A True Experimental Study to Evaluatsse the Effectiveness of Video

Assisted Pro - Life education Program on Attitude regarding abortion

among college Students at Selected Arts Colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab,
2021.

SYNOPSIS

Submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

(Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing)

of

Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab

2020

Kavita

Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing Education, Gulab Devi Hospital

Jalandhar
A True Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Video Assisted
Pro - Life education Program on Attitude regarding abortion among
college Students at Selected Arts Colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab, 2021.

Synopsis

Submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree

of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

(Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing)

Of

Baba Farid University of Health Sciences,

Faridkot, Punjab
2020
KAVITA

Name & Signature of Supervisor Name & Signature of Co-Supervisor

Mrs. Ramandeep Kaur
M.sc (N) Associate Professor
Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education, Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab
Mrs. Dalbir Kaur
M.Sc. (N) Assistant Professor
Mental Health Nursing
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education , Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab

Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing Education, Gulab Devi Hospital

Jalandhar, Punjab (India)
 SYNOPSIS OF THE RESEARCH STUDY

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: A True Experimental Study to Evaluate

The Effectiveness of Video Assisted Pro-
Life education Program on attitude
Regarding abortion among college
Students at Selected Arts Colleges of
Jalandhar, Punjab, 2021.

SUPERVISOR: Mrs. Ramandeep Kaur

M.sc (N) Associate Professor
Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing
Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education, Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab.

CO – SUPERVISOR: Mrs. Dalbir Kaur

M.Sc. (N) Assistant Professor
Mental Health Nursing
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education, Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab

SUBMITTED BY Ms. Kavita

M.Sc. (N) 1st Year
Obstetris and Gynaecological Nursing
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education, Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab.

Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing Education, Gulab Devi Hospital

Jalandhar, Punjab (India)
 ABSTRACT OF PLAN OF THESIS

Title A True Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of

Video Assisted Pro - Life education Program on Attitude
regarding abortion among college Students at Selected Arts
Colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab, 2021.

For the degree of M.Sc. Nursing

(Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing)
Name Of Candidate Ms. Kavita
Supervisor Mrs. Ramandeep Kaur
M.sc (N) Associate Professor
(Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing)
Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education, Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab

Co –supervisor Mrs. Dalbir Kaur

M.Sc. (N) Assistant Professor
Mental Health Nursing
Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing
Education , Gulab Devi Hospital,
Jalandhar, Punjab
Institution Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Nursing Education, Gulab Devi
Hospital Jalandhar, Punjab
University Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab

Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon also known as gestation, is the time during which one or
more offspring develops inside a women. A pregnancy may end in alive birth, miscarriage, or
abortion.  Abortion is legal in certain circumstances. It can be performed on various grounds
until 20 weeks of pregnancy. In exceptional cases, a court may allow a termination after 24
weeks. The present study will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted pro
- life education Program on attitude regarding abortion among college Students at Selected
Arts Colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab. The sample size will be 100 under graduate students.
Probability simple random sampling technique will be used to select sample. Data will be
obtained by using structured tool consisting three sections. Section1: It consist of selected
socio demographic variables. Section 2: A video-assisted pro-life education programme.
Section 3: Abortion attitude scale. Analysis and interpretation of data will be based on the
objectives and will be done by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
INTRODUCTION

“Unique from Day one: pro-life is pro-choice.”

Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon also known as gestation, is the time during which one or
more offspring develops inside a women. A pregnancy may end in alive birth, miscarriage, or
abortion.

Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or foetus before

it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a
miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. When deliberate measures are taken to end a pregnancy,
it is called an induced abortion.

Prolife means opposed to the belief that a pregnant women should have the freedom to
choose an abortion (=the intentional ending of pregnancy) if she does not want to have a
baby.1

Pregnancy begins with the fertilization of an egg and continues through to the birth of the
individual. The length of time of gestation varies among animals, but is very similar among
the great apes: human gestation is 266 days.

