gerund noun from a verb

verb+ing

same function as noun

subject talking with friends is enjoyable
object i love getting together with friends
complements phrases our favorite activity is playing cards (SC)
explain the subject or object she has trouble making friends (OC)

not + gerund not calling her was a big mistake

negative

gerunds as objects
avoid i enjoy metting new people
consider
enjoy
keep
mind

go + gerund go skiing we go skiing every weekend in

recreational activities go swimming
go hiking

object preposition
verb+prep they insisted on giving us a present
adj+ prep she is good at making friends

to
can be a prep he will adjust to working hard
part of an infinitive he tries to work hard

formal writing possessive noun gerund

formal speaking possessive pronoun

show possession

in conversation native
usea a name or object pronoun
before a gerund

gerunds
simple or past form
usea without past paticiple

past gerund having met jane in my first week of college

having+past participle
show action
occured before the action of the main verb having gone to college is one of the best things i ve ever done
emphasize the diference of the two actions going to college is one of the best things i ve ever

passive form
present being+ past participle she hates being ignored
past having been + past participle she is still angry at having been

many words un english ends in ING

dont confuse
gerunds progressive form
present participles i ve been making friends at wo
adj phrases mary is enrolled in a cooking cl
adv phrases walking on the beach, i wonde
e go skiing every weekend in the winter

pete s dominating every conversation bothers me

his dominating every conversation bothers me

i dont like Pete dominating every conversation

i dont like him dominating every conversation
 i ve ever done

he hates being ignored

he is still angry at having been ignored

ve been making friends at work (progressive form)

mary is enrolled in a cooking class (adj)
alking on the beach, i wondered why she was angry at me (adver phrases)
infinitive
infinitive
infinitive phrases

subjects
more formal

it+ an infinitive phrase

for + noun/pronoun

objects

subject complements
phrases
describe the subject

not+infinitive

to as a:
infinite
preposition

to avoid repeating
infnitive just mentioned
ELLIPSIS
replace the verb with TO

certain verbs followed

only infinitives

other verbs
follwed by a required noun/pronoun + an infinitive

other verbs followed by

an optional noun or pronoun+ an infinitive depending the meaning

certain adj
followed by infinitives
adj describe people not things
express feelings about the action described

noun
followed by an infinitive
infinitive gives information
about the noin
verbs followed
only by infinitives

only by gerunds

by both
infinitive or gerund
no change in meaning

by both
infinitive or gerund
CHANGE IN MEANING
forget
go on
quit
regret
remember
stop
try
too
negative result

adj/adv+ enough+ infinitive

enough + noun +infinitive

noun+ enough + infinitive (formal)

enough + noun +FOR+ noun/pronoun+infinitive

infinitive
simple form

past form
show action occured before the action of the main verb in the sentence

passive
present
to+be/get+past participle

past
to +have+been +past participle
action before the action of the main verb
to + verb
same functions as nouns

to finish what you started is advisable

to say who or what does the action

id like to invite you to dinner

a teacher s job is to create a desire to learn

i warned you not to pull this off

i plan to work hard (infinitive)

i m used to working hard (gerund)

Steve knew he had to go to work, but he didnt want to

shw offered to help me

i warned stan to make the payments

we expected to finish on time

we expected Jim to finish on time

george is afraid to make mistakes

mary is not willing to help us

cozumel is a good place to spend vacation

appear
decide
expect
hope
manage
nedd
pretend
seem
want
would like

avoid
be worth
cant help
consider
enjoy
feel like
have trouble
keep
mind
miss
spend (time)

begin
cant stand
continue
hate
like
love
prefer
start

i stopped quit to go to the movies

i stopped quit going to the movies
too+adj / adv

ken is strong enough to lift 145 punds

there is not money enough to pay for the repairs

there is not enough money to pay for the repairs

there is not enough money for Jane to pay the reparis

to+have+past participle

the work was to have been done before now

the work is suppossed to be finished by tomorrow
it s advisable to finish what you started
it s important for a student to take good notes

gerund regular noun pronoun

different meaning
different meaning
i stopped other activity to go to the movies
i stopped quit activity of going to the movies
we re too tired to do any work today

you seem to have forgotten the report that was due today
usted parece haber olvidado el informe que debía presentarse hoy

el trabajo debía haberse hecho antes

se supone que el trabajo estará terminado para mañana
adverb
modify
verbs
adj
other adverbs
entire sentences

sentence adverbs
various places
first
at the final
elsewhere

be follows a modal

focus adverbs
attention on
a word /phrase
adv precede the word /phrase focus on
even
just
only
almost

