Modern Automotive Technology (Computer Control Technology) PDF

Computer Control Technology Modern Automotive Technology
acwfrDarmfawmf,mOfenf;ynmNrefrmNyef
(um;uGefysLwmenf;ynm)
Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 1
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Chapter (23) Computer System Fundamentals ………….………………………………………………………………… 3
Chapter (24) On-Board Diagnostics and Scan Tools………….………………………………………………………….. 27
Chapter (25) Computer System Service………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

CHAPTER (23)
COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS
aemufqHk;ay:um;awGrSm tDvufxa&mepfpepfawGu tvGefudk&SkyfaxG;aeygNyD/ um;uGefysLwmyg&SdNyD;

qefqmawGqDu Input ,lum y&dk*&rfoGif;xm;wJhtwdkif;wGufcsufum Actuator awGqDudk Output xkwfay;yg
onf/ aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm um;uGefysLwmu apmifhMunhfxdefcsKyfygonf/
23.1. Cybernetics
Cybernetics qdkwm pufrSkESifhvQyfppfypönf;awG b,fvdktvkyfvkyfvJqdkwmudk vl&JhcEÆmtpdwftydkif;
awG tvkyfvkyfyHkESifh ESdkif;,SOfavhvmNcif; Nzpfygonf/ tJhvdkavhvmNcif;Nzifh ydkrdkem;vnfoabmaygufapygonf/
vlh&JhOD;aESmufudk twk,lum um;rSmvnf; um;uGefysLwm wyfqiftoHk;NyKvmMuygonf/
Computer system input (uGefysLwmpepf) Human nervous system (vl&JhcEÆmtpdwftydkif;pepf)

Knock sensor input (acgufoHqefqmrSay;ydkhNcif;) Hearing input (vl&JhtMum;tm&Hk)
Oxygen sensor input (atmufqD*sifqefqmrSay;ydkhNcif;) Smell input (vl&JhteHhcHtm&Hk)
Light dimming photo cell input (tvif;a&mifNzifh Sight input (vl&JhtNriftm&Hk)
"mwfyHk&dkufNyD; "mwfyHkydkhay;Ncif;)
Pressure sensor input (zdtm;qefqmrSay;ydkhNcif;) Touch input (vl&JhtxdtawGhtm&Hk)
Low oil level sensor input (qDtNrifhudkwdkif;wm Taste input (vl&Jht&omcHtm&Hk)
aom qefqmrSay;ydkhNcif;)
Solenoid, relay or servo motor output Muscle movement output (vl&JhMuGufom;tzGJht
(qdkvkdEdGKkuf? &ufav;? qmAdkarmfwmawGudk armif;ESifay;Ncif;) pnf;udk tvkyfvkyfap&ef OD;aESmufu cdkif;apNcif;)
Memory and processor IC circuits in Computer Brain’s memory and thought
(uGefysLwmrSm a'wmawG odkavSmifxm;Ncif;? (vlh&JhOD;aESmufrSm rSwfnmPfawG odrf;xm;EdkifNcif;?
wGufcsufNcif;) pOf;pm;awG;ac:EdkifNcif;)
yHk (23-1) Cybernetics qdkwm pufrSkESifhvQyfppfypönf;awG b,fvdktvkyfvkyfvJqdkwmudk vlhcEÆmudk,ft

pdwftydkif;awG tvkyfvkyfyHkESifh ESdkif;,SOfavhvmNcif; Nzpfygonf/ txufygZ,m;wGif pufrSkESifhvQyfppf
ypönf;awGESifh vl&JhcEÆmtpdwftydkif;awGudk ESdkif;,SOfNyxm;yHkyg/
23.1.1. The Nervous System (Computer input)

