Contents

Contents

CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HVAC

1.1 HVAC Design Basics..................................................................... CH1-2
1.2 HVAC Operating Characteristics................................................... CH1-3
1.3 HVAC Systems............................................................................CH1-10
1.4 Ventilation Systems......................................................................CH1-10
1.5 HVAC Air Distribution Equipment.............................................. CH1-12
1.6 HVAC Selection Guidelines Check List...................................... CH1-20

CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

2.1 Properties of Fluids......................................................................... CH2-2
Example 2.1 - Reynolds Number Calculation................................ CH2-6
2.2 Bernoulli's Equation...................................................................... CH2-10
Example 2.2 - Head Loss Calculation.......................................... CH2-12
2.3 Pressure Measurement.................................................................. CH2-14

CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER

Overview................................................................................................ CH3-2
3.1 Conduction...................................................................................... CH3-2
Example 3.1 - Conduction Through a Composite Wall.................. CH3-5
3.2 Convection.................................................................................... CH3-11
Example 3.2 - Convection in Pipe Flow....................................... CH3-14
Example 3.3 - Convection off a Cool Window............................ CH3-18
Example 3.4 - Heating Energy..................................................... CH3-23
3.3 Radiation....................................................................................... CH3-24
Example 3.5 - Thermal Radiation from Cool Window................ CH3-29
Example 3.6 - View Factors and Energy Exchange..................... CH3-30

CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

4.1 Overview......................................................................................... CH4-2
4.2 Ventilation Effectiveness and Indoor Air Quality........................... CH4-5
Example 4.1 - Calculation of Ventilation Effectiveness............... CH4-11
4.3 Thermal Comfort.......................................................................... CH4-12
Research Highlight 4.1 - Personal Ventilation Control................ CH4-18
4.4 Local Thermal Discomfort............................................................ CH4-22
Example 4.2 - Determination of Draft Rate................................. CH4-25
4.5 Measurement of Thermal Comfort............................................... CH4-32
Research Highlight 4.2 - Stratification & Thermal Comfort......... CH4-34

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CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHROMETRICS

Psychrometrics Graph............................................................................ CH5-2
5.1 Terminology.................................................................................... CH5-4
5.2 Psychrometrics................................................................................ CH5-6
Example 5.1 - Air-Vapor Relationship - Constant Pressure........... CH5-9
Example 5.2 - Air-Vapor Relationship - Constant Pressure........... CH5-9
Example 5.3 - Air-Vapor Relationship - Constant Pressure......... CH5-10
Example 5.4 - Air-Vapor Relationship - Constant Pressure......... CH5-10
Example 5.5 - Air-Vapor Relationship - Constant Pressure......... CH5-11
Example 5.6 - Sensible Heating and Cooling of Moist Air.......... CH5-19
Example 5.7 - Humidification Only (Adiabatic Process)............. CH5-24
Example 5.8 - Cooling and Dehumidification.............................. CH5-26
Example 5.9 - Direct Evaporative Cooling.................................. CH5-28
Example 5.10 - Desiccant Dehumidification................................ CH5-29
Example 5.11 - Mixing of Two Air Streams................................ CH5-30
Example 5.12 - Room Effect........................................................ CH5-35
Example 5.13 - Fan Heat.............................................................. CH5-37
Example 5.14 - Impact of Altitude............................................... CH5-48
Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (ASHRAE, 2009)..................... CH5-49
Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
(ASHRAE, 2009)............................................................................ CH5-53

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL THEORY

6.1 HVAC Building Control ................................................................ CH6-2
6.2 Control Actions............................................................................... CH6-7

CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO ACOUSTICS

7.1 Importance of the Acoustical Environment.................................... CH7-2
7.2 Fundamental Concepts.................................................................... CH7-4
7.3 Sound Measurements...................................................................... CH7-9
7.4 Addition of Sound Levels............................................................. CH7-12
Example 7.1 - Addition of Sound Levels..................................... CH7-13
7.5 Perception..................................................................................... CH7-14
Example 7.2 - NC Rating............................................................. CH7-17
Example 7.3 - RC Rating............................................................. CH7-19

CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO DUCT DESIGN

8.1 General Duct Design....................................................................... CH8-2
8.2 Duct Design Fundamentals............................................................. CH8-3
Example 8.1 - Butterfly Damper Pressure Drop........................... CH8-20
Example 8.2 - Duct Dampers of Various Styles........................... CH8-20
Example 8.3 - Duct Sizing........................................................... CH8-23

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CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION TO MIXING VENTILATION