changing the position

change the meaning
focusing is stressed

negative adverbs

sentences
begining with negative adverbs
put he verb or auxiliary
before the subject
emphasize the negative meaning

not only + but also

verb in perfect form

place the auxiliary before the subject

beginning with neither

formal

here
there
adv
force inversion
come at the beginning

dont invert if it s a pronoun

sentence adverbs viewpoint adverb
express an opinion or view
about a sentence
actually
basically
certainty
clearly
definitely
essentially
fortunately
hopefully
obviously
overall
maybe
perhaps
possibly
surely

comes comma
comes comma
after the verb
before others verbs
adv comes after the modal not in commas

even i believed that focuses on I

i believe even that focuses on that

just teenagers can attend the meetings

solo adolescentes pueden atender las reuniones
teenagers can just attend the meetings
adolescente pueden solo atender las reuniones
adolescente pueden solamente atender las reuniones
ONLY teenagers can attend
teenagers can ONLY attend

hardly
in no way no way (informal=
little
neither
never
not only
only
rarely
seldom

rarely do women make a career of the military

not only should we allow that but we should also encourage it

never had i heard such a strange idea

Nunca había oído una idea tan extraña

my grandpa didnt join the military

neither did my father
seldom have women served in combat
rara vez han servido mujeres en combate

here is your money

force inversion

there goes the bus

invert
here comes the bus here the bus comes
here it comes here comes it
dont invert
clearly, he is a very good speaker sentence adv modify entire sentence

he speaks clearly not a sentence adv

simple adv modifies speak
women are required to serve in the military
only in israel
seldom is he on time
he is seldom on time
clause group of words
1 subject
1 verb
independent
dependent

independent main clause

stand alone

dependent subordinate clause

cannot stand alone
need another sentence
to be fully understand

complex sentence contain

bboth
dependent
independent

the clauses come in either order

ADVERB CLAUSES
indicate
how
when
where
why

begin with subordinating conjunctions =

AC comes inside independent clause her ability when she got to high school was remarkable

ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIME WHEN

after
as
as soon as
before
by the time
once
since
until/till
when
whenenver
while
once starting forme the moment something happens
una vez

until hasta (que)

till (informal)

complex sentence we ll leave when they get there

dont use we ll leave when they will get there
goin to
will
in the depende clause
express future

ADVERB OF PLACES
anywhere
everywhere
where
wherever major athletes are popular wherever they go

ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON

as reason and time
because
now that =(because now)

since reason and time

ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION

even if aunque
only if solo si
unless amenos que
in case en caso

only if
begin
subject n verb inverted no comma only if another athlete drops out WILL BI YUN make the team

even incluso
even though aunque
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
although show unexpected result
even though show unexpected result
though show unexpected result
whereas
while

comma before or after

dependent clause of contrast

while mientras
whereas mientras

while
to introduce both
a clause of contrast
a clause of time
while they lost the game they played their best
mientras perdían el juego jugaban lo mejor que podían
we ate while we were watching the game
Comimos mientras veíamos el partido
i we can get tickets we ll go to the game

subordinate adverbs
as he was badly hurt he had to drop out the game reason
como estaba gravemente herido tuvo que abandonar el juego
he set a new world record as we were watching time
estableció un nuevo récord mundial mientras estábamos viendo

since anna doesnt like sports she refused to go to the game reason
ya que a Anna no le gustan los deportes se negó a ir al juego

barry has played sports since he entered high school present perfect
barry has played sports since he entered high school

incluso si aun si
solamente si unicamente si
si no salvo que
por si
aunque, si bien, a pesar
aun cuando, a pesar, aunque
aunque, sin embargo, pero
mientras que, considerando que
mientras

direct contrast
direct contrast formal

contrast

time
clause
subject
verb
shows time

clause
phrase

adv clauses
can be shortened
adverb phrases

negative adv phrases

you can reduce

adv clause
adv phrase
both clauses
refer to the same person

in this case you cannot reduce

adv phrases
come first
or second

after
before
since
while
the clause no form of be

adverb phrases
simple past
past perfect
change to
ing or
having+past participle
upon on +ing
same meaning
when in a adv clause

subordinating conjunction
omitted in a phrase

phrase without subordinating conjunction

adverbial phrases

dont omit in passive

adv clauses of reason

changed to
adverbial phrases
because
since
as

present perfect
pastperfect
in a adv clause
changed
having +participle

clause
containing
passive verbs
can changed
adverbial phrase
with onloy past participle

subordinating conjuction
cannot be omitted
without changing meaning
phrase
no subject
no verb
no shows time
present
pasrt participle

