Handbook Chapter18 RadiantHeatingCooling

Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.
1 Concepts and Benefits
CH18-2 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH18-3
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.2 Heat Transfer Differences
Between Air-Air and Air-Water Systems
CH18-5
Example 18.1 - Heat Capacity of Air and Water
Operating Parameters Water Air

Conduit 0.5 in. O.D. pipe (0.45 in. I.D.) 5 in. duct
Temperature differential 6 °F 20 °F
Maximum velocity 4 fps 600 fpm
VS.
CH18-7
Operating Parameters Water Air

Conduit 12 mm O.D. pipe (11 mm I.D.) 125 mm duct
Temperature differential 3K 11 K
Maximum velocity 1.2 m/s 3 m/s
VS.
CH18-9
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.3 When to use Radiant Systems
CH18-11
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.4 Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
18.4 Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
There are several types of radiant systems, each with various benefits. These can range
from slab integrated systems where the building structure itself is activated, to radiant
panel systems and chilled sails. Active and passive beam systems are also hydronic
products and are discussed in Chapter 19—Introduction to Active and Passive Beams.
Embedded Systems
In slab integrated radiant systems shown in Figure 18.2, piping is run through the
structural elements of the building. Warm or cool water is pumped through the lines to
Insulation
heat and cool the space. These types of systems offer advantages such as a large surface Pipe
Structural Slab
area and thermal storage opportunities. The large capacitance of the building structure
may allow the building to be cooled at night when utility rates are low or heated during
the day from solar water heating panels, and then use the stored energy to condition Figure 18.3: Topping slab
the building as required. Slab systems are limited by reduced flexibility, high latency,
acoustical concerns with having exposed structure, and coordination issues during design.
While the mass of the slab can be used as an advantage for thermal storage, it also
presents some challenges related to meeting changing loads in a timely fashion. Controls
that anticipate the load are critical to assuring the space condition is maintained to the
desired temperature. With embedded systems, thermal comfort floor coverings and their
impact on the radiant capacity of the slab need to be considered. Carpets will provide
a thermal resistance to the flow of heat from approximately 0.57 to 2 ft2 Rh/Btu [0.1 to
0.35 m2K/W], depending on the weight of the carpet and the padding provided. Wood
floors have a thermal resistance of approximately 0.57 ft2 Rh/Btu [0.1 m2K/W], while
most tile has a resistance of less than 0.28 ft2 Rh/Btu [0.05 m2K/W]. The system design
should minimize the resistance of the flooring and confirm that the capacity of the system
Flooring
is adjusted to provide the required capacity to meet the space load.
Wood
Pipe Structual Slab
Pipe
Figure 18.4: Over-floor systems
Slab
Pipe
Slab
Figure 18.2: Embedded systems
CH18-13
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.5 Thermal Comfort for Radiant Panels and Chilled Sails
Cooling
Panel
Heating
Panel
Cooling
Sail
Heating 18.3
Sail
CH18-15
Table 18.3 Values of 'A' for various air speeds (ISO, 2005)
(a) (b)
a
*c b
*c
a
b
* Where c is the distance from the

0.16 person’s centerline to the ceiling or
floor. Assume the distance from the
0.14 person’s centerline to the floor is:
0.12 Standing: 3.3 ft [1.0 m]
a/c = Seated: 2.0 ft [0.6 m]
0.10 5.0 0.10
Angle Factor
3.0 Detail a/c =
0.08 2.0 0.08 5.0
3.0
Angle Factor
1.5 2.0
0.06 0.06 1.5
1.0
0.8 1.0
0.04 0.04 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.02 0.4 0.02 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
*See Detail b/c b/c
(a) (b)
*b c
*b
a a
c
0.16 * Where b is the distance from the

person’s centerline to the ceiling or
floor. Assume the distance from the
0.14 person’s centerline to the floor is:
0.12 Standing: 3.3 ft [1.0 m]
a/c = Seated: 2.0 ft [0.6 m]
0.10 5.0 0.10
Angle Factor
3.0 Detail a/c =
0.08 2.0 0.08 5.0
3.0
1.5
Angle Factor
2.0
0.06 0.06 1.5
1.0
0.8 1.0
0.04 0.04 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.02 0.4 0.02 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
*See Detail b/c b/c
CH18-17
Radiant Panel Radiant Panel
9 ft 10 ft 9 ft 3m
SMALL OFFICE SMALL OFFICE

12 ft 4m
Design Considerations Design Considerations

Occupants 2 Occupants 2
Set-Point 75 °F Set-Point 24 °C
Floor Area 120 ft² Floor Area 12 m²
Exterior Wall 108 ft² Exterior Wall 12 m²
Apanels 60% of 120 ft2 = 72 ft2 Apanels 60% of 12 m2 = 7.2 m2
Panel Surface Temperature 58 °F Panel Surface Temperature 14 °C
CH18-19
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry, °C