9.1 Space Air Diffusion......................................................................... CH9-2
9.2 Selection Fundamentals.................................................................. CH9-5
9.3 Air Outlets..................................................................................... CH9-10
9.4 Selection Procedures..................................................................... CH9-14
Example 9.1 - Throw.................................................................... CH9-19
Example 9.2 - Throw.................................................................... CH9-20
Example 9.3 - Throw.................................................................... CH9-21
Example 9.4 - ADPI..................................................................... CH9-33
Example 9.5 - ADPI..................................................................... CH9-37
Example 9.6 - Pressure Drop........................................................ CH9-42
Example 9.7 - Pressure Drop........................................................ CH9-43
Example 9.8 - Room NC.............................................................. CH9-50
Example 9.9 - Small Office NC Level......................................... CH9-56
Example 9.10 - Classroom NC Level........................................... CH9-58
9.5 Low Temperature Systems............................................................ CH9-62
9.6 Industrial Ventilation..................................................................... CH9-68
Example 9.11 - Throw and Space NC.......................................... CH9-77
Example 9.12 - Vertical Throw.................................................... CH9-78
Example 9.13 - Space NC............................................................ CH9-79

CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION TO NOISE CONTROL

10.1 Approach to Noise Control.......................................................... CH10-2
Example 10.1 - Outdoor Noise..................................................... CH10-5
Example 10.2 - Required Insertion Loss.................................... CH10-11
Example 10.3 - Outdoor Noise Design...................................... CH10-16
10.2 Applicable Standards and Testing.............................................. CH10-22
10.3 Products for HVAC Noise Control............................................ CH10-24
Example 10.4 - Silencer Pressure Drop...................................... CH10-39
Example 10.5 - Breakout Noise Design..................................... CH10-51
Example 10.6 - Equipment Enclosure........................................ CH10-65

CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROLS

11.1 Overview of VAV Controllers.................................................... CH11-2
11.2 Thermostat Types....................................................................... CH11-7
11.3 Control Options........................................................................ CH11-10
11.4 Control Terminology................................................................ CH11-12
11.5 Reheat Types............................................................................ CH11-15
11.6 Control Transformers............................................................... CH11-18
Example 11.1 - Control Transformers..................................... CH11-21
Example 11.2 - Control Transformers..................................... CH11-21
11.7 Fuses......................................................................................... CH11-22
11.8 Design and Layout Considerations.......................................... CH11-23
11.9 Building Automation System Network.................................... CH11-24
11.10 Controls - System Examples.................................................... CH11-26
11.11 BACnet - Building Automation and Control Network............ CH11-33

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CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO TERMINAL UNITS

12.1 Terminal Units........................................................................... CH12-2
12.2 Major Terminal Components.................................................... CH12-3
12.3 Air Flow Sensors....................................................................... CH12-5
Example 12.1 - Determine Velocity Pressure Signal............. CH12-10
Example 12.2 - Determine Air Flow Rate.............................. CH12-10
12.4 Terminal Unit Types................................................................ CH12-11
12.5 Energy Consideration.............................................................. CH12-32
12.6 Terminal Unit Acoustics.......................................................... CH12-37
12.7 Terminal Unit Insulation Types............................................... CH12-38
12.8 Terminal Unit Air Filters......................................................... CH12-44
12.9 Terminal Unit Attenuators / Silencers..................................... CH12-44
Research Highlight 12.1......................................................... CH12-45
12.10 Water Coils (Heat Exchangers)............................................... CH12-47
12.11 Electric Reheat........................................................................ CH12-50
12.12 Selection of Terminal Types.................................................... CH12-53
12.13 Terminal Unit Selection.......................................................... CH12-56
Example 12.3 - Single Duct Selection, Reheat...................... CH12-59
Example 12.4 - Parallel Fan Powered Terminal Selection......... CH12-63
12.14 Terminal Unit Acoustical Selection Procedure ...................... CH12-67
Example 12.5 - Estimating Sound Power of Outlets.............. CH12-77
Example 12.6 - Series Fan Powered Terminal Selection.......... CH12-79
12.15 Recommendations for Sizing, Installation & Maintenance........... CH12-89
12.16 Standards & Certification Programs....................................... CH12-97

CHAPTER 13 INTRODUCTION TO FAN COILS AND BLOWER COILS

13.1 Fan Coil Product Fundamentals............................................... CH13-2
13.2 Fan Coil Unit Types................................................................. CH13-4
13.3 Blower Coil Unit Types........................................................... CH13-8
13.4 Accessories............................................................................ CH13-10
13.5 Fan Coil Piping...................................................................... CH13-16
13.6 Fan Coil Controls................................................................... CH13-19
13.7 Application of Fan Coil and Blower Coil Units.................... CH13-25
13.8 Unit Installation & Maintenance Guidelines......................... CH13-27
13.9 Standards and Certification Programs.................................... CH13-29

