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AFL1502 - Study Unit 3 and 4 - 2012-TRANSLATED Setswana QA Matjila PDF
AFL1502 - Study Unit 3 and 4 - 2012-TRANSLATED Setswana QA Matjila PDF
AFL1502 - Study Unit 3 and 4 - 2012-TRANSLATED Setswana QA Matjila PDF
MATSENO GO DIKINANE/MAINANE
Dr N Masuku
3.1 MATSENO
Ke ka ntlha ya kamano le ditiragalo tse gore yuniti e e tlhalose mosola wa setso sa dikinane mo go
bopeng le go tlhotlheletseng semelo sa ngwana kgotsa mongwe mo morafeng o o rileng. Pele re
tlhalosa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dikinane, a re tlhaloseng pele gore dikwalo tsa bogologolo ke
eng.
3.2 Ke eng dikwalo tse di buiwang ka molomo?
Feela jaaka babogedi le bareetsi, tirelo ke ntlha ya botlhokwa ya tiragatso. Ka ntle go tirelo,
tiragatso ga e tlhokagale ka lebaka la gore leinane ga le a tlhamelwa tiragatso, mme le tlhangwa
mo tiragatsong. Se, se raya gore go tlhangwa ga leinane go diragala mo tiragatsong ya lone
kgotsa ke karolo ya tiragatso ya lone. Ditirelo kgotsa ditiragalo tseo mainane a tlhangwang mo go
tsone ke manyalo, dintsho/diphitlho, mekete ya phenyo le go didimatsa lesea kgotsa go robatsa
lesea. Mmoki a ka tlhama leboko la go boka kgotsa go rorisa kgosi mo tirelong ya fa kgosi e
tlhongwa mo setulong, kgotsa motlhokomedi wa ngwana a ka tlhama pina ya go didimatsa ngwana
fa a lela.
Naane ya ditumelo ke naane ka ga medimo, medingwana kgotsa bagale ba ditso tse di rileng.
Naane ya ditumelo e ka ga tlholego ya lefatshe, tlholego ya molao, tlhago ya batho, morafe kgotsa
setso. Canonici (1996:78) o bua jaana ka ga dinaane tsa ditumelo:
Dinaane tsa ditumelo ke dinaane tse di boitshepo, tse di anegelwang jaaka boammaaruri ebile di
dumelwa gore di nepagetse; di na le ditlhaloso tsa ditiragalo tsa botshelo. Nako yone, ditiragalo tse
di mo dikakanyong di tshwanetse tsa bo di diragetse bogologolo tala. Lefelo lone, ditiragalo tseo di
tshwanetse tsa bo di diragetse kwa lefatsheng lengwe leo le farologaneng le la rona. Baanegwa
bone: baanegwa-bagolo gantsi ga se batho, e ka tswa e le medimo, badimo, medingwana; dilo tse
di buisana le batho, diphologolo le maatla a mangwe a tlhago.
3.3.3 Leinane
Diphologolo tse dikgolo di a gatelela. Di maatla mme di bosilo. Tau, tlou le gantsintsi, phiri di a
ganetsana ebile di a tsietsa ke maferefere, ao maatla le bogale jwa one a sa tsamaelaneng le
kgotsa a sa tseneng ka sepe mo bofefong jwa matlhale a mmutlana le botlhale jo bo iketlileng, jo
bo pelotelele jwa khudu.
(a) O tlhaloganya eng ka lereo dikinane, puo/motlotlo, dikwalo tsa setso kgotsa dikwalo tsa
bogologolo?
(b) Naya sekai sa tse di latelang go tswa mo lolemeng lwa gago:
● Naane ya ditumelo
● Kgang/ Mabarebare le
● Leinane.
(c) Ke baanegwa ba mofuta mang ba ba fitlhelwang mo mainaneng?
(d) A o nagana gore baanegwa ba ba fitlhelwang mo mainaneng ba bontsha dilo tsa nnete?
Naya mabaka.
(e) Naya semelo sa leinane.
3.4.1 Thamalakwane
Dithamalakwane di dintsintsi mo ditsong tsa seAfrika ebile re fitlhela lereo le le lengwe kgotsa go
feta, la thamalakwane mo go nngwe le nngwe ya maleme a le robongwe a seAfrika. Ka seTsonga
thamalakwane e itsiwe jaaka ‘Ntayili’ kgotsa ‘Xitekatekisani’. Ka seZulu, ke ‘isiphicaphicwano’;
‘imfumbe’ kgotsa ‘impicabadala’; bangwe ba e bitsa ‘isiqandelo’ le ‘ingqayingqayi’ (Hadebe
1978:2). Sesotho sa Lebowa se dirisa ‘thai’ kgotsa ‘nyepo’ go kaya thamalakwane, le ka seVenda
ke ‘thai’. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, Setswana se e bitsa thamalakwane; ka Sesotho
dithamalakwane ke ‘dilotho’; ka seXhosa thamalakwane ke ‘iqhina’. Sa bofelo, baShona ba e bitsa
‘chirhwe’ (Zezuru), ‘chirbwe’ (Karanga) kgotsa ‘Chipri’ (Manyika).