vl&JhcEÆmtpdwftydkif;rS tm&HkaMumtzGJhtpnf;onf Chemical-electrical siganals awGeJh vl&JhcEÆmudk,f
tpdwftydkif;awGudk xdef;csKyfygonf/ oifh&Jhvufacsmif;u csGefwufaomt&mudk xdrdygu tm&HkaMumav;awGu
rifhvufawmh xdcdkufrdaeNyDvdkh OD;aESmufudk owif;ydkhygonf/ OD;aESmufu vufawGudk Nyef&Skwfodrf;zdkh taMumif;
Mum;um vufudk rxdcdkufatmif csGefwufaomt&muae Nyef&kyfodrf;ygonf/ tm&HkaMumav;awGonf vuf
acsmif;av;awGeJh OD;aESmufudk qufoG,fxm;wJh 0g,mMudK;av;awGvdkh tvkyfvkyfay;ygonf/ vufacsmif;rSm&SdwJh
tm&HkcHav;awGae&mrSm um;rSmawmh qefqmav;awGwyfum toHk;NyKygonf/ 'Davmufqdk&if um;rSm qefqm
awG wyfqiftoHk;NyK&Ncif;taMumif;udk odEdkifygNyD/
23.1.2. The Brain (Computer Processing)

vl&JhOD;aESmufu e,lxGefvdkhac:wJh qJvfav;awG odef;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmNzifh zGJhpnf;xm;NyD; tJh'D
e,lxGef awGonf vl&JhcEÆmudk,f tpdwftydkif;awGtoD;oD;qDuae Chemically-electrically enf;Nzifh
qufoG,fxm;yg onf/ usGefawmfwdkh pOf;pm;wJhtcgrSm e,lxGefwpfckuae wpfckpDudk vQyfppf impulses awG
a&Ghvsm;oGm;vm aeygonf/ yHkrSefpOf;pm;wmav;wpfckawmif vQyfppf impulses awG axmifaygif;rsm;pGm
&mESifhcsDNyD; a&Ghvsm;oGm; vmae&ygonf/ vl&JhcEÆmtwGif; qJvfav;awGtvkyfvkyfyHkudk Nrifomatmif vQyfppfpD;
yHkESifh wifpm;aNymaomfvnf; wu,fwrf;awmh vQyfppfawG pD;wmrsdK; r[kwfygbl;/
vl&JhOD;aESmufonf tvGeftvGefaumif;rGefaom Super Computer uJhodkh tvkyfvkyfEdkifygonf/ vl&JhOD;
aESmufonf tm&HkaMumav;awGu ay;ydkhvmaom owif;awGt& wGufcsufygonf/ NyD;&if b,fvdkwkefhNyef&rvJ
qdkwm qHk;Nzwfum b,fcEÆmtpdwftydkif;u bmvkyf&ef nTefMum;ygonf/
Oyrm/ /oifh&Jhvufacsmif;av;u csGefwufaewJhtyfacsmif;av;udkxdrd&if emusifvmwJh tm&HkaMum
av;awGu OD;aESmufqDudk owif;ydkhay;ygonf/ OD;aESmufonf owif;&&csif;yJ ighvufawmh temw&Nzpfawmh
rSmyJqdkNyD; vufacsmif;awGudk tyfawGqDuae csufcsif;Nyef&kyfapygonf/ OD;aESmufuJhodkh tvkyfvkyf&ef um;uGef
ysLwmudk xnfhoGif;wnfaqmuf&Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ vlh&JhOD;aESmufonf csifcsdefpOf;pm;ouJhodkh um;uGefysLwmu
vnf; csifcsdefygonf/ xnfhoGif;xm;onf y&dk*&rftwdkif; &SdNyD;om;owif;tcsuftvufawGeSifh ESkdif;,SOfMunfh
wmrsdK;awG tvkyfvkyfygonf/ NyD;rS b,ftpdwftydkif;awGudk b,fvdkvkyfqdkwmudk trdefhay;cdkif;apygonf/
23.1.2. The reflex Action (Computer output)

