . . . . .. .. .. 3-41
Production Monitoring . . . . . . . ** *. .. .. ...... .. 3-41
Flood Monitoring . . . . . . . , . . . .. .. *. .. ...... .. 3-41
Injection Well Monitoring . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 3-43
Monitoring a Producing Well . .. .. .. .. ...... .. 3-44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. ...... .. 3-45

4 Completion Evaluation. ................................. . . * , . . . . . . . . . 4-l

Production Logging Services ................................... 4-l
Production Logging Applications ........................... 4-l
Well Performance ....................................... 4-2
Well Problems .......................................... 4-2
Flow in Vertical Pipes ........................................ 4-2
Single-PhaseFlow ....................................... 4-2
Multiphase Flow. ........................................ .. 4-3
Production Logging Tools and Interpretation ...................... .. 4-5
Flow Velocity. .......................................... .... .. 4-5
Spinner Flowmeter Tools ................................. .... .. 4-5
Interpretation in Single-PhaseFlow ......................... .... .. 4-7
2-Pass Technique ........................................ **. . .. 4-8
Radioactive Tracer Tools ................................. .... .. 4-10
Fluid Density Tools ...................................... .... .. 4-12
Temperature Tools ....................................... .... .. 4-16
Noise Tools ............................................ .. 4-18
Gravel Pack Logging ..................................... .. 4-19
Production Logging Wellsite Quicklook Interpretation Program . . .. .. 4-21
Job Planning.. .......................................... .. .. 4-22
Production Logging and Well Testing ............................ .. .. 4-23
Well Testing Basics ...................................... .. *. 4-24
Modeling Radial Flow into a Well .......................... .* *. 4-25
Modeling Departures from Radial Flow ..................... .. .. 4-26
Downhole Flow Measurements Applies to Well Testing ........ *. 4-28
Layered Reservoir Testing ................................ .. 4-31
Contents

Computerized Acquisition and Interpretation Features . . ......... 4-32

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . ......... 4-35

5 Cement Evaluation ............................. ....... ............... 5-l

Cementing Technique ................................ ........ ......... 5-l
CBL-VDL Measurement .............................. ........ ......... 5-2
CompensatedCement Bond Tool ....................... ........ ......... 5-4
Cement Evaluation Tool .............................. ........ ......... 5-6
Microannulus ....................................... ........ ......... 5-7
Third Interface Reflections ............................ ........ ......... 5-8
Gas Effect .......................................... ........ ......... 5-8
Field Examples ..................................... . . . . *. ** ......... 5-9
Cement Evaluation Program ........................... ........ ......... 5-11
References ......................................... ........ ......... 5-17

6 Corrosion Evaluation of Casing and Tubing .......................... . . . . . . 6-l

Predicting Corrosion ..................................................... 6-1
Corrosion Protection Evaluation Tool .................................. 6-2
Log Example ...................................................... 6-2
Monitoring Metal Loss ................................................... 6-2
Multifrequency Electromagnetic Thickness Tool. ......................... 6-3
Thickness Measurement. ............................................. 6-4
Casing Properties Ratio .............................................. 6-4
Log Quality ........................................................ 6-4
Log in Test Well ................................................... 6-5
Compensation for Permeability Change ................................. 6-6
Outside Casing Parted ............................................... 6-6
Split Casing ....................................................... 6-6
Triple String.. ..................................................... 6-7
Double String.. .................................................... 6-7
Cement Evaluation Tool ............................................. 6-7
Internal and External Corrosion ....................................... 6-8
Finding Leaks ...................................................... 6-8
Borehole Televiewer Tool ............................................ 6-9
Expanded Depth Scale ............................................... 6-10
Multifinger Caliper Tool ............................................. 6-11
Pipe Analysis Tool .................................................. 6-13
Contents

Electromagnetic Thickness ......... .... ... .. 6-15

Multiple Casing Strings ............ .... ... .. 6-16
Casing Hole and Pitting. ........... .... ..* .. 6-16
Corrosion Protection Evaluation Tool .... ... .. .... .* 6-17
Multiple-Log Example. ................. .... ..* .. .... .. 6-17
References ........................... .... ... .* .... .* 6-18