(i) Nginiphicaphica ngenkunzi yami ebomvu, ehlaba emnyama, emmyama ihlabe emhlophe
yeqe uthango (Zulu)
(Ke le gaka ka poo ya me e khibidu, e e tlhabang e ntsho, e ntsho e tlhabe e tshweu; e
tshweu e tlole legora)
Inkunzi ebomvu umlilo kanti emnyama yibhoduve kanti emhlophe yiphalishi elixhaphazelayo
(Poo e khibidu ke molelo; e ntsho ke pitsa; fa e tshweu e le bogobe/motogo o o kgakgathang)
Kuyiqiniso yini ukuthi uma imbila uyibambe ngomsila aphuma onke amazinyo ayo? (Zulu)
Sequent: Imbila ayinawo umsila (A ke nnete gore fa o ka tshwara pela ka mogatla meno otlhe
a yona a a kgolega?) Karabo: Pela ga e na mogatla
(Monna o tsamaya le nkwe, podi le letlhaka. Nkwe e ja podi, podi e ja letlhaka. Ba fitlha
kwa nokeng eo ba tshwanetseng go e tshela. Go na le seketswana se se lekaneng batho
ba babedi feela ka nako. Ba tla tshela jang?)
Tharabololo
(ii) Monna o tla nka podi a tshele le yona, a fihle a e siye ka nqane. A kgutle le sekepe a fihle a
nke nkwe a e tshedise. Ebe a kgutla le podi; a fihla a e theola; a nke letsepa a le
tshedisetse ka ho nkwe. A kgutle, a tlo lata podi, a fihle a theohe le yona ka kwana, ba
tsamaye.
(Monna o tla tsaya podi a tshele le yona, a fitlhe a e tlogele ka kwa. A boe le sekepe a fitlhe a
tseye nkwe a e tshedise. Ebe a boa le podi; a fitlha a e folosa; a tseye letlhaka a le
tshedisetse ka kwa nkweng. A boe a le esi a tle go tsaya podi, a fitlhe a fologe le yone ka
kwa, ba tsamaye).
3.5 Seane
3.5.1 Tlhaloso ya seane
Mieder (1993:5) o tlhalosa seane jaana: “Seane ke polelo e khutshwane, e e itsegeng ya bagolo e
e nang le botlhale, boammaaruri, melao ya boitshwaro le dikakanyo tsa setso ka mokgwa wa
tshwantshiso, o o lekanyeditsweng o o re o ithutang gore re kgone go o gakologelwa, o o
fetisetswang go tswa go malokong a mangwe go ya go a mangwe”.
Ka one mokgwa oo, Norrick (1985:31) o bua jaana ka seane: “Proverbs are consistently described
as self-contained, pithy, traditional expressions with didactic content and fixed poetic form”. Se se
tlhaloganngwang ka seane mo ditlhalosong tse, ke tse di latelang:
Se tlhagisa nnete ka kakaretso.
Mafoko a sona a mannye ebile a maatla a a dumeletshega
Se dirisa dikakanyo
Setso kgotsa morafe o dumela mo go tsone
3.5.2 Mosola/tiriso le tiro ya diane
Ntle le ditiro tse di builweng fa godimo fa, diane di diriswa go tsweletsa le go godisa puo. Ke tsela
e e utlwagalang, e e sa tlwaelegang, e e amang maikutlo ya go tlhagisa dikakanyo.
☞☞Tirwana 2
3.6 MAELE
3.6.1 Tlhaloso ya leele
Guma (1967:66) o bua jaana ka leele: maele ke dika-polelo tsa puo ya tlhago, tseo bokao jwa
tsone bo ka se tshweetsweng go tswa mo kitsong eo re nang le yona ka mafoko a a di bopileng. Di
tlhaga mo puong/ lolemeng, ebile di dirilwe ka mokgwa o o di nayang semelo sa tlhago.
Maele ke popego ya puo e e diriswang go fa puo mmala kgotsa go dira gore puo e kgatlhise e
itumedise. Ka go dira jalo, a dira gore puo e tlhomame. Ela tlhoko gore o tshwanetse o be o kgona
go bapisa diane le maele go ya ka dintlha tsa tsone tse di farologaneng, sekai, popego, diteng, le
tiriso.
☞☞Tirwana 3
Maboko a bokwa ke bagolo, le fa basha ba a boka. Batsadi kgotsa bagolo ba boka kwa medirong
kgotsa kwa meletlong. Ba boka gape fa mongwe wa leloko la morafe kgotsa wa losika a dirile
sentle ka go thusa morafe kgotsa losika. Fa batho ba babedi kgotsa go feta, ba kopana morago ga
lobaka lo loleele, ba dumedisana le go amogelana ka go bokana kgotsa ka go retana. Fa go lwewa
kwa magaeng, babogedi ba boka batlhabani go ya ka mefuta ya maina a bona. Kwa magaeng, fa
badisa ba goroga le dikgomo, dipodi, dinku le diesele, le dipitse, ba goeletsa ba be ba letse le
melodi go boka diruiwa, ba di leboga kgotsa ba di utlwela botlhoko. Maboko a setso a na le dikai
tse di farologaneng. Tsona ke maboko a dikgosi le dikgosigadi, direto, dipina tsa go didimatsa
bana, dithaetlele, dipina tsa tlhabano, le dipina tsa kwa tirong. Dikai di se kae tsa maboko a setso
di a tlhaloswa.