Twenty-four hours before fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis and becomes a mature
oocyte. When fertilized (at conception) the egg becomes known as a zygote. The zygote
travels through the oviduct to the uterus. The developing embryo must implant into the wall
of the uterus within seven days, or it will deteriorate and die. The outer layers of the zygote
(blastocyst) grow into the endometrium by digesting the endometrial cells, and wound
healing of the endometrium closes up the blastocyst into the tissue. Another layer of the
blastocyst, the chorion, begins releasing a hormone called human beta chorionic
gonadotropin (β-HCG) which makes its way to the corpus luteum and keeps that structure
active. This ensures adequate levels of progesterone that will maintain the endometrium of
the uterus for the support of the developing embryo. Pregnancy tests determine the level of β-
HCG in urine or serum. If the hormone is present, the test is positive.2

The gestation period is divided into three equal periods or trimesters. During the first two to
four weeks of the first trimester, nutrition and waste are handled by the endometrial lining
through diffusion. As the trimester progresses, the outer layer of the embryo begins to merge
with the endometrium, and the placenta forms. This organ takes over the nutrient and waste
requirements of the embryo and foetus, with the mother’s blood passing nutrients to the
placenta and removing waste from it. Chemicals from the foetus, such as bilirubin, are
processed by the mother’s liver for elimination. Some of the mother’s immunoglobulins will
pass through the placenta, providing passive immunity against some potential infections.2

Internal organs and body structures begin to develop during the first trimester. By five weeks,
limb buds, eyes, the heart, and liver have been basically formed. By eight weeks, the term
foetus applies, and the body is essentially formed. The individual is about five centimetres
(two inches) in length and many of the organs, such as the lungs and liver, are not yet
functioning. Exposure to any toxins is especially dangerous during the first trimester, as all of
the body’s organs and structures are going through initial development. Anything that affects
that development can have a severe effect on the foetus’ survival.2

During the second trimester, the foetus grows to about 30 cm (12 inches). It becomes active
and the mother usually feels the first movements. All organs and structures continue to
develop. The placenta has taken over the functions of nutrition and waste and the production
of estrogenic and progesterone from the corpus luteum, which has degenerated. The placenta
will continue functioning up through the delivery of the baby.2

During the third trimester, the foetus grows to 3 to 4 kg (6 ½ -8 ½ lbs.) and about 50 cm (19-
20 inches) long. This is the period of the most rapid growth during the pregnancy. Organ
development continues to birth (and some systems, such as the nervous system and liver,
continue to develop after birth). The mother will be at her most uncomfortable during this
trimester. She may urinate frequently due to pressure on the bladder from the foetus. There
may also be intestinal blockage and circulatory problems, especially in her legs. Clots may
form in her legs due to pressure from the foetus on returning veins as they enter the
abdominal cavity.2

NEED OF THE STUDY

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 1 out of 5 pregnancies ends in induced
abortion, resulting in approximately 43.8 million induced abortions worldwide each year15.6
million abortions took place in India in 2015 and estimated abortion rate is 47 abortions per
1000 women aged 15-49 years.4
In India as of 2010–2014, an estimated 36 abortions occur each year per 1,000 women aged
15–44 in developing regions, compared with 27 in developed regions. The abortion rate
declined significantly in developed regions since 1990–1994; however, no significant change
occurred in developing regions. 4

We have a liberal abortion law which makes abortion available on request for social, ethical
or eugenic reasons. The most common reason why women resort to unsafe abortion is
unintended pregnancy. The common causes of unintended pregnancies are lack of access to,
or failure to use, a contraceptive method and sometimes failure of contraceptive method
itself. Other reasons may be a pregnancy occurring as a result of sexual coercion or rape and
a variety of socio economic reasons. Safe and legal abortion is considered a key intervention
for improving women’s health and quality of life.

