Measurement Errors:

Error – Deviation between actual value and indicated by sensor or instrument used to measure the
value.

- It is Inherent
- It is not Mistake
- Absolute error : X ± x cm or other unit.
- Relative Error: X cm ± 1%

Categories of Error:

- Theoretical
- Static
- Dynamic
- Instrument insertion

Theoretical:

- Theoretically Quadratic, Cubic or Exponential phenomena taken as straight line for a small
range
- First Order Approximation
- Mean Arterial Pressure: P=Diastolic + (systolic-Diastolic)/3
- Equation holds true for well people
- But False for Sick People
- Actual Equation is

Static Error:

- Reading: Parallax(Pointer) , Interpolation ( Judging value between calibrated marks over

scale)
- Digit bobble error
- Environmental Static error : Radiation, electromagnetic field, pressure change
- Characteristic Static Error: Zero Offset Error, Gain Error, Hysteresis Error, Linearity Error,
Repeatability and Resolution, design and manufacturing deficiencies, quantization error( 8
Bit – 0-10 V – Resolution ( 39.06 mV) For 8.540 V value.
- 8.540/39.06 mv=218.638(218(8.502),219(8.541),220(8.580))

Dynamic Error:

It arises when parameter changes during measurement.

Instrument Insertion Error:

- Voltmeter with low impedance

- Flow Meter with its own volume
- Pressure Meter with its own volume
Error Contribution Analysis:

Performed to identify and quantify all contributing sources of error in the system.

Worst Case analysis: All sources of errors contributing in single direction (both positive and negative)
and maximized.

Error Budget: Each Error source allocated with allowable value that is not too high for the intended
use of the system.

If errors are independent and not biased in single direction then Root Sum Square is taken as
combined approximation of all contributing errors.