Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Device to

Device Communication Underlying Cellular

Network

By

Muhammad Afaq Ahmad

CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB

MS Thesis
In

Electrical Engineering

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Islamabad – Pakistan

Fall, 2017
Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Device to Device
Communication Underlying Cellular Network
A Thesis presented to

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

In partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of

MS (Electrical Engineering)
By

Muhammad Afaq Ahmad

CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB

Fall, 2017

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Device to Device

Communication Underlying Cellular Network

ii
A Graduate Thesis submitted to Department of Electrical Engineering as partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of M. S. Electrical
Engineering.

Name Registration Number

Muhammad Afaq Ahmad CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB

Supervisor:

Dr. Guftaar Ahmad

Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT),
Islamabad.
December 2017

iii
 Final Approval
This thesis titled

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Device to Device

Communication Underlying Cellular Network
By

Muhammad Afaq Ahmad

CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB

has been approved

for the COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

External Examiner: ___________________________________________

Name
Designation, Department, University, City

Supervisor: _________________________________________________
Dr. Guftaar Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamabad

HoD: _____________________________________________________
Dr. M. Junaid Mughal

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamabad

iv
 Declaration

I Muhammad Afaq Ahmad, CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB hereby declare that I

have produced the work presented in this thesis, during the scheduled period
of study. I also declare that I have not taken any material from any source
except referred to wherever due that amount of plagiarism within acceptable
range. If a violation of HEC rules on research has occurred in this thesis, I
shall be liable to punishable action under the plagiarism rules of the HEC.

Date: 26/12/2017

Signature of the Student

__________________
Muhammad Afaq Ahmad
CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB

v
 Certificate

It is certified that Muhammad Afaq Ahmad, CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB has

carried out all the work related to this thesis under my supervision at the
Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology, Islamabad and the work fulfills the requirements for the award of
MS degree.

Date: 26/12/2017

Supervisor:

________________________
Dr. Guftaar Ahmad
Assistant Professor

Head of Department:

________________________
Prof. Dr. M. Junaid Mughal
Department of Electrical Engineering

vi
 DEDICATION

To

My Dearest Parents, Siblings, Other Family Members and

Supervisor.

Their prayers and support have helped me to

achieve this milestone.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am forever grateful to Almighty Allah, the Creator and the Guardian of the universe,
and to whom I owe my very existence. I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor
Dr. Guftaar Ahmad for mentoring me and supporting me throughout my thesis. This
thesis would not have been possible unless it was for patience, motivation, enthusiasm
and immense knowledge of the subject matter.
Last but not the least; I am grateful to my parents for encouraging me throughout my
life.

Muhammad Afaq Ahmad

CIIT/FA15-REE-034/ISB

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 ABSTRACT

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Device to Device

Communication Underlying Cellular Network
D2D communication is a type of communication that allows devices to communicate
directly without involving BS within a cellular network. The significant gains
attainable in spectral and energy efficiency in such network have made D2D
communication a likely candidate technology for the next generation of wireless
systems. In this thesis, we consider an OFDM based energy efficient D2D
communication system underlying a cellular network (CN). A joint optimization
problem over subcarrier assignment and power allocation on different carriers is
formulated to enhance the energy efficiency of the D2D system. The non-linear
binary integer optimization problem subject to constraints at each node is solved by
exploiting the duality theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. Simulation
results are provided to validate the analytical results.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to Wireless Communication............................................ 2
1.1.1 History of Communication...................................................... 3
1.1.2 Requirements in Wirelss Communication............................... 5
1.1.3 Challenges in Wirelss Communication.................................... 6
1.1.3.1 Inter Symbol Interference and OFDM……………. 7

1.2 Device to Device Communication....................................................... 8

1.2.1 Benefits of D2D Communication............................................ 9
1.2.2 Types of D2D Communication.............................................. 11
1.2.3 Advantages and Challenges of D2D Communication…....... 13
3.1.3.1 Advantages of D2D Communication..….……… 14
.3.1.3.2 Challenges of D2D Communication...….……… 15
1.3 Introduction to Optimization............................................................. 17
1.3.1 Linear and Non-Linear Programming.................................... 17
1.3.2 Convex Optimization Problem.............................................. 18
2.1.2.1 Convex Function…………………….….……… 18
.2.1.2.2 Lagrange Duality…………………………………… 20
2.1.2.3 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) Conditions.……… 21
1.4 Energy Harvesting in Wireless Communication................................. 9
1.5 Problem Statement.............................................................................22
1.6 Contribution and Organization of the Thesis......................................23
2 Energy Harvesting in Wireless Communication: Literature Review 25
2.1 Energy Harvesting in Wireless Communication................................ 26
2.1.1 Energy Limitation in Wireless Communication.................... 28
2.2 Motivation for Energy Harvesting..................................................... 29
2.3 Energy Harvesting in D2D Communication...................................... 29
3 Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Device to Device communication
underlying Cellular Network 32
3.1 System Model and Problem Formulation.......................................... 33
3.1.1 System Model........................................................................ 33
3.1.2 Problem Formulation............................................................. 36

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3.2 Proposed Optimization Scheme........................................................ 38
3.2.1 Dual Problem and Dual Decomposition……………............ 38
3.2.2 Lagrange Dual Decomposition: Solving the Dual Function...39
3.2.3 Dual Problem and Sub-Gradient Method…………………... 42
3.3 Performance Evaluation.................................................................... 43
3.3.1 Simulation Results……………............................................. 44
4 Conclusion and Future Work 46
5 References 49

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1 OFDM Transmitter with IFFT Implementation………………………………8

Fig. 1.2 OFDM Receiver with IFFT Implementation.………………………………...8

Fig 1.3 Cellular communication and D2D communication....................................…...9

Fig 1.4 Outband Inband D2D communication representation………………...……..12

Fig. 1.5 D2D Communication Classification…………….…………….…………….13

Fig. 1.6 A non-convex and convex function over X = R…………….……………….18

Fig 2.1 Sources of Energy…………….……………………………………………...27

Fig 3.1 System Model…………….…………….…………….……...……………....34

Fig 3.2 Convergence of dual variables ¸ l………………………………………...…44

Fig 3.3 Convergence of dual variables ¸ k …………..…………………...…………..45

Fig 3.4 Convergence of dual variables ¸ l;m …………………………………………45

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LIST OF Tables

Table 3.1 Definition of Notations …………………….………………………….…36

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LIST OF Abbreviations

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
QoS Quality of Service
PSTN Public Switching Telephone Network
FCC Federal Communication Commission
ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical
NTT Nipon Telephone and Telegraph
AMPS Advance Mobile Phone Service
GSM Global System for Mobile
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
ICI Inter Carrier Interference
CP Cyclic Prefix
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
D2D Device to Device Communication
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
P2P Point to Point
BS Base Station
M2M Machine to Machine
IOT Internet of Things
EH Energy Harvesting
EE Energy Efficiency
KKT Karush-Kuhn-Tucker
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

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