Contents:

 Letter from the Chair

 Letter from the Co-Chair
 Committee Description
 Country Allocations
 Definition of Key Terms
 Topic Overview
 Timeline  
 Historical Analysis
 Past UN operations
 Current Situation
 Questions to Consider
 Best Delegate Criteria
 Bibliography
 Letter from the Chair

     Dear prospective delegates,

             It is my privilege to welcome you to the second annual Orchlon

Model United Nations. I am Binderiya Oyunbaatar, and I will be chairing
for the International Organization for Migration this year.
To briefly introduce myself, I am a recent graduate from Baigali-Ekh litsei
and am taking a gap year. I have been extensively involved in debates for
the past few years receiving a recognition from National Championships
and participating in several MUNs both as a staff member and a delegate.
My previous experiences with MUNs were awe-inspiring and I, along with
my co-chair, will endeavor to make sure you will get the same unforgettable
experience from this conference. OMUN will be your opportunity to hone
your public speaking skills and meet other highly talented students from
everywhere around Mongolia.
           The freedom of movement is the right of individuals to travel from
place to place within the territory of a country, and to leave the country and
return to it. Migration is as natural as breathing, it is a part of nature and
our lives. Thus, it is our duty to find a way of establishing a proper scenario
for modern migration to exist. Our chosen topics require nuanced debates
and solutions and I am confident that you are fully capable of addressing
the issue.

         I look forward to meeting you in person!

Best Regards,
Binderiya Oyunbaatar
Chair of IOM
Orchlon Model United Nations 2017
 Letter from the Co-Chair

     Greetings honorable delegates,

           I proudly invite you to be a part of the one and only OMUN2018! I
am Nyamtsengel Myagmarnaran, currently sophomore at New Beginning
ILS and it is my great deed to be performing as co-chair for this year’s
confederation, of the International Organization of Migration.
          Volunteering in social activities whilst developing my skills, watching
historical documentaries and painting are just a few to name out of my
hobbies. I acknowledge MUN organizations because it helps to educate
participants researching, public speaking, and writing skills as well as
critical thinking which are all essential features of a successful individual
whom awaits a brighter future.
           Our committee (IOM) will focus on resolving migration problems
and ways to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including
refugees and internally displaced people. We will be debating about critical
topics on issues the world still faces as of today. Needless to say, as your
chairs, Binderiya and I are confident that we would be able to host
productive conferences, while having a great time and making great
friendships with the delegates. Unforgettable memories would be created
so, I hope you wouldn’t want to miss it.

Yours sincerely,
Nyamtsengel Myagmarnaran
Co-chair of IOM, OMUN2018
 Committee Description

Established in 1951, IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in

the field of migration and works closely with governmental,
intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.

With 169 member states, a further 8 states holding observer status and
offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and
orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and
advice to governments and migrants.

IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of

migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to
assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to
provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees
and internally displaced people.

As the leading international organization for migration, IOM acts with its
partners in the international community to:

 Assist in meeting the growing operational challenges of migration

management.
 Advance understanding of migration issues.
 Encourage social and economic development through migration.
 Uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

The IOM Constitution recognizes the link between migration and economic,
social and cultural development, as well as to the right of freedom of
movement.

IOM works in the four broad areas of migration management:

 Migration and development

  Facilitating migration
 Regulating migration
 Forced migration.

  IOM activities that cut across these areas include the promotion of
international migration law, policy debate and guidance, protection of
migrants' rights, migration health and the gender dimension of migration.

 Although IOM has no legal protection mandate, the fact

remains that its activities contribute to protecting human rights,
having the effect, or consequence, of protecting persons involved
in migration.

Country Allocations

Libya
Syria
Germany
France
Afghanistan
Iraq
Hungary
Sweden
Jordan
Greece
Turkey
Croatia
Sudan
Algeria
Senegal
Spain
Italy
United Kingdom
 Côte d’Ivoire
Bulgaria

Definition of Key Terms

Modern Slavery:

The international community has thus decided that slavery is defined as

“...the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers
attaching to the right of ownership are exercised... [and] includes all acts
involved in the capture, acquisition or disposal of a person with intent to
reduce him to slavery; all acts involved in the acquisition of a slave with a
view to selling or exchanging him; all acts of disposal by sale or exchange of
a slave acquired with a view to being sold or exchanged, and, in general,
every act of trade or transport in slaves.”)

Economic Migrants:

An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one region to

another to seek an improvement in living standards because the living
conditions or job opportunities in the migrant's own region are not
sufficient

Mediterranean Sea
 
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean,
surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by
land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North
Africa, and on the east by the Levant.
 
Refugee
A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to
cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely. Such a
person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by the
contracting state or the UNHCR if they formally make a claim for asylum.
 