The reflex Action qdkwm OD;aESmufuae cdkif;apwJhtwdkif;csufcsif;vkyfwmudk qdkvdkygonf/
ighvufawmh temw&Nzpfawmh rSmyJqdkNyD; vufacsmif;awGudk tyfawGqDuae csufcsif;Nyef&kyfwmonf OD;aESmuf
uaetrdefhtwdkif; csufcsif;vkyfaqmifNcif; Nzpfygonf/ um;uGefysLwmonf Actuator awGqDudk
qefqmawGqDu&&Sdvmaom Information udk taNccHum b,ftydkif;u bmvkyf&rvJ csufcsif;vkyfaqmifapyg
onf/
23.2. Computer Circuit Advantages uGefysLwmqm;upf&Jhaumif;usdK;rsm;

armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm bmaMumifhum;uGefysLwmxnfhoGif;toHk;NyK&vJqdkwm aumif;usdK;rsm;pGm &Sdvdkh
Nzpfygonf/ tJh'Daumif;usdK;awGudk atmufygtwdkif;pkpnf;az:Nyvdkufygonf/
 um;uGefysLwmpepfonf pufrSkypönf;awGvdkh yGef;pm;rSk r&SdNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmonf milisecold (wpfpuöefh&JhwpfaxmifyHkwpfyHktwGif;) rSm tvkyfvkyfEdkifNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmonf input data &&csif;? wGufcsufum output csufcsif;xGufapNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmaMumifh qDpm;ESkef;oufomapNyD; avxknpfnrf;rSkoufomapNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmESifhcsdwfqufxm;aom qefqmawGonf tdwfaZm"mwfaiGhudk tm&HkcHNcif;Nzifh tif*sifxJudk
qD0ifwm rsm;wm enf;wmcsufcsif;odapNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmonf wdusaomrD;avmifaygufuGJrSkudk xdef;csKyfay;EdkifaomaMumifh tif*sifyg0gydkrdk&&Sd
apNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmu xdef;csKyfaomaMumifh wNcm;pufrSkenf;Nzifhxdef;csKyfaompepfawG avsmhoHk;aomaMumifh
um;&Jhtav;csdefudk avsmhcsay;EdkifNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmawGonf um;armif;pOfNzpfNzpforQudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;aomaMumifh um;bmNzpfoGm;o
vJqdkwmudk output code xkwfapNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmudk puefemNzifhcsdwfqufum code eHygwf&&Sdygu b,ftydkif;udk NyKNyif&rvJ vsifNrefpGm
odapNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmwyfxm;aomum;awGudk armif;ESif&wm ydkaumif;apNcif;?
 um;uGefysLwmu NyKNyifoifhwmudk tcsdefrDowday;aomaMumifh um;&Jhtpdwftydkif;awG aumif;apNcif;/
23.3. Digital Electronics 'D*spfw,ftDvufxa&mepf

'D*spfw,ftDvufxa&mepfqdkwm Artificial Intelligence vdkhac:wJh vluNzpfapcsifonfhtwdkif; vkyf
aqmifay;EdkifaompepfNzpfap&ef on / off signal awGudk taNccHum uGefysLwmwpfvHk;Nzifh b,fvdktvkyfvkyfrvJ
udk avhvmaombmom&yf Nzpfygonf/ uGefysKwmonf qefqmawGuvmaom input data awGudk pDppfygonf/
um;uGefysLwm&Jh Integrated Circuits (ICs) xJrSm data awGudk odkavSmifxm;ygonf/ um;uGefysLwmonf tJhvdk
odkavSmifxm;wJh data awGESifh ESkif;,SOfMunhfum output b,fvdkxkwf&rvJ wGufcsufpOf;pm;ygonf/ pOf;pm;
onftcg yHkao;pOf;pm;wmrsdK;r[kwfyJ taNctaet&yf&yfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um tNzpfEdkifqHk; output udk qHk;
Nzwfay;ygonf/
23.3.1. Binary Numbering System