0 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
100
80
Predicted Percent Dissatisfied, %
60
40
Warm Ceiling Cool Wall
20
Cool Ceiling Warm Wall
10
8
6
5
4
1
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72
Radiant Temperature Asymmetry, °F
CH18-21
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.6 Products
T air, ceiling AUST, ceiling AUST = Area-weighted temperature

RADIATION of all indoor surfaces of walls, ceiling,
R conv,s R rad,s floor, windows, doors, etc.
T panel, outer insulation
R insulation Towards fixed ceiling
R fin
Towards room and occupants
T fin, ave
R panel surface Copper tubing with
T surf, panel Fin
R conv,room R rad,room
T air, room AUST, room Surface
Without Thermal Paste With Thermal Paste
CH18-23
Return
Interconnect
CH18-25
Cooling
Sail
Heating
Sail
Tair,ceiling AUST, fixed ceiling
R conv, ceiling R fixed, ceiling Towards fixed ceiling
Towards room and occupants

R fin/sail AUST, ceiling
R rad, ceiling Copper tubing with

Tsurface, fin/soil Sail/Fin
R conv, room R rad, room
T air, room AUST, room
CH18-27
Clearance Between Chilled Sail and Slab, mm

0 50 100 150
100
Effective Capacity of Sail, %

80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Clearance Between Chilled Sail and Slab, in.
Water Return
Water Supply
Passive Elements for Return Passive Elements for Return
Sail 1 Flex Hose Sail 2 Flex Hose Sail 3

100
Capacity of Sail, %
Water Supply
90
80
75 Flex Hose
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Free Area as a Percentage of Sail Area
CH18-29
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.7 Primary and Outside Air System Design
CH18-31
0.0094
0.0092
0.0090
Humidity Ratio, lb / lb
0.0088
0.0086
0.0084
0.0082
0.0080
-5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145
Time, min
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(Room Dew Point - Panel) Temperature Differential, ˚F
CH18-33
CH18-35
CH18-37
110 115 120 125
60
65
0.030 105 30
105
0.028 30
100
50
Relative Humidity 85 Relative Humidity
0.026 95
Volume - ft3/lb of Dry Air Volume - m3/kg of Dry Air
0.96
90 25
45
Saturation Temperature, ºF 0.024 Saturation Temperature, ºC
85
80
15.0
0.022 75
40
r
Ai 70 25
ry
0.94
r
Ai
D 0.020 20
of
ry
75 65
fD
/lb
tu
35
go
Humidity Ratio, gw /kgDA

Humidity Ratio, lbw /lbDA
B 0.018 60
/k
y-
kJ
alp 70 55
-
th
py
0.016
En
0.92
al
50 20
30
14.5
th
15
En
%
%
0.014 45
90
65 % %
90
80 % 80
70
%
70
% 40 %
60 60
25
0.012
0.90
% %
60 50 35 15 50
40% 40
%
55 0.010 30 10
30% 30%
14.0
0.00925 9.25
20
0.86
25 10
50 0.008
20% 20%
20
45 0.00675 6.75
0.84
15
40 0.006 15 5
13.5
10% 10% 5
35
0
0.82
0.004
13.0
0.80
0.002
0.78
12.5
0.000 0
35 40 45 49 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 0 5 10 15 20 24 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dry Bulb Temperature, ºF Dry-Bulb Temperature, ºC
CH18-39
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.8 Chilled Water System Design
CH18-41
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.9 Zone Piping
Controller
Chiller
AHU T C Load 3 Way

3 Way
Modulating Modulating
Valve Valve
Controller
Heat Exchanger
Chiller
AHU
Primary Chilled Primary Chilled
Water Return Water Supply T C Load
Return Water Bypass
Secondary Chilled Secondary Chilled
Water Return Water Supply
2 Way Chilled T
Water Valves CHWS
Temperature C
Controller
Primary Chilled Chiller Primary Chilled

Water Return Water Supply
3 Way Buffer Tank

Modulating Load
Secondary Chilled
Valve
Water Supply
Secondary Chilled
Water Return Return Water Bypass
CHWS
CHWR
Load
2 Way Chilled T
Water Valves CHWS
Temperature C
Controller
CH18-43
Dead Band
CHWS Flow
Max. Flow
Load Load Load
Min. Flow P Differential

Pressure
Sensor
Tset-point
Cool Room Condition Warm
Variable - Speed Drive
Dead Band
Max. Flow
w
Flo
S
3 Way Mixing 3 Way Diverting