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi; c. 1942 – 20 October 2011),
commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary,
politician, and political theorist.
Topic Overview:

“Auctioning of migrants as slaves in Libya”

WATCH THIS VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qK_232xzJ5E

                          
/The Treeq Alsika Migrant Detention Center in Tripoli, where some migrants are held by Libyan
authorities before they are repatriated./

International Organisation for Migration (IOM) released a report in April

this year warning that sub-Saharan Africans who travelled north to Libya
were routinely facing detention in squalid conditions, rapes, beatings and
being sold into slavery.

It is estimated hundreds of sub-Saharan Africans travelling to Libya in the

hopes of getting on a boat across the Mediterranean to a better life in
Europe are being sold by smugglers each week – either into lives of manual
or sex slavery or ransomed to their families, passed between militia groups.
Footage of  migrants being auctioned off as slaves in Libya has been met
with outrage and the UN Secretary-General has called on the international
community to "unite in fighting this scourge". "Slavery has no place in our
world and these actions are among the most egregious abuses of human
rights and may amount to crimes against humanity. I urge the international
community to unite in fighting this scourge," he added, saying the latest
reports served as a reminder that Europe's refugee crisis need to be tackled.

The UN is trying to decide if crimes against humanity charges can be

brought against perpetrators. Protests erupted in Paris and several other
cities and the Libyan government – only in control of around half the
country – has promised an investigation.

Timeline:
2004

The Libyan and Italian governments reached a secret agreement that obliged Libya to
accept African immigrants deported from Italian territories. This resulted in the mass
repatriation of many people from Lampedusa to Libya between 2004 and 2005, a move
criticized by the European Parliament

2009[edit]

27–29 March: On 27 March, a migrant boat with about 250 people on board
capsized 48 km (30 mi) from the coast of Libya, the Libyan and Italian navies rescued 21
survivors.

2014

29 June: Egyptian border guards in the Beheira Governorate foil an attempt by people

smugglers to send 172 migrants to Italy. At least five Egyptians were behind the people

smuggling operation.[13]

April 2015

12 April: A boat with up to 550 migrants on board capsized off the coast of Libya. About

400 people are believed to have drowned while about 150 were rescued by the Italian

coastguard

23 April: The European Council held an emergency meeting to discuss the migrant crisis.

It agreed to triple funding for rescue operations aimed at migrant boats, and several EU

member states promised more ships and other resources. It also agreed to look at ways to

capture and destroy smugglers' boats before they can be launched, and to deploy

immigration officers to non-EU countries.

11 May: The European Commission proposed that EU member states should take in

refugees under a quota scheme. Countries which had received large numbers of migrants

and asylum applications – such as Italy, Malta and Germany – supported the proposal.

Others such as Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and Estonia opposed it.[27]

26 June: At a meeting of the European Council, it was agreed to relocate 40,000 migrants

from Italy and Greece to other EU member states. It was also agreed to take in another

20,000 refugees from outside the EU. It was announced that the relocation scheme would

be voluntary and there would be no mandatory quotas for each country. New figures from

the UN Refugee Agency showed that 63,000 migrants had arrived in Greece and 62,000 in

Italy during the first half of 2015.[28]

 1–5 September: Thousands of migrants gathered outside Keleti railway station in

the Hungarian capital, Budapest, after police sealed off the terminal to stop them
travelling through the EU.

 22 September: EU interior ministers meeting in the Justice and Home Affairs

Council voted by a majority to relocate 120,000 refugees EU-wide. Czech Republic,
Hungary, Romania and Slovakia voted against the plan, but they were overruled. The
idea was to distribute 120,000 refugees over two years from Greece and Italy. The
scheme will only apply to refugees most in need of international protection; not
economic migrants. The European Commission proposed that the scheme be
mandatory for EU member states.[58]
May 2016[edit]

 4 May: The European Commission proposed fining EU member states if they do

not take their quota of asylum seekers. Member states would be fined €250,000 for
each asylum seeker they do not take in, with the money going to 'frontline' states
such as Italy and Greece that have carried the burden

November 2016[edit]

 3 November: November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks

 
 
 
 
Historical Analysis:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v13kTeAHY4c]
The European migrant crisis is a term given to a period beginning in 2015
when rising numbers of people arrived in the European Union (EU),
travelling across the Mediterranean Sea or overland through Southeast
Europe. These people included asylum seekers, but also others, such as
economic migrants and some hostile agents, including Islamic
State militants disguised as refugees or migrants.
Most of the migrants came from Muslim-majority countries of regions
south and east of Europe, including Western Asia, South Asia and Africa.
According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the top
three nationalities of entrants of the over one million Mediterranean Sea
arrivals between January 2015 and March 2016 were Syrian (46.7%),
Afghan (20.9%) and Iraqi (9.4%).
Since Muammar Gaddafi was ousted in 2011, Libya has served as both a
magnet and a funnel for migrants desperate to start new lives in Europe.

After record-breaking numbers of arrivals in Italy in 2016 and

unprecedented numbers dying in the Mediterranean over the past two
years, the EU signalled a new determination to head of the migration
problem closer to the source with a series of deals with Libya earlier this
year.
One part of the strategy involved the south of the country - where more
than 2,500km (1,550 miles) of desert borders with Algeria, Chad, Niger and
Sudan provide multiple channels north.