3.6.1 Direto
3.6.2 Thaetlele/Seano
Difane tsa lotso/losika tse dintsi di na le thaetlele kgotsa seano se se bidiwang ‘xithopo’ mo
lolemeng lwa seTsonga le ‘isithakazelo’ mo lolemeng lwa seZulu. Gatwe ke tsela ya go tlhompha
le go tlotla e e tlhomelwang mo sefaneng sa losika. Marivate (1978:34) a re fa Xipalana a ka direla
baeng ba gagwe bontle, ba tla go goeletsa ba re “Dzungeni!” go supa kgatlhego, ebe Xipalana
kgotsa mang le mang wa losika lwa gagwe a araba ka gore ‘Sibongo sihle!’ (sefane se se ntlle).
Baithuti ba tshwanetse go dira dipatlisiso ka ga dithaetlele mo malemeng a mangwe.
3.6.4 Ditlhopha
Maboko a ne a bokwa kwa meletlong pele moletlo o simologa. Ka dinako tse dingwe a ne a bokwa
gape fa moletlo o fela. Maboko a ne a bokwa gape kwa meletlong ya kwa tirong fa batho ba feditse
go lema mafatshe a kgosana ya bone. E ne e le setso gore mmoki a tsoge phakela mo mosong a
tsamaele kwa lekgotleng la kgosana, a mo boka. Fa kgosana nngwe e etela e nngwe, mmoki wa
yona o o mo felegetsang ka metlha, o ne a boka go bega fa a gorogile.
3.6.6 Ditiro
3.7 Bokhutlo
LENANEO LA DITSHUPETSO
Canonici, NN. 1985. CLS Nyembezi’s use of traditional Zulu folktales in his Igoda Series of
School Readers. MA dissertation, University of Natal, Durban.
Guma, SM. 1969. The forms, contents and techniques of traditional literature in Southern Sotho.
Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Finnegan, R. 1970. Oral literature in Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
Georges, RA & Dundes, A. 1963. Towards a structural definition of the riddle. Journal of American
Folklore vol 76.
Hadebe, SB. 1978. A survey of Zulu riddles. MA dissertation, University of South Africa, Pretoria
Kunene, DP. 1971. The heroic poetry of the Basotho. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Marivate, CTD. 1978. Tsonga folktales, in Second Africa languages congress of Unisa, edited by
EJMBaumbach. Pretoria.
Mieder, W. 1993. Proverbs are never out of season; popular wisdom in the modern age. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Mzolo, DM. 1977. A study of Nguni clan praises in Natal and Zululand. MA thesis, University of
Natal, Durban.
Opland, J. 1983. Xhosa oral poetry: aspects of a black South African tradition. Johannesburg:
Ravan.
Schapera, I. 1965. Praise poems of Tswana chiefs. London: Oxford University Press.
Vilakazi, BW. 1945. The oral and written literature of the Nguni. Doctoral thesis, University of
the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Yuniti ya thuto 4
Matseno a dikwalo tsa segompieno
Ka Mme KY Ladzani le Mme SR Mdluli
4.1 MATSENO
• Dikwalo ke eng?
• Dikwalo tsa segompieno ke eng?
• Goreng re di bala?
• Goreng dikwalo di le botlhokwa?
• Bakwadi ba tsaya kae thotloetso ya go kwala?
Dikwalo ke eng?
Dikwalo ke lereo le le dirisitsweng go tlhalosa didiriswa tse di kwadilweng kgotsa tse di buiwang ka
molomo. Ka bophara, "dikwalo" le dirisitswe go tlhalosa sengwe le sengwe go simolola ka dikwalo
tsa bokgabo go ya go ditirong tsa setegeniki kgotsa saense, mme feela lereo le le tlwaelegile
gantsi ka go kaya ditiro tsa bokgoni jwa go tlhola dikakanyo, le akaretsa maboko, tiragatso,
dikinane, le dikwalo tsa ditiragalo tsa nnete (Abrams, M.H. (1981), Cohen, B.B. (1973), Mayhead,
R.(1955).
Dikwalo tsa segompieno ke tseo di tlhalosang dilo, kgotsa di bontshang dilo, ka sejwalejwale.
Sekai, fa go neng go na le ditlhopha tsa baagisani bao ba kgaogantsweng go ya ka maemo a bona
mo setshabeng, fa dinako di ntse di tsamaya baagi ba a gololosega le ditlhopha tsa kgaoganyo
kgotsa karoganyo ya setshaba di a rerwa. Dikwalo tsa sejwale-jwale di tlhaloswa jaaka go kwala
ka ga lefashe go simolola ka ngwaga-kgolo wa 16 go fitlha jaanong. www.ask.com/answers
Dikwalo di emela puo kgotsa batho: setso le meetlo. Feela, dikwalo di botlhokwa thata go gaisa
sekgabiso sa kgale kgotsa sa setso. Dikwalo di re itsise maitemogelo a mantshwa. Re ithuta ka ga
dibuka le dikwalo; re ithabisa ka metlae le matlhotlhapelo a maboko, dikanegelo/dikgang, le
ditiragatso; ebile re ka gola ra fetoga ka loeto lwa rona lwa go kwala le go ithuta ka dibuka. Kwa
bofelong, re ka fitlhelela bokao mo dikwalong ka go lebelela seo mokwadi a se buang le gore o se
bua jang. Re ka tlhaloganya molaetsa wa mokwadi ra o fetolela. Mo maemong a rona (ditswerere
tsa dithuto), phetolelo e ya dikwalo e dirwa ka theori ya go kwala le go ithuta dikwalo, re dirisa
ditumelo, thulaganyo ya morafe kgotsa setshaba, ditlhaloganyo le dikakanyo tsa batho, ditiragalo
tsa kgale, kgotsa mokgwa o mongwe.