W
CH
Supply Supply
Min. Flow
Bypass Bypass
Tset-point
Cool Room Condition Warm Load Load
Balancing Balancing
Valve Valve
Return Return
CH18-45
Load Load
CHWS
CHWR
CHWS
CHWR
Load Load
Panel Panel Panel Panel
CHWR
CHWS
CHWR
CHWS
CHWR
CHWS
CHWR
CHWS
CH18-47
(1) Load Load
(2) Load Load Load
Load
(3)
Load Load
Load Load
Load Load
CHWS
CHWR
Load
Load
Load
Load Load
Dead Band
CHWS Flow
Max. Flow
Min. Flow
Tset-point
CH18-49
Dead Band
Max. Flow
w
Flo
S
W
CH
Boiler Load Load Chiller
Min. Flow
Tset-point
Load
Load Load
Chiller Boiler
Load
CH18-51
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.10 Ventilation Strategies
Hysteresis
Heating Mode
Cooling Mode
Max. Heating Max. Cooling
Change from cooling to heating Tset-point Change from heating to cooling
CH18-53
Tfi, °F
54 57 61 64 68 72 75 79
180 57
Awbi and Halton (2000)
160 51
qo (V= 6 m/s) Novoselac et al. (2006)
140 44
Cooling Capacity, Btu/h ft2

qo (V= 4 m/s) Min et al. (1956)
Cooling Capacity, W/m 2

120 38
qo (V= 2 m/s)
100 32
qo (V= 0 m/s or NC)
80 25
60 19
40 13
20 6
qr (V= 0-6 m/s)
0 0
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Tfi, °C
Tfi, °F
54 57 61 64 68 72 75
60
50 V=1200 fpm [6 m/s]

Capacity Enhancement, %
40
V=800 fpm [4 m/s]
30
20 V=400 fpm [2 m/s]
10 Awbi and Halton (2000)
0 Novoselac et al. (2006)

12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Tfi, °C
Table 18.10: ASHRAE standard values of h for a vertical wall (ASHRAE, 2009)
CH18-55
Tair - Tpanel (K)

0 2 4 6 8 10
1.20 6.00
5.00
1.00
10 9 4.00
8
0.80 7
Hc,o (Btu/hft2 ˚F)

6
Hc,o (W/m2 K)
5 3.00
4
0.60 3
2
1 2.00
0
0.40
1.00
0.20
0
0
0 5 10 15 20
Tair - Tpanel (˚F)
CH18-57
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.11 Design Procedure – Heating
CH18-59
tpanel - troom [K]

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
90 50
80 45
70 40
35
60
30
tw - troom [K]
tw - troom [R]
50
25
40
20
30
15
20
10
10 5
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
tpanel - troom [R]
CH18-61
20 ft
10 ft
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
5 ft
7 ft
CH18-63
CH18-65
6m
3m
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
1.75 m
Panel
PATIENT ROOM
2.25 m
Corridor
CH18-67
CH18-69
Panel
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
CH18-71
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.12 Design Procedure – Cooling
CH18-73
Window
9 ft 10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
12 ft
CH18-75
60
65
0.030
0.028
50
Relative Humidity 85
0.026
Volume - ft3/lb of Dry Air
45
Saturation Temperature, ºF 0.024
80
15.0
0.022
40
Air
Dry 0.020
of 75
/lb
tu
35
Humidity Ratio, lbw /lbDA

B 0.018
y-
alp 70
th 0.016
En
30
14.5
%
0.014
90
65 %
80 %
70 %
60
25
% 0.012
60 50
40%
55 0.010
30%
14.0
20
50
20%
0.0075
45
15
40 0.006
13.5
10%
35
0.004
13.0
0.002
12.5
0.000
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Dry Bulb Temperature, ºF
CH18-77
Window
3m 3m
SMALL OFFICE
4m
CH18-79
110 115 120 125

105 30
105
100 30
Relative Humidity
95
Volume - m3/kg of Dry Air
0.96
90 25
Saturation Temperature, ºC
85
75
70 25
0.94
ir
20
yA
65
Dr
of
Humidity Ratio, gw /kgDA