A series of consultations was established between the Italian interior

minister, Marco Minniti, and south Libyan mayors, who represent local
groups and tribes. The deal pinpointed seven “elements” to pacify the
different factions, from the Tebu to the Beni Suleiman, in the name of a
common commitment to halt migrant trafficking. This project was heavily
supported by Ahmed Maetig, vice-president of the Libyan presidential
council, and greeted warmly in southern Libya, by the mayor of Sebha,
Hamed Al-Khayali.  “The project we are carrying forward now with Italy
involves the development and growth of southern Libya within the
framework of the fight against illegal immigration,” Khayali said.

As part of this cooperation, Italy has helped to secure the border, offered
support for towns in terms of infrastructure and electricity, and has pledged
to help improve employment prospects for young people. In addition, there
is a scheme to train military units tied to the army of the legitimate Libyan
government, specialised in operations in the south of the country.

Further north, the emphasis has been on a new Italian mission to support
the Libyan coastguard in the Mediterranean, and partly through an “under
the radar” deal between Italians and leading figures who control the
coastline and the trafficking that occurs there. Boats no longer leave the
shore, and migrants are interned.

But nothing is straightforward in a country with two antagonistic

governments, many fiefdoms and strongmen, few legitimate ways of
earning a living and myriad trafficking groups jostling for status, territory
and business.

For example, the EU diplomatic offensive succeeded, for a while, in

placating the smuggling hub of Sabratha in western Libya. But since the
beginning of October, different groups have been fighting hard for control
of the city. Those militias that are not part of the deal with the European
Union and Italy are under pressure because they lack funding.
 

Current Situation:

Ambassadors from Senegal to Sweden also blamed trafficking's root causes:

Unstable countries, poverty, profits from slave trading and lack of legal
enforcement. Secretary-General Guterres also noted how terror groups,
from ISIS to Boko Haram, are forcing women and children into "de-
humanizing servitude" -- actions that may amount to war crimes and
crimes against humanity. "It is our collective responsibility to stop these
crimes," Guterres said. He added that countries must hunt down traffickers
while boosting humanitarian aid and allowing more migration to the
developed world. Countries in many parts of the world are experiencing
raging debates about whether to admit more immigrants.
 
Spain's foreign ministry on Wednesday expressed its "deep concern" over
the CNN report which shows "an appalling treatment of African immigrants
during an alleged auction in Libya." Spain urged Libya to follow the UN
against transnational crime and human trafficking, the Foreign Ministry
said on its official Twitter account.

French President Emmanuel Macron called the sale of migrants at slave

auctions in Libya "a crime against humanity" and vowed to press for
sanctions.

"Having a response coordinated across the whole of the UN family will be a

crucial part of the international methods to combat slavery," the UK's
Rycroft said.
 
 

    

  UN, IOM   Actions:

 “This is an enormous human tragedy and we can stop it,” said William
Lacy Swing, Director General of the International Organization for
Migration (IOM), via video link from Geneva, underscoring the need to
break the smugglers’ business model.
IOM has helped 13,000 people get out of detention centres in Libya and
8,000 in Niger, he said, noting that there are about 15,000 still in such
facilities.
IOM is working with partners, including the Government of Libya, the
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the African
Union, the European Union, and countries of origin, to forge an agreement
to implement a programme to empty those detention centres, Mr. Swing
said.
Also briefing was the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Filippo Grandi,
who told the Council: “The grave abuses perpetrated against migrants and
refugees along the Central Mediterranean routes can no longer be ignored.”
 “Compelled to flee, but without legal pathways to safety, refugees are
exposed to appalling harm, together with migrants, including torture, rape,
sexual exploitation, slavery and other forms of forced labour,” Mr. Grandi
said, also via video link from Geneva, adding that these abuses proliferate
where governance is weak and transnational criminal networks take root.
UNHCR is helping the authorities address the needs of displaced Libyans
and others affected by conflict. Reception and protection mechanisms are
being incrementally strengthened. Plans for a transit centre in Tripoli are
progressing positively.
Too often, measures pursued in relation to the Mediterranean routes have
centred on how to control, deter and exclude. This can have a
dehumanizing effect – and more importantly, alone, it does not help
refugees and migrants avoid exploitative, deeply harmful situations.
 

      
 

 
  

  

Questions a Resolution must answer:

 What economic or humanitarian measures can be taken to help the

victims?
 What further measures could be taken to prevent smugglers from
crossing the borders of EU Countries?
 Was the past multilateral or bilateral actions to protect the borders of
smuggling countries effective? If not, what can be done to improve
them?
 What measures should be taken to ensure slave auction of this type
never occurs again?
 How can European Union tackle its migrant crisis  effectively with the
help of the international community?
 What can (migrant) sender countries do to ensure reduce the number
of economic migrants?

Best Delegate Criteria:

In order to be awarded as a best delegate, a delegate should:

 Do research extensively on the issue

 Represent their countries’ real life stances
 Suggest the most effective solutions