In presenting everything,

certain methods are

employed in order to be
effective. Just for example,
in presenting the art subject,
the artist uses different
methods to express the idea
he wants to make clear.
 1. Realism
 2. Abstraction
 3. Symbolism
 4. Fauvism
 5. Dadaism
 6 .Futurism
 7. Surrealism
 Inart this is the attempt to portray the
subject as it is. Even when the artist
chooses a subject from nature, he
selects, changes, and arranges details
to express the idea he wants to make
clear. Realists try to be as objective as
possible. In realism, the artist’s main
function is to describe as accurately
and honestly as possible what is
observed through the senses.
 Realism is a common way of
presenting the art subject. Example of
this are Amorsolo’s painting.
 Realism as a wherent program of
literary aesthetics emerged in Western
Literature in 1980 in reaction against
the idealism of the narrow social
range of earlier literary attitudes.
 Realism tended to stress the daily life
of a common man, often
concentrating on the sordid and
disagreeable.
 Poetryand drama were
influenced by realism, but it
was on the novel that realism
achieved greatness
 In the process of selecting and presenting his
material, he cannot help being influenced by
what he feels or thinks.

 Examples of novels who were influenced by

the ideas of realism:
 1. Edgardo Reyes – Sa mga kuko ng liwanag.
 2. Efren Abueg - Dilim sa umaga.

 These are novels of social commentaries which

are realistically vivid and clearly presented.
 This is used when the artist becomes too
interested in one phase of a scene or a
situation that he does not show the subject
as an objective reality, but only his idea, or
his feeling about it.
 Abstract means “ to move away or
separate “. Abstract art moves away from
showing things as they really are. The
painter or artist paints the picture not as it
really are. The painter or artist paints the
picture not as it really looked. The picture is
not just like life. It is not “realistic”.
 In the field of sculpture, artists began doing
abstract sculpture. They ignored the exact
form of real-life object. They feel that the
texture and shape of a sculpture were more
important to them than the exact form.
 Example: Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in
Space”
 Brancusi was so impressed by the grace of
a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as
it flew through the air, that he represented
those qualities in his sculptural work. His work
does not look a bird for it is supposed to
convey an impression of a bird’s grace and
speed.
 Abstract subjects can also be
presented in many ways like:
 Distortion – this is clearly manifested
when the subject is in misshapen
condition, or the regular shape is
twisted out.
 Example: Henry Moore’s sculptural
works and the ancient egyptian
paintings and sculptural works are
good examples of this kind.
 Elongation – it refers to that which is
being lengthened, a protraction or an
extension.
 Example: El Greco’s elongated body
of Jesus Christ in his “Resurrection” is
an example of elongation.
 Mangling – this may not be a
commonly used way of presenting an
abstract subject, but there are few
artists who show subject or objects
which are cut, lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated blows.
 Cubism – it stresses abstract from through the
use of a cone, cylinder, or sphere at the
expense of other pictorial elements. The
cubists want to show forms in their basic
geometrical shapes.
 Example: Paul Cezanne’s works played an
important part in the development of cubism.
It was further developed by George Braque of
France and Pablo Picasso of Spain.
 Abstract Expressionism – a style of abstract
painting that originated in New York city after
World War II and gained an international
vogue.
 The term abstract expressionism was first
applied to the New York school, whose
work is characterized by great verve, the
use of large canvases, and a deliberate
lack of refinement in the application of
the paint.
 Typical characteristics of abstract
expressionism:
 1. Strong Color
 2. Heavy Impasto
 3. Uneven brush strokes
 4. Rough textures
 In other words, abstract expressionism
departs completely from subject matter
from studied precision, and from any kind of
preconceived design. Jackson Pollock was
one of the abstract expressionist painters of
the New York school.
 Symbolism – a symbol, in general, is a visible
sign of something invisible such as an idea
or a quality. It can be simply an emblem or
sign like: % to represent percent, a lion to
represent courage, a lamb to represent
meekness. These well known symbols arise
from conventional usage, association, and
general relationship. The conventional type
of symbol is not absent for works of art.
 But in poetry and painting, the
symbol has a freer development.
It transcends the everyday run-of-
the-mill sign and assumes a new
and fresh meaning, originating
from a highly personal and even
unique association form in the
mind of the poet or painters.
 Example: Alfred Lord Tennyson’s
“Crossing the Bar”
 The last two lines are symbolical for it clearly
shows the strong desire of the authors to
see God when he dies.

 If a man has a hundred sheeps and one of

them strays, does he not live the ninety-nine
on the mountains to go out in search of the
stray one? And if he manages to find it, I
assure you that he is happier over that one
than over the ninety-nine that did not stray.
So, it is not the will of your heavenly Father
that one of these little ones should be lost.
A number of indispensable painting of
noted Filipino painters are found in the
National Museum. An example is the
giant size painting of Juan Luna,
painted in Rome, July 1883 to March
1884. This say painting won the first
gold medal in the Madrid exposition
of the fine arts in 1884. The
“Spolarium” is an old painting on
canvas 4.25 meter by 7.75 meter.
 The “Lion of Lucerne”, famous masterpiece
of the early 19th century is dedicated to the
memory of the heroic fight and final defeat
of the swiss guard in 1792 in Paris. August
10th of the year marks the beginning of the
bloody days of the French Revolution with
the storming of the royal palace. The lion
always considered a symbol of courage
and strength, served the artist to
demonstrate a fragic event a fight to the
death. The erection of the monument was
made possible by donations of comrades
from other regiments and friends, especially
by the initiative of Ch. Pfyffer of Altishofen.
 The model is the work of the famous Danish
Sculptor Berrtel Thorwaldsen (1789-1056) and
was hewn into the rock 1820/21 by L. Ahorn
(1789-1856).