Go sa kgathalatshege gore re dirisa sekao sefe go tlhalosa le go lokolola dikwalo, di sa ntse di na
le boleng jwa bokgabo (Shreiber, S.M. (1969), Don Kuiken (2008), Sikora, S., Kuiken, D., & Miall,
D.S. (2011).
Dikwalo di botlhokwa go rona ka gonne di bua le rona, di amana le batho botlhe ebile di ama
lefatshe lotlhe. Le fa di le mabifi, di dintle.
4.2.1 PADI
Padi e wela mo setlhopheng sa dikwalo tse di itsegeng jaaka mainane. Seo se raya gore padi ke
bokgabo jo bo tswang mo dikakanyong. Se se kaya gape gore, ke bokgabo jo bo nang le bokao jo
bo gaisang go feta jwa kgang feela.
4.2.1.1 Matseno
Go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa padi tse di filweng ke ditswerere tse di farologaneng.
Lever (1961:16) fa a tlhalosa padi o bua jaana;
Padi ke yone feela e e ka nnang le dipopego tse dintsi tsa mainane. E tshwana le dikanegelo tse
dingwe, jaaka naane ya diganka tsa bogologolo le padi ya tsa marato, ka dimelo tse pedi tse
dikgolo: kgang le sebui. Naane ya diganka tsa bogologolo e re anagela kgang ya setso ebile ke
motswako wa naane ya ditumelo, ditiragalo tsa kgale, le dikinane. Diganka tsa yona ke medimo le
medimogadi, le banna le basadi ba ba makatsang. Padi ya marato le yone e anegela dinaane tsa
baanegwa ba ba botlhokwa go fetisisa. E re lemosa botlhokwa jwa go lekeletsa dilo tse di ntshwa
tse di sa tlwaelegang ebile gantsi e akaretsa go latela sera seo mongwe a sa bolong go batlana le
sona. Ditiragalo di supa, ka matshwao, dikeletso kgotsa ditakatso, ditsholofelo, le dipoifo tse
dikgolo tse di mo tlhaloganyong ya motho ebile di tshwana le ditoro, ditumelo, le ditirelo. Le fa go le
jalo ka dipadi tse dingwe, se se farologanyang padi mo pading ya marato ke temogo le kamogelo
ya yona ya botshelo le mekgwa. Diganka tsa yone ke banna le basadi jaaka rona.
www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/csi6/novel
Padi e leele go feta mefuta e mengwe ya kanegelo ya dikgang/dinaane. Mme se ga se reye gore
padi ke kgang-khutswe e e leele. Maxwell-Mahon (1984:11) o supa bonnete jwa puo e e fa godimo
fa ka go re:
Padi ya ditiragalo tsa kgale; padi ya loeto lwa senokwane; padi ya maikutlo a
kutlwelobotlhoko le lorato; padi ya dikakanyo tsa maitshwaro le tirisanommogo mo
setshabeng, padi ya dipolotiki, padi ya ditiragalo tsa nnete; padi ya dikgang le mathata a
basadi; padi ya naane ka ga tikologo e e rileng; padi ya boipobolo/maipolelo; padi ya
metlae; padi ya naane ya dilo tse di sa tlhaloganngweng tse di boifisang le marato; padi e
e bontshang botlhokwa jwa semelo, dikakanyo le mabaka mo tlhotlheletsong ya ditiro tsa
baanegwa; padi ya boitshwaro, puo, meetlo le melao tsa setlhopha sa batho ba ba rileng
ba nako e e rileng; padi ya makwalo a a latelanang; padi ya naane ya magae le lorato lwa
kgale; padi ya bosha jwa mongwe le go tsena ga gagwe mo bogolong; padi ya ditiragalo
tsa nnete ka maina a maitlhamelo/maaka; padi ya naane e e senang poloto, motlotlo le
kgatlhiso; padi ya lesomo la ditumelo tse di tshwanang tse di tshosang; padi ya bosenyi le
dipolao tse di sa tlhaloganngweng; padi ka ga Bophirima jwa kgale jwa Amerika; padi ka ga
naane ya dikeletso tsa mongwe le boporofeta; padi ya baagi ba maemo a a kwa tlase mo
setshabeng j.j.
☞☞Tirwana 1
Mo digongwaneng tsa lona tsa thuto kgotsa wena ka bosi, tswee-tswee tsamayang lo
ye go dira dipatlisiso mabapi le mefuta ya dipadi e e fa godimo fa, lo be lo tlhalose ka
boripana kgotsa lo tlhalose mofuta mongwe le mongwe ka botlalo, gape fa go na le
padi nngwe le nngwe eo lo e itseng mo malemeng a lona lo ka e dirisa jaaka sekai.
Lo ka botsa ba bangwe, barutisi ba lona, la tlhola mo dibukeng tse di rutang ka ga
dikwalo, mo inthaneteng, le mo di Ensaeklopedia le dibukantswe tse dingwe tsa
dithuto tsa dikwalo.