CHAPTER 14 INTRODUCTION TO VAV DIFFUSERS

14.1 Diffuser Types.......................................................................... CH14-2
14.2 Conventional Design vs. VAV Diffuser Layouts..................... CH14-4
14.3 Operating Principles................................................................. CH14-6
Example 14.1 - ADPI............................................................. CH14-10
14.4 VAV Diffusers and LEED®.................................................... CH14-11
14.5 Zoning Solutions.................................................................... CH14-11
14.6 Selection Procedure............................................................... CH14-14
Example 14.2 - Room NC and Throw................................... CH14-15
14.7 Duct Pressure Control............................................................ CH14-16
14.8 Retrofit Applications.............................................................. CH14-19

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CHAPTER 15 FUNDAMENTALS OF DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION

Overview.............................................................................................. CH15-2
15.1 Concepts and Benefits.............................................................. CH15-3
15.2 Displacement Ventilation Characteristics................................ CH15-5
15.3 Heating with Displacement Diffusers...................................... CH15-9
Research Highlight 15.1 - Ventilation Effectiveness in Heating........ CH15-12
15.4 Hydronic Products with Displacement Ventilation................ CH15-14
15.5 Humidity Control................................................................... CH15-18
15.6 Designing with Air Handling Units....................................... CH15-19
15.7 Diffuser Types........................................................................ CH15-21
15.8 Displacement Ventilation Supply Air Methods...................... CH15-26
15.9 Thermal Comfort and Displacement Ventilation................... CH15-27
Research Highlight 15.2 - Stratification & Thermal Comfort........ CH15-30
15.10 Room Loads and Air Volume Requirements.......................... CH15-31
15.11 Displacement Ventilation Air Volume Calculations............... CH15-36
15.12 Design Procedure................................................................... CH15-42
15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout............................... CH15-46
Example 15.1 - Office Design................................................ CH15-51
Example 15.2 - Boardroom Design A.................................... CH15-63
Example 15.3 - Boardroom Design B.................................... CH15-71

CHAPTER 16 APPLICATIONS OF DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION

16.1 School Design Criteria............................................................. CH16-2
16.2 Organizations for Healthy Schools.......................................... CH16-3
16.3 Benefits of Displacement Ventilation....................................... CH16-5
16.4 Displacement Ventilation in Schools: Typical Application........ CH16-12
Research Highlight 16.1 - Ventilation and Student Health......... CH16-14
16.5 Diffuser Type, Layout and Location...................................... CH16-19
Example 16.1 - Classroom Design......................................... CH16-22
16.6 Displacement Ventilation in Theaters.................................... CH16-33
Research Highlight 16.2 - IAQ in Theaters with DV............ CH16-38
Example 16.2 - Theater Design............................................. CH16-42
16.7 Displacement Ventilation and Health Care............................ CH16-48
Example 16.3 - Energy Savings............................................. CH16-54
Research Highlight 16.3 - IAQ in Patient Rooms with DV......... CH16-61
Research Highlight 16.4 - VE in Patient Rooms with DV......... CH16-65
Research Highlight 16.5 - Guidelines for DV in Health Care.CH16-68 16.8
Design Procedure............................................................................... CH16-72
Example 16.4 - Patient Room with DV................................. CH16-74
Example 16.5 - Waiting Room with DV................................ CH16-82
16.9 Displacement Ventilation in Industrial Spaces...................... CH16-92
Example 16.6 - Machine Shop Design................................ CH16-101

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CHAPTER 17 INTRODUCTION TO UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION

Overview.............................................................................................. CH17-2
17.1 Basics of Underfloor Air Distribution...................................... CH17-3
17.2 Air Distribution Methods....................................................... CH17-19
17.3 Residency Time and Thermal Decay..................................... CH17-23
17.4 Leakage.................................................................................. CH17-28
Example 17.1 - Category 1 Leakage...................................... CH17-29
Example 17.2 - Category 2 Leakage...................................... CH17-32
Example 17.3 - Leakage Through Floor Tiles....................... CH17-41
17.5 Plenum Design....................................................................... CH17-43
Research Highlight 17.1 - Plenum Air Distribution............... CH17-51
17.6 Mixed Systems....................................................................... CH17-57
17.7 Humidity................................................................................ CH17-59
17.8 Mechanical Equipment.......................................................... CH17-60
17.9 Acoustics................................................................................ CH17-61
17.10 Treatment of Heating and Cooling Loads.............................. CH17-65
Example 17.4 - Minimum Ventilation................................... CH17-66
Research Highlight 17.2 - UFAD Load Calculations............ CH17-73
17.11 Diffuser Types........................................................................ CH17-77
Example 17.5 - Round Floor Diffuser................................... CH17-82
Example 17.6 - Selection of Perimeter Diffuser.................... CH17-90
17.12 Applications........................................................................... CH17-98

