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Laser fundamentals レーザーの基礎: Advanced Plasma and Laser Science レーザー・光量子科学特論E
Laser fundamentals レーザーの基礎: Advanced Plasma and Laser Science レーザー・光量子科学特論E
of Tokyo)
Laser fundamentals
レーザーの基礎
Kenichi Ishikawa (石川顕一)
http://ishiken.free.fr/english/lecture.html
ishiken@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
4/5 No. 1
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
4/5 No. 2
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
• Directionality 指向性
• Monochromaticity 単色性
4/5 No. 4
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Directionality 指向性
• Laser light propagates straight with very little
divergence.
• The laser energy is not lost during propagation.
• Easy to focus onto a small area with a simple
lens.
• レーザー光は、細いビームになっていて、反射や屈
折をさせない限り、ほとんど一直線に特定の方向の
みへ進む。(平行光線)
4/5 No. 5
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Monochromaticity 単色性
• Laser light has a single frequency or
wavelength (pure color).
• 各種のレーザー光は、それぞれある特定の波長のみ
を含み、その波長は時間的に一定である。
4/5 No. 6
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
How come?
4/5 No. 7
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
4/5 No. 8
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Before After
photon
spontaneous
emission
2 photons
photon
stimulated
emission
photon
(stimulated)
absorption
4/5 No. 9
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
4/5 No. 10
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
コヒーレンス Coherence
€ 4/5 No. 11
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Wavelength 波長 (nm)
Hard X-ray 硬エックス線 <1
Soft X-ray 軟エックス線 1∼30
Extreme ultraviolet 極端紫外(XUV) 10∼100 Laser wavelength
Vacuum ultraviolet 真空紫外(VUV) 100∼200 region
Violet 紫外 (UV) 200∼400
代表的なレーザー
Visible 可視光 400∼780 の波長領域
Near infrared 近赤外 780∼1000
Middle infrared中赤外 1000∼10000
Far infrared 遠赤外 10000∼1000000
4/5 No. 12
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
表 1.2: 代表的なレーザーシステム
Typical laser systems 代表的なレーザーシステム
レーザーのタイプ 波長 パルス幅
Argon ion/アルゴンイオン 488/514 nm CW/連続
Krypton ion/クリプトンイオン 531/568/647 nm CW/連続 Continuous wave laser
He-Ne/ヘリウムネオン 633 nm CW/連続
連続波(CW)レーザー
CO2 10.6 µm CW or pulse/連続またはパルス
Dye/色素 450 nm − 900 nm CW or pulse/連続またはパルス
Diode/半導体(ダイオード) 650 nm − 900 nm CW or pulse/連続またはパルス
Ruby/ルビー 694 nm 1 − 250 µs
Nd:YLF 1053 nm 100 ns − 250 µs
Nd:YAG 1064 nm 100 ns − 250 µs
Ho:YAG 2120 nm 100 ns − 250 µs
Ho:YSGG 2780 nm 100 ns − 250 µs
Pulse laser
Er:YAG 2940 nm 100 ns − 250 µs
Alexandrite/アレキサンドライト 720 nm 50 − 100 µs パルスレーザー
XeCl 308 nm 20 − 300 ns
XeF Excimer 351 nm 10 − 20 ns
KrF lasers 248 nm 10 − 20 ns
ArF 193 nm 10 − 20 ns
Nd:YLF 1053 nm 30 − 100 ps
Nd:YAG 1064 nm 30 − 100 ps
Ti:Sapphire/チタンサファイア 700 nm − 1000 nm 5 fs − 100 ps Short pulse laser
短パルスレーザー
超短パルスレーザー Ultrashort pulse laser
4/5 No. 13
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Principles of a laser
レーザーの動作原理
4/5 No. 14
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Einstein A and B coefficients (1916)
アインシュタインのA, B係数の理論(1916年)
Temporal evolution of population density N1 and N2 占位数密度N1, N2の時間変化
spontaneous stimulated
emission absorption emission
Thermal equilibrium (T)
熱平衡状態(温度 T )
E2 ,N2
incident light
入射光
ω A BW
12
BW W
21
€
E1 ,N1
自然放出 吸収 誘導放出
Boltzmann distribution ボルツマン分布
€ € €
€
Planck’s€law for cavity radiation
プランクの黒体放射の法則
€
4/5 No. 15
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
4/5 No. 16
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
4/5 No. 17
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Gain ゲイン(利得)
dz
dI B(N2 N1 )
= I
dz c
I(z) I(z+dz)
Gain coefficient
B(N2 N1 ) B
g= =
c c
4/5 No. 18
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
4/5 No. 19
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Energy Energy
At thermal equilibrium
一方、熱平衡では thermal population
N2 = N1 exp[−ω / kB T ] << N1 equilibrium inversion
E2 N2 E2 N2
E E
E1 N1 e kT
E1 e kT
N1
€
4/5 No. 20
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Laser light
€ €
Gain medium
Pumping energy source is necessary.
励起エネルギー源が必要 Oscillator
(resonator)
• Flash lump フラッシュランプ Pump
• LED 発光ダイオード
• Gas discharge ガス放電
• Electric current 電流
• Chemical reaction 化学反応
• Another laser, レーザー
4/5 No. 21
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
steady state
dN2 1 BI
= N2 + =0 N2 =
dt c 1
+ BI
c
4/5 No. 22
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
c B
Isat = = =
c
B
sufficient condition
saturation length
e gLsat
10 5
4/5 No. 23
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
g = 0.15 m 1
Lsat 80 m !
one path
L = 0.2 m e gL
= 1.03
amplification by one path is small in general
Lsat
400 paths is necessary
L
4/5 No. 24
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
Laser light
(resonator) with two flat mirrors for
€ €
lasing. レーザー光を発生するた Gain medium
めに、一般に活性媒質は一組の
向かい合ったミラーからなる共 Oscillator
振器の中に置かれる。 (resonator)
Pumping
Laser light
€
exp[2(g a)L]R1 R2 = 1
€ Gain medium
A β
4/5 No. 27
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo)
R1 R2
Laser light
€ €
Gain medium
Oscillator (resonator)
4/5 No. 28