after he sped away

after speeding away

after not eating all day

reg and maggie drove while the children were sleeping

not: reg and maggie drove while sleeping

usually place a comma

after the visited

after visiting

after they (had)opened the door, they saw the blood

after opening the door, they saw the blood
having opened the door, they saw the blood
upon/on realizing what had happened. They pulled to the side of the road
when they realized what had happened, they pulled to the side of the road

while sitting on the porch, i thought about my future

sitting on the porch, i thought about my future

i worked for two years before being accepted in the university

i worked for two years being accepted at the university

because/since/as the children were sleeping in the car, they were not aware of what happening
sleeping in the car, the children were not aware of what was happening

can be changed to being in an adverbial phrase

because/ since/ as/ they were not satisfied

not being satisfied, they decided to do sth about the problem

in an adverbial phrase

since i was given 2 options, i chose the harder of the two

since i was given 2 options, i chose the harder of the two
given 2 options, i chose the harder of the two
dado 2 opciones, elegí el más difícil de los dos

before i was told

before being told
while we were touring
while touring

after we fixed the flat tire

after fixing the flat tire

while driving, they…….

they ….. while driving

después de abrir la puerta, vieron la sangre

after opening the door, they saw the blood
habiendo abierto la puerta, vieron la sangre
adv clause
adv phrase

because they had been moved by the situation people became organ donors
porque habían sido movidos por la situación la gente se convirtió en donantes de órganos
having been moved by the situation, people became organ donors
se han visto afectados por la situación, las personas se han convertido en donantes de órganos
connectors discourse connectors
words
connect
between
sentences
blocks

coordinating conjunctions join 2 independent clause

subordinating conjunctions connect ideas
transitions connect ideas

transitions
5 types
addition
additionally adicionalmente
besides ademas
furthermore ademas
in addition adicionalmente
likewise igualmente
moreover ademas/ es mas
plus ademas de

transitions connect
blocks of text

list ideas in order of time or importance finally

first of all
most importanly
next
second
third

give examples for example

for instance

summarize all in all

in summary
overall
to summarize
add a conclusion in conclusion
to conclude
subordinate = dependen clause
larger section of text or sentences begining within ending
begining preceded by a period or semicolon 3 diferent positions
followed by a comma

condition
otherwise de otra manera
por otra parte

first of all, lets considet the question of short-terms memory

i try hard, but i can never remember
i cant remember her name, although i can remember her face
a sentence .However,i wouldnt count on him
……………………...However ………………………
…………………………………………………………….However

contrast
however sin embargo
in contrast en contraste
in spite of this a pesar de esto
instead en vez de
nevertheless sin embargo
nonetheless no obstante/sin embargo
still todavia/aun
though aunque/sin embargo
effect/result relationships
accordingly en consecuencia after that despues de eso
as a result como resultado afterwards despues /mas tarde
because of this la razon de esto in the meantime mientras/mientras tanto/entretanto
consequently por consiguiente meanwhile mientras/mientras tanto/entretanto
on account of this a cuenta de esto next siguiente
otherwise si no then luego
therefore por lo tanto
thus en consecuencia /asi
conditional sentences
situations
occur or not
because of certain circunstances

dependent conditional clause

independent result clause

real/ factual conditionals

occur regularly
are likely or possitive in the future

unreal conditionals
situations
untrue
unlikely
impossible
in the present or past

comma
no comma

present real conditional

generla truths
scientific facts
habits
repeated events
sp in both clauses
present progressive in the if clause

future-time situations
simpre present present progressive in if clause
future will going to may might can could should
in the result clause

present unreal conditional

unreal +
untrue
unimagined
impossible conditions
their results
simple past in if clause
were could might would
base form
in the result clause

simple past in the if clause

past in form only
is not past in meaning

dont use
would in if clause
in present unreal conditional sentences

past unreal conditional

unreal +
untrue
unimagined
impossible conditions
their results
past perfect in if clause
could might would+ have + past participle
in the result clause

express regret about situation

happened in the past

dont use would have in the if clause

in past unreal conditional sentences

times in if clause
result clauses
are sometimes different
present and past unreal conditional
can be mixed

unreal conditionals
regret
sadness
wish+noun clause
sadness desire for a differente situation