Padi ya konokono e tlhoka go nna le semelo kgotsa popego kgotsa dikarolo tse di rileng. Tse di
latelang ke dikarolo tse mongwe a tshwanetseng go di lebelela fa a lokolola padi.
4.2.3.1 Morero
Go na le ditlhaloso tse dintsi tsa morero, mme morero ke kgang kgotsa ditiragalo tse di bopang
seo padi e leng ka ga sona. Ditswerere di tlhalosa morero jaaka tsamao ya kgang go ya kwa
bokhutlong. Barry and Wright (1966:69) ba tlhalosa morero jaaka:
Lereo le le tswa mo lefokong la seFora ‘complot’ leo le kayang borukhutli kgotsa morero.
Go rera sengwe go akaretsa go loga maano a go fitlhelela selo se o se ikaeletseng, se ka
tswa se le molemo kgotsa bosula. Dirukhutli di rera seo mongwe le mongwe wa bona a
tlang go se dira le gore se tla go dirwa neng. Ka jalo morero o tlhoka lebaka le ditlamorago.
(i) Matseno
(ii) Tlhatlhogo/Bothata/Tharano
Tlhatlhogo ke ditiragalo tse di latelanang tseo di re isang kwa setlhoeng sa kgang, ka gale ke
dikgotlhang kgotsa nthagaraga eo moanegwa-mogolo a itemogelang yona. Maxwell-Mahon
(1984:16) a re; kgotlhang e ka tsoga mo maikutlong kgotsa dikakanyong tsa moanegwa mogolo.
A ka iphitlhela a le mo dipelaelong ka ntlha ya dikakanyo le ditumelo tse di ganetsanang; ka
fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, kgotlhang e ka tlhagiswa mo dikamanong tsa baanegwa ba ba
farologaneng mo pading.
(iii) Setlhoa
Setlhoa ke phetogo e kgolo e e amang botshelo jwa motho mo pading, phetogo eo e tlisang
tshweetso kgotsa tharabololo. Go ya ka Cohen (1973: 69);
Maxwell-Mahon (1984:32) o bona setlhoa ka tsela e: setlhoa ke kgato kgotsa karolo ya bogolo, e e
tlang le mathata kgotsa ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa tse di tlhokang ditshweetso le ditharabololo gore
re tle re kgone go tshela botshelo jo bo tsepameng jo bo nang le bokao. Mo pading, setlhoa ke
motsotso wa tharabololo. Moanegwa mogolo o lebanwe ke ditshweetso tse dikgolo le mathata. Ke
motsotswana wa mathata a a tseneletseng. Mo dikgang tse di rileng, re bala ka dintsho fa mo go
tse dingwe re bala ka boitumelo. Abrams (1971:139) o tlhalosa setlhoa jaaka mathata a a
tseneletseng, kgotsa phetogo e kgolo e e amang bokamoso jwa mongwe…
(iv) Bokhutlo
Go ya ka tsela ya Maxwell-Mahon, se ke tiro ya bofelo ya botshelo jwa rona; loso lo tswala sesiro.
Mo kgang/pading se ke tema kgotsa tiragatso ya bofelo. Moanegwa mogolo o feleletsa a atlegile
kgotsa a reteletswe. Dikgogakgogano le dingangisano tsotlhe di lebetswe le merero e thubegile
kgotsa e retetse. Ditswerere dingwe di tlhalosa bokhutlo jaaka ditlamorago kgotsa dipholo tsa
tlhatlhogo/tharano mo pading.
4.2.3.2 Kgangkgolo/Molaetsa
☞☞Tirwana 2
Mo digongwaneng tsa lona tsa dithuto kgotsa wena ka bosi, lebelela padi e o e
badileng kwa mophatong wa gago o o fetileng o be o tlhole gore a mokwadi o
kgonne go tlhalosa kgangkgolo kgotsa a go na le dikgangkgolo tse dintsi-ntsi mo
pading eo. Ka go dira se o tla be o ipaakanyetsa kgato ya bobedi.
4.2.3.3. Boanegwa
Baanegwa ba kgang/padi ga se batho ba nnete, mme ba dirilwe go tshela botshelo jaaka batho ba
nnete. E sa le ba dirilwe go tshela jaaka batho ba nnete, sengwe le sengwe seo ba se dirang se
tshwanetse sa bo se na le sengwe seo se se tlhotlheletsang. Schole et al. (1978:18) a re;
Nngwe ya dilo tse di botlhokwa tota ka go nna mokwadi ke kitsiso kgotsa pego ya baanegwa go
babadi. Baanegwa ba padi ba ka tlhaloswa ka ditsela tse di latelang:
Fa, ke fao mokwadi a letlelelang baanegwa ba gagwe go bua kgotsa go fetolwa maikutlo ke
maemo a a farologaneng mo pading. Ga a tlhalose ditiro tsa bona le mekgwa ya bona.
Mokwadi o naya baanegwa tshono ya go lemosa dimelo tsa bona ka puo.
(i) Modiragatsi-mogolo/Moanegwa-mogolo
(ii) Lenaba/Sera
(iv) Batlalaletsi
Go ya ka Hess (1978:155),
Lefelo kgotsa tikologo ya tiragatso ke lefelo le nako tseo tiragatso e diragalang ka tsone. Tikologo
ya tiragatso e tshwanetse ya golaganngwa le baanegwa. Ga re batle baanegwa ba ba sa
tsamaelaneng le tikologo e e tlhaloswang mo kgang. Re ka se solofele tikologo ya profense ya
Limpopo mo pading e e buang ka batho ba ba tsamayang ka ‘Gautrain’ go ya tirong. Kgotsa
mokwadi a re anegela ka basha ba 1925 bao ba utlwelelang ebile ba binela mmino wa Kwaito.