60
/ kg
kJ
55
y-
0.92
p
al
50 20
th
15
En
%
45 %
90
80
%
70
40 %
60
0.90
%
35 15 50
%
40
30 10
30%
0.86
25 10
20% 8
20
0.84
15 5
10% 5
0
0.82
0.80
0.78
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dry-Bulb Temperature, ºC
CH18-81
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.13 Product Selection
100
90
80
Capacity, %
70
60
50
40
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Re
CH18-83
Window
9 ft 10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
12 ft
CH18-85
Panel Panel Panel
Light
Panel Panel Panel
Light
Panel Panel Panel
CH18-87
Window
3m 3m
SMALL OFFICE
4m
CH18-89
Panel Panel Panel
Light
Panel Panel Panel
Light
Panel Panel Panel
CH18-91
Window
9 ft 10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
12 ft
Sail
SMALL OFFICE
CH18-93
Window
3m 3m
SMALL OFFICE
4m
Sail
SMALL OFFICE
CH18-95
Occupied
Zone 1.1 m
Occupied
Zone 1.1 m
CH18-97
W
W (g/kg)
(g/kg)
Average
Average In
In Front
Front of
of Occupant
Occupant
7.0
7.0 8.0
8.0 8.5
8.5 9.0
9.0 9.5
9.5 10
10 10.5
10.5 11
11
9.8
9.8 3.0
3.0 9.8
9.8 3.0
3.0 Occupied
8.2
8.2 2.5
2.5 8.2
8.2 2.5
2.5 Zone 1.1 m
Room Height, m
Room Height, m
Room Height, ft
Room Height, ft
Exhaust Air
Air
6.6
6.6 2.0
2.0 6.6
6.6 2.0
2.0
Exhaust
Exhaust Air
Air
4.9
4.9 1.5
1.5 4.9
4.9 1.5
1.5
Exhaust
3.3
3.3 1.0
1.0 3.3
3.3 1.0
1.0
1.6
1.6 0.5
0.5 1.6
1.6 0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1.0
1.0 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 40
40 42
42 44
44 4646 48
48 50
50 52
52 54
54 56
56 58
58 60
60
W/W
W/Wexhaust
exhaust Relative
Relative Humidity,
Humidity, %
%
CH18-99
3.0 η=0
η = 0.38
2.5
η = 0.65
η = 0.81
Room Height, m
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Air Supply System 0.0

22 23 24 25 26 27
0.89 m Temperature, ˚C
Diffuser 0.76 m
Occupant
1.73 m Simulator 3.0 η=0
η = 0.38
Flat Screen 2.5
η = 0.65
4.22 m
2.44 m η = 0.81
Room Height, m
2.0
Task Light
1.5
Occupant
Simulator Instrument 1.0
CPU Under Desk Station
0.5
C02 Measuring 0.69 m
Instruments 0.0
0.46 m
SMALL OFFICE 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Dimentionless Air Temperature
4.22 m
CH18-101
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling References
SI
6
DV only R=0.0
Temperature Gradient, ˚C/m 5

R=0.4
4
R=0.5
3
R=0.38 R=0.6
R=0.0 R=0.65
2
R=0.7
1
R=0.8
CC only R=0.9
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
P/Q, kW/(m/s)
CH18-103
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling References
CH18-105
Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling
END OF CHAPTER 18
INTRODUCTION TO
RADIANT HEATING
AND COOLING
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Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiant Heating and Cooling 18.

1 Concepts and Benefits

Example 18.1 - Heat Capacity of Air and Water

Operating Parameters Water Air

Operating Parameters Water Air

18.4 Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems

Pipe Structual Slab

Figure 18.2: Embedded systems

* Where c is the distance from the

0.16 * Where b is the distance from the

Radiant Panel Radiant Panel

SMALL OFFICE SMALL OFFICE

Design Considerations Design Considerations

Radiant Temperature Asymmetry, °C

T air, ceiling AUST, ceiling AUST = Area-weighted temperature

T air, room AUST, room Surface

Without Thermal Paste With Thermal Paste

Tair,ceiling AUST, fixed ceiling

R conv, ceiling R fixed, ceiling Towards fixed ceiling

Towards room and occupants

R rad, ceiling Copper tubing with

T air, room AUST, room

Clearance Between Chilled Sail and Slab, mm

Effective Capacity of Sail, %

Passive Elements for Return Passive Elements for Return

Sail 1 Flex Hose Sail 2 Flex Hose Sail 3

110 115 120 125

Humidity Ratio, gw /kgDA

Dry Bulb Temperature, ºF Dry-Bulb Temperature, ºC

AHU T C Load 3 Way

Primary Chilled Chiller Primary Chilled

3 Way Buffer Tank

Load Load Load

Min. Flow P Differential

3 Way Mixing 3 Way Diverting

Panel Panel Panel Panel

(1) Load Load

(2) Load Load Load

Change from cooling to heating Tset-point Change from heating to cooling

Cool Room Condition Warm

Cooling Capacity, Btu/h ft2

Cooling Capacity, W/m 2

50 V=1200 fpm [6 m/s]

20 V=400 fpm [2 m/s]

10 Awbi and Halton (2000)

0 Novoselac et al. (2006)

Tair - Tpanel (K)

Hc,o (Btu/hft2 ˚F)

tpanel - troom [K]

Humidity Ratio, lbw /lbDA

110 115 120 125

Humidity Ratio, gw /kgDA

Panel Panel Panel

Panel Panel Panel

Panel Panel Panel

Panel Panel Panel

Panel Panel Panel

Panel Panel Panel

Air Supply System 0.0

Temperature Gradient, ˚C/m 5

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