wish
could/ would
base form
a wish about the future

wish
simple past
wish about the present

wish
past perfect
wish about the past

dont confuse
wish
express regrets unlikely or impossible to change

hope
express desire
about events that are possible or probable

if only
wish
followed by a noun clause

simple past after only if

a wish contrary to fact at present

past perfect after only if

a wish that sth had happened differently in the past

dont confuse if only

only if
if clause

water boils if it reaches 100°C

if we study, we will pass

if i were rich, i d buy a car

i would have helped uf you had asked

yo habria ayudado si tu hubieras preguntado

if …… . ……….
……. If ……

plants die if they dont get enough water

if im flying i always feel nervous

i ll contact you as soon as i hear from hear

i ll contact you as soon as i ll hear from hear

if i loved you i d ask you to marry me

if i were you i wouldnt accept the offer
i d buy a new car if i had the money

id buy a new car if i would have the money

if had listened to my inner voice i wouldnt have made that mistake

i would have lent your money if i had known you were in financila difficullt

i would have lent you money if i would have known you werein finacial dificulty

if i hadnt gone to college i d still be working at the hardware store

si yo no hubiera ido al college yo aun estaria trabajando en el hardware store

if sam were coming he would have arrived by now

si sam estuviera viniendo el habria llegado por ahora

i d earn more if i had a better job

yo ganaria mas si yo tuviera un mejor trabajo

i wish (that) i had a better job

yo deseo que yo tuviera un mejor trabajo

i wish (that) you would change your mind

yo deseo que tu cambiaras tu manera de pensar

my wife wishes (that) i helped her with the housework

mi esposa desea que la ayude con el trabajo de la casa
my son wishes (tha)t he hadnt taken that job
mi hijo desea que el no hubiera tomado ese trabajo

i wish that she would accept my proposal (i dont think she will)

i hope that she accepts/i will accept my proposal( it s possible or probable that she will)

i wish that i were good at sports

if only i were good at sports

if only i werent so busy

si solo nosotros no estuvieramos tan ocupados

if only i hadnt said that

si solo yo no hubiera dicho eso

if only jerry studied more

si solo jerry estudiara mas

only if jerry studied more would he have a chance of passing

use simple present in if clause
even though the time is in future
not
i wish that he would study more
conditions in
conditional sentences
sometimes are implied

may be implied
using
but for
if not
if so
otherwise
with
without

implied condition
there is no change in the result clause

with
before or after the result clause

unreal coditions
had past perfect
should
were
deleting if
inverting the sub and verb

inverted condition
no change in the result

at tje beginning or athe final

negative form
dont contract
adding not

inverted condition
same meaning
conditionals if
more formal

inverted conditional sentences

should
action evenet is unlikely to happen
SUBJUNCTIVE
somewhat uncommon in english

example; use of were

in unreal conditions

not use in past situations

antoher form
base form of a verb

main verb in a noun clause

past present future
subjunctive is base form

negative
not before the base form

passive subjunctive
be+past participle

subjunctive
base form
used in noun clause
verbs of advice
necessity
urgency
dont use infinitives after these

insist on
propose
recommend
suggest
followed by a gerund phrase

ask
order
requiere
urge
verb+object+infinitve
that is not usually omitted
subjunctive
after adjectives of advice
necessity
urgency

after adj of urgency necessity and advice

it+be+adj+that
dont usually omit that

it+be+adj+for+noun or object pronoun + infinitive

informal
you brother may be lonely, if so, he should join a singles group
tu hermano podria estar solo en tal caso el deberia universe a grupos de solteros
pero para
si no

de lo contrario

mary needs to be part of the decision otherwise she ll never be happy

si no es parte de la decision nunca sera feliz

with a little extra communication you can fix the problem

you can fix the problem with a little extra communication

if i had known he was lazy, i wouldnt have roomed with him

had i known he was lazy, i wouldnt have roomed with him

if i were to accept the job i would insist on benefits

were i to accept the job, i would insisit on benefits

had i not received the phone call, i wouldnt have been able to help
hadnt i received the phone call, i wouldnt have been able to help

should something wrong, we need to have a backup plan

it is unlikely that sth will goi wrong nur we needto be prepared

if i were you i d visit my parents more often

if i were there i would help her

if i were there i would have helped her

we recommended (that) he sell his house

we recommed (that) he see a lawyer

my aunt insisted (that) we not come to visit her today

the doc reccomends (that) uncle john be hospitalized

demand i propose (that) we ask mom and

insist my parents insisted (that) i come
propose
recommend
suggest he suggested (that) we talk
he suggested (that) we to talk

we insist on/propose/recommend/ suggest getting another bid for the job

i asked that my brothers and sisters be present

i asked my brothers and sisters to be present

advisable it is essential that elderly people b
crucial
desirable its important that she understand
essential
important it was necessary that my brother s
mandatory
neccesary
urgent

it is important for her to understand her options

it was necessary for my brother to see a lawyer

 propose (that) we ask mom and dad about their wishes
my parents insisted (that) i come to visit them often

e suggested (that) we talk

e suggested (that) we to talk
is essential that elderly people be treated with dignity

s important that she understand her options

was necessary that my brother see a lawyer