Boemong jwa seo, ke basha ba gompieno bao re ba solofelang go dira se se fa godimo se. Go
botlhokwa go netefatsa gore padi e akanyetsa kgotsa e baa mo dikakanyong dilo tse di latelang:
Nako le lefelo.
☞☞Tirwana 3
(i) Ka digongwana tsa lona tsa dithuto, kgotsa wena ka bosi, tswee-tswee tsamayang
lo ye go dira dipatlisiso mo dibukeng tseo lo di badileng (dipadi), lo tlhophe e
lenngwe eo mo go yona mokwadi a tlhalositseng lefelo kgotsa tikologo ya tiragatso
ka mokgwa o o gaisang, lo be lo buisanye/tlotle ka ga yona.
4.2.3.6 Kgotlhang
Setaele ke boleng jwa puo e e tlhagisang ka nepagalo, maikutlo le dikakanyo, tsa mokwadi.
Setaele ga se jalo jalo seo se kwadilweng, mme ke gore se kwadilwe le go tlhaloswa jang. Setaele
mo pading se kaya meetlo ya puo e e dirisitsweng go tlhama kgang. Mokwadi wa padi a ka laola
kutlwagalo ya puo, popego ya polelo, sekapolelo, motlotlo, le dintlha dingwe tsa puo go bopa
setaele le maikutlo. Puo e e kgatlhisang e e tlhamilweng ka setaele sa mokwadi e bidiwa ‘lentswe
la kgang’ ka dinako tse dingwe. Mokwadi mongwe le mongwe o na le setaele sa gagwe kgotsa
lentswe la gagwe le le tshwanang le le nosi (Provost 1988:8). Setaele ka dinako tse dingwe se
kwalwa jaaka nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa tsa padi.
Setaele se jaaka ditsela tse di diriswang ke mokwadi. Se ka tswa se diriswa go thatafatsa sengwe
j.j, feela se batlile se ama mmadi ka metlha ka ntlha ya tsela eo se diriswang ka yona.
4.2.3. 8 Motlotlo
Go tlhola maikutlo a mokwadi kgotsa maikutlo a mmadi, go re naya tlhamo kgotsa motheo
wa kgang, go senola semelo/mokgwa le tlhotlheletso, go ikamanya kgotsa go ipaya mo
maemong ga mmadi, go tsweletsa morero le/kgotsa go oketsa lobelo lwa one, go tlhola
kgotsa go oketsa kgotlhang, go gakolola/gopotsa mmadi dilo tseo ba ka tswang ba di
lebetse, go lemosa/bonelapele ditlamorago.
4.3 KGANG-KHUTSWE
4.3.1 Matseno
Dinaane tsa bogologolo, dikakanyo tse di monate, metlae/dilo tse di tshegisang, padi ya
metlae le pheteletso, naane ya thuto, ditiragalo tsa kgale, dikwalo ka ga botshelo jwa
mongwe, padi kgotsa maboko a melao le meetlo ya tikologo e e rileng, j.j
☞☞Tirwana 4
4.3.3.1 Morero
(i) Matseno
(iii) Setlhoa
(iv) Tharabololo/Tharabologo
(v) Bokhutlo
4.3.3.2 Kgangkgolo/Molaetsa
4.3.3. 3 Kgotlhang
4.4 TLHAMO
4.4.1 Matseno
Re solofela gore mo dingwageng tse di fetileng tsa dithuto tsa gago o rutilwe ka mefuta ya
ditlhamo. Mefuta ya ditlhamo e a latela:
4.4.3.1 Setlhogo
(i) Matseno
(ii) Mmele
Ditemana tsa mmele di tlhalosa setlhogo sa tlhamo. Nngwe le nngwe ya maikaelelo magolo a a
tlhalositsweng ka kakaretso e ya go nna temana mo tlhamong. Fa tlhaloso ka kakaretso e na le
mabaka/maikaelelo magolo a mararo, tlhamo e ya go nna le ditemana tse tharo. Go botlhokwa-tota
go gakologelwa ka dinako tsotlhe gore temana nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetse ya nna le ntlha-kgolo
e lenngwe e e lokololwang, ebile e tshwanetse ya e senola ka kakanyo e lenngwe feela e e
tsepameng mo polelong. Ka jalo, palo ya ditemana tsa mmele e lekana le palo ya dipolelo tsa
ditlhogo. Temana nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetse ya golagana le e e latelang ka kgolagano ya
mabaka a a utlwagalang. Se se raya gore tlhamo e e bopilweng sentle e tshwanetse ya nna le
ditemana tse di latelanang tseo di tswelelang go ya ka mabaka a dintlha tse di latelanang tseo o
ikaeletseng go di rera. Go mo pepeneneng gore bothata ke go tshweetsa gore di tla latelana jang.
Ka semelo, tlhamo ke ngangisano, ka jalo o tshwanetse go e bopa go ya ka kakanyo ya gago.