Perforating ........................................................... 7-l

Shaped Charge Theory ................................................... 7-l
Gun System Design.. .................................................... 7-3
Industry Testing of Perforating Systems ..................................... 7-4
Gun System Performance under Downhole Conditions ......................... 7-5
Completion Design ...................................................... 7-6
Natural Completions ................................................ 7-6
Guidelines for Selecting Optimum Underbalance ......................... 7-l 1
Sand Control Completions ............................................ 7- 12
Stimulated Completions .............................................. 7- 13
Schlumberger Perforation Analysis Program (SPAN) .......................... 7-13
General ........................................................... 7-13
Entrance Hole Diameter Prediction .................................... 7- 13
Penetration Correction for Formation Characteristics. ..................... 7-13
Productivity Calculation. ............................................. 7-14
Well Completion Techniques .............................................. 7-15
Wireline Casing Gun Technique. ...................................... 7-15
Through-Tubing Perforating Technique ................................. 7-16
Tubing-Conveyed Perforating Technique. ............................... 7-17
Completion Evaluation ................................................... 7- 17
References ............................................................. 7-19

Mechanical Rock Properties vs. Completion Design ......................... 8-1

Elastic Constants ........................................................ 8- 1
Inherent Strength Computations and Their Relationship to Formation Collapse ..... 8-2
Stressesaround a Producing Cavity .................................... 8-2
Solution to the “Collapse” Problem ................................... 8-3
Griffith Failure Criterion. ............................................ 8-3
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion ...................................... 8-4
Stress Analysis in Relation to Hydraulic Fracturing ........................... 8-5
Contents

Calibration with Mini-Frac Data .. . . 8-6

Fracture Pressure Computations . . . 8-7
Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Analysis . . 8-7
Fracture Height , , . , , . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
The FracHite Program. . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Fracture Propagation Azimuth . . . . 8-9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8-10

9 Cased Hole Seismic .................................................... 9-l

Cased Hole Seismic Equipment ............................................ 9-l
Digital Check-Shot Survey Fracture Pressure Computations ..................... 9-3
Time-to-Depth Conversion and Velocity Profile. .............................. 9-3
Geogram Processing ..................................................... 9-4
Vertical Seismic Profile .................................................. 9-5
VSP Processing ......................................................... 9-8
Offset Vertical Seismic Profile. ............................................ 9-8
Walkaway Surveys....................................................... 9-8
DSA Tool for VSP Acquisition ............................................ 9-13
Primary Uses of the VSP Survey. .......................................... 9-14
Proximity Survey Interpretation ............................................ 9- 14
References ............................................................. 9-14

10 Other Cased Hole Services ......................... .. ............... 10-I

Guidance Continuous Tool (GCT) ......................... ......... 10-l
Measurement Theory .................................... .. ......... 10-2
Calibration ....................................... .. ......... 10-3
Log Quality Control, ............................... .. ......... 10-3
Accuracy ......................................... *. ......... 10-3
Wellsite Processing ................................ ......... 10-3
Presentation of Results ............................. ......... 10-4
Freepoint Indicator Tool ................................. ......... 10-5
Hydraulic Sealing ...................................... ......... 10-7
Through-Tubing Bridge Plug ........................ ......... 10-7
PosiSet Mechanical Plugback Tool. ................... ......... 10-8
Cased Hole Wireline Formation Tester ..................... ......... IO-9
Cased Hole Wireline Formation Tester Tools ........... ......... 10-9
Formation Interval Tester (FIT) ........................... ......... 10-9
Contents

Dual Shot Kit with Repeat Formation Tester ........ .. .. .... 10-10
Interpretation ............................. .. .. .... 10-10
Correlated Electromagnetic Retrieval (CERT) Tool ... .. .. .... 10-10
SubsidenceMonitoring .......................... .. .. .... 10-10
Introduction. .............................. .. .... 10-10
SubsidenceMeasurement Techniques .......... ., .. .... 10-11
The Formation SubsidenceMonitor Tool (FSMT) .... .. .. *. . . 10-l 1
Cable Motion Measurement ................. .. .. ., 10-l 1
Radioactive Bullet Placement ................ .. .... 10-12
Measurement Theory ....................... .. .. . 10-12
FSMT Tool Calibrations .................... .. .. .... 10-13
Logging Procedure. ........................ .. .. .... 10-14
Log Data Processing ....................... .. .. .... 10-14
Presentation of Results ..................... .. .. .... IO-14
References .................................... .. . . 10-15