 This was first important art movement of the

1900’s. Henry Matisse led the movement
and the other important fauves included
Andre Derain, Raoul Drify, George Rouault,
all from France.
 A process  It developed in Italy
movement of arts about the same time
was formed in 1916 Cubism appeared in
by a group of artists France. Their
and poets in Zurich, paintings glorified
Switzerland. The the Mechanical
name “Dada” a energy of modern
French word life included
meaning “hobby automobile ,
horse”was motorcycle, and
deliberately choosen railroad.
because it was
nonsensical.
 This movement in art and literature was
founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet
Andre Breton. Like Dadaism, from which it
arose surrealism uses art as weapon against
the evils and restrictions that surrealists see in
society. Unlike Dadaism, it tries to reveal a new
and a higher reality than that of daily life.
Surrealism is an invented word meaning super
realism this movement was influenced by the
Freudian Psychology which emphasizes the
activities of the subconscious state of the
mind.
 Subjects of this kind attempt to show what is
inside man’s mind as well as the
appearance of his outside world. The
surrealists claim to create forms and images
no primarily by reason, but by unthinking
impulse and blind feeling or even by
accident. Using this methods the surrealists
declare that a magical world - more
beautiful then the real one - can be created
in art and literature. Much of the beauty
sought by surrealism is violent and cruel. In
this way, the surrealists try to shock the viewer
or reader and show what they consider the
deeper and truer part of human nature.
Benjamin Mendoza, Bolivian painter, is well-
known in presenting violent and cruel
surrealists paintings
 An artistic movement of the early twentieth
century that stressed fantasy and the
subconscious mind, surrealism, in its broadest
philosophical sense, is one of the poles toward
which art an thought in all periods may be
drawn – the world of dreams and fantasy.
 However, there are also surrealist artistic works
which are a far cry from cruelty and violence.
They are informative and symbolical like Mark
Chagall’s painting entitled “I and My Village”.
This can be interpreted from the socio-
economic and political standpoint that
prevails in Russia up to the pesent.
 This method was introduced in Germany during the
first decade of the twentieth century. Its influences
were felt by the European artists from 1920 up to
the present. It also seemed to have influenced the
playwrights in English and Filipino like the work of
Amelia Lapena-Bonifacio in “Sepang Loca” (1958).
The exponents of expressionism believed in the
necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in an age
that was fast incoming influenced by materialism.
Paul Dumol’s “Mapait sa Baso” are plays which
depicted the idea of rebirth of the individual as
possible only within the context of the
transformation of the entire society.
 Hindi ninyo nauunawaan ang kirot ng
paghihiwalay. Sol! ITO’Y KAMATAYAN! Araw-
araw umuupo sa bangketa, binabantayan
ang nagdaraang mga tao,
nagmamakaawa, nagpapalimos, Diyos ko!
PABAYAAN NAMAN NINYONG ILIGTAS KO
ANG AKING SARILI MULA SA PAGKABULOK!
Nabubulok na balat, nabubulok na kamay,
nabubulok na laman, nabubulok na ugat,
nabubulok na buto.

 This is one of the dialogues of Mang Serapio

from Dumol’s “Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio”
which expresses truth, life, or reality
 The emotional expressions in expressionistic
paintings could be described as involving
pathos, morbidity, violence, or chaos, and
tragedy. It sometimes portrays defeat.

 The philosophy and spirit of a particular period

in painting usually have been reflected in
many of its other visual arts. The ideas and
aspirations of the ancient cultures, of the
renaissance , Baroque, Rococo, and
Neoclassical periods of western art and, more
recently of the 19th century art nouveu
 and secessionist movements were expressed in
much of the architecture, interior design,
furniture, textiles, ceramics, dress design, and
handicrafts, as well as in the fine arts, of their
times. Following the the industrial revolutionwith
the rebundancy of handcraftmanship and the
loss of direct communication between the fine
artist and society, idealists efforts to unite the arts
and crafts in service to the community were
made by William Morris in Victorian England and
by the Bauhaus in 20th century Germany.
Although their aims were not fully realized, their
influences, like those of the short-lived de stijl and
Constructivist movements, have been far-
reaching, particularly in architectural, furniture,l
and typographic design.
 Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
were painters, sculptors, and architects.
Although no atists since have excelled in
so wide a range of creative design,
leading 20th century painters have
expressed their ideas in many other
mediums. In graphic design, for
example, Pierre Bonnard, Henri Matisse,
and Raoul Dufy produced posters and
illustrated books; Andre Derain, Fernand
Leger, Mark Chagall worked in ceramics;
Braque and Salvador Dalt designed
Jewelry; and Dalt, Hans Richter, and
Andy Warhol made films.
 Painters have been stimulated by the
imagery, techniques, and design of
other visual arts. One of the earliest of
these influences was possibly from the
theatre, where the ancient Greeks are
thought to have been the first to employ
the illusions of optical perspective. The
influence of Japanese woodcut prints in
Synthetism and the Nabis, for example,
and of African sculpture on cubism and
the German expressionists helped to
create visual vocabularies and syntax
with which to express new visions and
ideas