Gakologelwa gore ditlhamo tse di gaisang ga di fe bopaki feela go utlwagatsa maikutlo a tsona,
mme di a bontsha gore goreng dikakanyo tse di ganetsang le tse di lwantshang di le phoso.
Itlhamele mmadi, o be o leke go laola kganetso ya gagwe kgatlhanong le kakanyo ya gago,
bontsha gore goreng a le phoso.
(iii) Bokhutlo
4.4.3.4 Kgangkgolo/Molaetsa
Kgangkgolo ke molaetsa kgotsa dintlha ka bophara tseo tlhamo e leng ka ga tsona. Tlhamo e a
reng ka ga botho, ka botshelo, ka kakaretso? Molaetsa o gola ka morero (seo batho ba se dirang
mo kgang-khutsweng), moanegwa (mang o dira eng, le gore ke motho wa mofuta mang), le
motlotlo (seo batho ba buisanyang ka ga sona). Molaetsa o ka godiswa gape ka maikutlo
(mowa/maikutlo a a tlholwang ke tikologo gareng ga batho le tikologo ka bo yone), le ditshwantsho
tse di tlang mo dikakanyong tsa rona fa re bala ka ga sengwe (matshwao).
Gore “setaele se se gaisang” se bopilwe ka eng ke nngwe ya dilo tse di thata go bua puo pha,
ebile ka gongwe ke seelo se se letlelelang dikakanyo tse di farologneng.
• Dirisa matshwao
Dira gore tlhamo ya gago e balege bonolo ka go bua puo pha (lefoko leo gape!) ka popego
ya tlhamo ya gago, e.g. “mo karolong e e latelang re ya go...”, 'Jaaka re setse re tshwaetse
ebile re file bopaki...'
Leka go ila go kwala ditemana tse di fetang boleele jwa mela e le 10 kgotsa 15. Mekwalo e
meleele e fedisa mmadi pelo. Ke nnete, ka dinako dingwe dintlha di tsaya lebala le legolo,
feela fa o ka iphitlhela o kwala temana e e leele o ipotse gore: a ke kgaoganye ntlha e go
ya ka dintlhana? O tla golaganya dintlhana ka dipolelo tsa makopanyi kwa tshimologong
le/kgotsa kwa bokhutlong jwa nngwe le nngwe ya ditemananyana.
• O seka wa ithaya wa re mmadi o a itse gore o kaya eng
• Mopeleto
4.5 MABOKO
4.5.1 MATSENO
Mo dikwalong tse di anegelang dikgang, jaaka o bone kwa karolong e nngwe ya yuniti e, kgang e
anegwa go sa diriswe mekgwa ya digalo le mokwadi ga a tlhoke go itshwenya ka go rulaganya
mafoko ka mokgwa o o rileng. Maboko one a farologane ka gore a tlhamilwe ka tsela kgotsa puo e
e e kgethegileng. Le fa a dirisa puo kgotsa mafoko a a tshwanang le a a diriswang mo dikwalong
tse di tlwaelegileng, mafoko a mofuta o wa dikwalo a rulaganngwa ka tsela e e farologaneng le ya
dikwalo tse eseng maboko. Katlego mo go kwaleng leboko e tliswa ke tiriso ya didiriswa tsa
bokgabo tse di farologaneng. Tiriso ya tshwantshiso, modumo le poapoeletso ya mafoko ke tsone
di gakologelwang fa, mme fa o di dirisa fela-fela ga di fetolele puisanyo kgotsa dikwalo go nna
maboko. Sekai, ditshwantshiso le dipoapoeletso di a filhelwa mo metlotlong le mo dikwalong tsa
puo ya ka metlha le mo mofuteng mongwe le mongwe wa dikwalo tsa botswerere.
Go botlhokwa go ela tlhoko gore go tloga le go tloga maAfrika a sale ntse a tlhama le go boka
maboko. O ke mofuta oo re o bitsang maboko a setso. Mofuta o o tlhalositswe kwa kgaolong e
nngwe. Ka lebaka la semelo sa one, maboko ke setlhopha sa dikwalo seo ka gale se tsosang
khuduego mo maibing.
4.5.3 Maboko le popego ya one
☞☞Tirwana 1
(a) Boela kwa lebokong le le kwa godimo o leke go supa dingwe tsa didiriswa tse
tsa maboko tseo o naganang gore di dira leboko go nna le le
gaisang/monate.
Didiriswa tsa medumo di akaretsa, gareng ga tse dingwe, poeletsomedumo eo e leng poeletso ya
medumo e e tshwanang mme e se ditumanosi. Poeletso-tumanosi ke bokgoni jwa go dirisa
poeletso ya ditumanosi. Sediriswa se sengwe gape sa modumo se se gaisang ka tsela e e
makatsang ke leetsi, seo mo go sona mmoki a dirisang medumo e e tshwanang le bokao jo bo
rwelweng ke mafoko ao. Se gantsi se thusa ka go tlhola morethetho wa leboko. Ntlha nngwe ya
botlhokwa ke morumo o o tlholwang ke tiriso ya mafoko a a dumang ka go tshwana.
☞☞Tirwana 2
(b) Tshwantshanyo
(c) Tshwantshiso
Lungelo ke tau.
