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Enthalpy of Formation and Heating Value
Enthalpy of Formation and Heating Value
Enthalpy of Formation and Heating Value
1 mole C
25°C, 1 atm
Combustion 1 mole CO2
Chamber
25°C, 1 atm
1 mole O2
25°C, 1 atm
Let;
HR – total enthalpy of Reactants
HP – total enthalpy of products
but the enthalpy of all the reactantsis Zero (for they are all elements)
Q HP -393,757 KJ
therefore
KJ
(h° f )CO2 393,757 Enthalpy of formation of CO2
kgm
Note : Negative sign is due to the reaction's being " Exothermic"
1 mole C
25°C, 1 atm
Combustion 1 mole CO2
Chamber
25°C, 1 atm
1 mole O2
25°C, 1 atm
By energy balance
Q ni hi W ni hi
R P
In most cases, neither the reactants nor the products are at the reference
state (t = 25°C and P = 1 Atm). In these case we must account for the property
change between the reference state and the actual state. The change in
enthalpy between the reference state and the actual state is
(h° h° 298 )
where
° denotes that the pressureis 1 Atmosphere
Q ni h° f (h° h°298 ) i W nj h° f (h° h°298 )
R P
j
1 mole C
25°C, 1 atm
Combustion 1 mole CO2
Chamber
25°C, 1 atm
1 mole O2
25°C, 1 atm
If Q = 0 ; W = 0 ; KE = 0 and PE = 0, all the thermal energy would go into raising the
temperature of the products of combustion. When the combustion is complete, the
maximum amount of chemical energy has been converted into thermal energy and the
temperature of the product is at its maximum. This maximum temperature is called the
“ Adiabatic Flame Temperature” (AFT)
HR H P
ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION OR HEATING VALUE
It is the difference between the enthalpies of the products and the reactants at the
same temperature T and Pressure P.
KJ
hRP HP HR
kgm ol
hRP n j h ° f (h° h° 298 ) ni h ° f (h° h° 298 )
R P
i
KJ
kgm ol
(HP HR ) KJ
hRP
M kg
where
M - molecular weight
HEATING VALUE
where: C, H2, O2, and S are in decimals from the ultimate analysis
A HHV
kg of air/kg of fuel
F t 3,041
For Gasoline
For Kerosene
S @ t = S - 0.0007(t-15.56)
S - specific gravity of fuel oil at 15.56 °C
H2 - hydrogen content of fuel oil, Kg H/Kg fuel
QL - heat required to evaporate and superheat the water vapor formed by the combustion
of hydrogen in the fuel,KJ/kg
S @ t - specific gravity of fuel oil at any temperature t
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter - instrument used in measuring heating value of solid and
liquid fuels.
Gas Calorimeter - instrument used for measuring heating value of gaseous fuels.
1000 kg KJ
W 114 456,000
0.25 kgm kgm
Q HR 456,000 HP
KJ
Q 52,776
kg mFuel
Engine W
Q = -232,000 KJ/kgmol
Combustion with 100% theoretical air
Q ni h° f (h° h°298 ) i W nj h° f (h° h°298 )
R P
j
Q HR W HP
W Q (HP HR )
W 232,000 ( 5,365,265.1)
KJ
W 5,133,265
kg mol Fuel
1
W 5,133,265 1426 KW
3600
KJ
HR 459,896.0
kgm fuel
n j h° f (h° h° 298 ) j 8(-393,757 17,761) 9(-241,971 14,184)
P
37.5(12,502) 188(11,937)
KJ
HP -2,345,070.0
kgm fuel
By EnergyBalance
Q n f (HR ) 600 n f (HP )
- 146.5 n f (459,896) 600 n f (-2,345,070)
600 146.5 kg
nf 0.00027 m fuel
(459,896 2,345,070) sec
5,989,412.4 KJ
HHV 42,179
114 kg Fuel