CHIMNEY

By. ENGR. YURI G. MELLIZA

FUNCTIONS OF CHIMNEY
1) To dispose the exhaust gases at suitable height so that no pollution will occur in the vicinity.
2) To produce the necessary draft required for the flow of gases.
DRAFT - is the difference between the absolute gas pressure at any point in a gas flow passage,(furnace,
chimney, air heater and etc.) and the ambient atmospheric pressure. Draft is positive if Pa  Pgas and is
negative if Pa  Pgas.
D

D - diameter of chimney, m
H - height of chimney, m

Flue Gas

THEORETICAL DRAFT(Dt):

1000H( air   gas )

Dt 
 w ater

where:
Dt - theoretical draft in mm of water
H - height of chimney or smokestack in meters
a - density of air in kg/m3
g - density of flue gas in kg/m3
w - density of gage fluid (water) in kg/m3

ACTUAL DRAFT(Da):

Da = Dt - DL mm of H2O

where: DL - draft losses, and usually expressible in percentage of the theoretical draft.

THEORETICAL VELOCITY(v):

v  2ghgas

where:
v - theoretical velocity of the flue gas in the chimney, m/sec
 hg - draft in meters of flue gas

D t ( w ater )
h gas  m of Gas
1000( gas )

ACTUAL VELOCITY OF FLUE GAS(v'):

v'  kv

where: K - velocity coefficient, whose value ranges from 0.30 to 0.50

DIAMETER OF CHIMNEY(D):
4Q gas
D
v'

where:
Qg - volume flow rate of flue gas, m3/sec

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF FLUE GAS

mgas m3
Q gas 
 gas sec

mg = mass flow rate of flue gas, kg/sec

MASS FLOW RATE OF FLUE GAS:

a) Without considering Ash loss:

A 
m gas  mFuel   1
F 
b) Considering Ash loss

A 
mgas  mFuel   1  Ash Loss
F 

Where:
Ash loss in decimal
VOLUME FLOW RATE OF PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION (Obtained from the balanced combustion equation)

PV  nRT
n CO2  nH2O  n SO 2  n O 2  nN2  n CO  n CH  nNO  nNO2  nNO3
n
kg Fuel
nRT  kg  m 3
V  Fuel
m 
P  sec  sec
Q gas  V in m 3/ sec

Example 1
A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 KPa and 24C. Flue gases at the
rate of 5 kg/sec enter the stack at 200C and leaves at 160C. The flue gases gravimetric analysis are
18% CO2, 7% O2, and 75% N2. Calculate the height of stack necessary for a theoretical draft of 200
Pascal, and the diameter of stack in meters. Assume water = 998 kg/m3. (H = 56.95 m; D = 0.95 m) .

0.200 KPa
Dt   0.0204 m of water  20.4 mm of H2 O
KN
9.81 3
m
96.53 kg
 air   1.13 3
0.287(24  273) m
 0.18 0.07 0.75 
R gas  xiRi  8.3143   
 44 32 28 
KJ
R gas  0.275
kg - K
200  160
t g average   180C
2
96.53 kg
 gas   0.775 3
0.275(180  273) m
1000H( air   gas )
Dt  mm of H2 O
 w ater
20.4(998)
H  59 meters
1000(1.13  0.775)
 5 m3
Q gas   6.452
.775 sec

Q gas  D 2 v'
4
D t ( w ) 20.4(998)
hg    26.27 m of gas  theoretical draft in m of gas
1000( gas ) 1000(0.775)
m
v  2ghg  2(9.81)(26.27)  22.7  theoretical velocity
sec
m
v'  kv  0.40(22.7)  9.081  actual velocity
sec
4(6.452)
D  0.95 meters  95 cm  required diameter of stack
(9.081)

Example 2
A medium size internal combustion engine power plant is situated at an altitude of 800 m above sea
level. The engine is 2 – stroke gasoline engine using C8H18 with 30% excess air required for
combustion. The plant produces 1.5 MW of electrical energy with a specific fuel consumption of 0.30
kg/KW – hr. Sea level condition is P = 760 mm Hg and T = 293 K. Design the required Height and
diameter of the smoke stack in the plant with an actual draft of 25 mm of H2O and assume 10% losses
and flue gas temperature of 260C .

Diameter

Fuel and air

Height

Generator Output = 1,500 KW

Diesel Engine

Standard Lapse Rate

 83.312(h)
Ph  Ps - mm Hg
 1000 
 0.0065(h)
Th  Ts - K
 1000 
 83.312(800)  101.325
Ph  760 -  mm Hg x
 1000  760
Ph  92.44 KPa
 0.0065(800) 
Th  293 -   292.9948K
 1000
Density of air
92.44 kg
 air   1.099 3
0.287(292.9948) m

Combustion Equation
C 8 H18  (1.30)aO2  (1.30)a(3.76)N2  bCO2  cH2 O  dO 2  (1.30)a(3.76)N2
a  (n  0.25m)  12.5
bn8
c  0.5m  9
d  e(n  0.25m)  3.75
C 8 H18  16.25O 2  61.1N2  8CO2  9H2 O  3.75O 2  61.1N2
A 137.28(1  e)(n  0.25m) kg of air
    19.57
 F  Actual 12n  m kg of C 8 H18
kg
mFuel  0.30(1500)  450
hr
kg
m air  19.57(450)  8,806.5
hr
kg
m gas  m air  mFuel  9,256.5
hr
kg
m gas  2.57
sec

nPr oducts  8  9  3.75  61.1

nPr oducts  81.85 moles
8(44)  9(18)  3.75(32)  61.1(28)
MProducts 
81.85
kg
MProducts  28.65  Molecular weight of products
kgm ol
8.3143 KJ
R Products   0.29  Gas constant of products
28.65 kg - K

92.44 kg
 gas   0.60 3
0.29(260  273) m
D a  D t  D Losses
25  D t (1  0.10)
D t  27.77 mm of water
1000H( air   gas )
Dt 
w
1000(27.77)
H  55.7 meters  Height of Chimney
1000(1.099  0.60)

m gas 2.57 m3
Q gas    4.2833
 gas 0.60 sec
27.77(1000)
h gas   46.2833 m of gas  theoretical draft in m of gas
1000(0.60)
m
v  2(9.81)(46.2833)  30.13  Theoretical Velocity
sec
v'  kv
Using k  0.40
m
v'  12.05
sec
 2
Q gas  D v'
4
4(4.2833)
D  0.67 meters  67 cm  Diameter of chimney
(12.05)