(d) Mothofatso
Mothofatso o gaufi thata le tshwantshiso ka gonne dilo tse pedi di dirwa selo se le sengwe. Jaaka
leina le bua mo Mothofatsong, selo kgotsa kakanyo se fiwa dimelo tsa botho/batho. Se se ka
fitlhelelwa ka go dira selo gore se nne le semelo sa botho kgotsa ka go dira selo gore se dire dilo
tse di dirwang feela ke batho. Sekai:
(f) Pheteletso
Pheteletso ke karolo ya puo e e feteletsang. E diriswa mo puong kgotsa mo dikwalong go re ama.
Mo pheteletsong boammaaruri bo a feteletswa gore mmadi/moreetsi a lemoswe botlhokwa jwa
jone mo dikwalong. Sekai:
Go na le ditsela dingwe di le dintsi tsa go dira gore sengwe kgotsa kakanyo di bonwe jaaka
dilo tse di botlhokwa gore di tle di lemogwe. Bontsi jwa tse bo tla tlhaloswa ka botlalo mo
dikgatong tse di latelang tsa dithuto tsa gago.
☞☞TIRWANA 3
Kwala dikarabo tsa gago mabapi le dipotso tse, ka go dirisa dikai tsa gago.
Jim. I’m not right sure I know what you’re talking about. What kind of glass is it?
LAURA. Little articles of it, they’re ornaments mostly! Most of them are little animals made out of
glass, the tiniest little animals in the world. Mother calls them a glass menagerie! Here’s an
example of one, if you’d like to see it! This one is the oldest. It’s nearly thirteen. (He stretches out
his hand.) (Music: “THE GLASS MENAGERIE.”) Oh, be careful –if you breathe, it breaks!
JIM. I’d better not take it. I’m pretty clumsy with things.
LAURA. Go on. I trust you with him! (Places it in his palm.) There now you’re holding him gently!
Hold him over the light, he loves the light! You see how the light shines through him?
LAURA. Mmm-hmmm!
LAURA. I know!
LAURA. (Smiling).Well, if he does he doesn’t complain about it. He stays on a shelf with some
horses that don’t have horns and all of them seem to get along nicely together.
4.6.1 Matseno
4.6.2 Morero
Jaaka go builwe fa godimo fa tiragatso e na le, gareng ga dilo tse dingwe, morero oo e leng
thulaganyo ya ditiragalo ka mokgwa o o montle o o thusang kgangkgolo go gola. Dikgato tse di
mosola tsa morero di na le matseno, tlhatlhogo, setlhoa le tharabololo/tharabologo. Mokwadi wa
tiragatso o solofetswe go bontsha tshimologo ya kgotlhang, go gola ga yone le tharabololo ya yone
kwa bofelong.
(a) Matseno
(b) Tlhatlhogo
Tlhatlhogo ke kgato eo mo go yona kgotlhang e tsoswang e bo e tsenelela fa tiragatso e ntse e
tswelapele. Ditiragalo tsa kgato e ya morero di tshwanetse tsa thusa go godisa kgangkgolo ya
tiragatso.
(c) Setlhoa
4.6.3 Kgotlhang
4.6.4 Baanegwa/Badiragatsi
Tiro ya badiragatsi ke go rwala tiragatso go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha kwa bokhutlong.
Esale tiragatso e diretswe go diragatswa, le badiragatsi ke batho ba ba filweng tiro ya go diragatsa
ditiragalo tse di farologaneng tse di sa tsamaisaneng. Motlotlo le ditaelo tsa tiragatso di mosola mo
go godiseng modiragatsi.
4.6.5 Motlotlo
4.7 Bokhutlo
Ka boripana, thero e e fa godimo e atlegile ka go bega mefuta e e farologaneng ya dikwalo tsa puo
e e tlwaelegileng. O filwe le dikakanyo ka ga dikarolo tsa dikanegelo tsa dikwalo tsa puo e e
tlwaelegileng. Maboko jaaka setlhopha sa mofuta wa dikwalo a romela molaetsa ka tiriso ya
mafoko a a rulagantsweng bontle. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya maboko e re thusa go tlhaloganya
dimelo le dipopego tseo di nayang leboko boleng jwa go wela mo mofuteng o o rileng. Bokgoni jwa
go dirisa didiriswa tse di farologaneng tsa maboko bo thusa mmoki go lemosa le go gatelela seo
se leng botlhokwa mo molaetseng wa gagwe. Popego ya ditshwantsho mo dikakanyong e thusa
mmoki go bontsha molaetsa wa gagwe ka mokgwa wa ditshwantsho tsa dikakanyo. Thulaganyo ya
mafoko le medumo mo popegong di re lemosa le go re atameletsa molaetsa le maikutlo a teng.
LENANEO LA DITSHUPO
Abrams, M.H. 1981. A glossary of literary terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Mafela,M.J. 1966. The elements of fiction in the novels of T.N. Maumela. Pretoria: Kagiso
Publishers.
Maxwell-Mahon. 1984. Van Scaick guide to creative writing. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaick.
Perrine, L. 1959. Story and Sructure. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Scott, V. and Modden, D. 1968. Studies in the short story. New York: Holt, Rinehardt and
Winston.
Van Rooyen, C,S. 1980. Zulu 1 Guide 3. University of South Africa. Pretoria.
WEBSITES
www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/csi6/novel
www.britannica.com
www.buzzle.com
www.ehow.co/how
www.findingfatherhood.com
www.legacy.bluegrass.ketes.edu
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