Abortion has been made legal in India for decades now since the introduction of the Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) act 1971. Even then unsafe abortion is the cause of death of
about 3500 women each year while many more face morbidity. Various steps have been
taken by the government of with the goal of regulating and ensuring access to safe abortion in
India.
Several national and international organizations such as the Ministry of Health and
Population, World Health Organization, United Nations Development Program, United
Nations Population Fund and Family Health International have been exerting pressure on
many countries to legalize, facilitate and expand the abortion access worldwide (Smith,
2010). These organizations advocate for a mother’s right to choose induced abortion, but they
have not considered the right of the baby in the womb. Most research efforts in the area of
reproductive health have been conducted from a pro-choice worldview; for example -
reproductive health of the mother, use of contraceptive devices, the level of knowledge on
legal abortion, types of abortion, accessibility and acceptability of abortion, and a mother’s
right to reproductive health.5
Behavioural theory suggests that women's attitudes, perceived norms, and knowledge of
abortion may prevent them from considering it as an option. Pregnancy termination may be
against women's personal, moral, and religious beliefs. While understudied, it is possible that
abortion attitudes of women affect abortion-seeking decisions, behaviours, and experiences.
For instance, research has shown that a woman's abortion attitudes are even related to the
type of procedure that she elects. The pro-life (emphasizing the right of the embryo or foetus
to gestate and be born) or pro-choice. 

In view of this, the need for abortion will always remain irrespective of the reason. Abortion,
being a sensitive issue, is possibly the most neglected and underexplored women's health
issue leading to maternal morbidity and mortality. Nearly 97% of unsafe abortions take place
in developing countries. About 8% of maternal deaths in India are attributed to unsafe
abortions.3

The viewpoint of different persons has been different on the matter of abortion. Some argue
on its ethicality and others opine that it is a right of a woman to choose whether she wants to
give birth or not. Over the past 15 years, abortion has been increasingly viewed in
perspectives of human rights such as right to life, health, equality, non-discrimination, liberty,
and security of privacy.

In clinical settings I observed that there are many cases of unwanted pregnancies and induced
abortions as well as women with complications of unsafe abortions like anaemia and
secondary fertility issues following an unsafe induced abortion. There are also incidence of
post-traumatic stress disorder as well as postpartum depression following self-induced
abortions. Also in India many couples choose to use self-administered abortifacients instead
of contraceptive and family planning measures .By doing this study I want to educate the
people about that, a foetus developing inside the womb of mother is very much alive and
have signs of life so as to change the attitude of people regarding abortion. College going
students are of marriageable age therefore in this study I will evaluate the effectiveness of a
video assisted pro-life life education program on attitude regarding abortion among students
of selected arts colleges in Jalandhar, Punjab.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A True Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Pro - Life
education Program on attitude regarding abortion among college Students at Selected Arts
Colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab, 2021.
AIM OF THE STUDY

To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Pro - Life education Program on attitude
regarding abortion among college Students in order to reduce the induced abortion rate.

OBJECTIVES

1. To assess the pretest attitude regarding abortion Among College Students in Control
and Experimental group.
2. To Plan and Implement the Video-assisted Pro-Life Education Program among
College Students in Experimental Group.
3. To assess the posttest attitude regarding abortion Among College Students in Control
and Experimental group.
4. To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Pro - Life Education Program on
attitude regarding abortion Among College Students in control and experimental
group.
5. To find out association between posttest attitude regarding abortion among college
students and their selected socio-demographic variables among College Students in
control and Experimental group.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Evaluate: It refers to the measurement of attitude regarding abortion among college

students by using appropriate tools, developed by the investigator.

2. Effectiveness: It refers to extent to which video assisted Pro-life education programme has
Produced desired effect on attitude regarding abortion among college students.

3. Video assisted Pro-life Education program: It refers to systematic and organized content
matter through video about embryonic and foetal development in the uterus implemented
among college students .which will be measured by using structured Pro-life attitude scale.

4. Attitude: It refers to the perceptions about abortion regarding abortion among college
students which will be measured by using structured attitude scale

5. College students: It refers to students who are undergoing the Bachelor degree courses in
selected arts colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab.

HYPOTHESIS

H0: There will be no significant difference between pre-test and post-test attitude score
regarding abortion among college students in control group and experimental group.
H1: There will be significant difference between pretest and posttest attitude score regarding
abortion among college students in control group and experimental group.

