The Ganga action plan was, launched by Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of

India on 14 Jan. 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve the
water quality by Interception, Diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and present
toxic and industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering in to
the river. The other objectives of the Ganga Action Plan are as under.

•Control of non-point pollution from agricultural run off, human defecation, cattle
wallowing and throwing of unburnt and half burnt bodies into the river.

•Research and Development to conserve the biotic, diversity of the river to augment
its productivity.

•New technology of sewage treatment like Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

(UASB) and sewage treatment through afforestation has been successfully
developed.

•Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles for pollution abatement of river have been

demonstrated and found useful.

•Resource recovery options like production of methane for energy generation and use
of aquaculture for revenue generation have been demonstrated.

•To act as trend setter for taking up similar action plans in other grossly polluted
stretches in other rivers.
The ultimate objective of the GAP is to have an approach of integrated river basin
management considering the various dynamic inter-actions between abiotic and biotic
eco-system.
Notwithstanding some delay in the completion of the first phase of GAP it has generated
considerable interest and set the scene for evolving a national approach towards
replicating this program for the other polluted rivers of the country. The Government of
India proposed to extend this model with suitable modifications to the national level
through a National River Action Plan (NRAP). The NRAP mainly draws upon the
lessons learnt and the experience gained from the GAP besides seeking the views of the
State Governments and the other concerned Departments/Agencies.
Under NRCP scheme the CPCB had conducted river basin studies and had identified 19
gross polluted stretches and 14 less polluted stretches along 19 rivers, which include 11
stretches situated along 7 rivers of M.P
Fresh water is an essential ingredient of modern life. Thought it’s often available as the
result of natural processes, there are times when it must be extracted from impure water,
typically salt water. In some countries where rain water is scarce, desalinated sea water is
the main source of drinking water. Any extraction process that purifies water must separate
water molecules from contaminating liquids, solids, or gases. This section examines
some of the techniques that make this molecular separation possible.
Questions To Think About: Where does naturally occurring fresh water come from?
Why does a can of soda go flat instantly if you open it after freezing it? How did minerals
form in the earth’s crust? Is sea ice salty? Why does swimming in salt water dry out
your skin? Is distilled water always purer than non-distilled water?
Experiments To Think About: You can purify water in your own kitchen. If you boil
salt water in a pot, you’ll create steam and will see mist forming above the water as that
steam condenses into water droplets in the air. If you place a cold surface in the steam, the
steam will condense on that surface. The condensed steam is nearly pure water—distilled
water. While the water in the pot contained salt, the distilled water does not. However,
before you taste the distilled water, make sure that the water in the pot contained only
non-toxic additives. Distillation isn’t perfect at removing contaminants and it can even
concentrate them in some situations. In a few minutes, you’ll understand why.
ga.The Earth is wrapped in a blanket of air called the 'atmosphere', which is made up of
several layers of gases. The sun is much hotter than the Earth and it gives off rays of heat
(radiation) that travel through the atmosphere and reach the Earth. The rays of the sun
warm the Earth, and heat from the Earth then travels back into the atmosphere. The gases
in the atmosphere stop some of the heat from escaping into space

•ca.If the climate changes heating, cooling, water use, and sea level will be affected.
In wealthy countries, the average cost would probably be small, although some
people and regions might have high costs and others might receive large benefits.
In some poor countries, the cost could be very high.

•A large or fast change in climate will have a big effect on plants and animals in the
natural environment.

•Very rapid climate change is unlikely, but could be disastrous, even for wealthy
countries.
Part 3: Policy

•We could reduce the rate at which we add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by
burning less coal, oil and natural gas.

•If climate changes, we could adapt by changing agriculture and other human
activities. Many plants and animals in the natural environment might be unable to
adapt.
•ga.The average global temperature has risen more than expected in the past few decades.
Many prefer to use the milder term 'climate change' instead of the harsher 'global
warming' to describe this change in average global temperature.

The main cause of global warming is thought to be the 'greenhouse effect' that is mainly
caused by us humans. With an increase in temperature glaciers worldwide are melting
faster than the time taken for new ice layers to form, sea water is getting hotter and
expanding causing sea levels to rise, rivers overflow due to melting glaciers causing
floods, forest fires are on the rise, and innumerable undesired effects are taking place due
to global warming.

Are we smarter than the Ancient Romans?

•Is the problem men in fossil fuel?
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