CHAPTER 18 INTRODUCTION TO RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING

Overview............................................................................................. CH18-2
18.1 Concepts and Benefits............................................................. CH18-2
18.2 Heat Transfer Differences between Air-Air and
Air-Water Systems...............................................................CH18-5
Example 18.1 - Heat Capacity of Air and Water..................... CH18-6
18.3 When to use Radiant Systems............................................... CH18-10
18.4 Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems................................. CH18-12
18.5 Thermal Comfort for Radiant Panels and Chilled Sails.......... CH18-15
Example 18.2 - Calculation of Operative Temperature........ CH18-18
18.6 Products................................................................................ CH18-22
18.7 Primary and Outside Air System Design.............................. CH18-30
Example 18.3 - Calculation of Latent Cooling Capacity............CH18-38
18.8 Chilled Water System Design............................................... CH18-41
18.9 Zone Piping........................................................................... CH18-43
18.10 Ventilation Strategies............................................................ CH18-53
18.11 Design Procedure - Heating.................................................. CH18-59
Example 18.4 - Patient Room............................................... CH18-62
18.12 Design Procedure - Cooling.................................................. CH18-72
Example 18.5 - Small Office................................................. CH18-74
18.13 Product Selection.................................................................. CH18-82
Example 18.6 - Small Office Panel Selection....................... CH18-84
Example 18.7 - Small Office Chilled Sail Selection............. CH18-92
Research Highlight 18.1 - Radiant Cooling with DV......... CH18-100

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CHAPTER 19 INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVE AND PASSIVE BEAMS

Overview............................................................................................. CH19-2
19.1 Concepts and Benefits............................................................. CH19-2
19.2 Heat Transfer Differences between Air-Air
and Air-Water Systems........................................................ CH19-5
Example 19.1 - Heat Capacity of Air and Water.................... CH19-6
19.3 When to use Active and Passive Beams............................... CH19-10
19.4 Active and Passive Beams.................................................... CH19-12
19.5 Primary and Outside Air System Design.............................. CH19-18
Example 19.2 - Calculation of Latent Cooling Capacity........ CH19-26
19.6 Chilled Water System Design............................................... CH19-29
19.7 Zone Piping........................................................................... CH19-31
19.8 Passive Beam Selection and Design Procedure.................... CH19-41
Example 19.3 - Small Office Passive Beam Selection......... CH19-49
19.9 Active Beam Selection and Design Procedure..................... CH19-57
Example 19.4 - Small Office Active Beam Selection........... CH19-66
19.10 Managing Primary Air Volume and Capacity....................... CH19-71
Example 19.5 - Small Office with High Internal Gains........ CH19-73
Example 19.6 - Active Beams in a Computer Lab ............... CH19-82
Example 19.7 - Active Beams in Laboratories..................... CH19-88

CHAPTER 20 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE HVAC

Overview.............................................................................................. CH20-2
20.1 Air Distribution in Hospital and Clinical Spaces..................... CH20-2
20.2 Air Filtration............................................................................ CH20-6
20.3 Acoustical Considerations for Health Care Spaces............... CH20-11
Example 20.1 - Calculating NC Values................................. CH20-12
20.4 Cleanliness, Durability and Lint............................................ CH20-14
20.5 Air Outlets in Health Care..................................................... CH20-14
20.6 Air Movement in Health Care................................................ CH20-19
20.7 Displacement Ventilation and Health Care............................ CH20-24
Example 20.2 - Energy Savings............................................. CH20-31
20.8 Design Procedure................................................................... CH20-34
20.9 Hydronic Products in Health Care......................................... CH20-35

CHAPTER 21 APPLICATIONS OF HEALTH CARE HVAC

21.1 Introduction to Patient Care Areas........................................... CH21-2
21.2 Waiting and Examination Rooms.......................................... CH21-10
Example 21.1 - Waiting Room with Mixing Diffusers.......... CH21-12
Example 21.2 - Waiting Room with DV................................ CH21-18
Example 21.3 - Patient Room with Mixing Diffusers........... CH21-23
Example 21.4 - Patient Room with DV................................. CH21-29
Research Highlight 21.1......................................................... CH21-33
Example 21.5 - Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) Room........ CH21-37
Example 21.6 - Protective Environment (PE) Room............. CH21-42
Research Highlight 21.2 - Radiant Panels in Burn ICUs............ CH21-46
21.3 Hospital Operating Rooms.................................................... CH21-49
Example 21.7 - Operating Room Air Distribution................. CH21-58
21.4 Hospital Pharmacies............................................................... CH21-67
Example 21.8 - Hospital Pharmacy....................................... CH21-70
21.5 Laboratories........................................................................... CH21-74
Example 21.9 - General Laboratory (Load-Driven).............. CH21-78

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