DELIMITATIONS
The study will be limited to 100 college students who are undergoing the Bachelor degree
courses in selected arts colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The literature reviewed has been presented as following:

Dasgupta P, Biswas R, Das DK, Roy JK, (2019) did a Cross-sectional study to assess
Women’s attitude towards abortion among 420 women in Darjeeling, India:. The study
concluded that more (53.5%) of the women had pro-life attitude and 46.5% women had pro-
abortion attitude... Majority women viewed abortion as a sin (81.4%); 62.1% of women
disagreed with abortion as a method of family planning; 87.4% disagreed with sex selection
before abortion; and 57.4% women agreed on women's right to decide for abortion.6

Choudhary VS, Chaudhary G (2018) conducted a Descriptive cross-sectional Study to

explore the, attitude and perception of nursing interns, who are in the verge of being,
registered Nurse and assist in abortion care services in country among 96 inters at Dashmesh
College of nursing Faridkot ,Punjab: using semi structured questionnaire. A total of 65
(67.7%) responded that the topic of reproductive health was adequately somewhat covered.
Only two of the respondents self-assessed that their theoretical knowledge of sexual and
reproductive health was very good while 68 (70.8%) told that it was good and 26 (27.1%)
graded themselves as having just fair knowledge in the field. Twenty four (25.0%) responded
that they had clinical Exposure in abortion care services during their course of study, The
nursing intern had been adequately exposed to the reproductive health though they had less
clinical practice exposure on abortion care services.7

Alipanahpour S, Zarshenas M, Ghodrati F, Akbarzadeh M.(2018) carried out a cross-

sectional study to assess the Severity of Post-abortion Stress in Spontaneous, Induced and
Forensic Medical Centre Permitted Abortion among conveniently selected 104in Shiraz,
Iran:. The findings reveals that the mean (SD) of post-traumatic stress scores was 83.87
(18.35) and 77.40 (9.88) in spontaneous abortion, 82.28 (13.27) and 75.71 (14.73) in FMC
permitted abortions, and 86.66 (10.10) and 74.98 (12.99) in induced abortions immediately
and 1 month after abortion. The score for frequency of stress was 3.10% in Forensic Medical
Centre -permitted abortions, 5.10% in induced abortions and no stress was observed in the
spontaneous abortion cases.8

Kpolovie, Peter, Oguwike, Amarachi. (2017) adopted a cross-sectional survey to ascertain

the attitude towards Abortion among randomly selected 1300 female undergraduates and
secondary school students using a table of random numbers in Nigeria .Findings revealed that
female students’ education level, age, religious believe, marital status, and location
significantly influenced their attitude towards abortion. Virtually all the respondents, 1186
(91.2%), very strongly asserted that abortion should be legalized. Legalization of abortion in
line with pro-abortion theories was recommended.9
Abiola AHO, Oke OA, Balogan MR, et.al. (2016) conducted a cross-sectional descriptive
study to assess the Knowledge, attitude, and practice of abortion among 210 female students
of two public senior secondary schools in Lagos Mainland Local Government Area, Lagos
State. The findings revealed that (83.3%) of the respondents had good knowledge of abortion,
(99.2%) demonstrated poor attitude toward abortion, (2%) had ever had an abortion. There
was a statistically significant association between the ages of the respondents and their
knowledge of abortion (P = 0.004) as well as their attitude toward abortion (P = 0.03). 10

Shrestha M. (2013) conducted a study to assess the Impact of Pro-life Education on

Abortion Attitude among 145 College Students in Nepal. The findings revealed that there was
a significant (t= -14.63, df= 144, p=0.000, α=0.05) shift toward a pro-life attitude from the
pre-test score (x=2.91, SD ±.27) to the post-test score (x= 3.22, SD± .24) Furthermore, the
itemized pair t test analysis demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference
in 18 out of 22 items: 1- 9, 11-17 and 20-21 (p=0.000, α = 0.05). These survey items
demonstrated attitude change from disagree to agree or agree to strongly agree towards pro-
life beliefs.11
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research approach
Quantitative Research Approach

Research Design
True experimental Research design (Pre-test-Post-test control group Design)

Experimental group O1 X O2

Control group O1 O2
R = Randomization

O1= Pre-test Attitude regarding abortion

X = Video Assisted Pro-life Education Programme

O2= Post-test Attitude regarding abortion

Research setting
The Study will be conducted in the selected arts colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab.

Population
Population will be all undergraduate students in arts colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab.

Target Population
Target Population will be under graduate students in selected arts colleges, Jalandhar, Punjab.

Sample Size

Sample size will be 100 under graduate students i.e. 50 in Experimental group and 50 in
control group

Sampling Technique
Probability sampling technique (simple random sampling technique) will be used to select the
sample.

Sampling Criteria

Inclusion Criteria
1. Under graduate students who will be present at the time of data collection.
2. Students who can understand, write and speak English.
3. Both male and female students.

Exclusion Criteria
1. Under graduate students who will be less than 17 years of age.
Selection and Development of Tool
The tool will be divided into three sections:

Section A: Performa for selected Socio demographic variables.

Section B: Video assisted Pro-life Education Programme regarding abortion.

Section C: Structured Attitude Scale

Validity of Tool

The tool will be validated by obtaining valuable opinions and suggestions from experts.

Pilot Study

Pilot study will be conducted on minimum 10% of target population to find reliability of tool
and feasibility of the study.

Reliability of tool

Reliability of the tool will be checked by test-retest method by using Karl Pearson’s
coefficient of correlation formula.

Plan of Data collection

The data will be collected from college students of selected arts colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab
by using an appropriate tool prepared by investigator. Written permission will be taken from
concerned authorities of selected colleges of Jalandhar, Punjab. Firstly, pretest attitude
regarding abortion will be assessed among college students in control and experimental
group. A video assisted pro-life education program regarding abortion will be implemented to
the college students in experimental group. After one week, post-test attitude regarding
abortion will be assessed among college students in control and experimental group.
Ethical Clearance

1. Written permission will be obtained from Principal, Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of nursing
education, Gulab Devi Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab.

2. Ethical clearance will be taken from Ethical clearance Committee of Lala Lajpat Rai
Institute of nursing education Gulab Devi Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab.

3. Written permission will be taken from concerned authorities of selected arts colleges of
Jalandhar, Punjab.

4. Written Informed Consent will be taken from each study sample and confidentiality and
anonymity of each sample will be assured and maintained throughout the study.

Plan of Data Analysis

Analysis and Interpretation of Data will be based on the objectives and will be done by using
descriptive and inferential Statistics.
 REFERENCES

1. World Health Organization, “Abortion”

https://www.who.int/Health Topics/abortion.
2. 5. Molnar C, Gair J. Concepts of Biology. 1 Canadian edition. Canada: BC
campus.2019.
Available from https://www.opentextbccampus.ca/biology
3. Singh S et al.The incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in India.
2015. The Lancet Global Health. 6(1) pp. 111-120.
Available from (2018). https://www.thelancet.com
https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nihgov/the-incidence-of-unintended-
pregnancy-in-India-2015.
4. Available from https://www.guttmacher.org/incidence-of-abortion.
5. Sedgh G et al. Insights from an expert group meeting on the definition and
measurement of unsafe abortion. International journal of Gynaecology and
Obstetrics .2016.136(1) pp.104-106.
6.. Dasgupta P, Biswas R, Das DK, Roy JK. Pro-life or pro-choice –Women’s
attitude toward abortion in Darjeeling, India.AM&HS The official journal of
Yenepoya university.2018. 7 (1) pp. 42-47.
Available from https://www.amhsjournal.org
7. Chaudhary V.S. Chaudhary Assessment of Attitude And Perception
Regarding Abortion Among The B.Sc. Nursing Interns of Selected Nursing
Colleges of Punjab, India. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-
JNHS).2018, 7(2) pp. 36-39.

8. Alipanahpour S, Zarshenas M, Ghodrati F, Akbarzadeh M. The Severity of

Post-abortion Stress in Spontaneous, Induced and Forensic Medical Centre
Permitted Abortion in Shiraz, Iran, in 2018. Iran J Nurs Midwifery (IJNMR)
2019.36 (19).2019.
9. Kpolovie, P. J. & Oguwike. A. Female Students' Attitude towards Abortion.
International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education
(IJHSSE).2017. 4(11). pp. 98-120.

10. Abiola AHO, Oke OA, Balogan MR, et.al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice
of abortion among female students of two public senior secondary schools in
Lagos Mainland Local Government Area, Lagos State.(JCS) journal of clinical
science. 2016.13, (2).

11. Shrestha M. The Impact of Pro-life Education on Abortion Attitude among

College Students in Nepal.2013.Master of Science in Nursing Thesis.3.

Available from http//digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/nursing _thesis/3