Binary Numbering System qdkwm eHygwfESpfckyJtoHk;NyKxm;um 0 & 1 yJ yg&Sdygonf/ tJh'D 0&1
awGyJ wGJpyfum toHk;NyKNcif;Nzifh uGefysLwm bmqdkdwmvnf; em;vnfygonf/

uGefysLwmwpfvHk;wGif Binary Numbering System udk toHk;NyKNyD; on / off vkyfapygonf/ on
vdkuf&if 1 udk udk,fpm;NyKNyD; off vdkuf&if 0 udk udk,fpm;NyKapygonf/ aNymif;Nyefvnf; NzpfEdkifygonf/
yHk (23-2) Binary Numbering System udk

toHk;NyKNyD; on / off vkyfapygonf/ on vdkuf&if
1 udk udk,fpm;NyKNyD; off vdkuf&if 0 udk udk,fpm;NyK
apygonf/
0011 udk 10 udktaNccHwJh decimal system eJhwGuf&if 3 &ygonf/ 3 &wJhtaMumif;rSm ck*Pmef;ae&m
u 1 wefzdk;onf 1 NzpfNyD; q,f*Pmef;ae&mu 1 wefzdk;onf 2 &SdaomaMumifh 1+ 2 = 3 &apygonf/ 0110 qdk
&if &m*Pmef;ae&mu 4 Nzpfvdkh 4 + 2 = 6 &apygonf/ atmufuZ,m;uae avhvmEdkifygonf/
yHk (23-3) wGif 10 udktaNccHwJh

Decimal system uae Binary
Numbering System udk b,fvdk
aNymif;vJovJ avhvmEdkifygonf/
decimal number 9 qdk&if Binary
Numbering System rSm 1001 NzpfNyD; 9
= 8 + 0 + 0+ 1 Nzpfygonf/
Binary bmompum;rSm 0 or 1 udk bit vdkhac:ygonf/ 4 bit udk 1 nibble vdkhac:ygonf/ 8 bit udkawmh
1 byte (bite) vdkh ac:ygonf/ 1 byte u pum;vHk;wpfvHk; (odkh) wpfvHk;xufydkNyD; udk,fpm;NyKygonf/ 'D “Adkuf”
qdkwmpum;udk ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm toHk;NyKygonf/ Oyrm/ /zdkifqkdufu 8MB &Sdw,fqdk&if 8 x 106 byte
&Sdw,fvdkh qdkvdkygonf/
23.3.2. Gating Circuits

Gate qdkwm tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfwpfckNzpfNyD; t0ifAdkhay;&if txGufAdkhudk wdwdususxGufapyg
onf/ 'dkiftkyfwpfckudk vQyfppfNzwfpD;&if a&ShudkyJ Nzwfapygonf/ aemufzufudkNyefpD;&if Adkhtm;r&Sdawmhygbl;/
uGefysLwmrSm toHk;rsm;aom Gate awGudk az:Nyvdkufygonf/
 NOT gate – udk inverter gate vdkhvnf;ac:ygonf/ input udk aNymif;Nyefvkyfay;ygonf/ Oyrm/ / t
0ifAdkhtm;&Sd&if (1), t0ifAdkhtm;r&Sd&if (0) vdkh odygonf/
 AND gate – usawmh t0ifESpfck&SdNyD; t0ifu ESpfckvHk; (1) NzpfrS txGufrSm (1) xGufygonf/ wpfckcku
(0) Nzpfae&if txGufrSm (0) xGufygonf/
 NAND gate – qdkwm AND gate udk aNymif;NyefNyefvkyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ t0ifESpfck&SdNyD; t0ifu
ESpfckvHk; (1) NzpfrS txGufrSm (0) xGufygonf/ wpfckcku (0) Nzpfae&if txGufrSm (1) xGufygonf/
 OR gate – qdkwm t0ifESpfck&SdNyD; t0ifu ESpfckvHk; (1) NzpfrS txGufrSm (1) xGufygonf/ wpfckcku (0)
Nzpfae&if txGufrSm (1) xGufygonf/ ESpfckvHk; (0) Nzpfae&if txGufrSm (0) xGufygonf/
 NOR gate –usawmh OR gate udk aNymif;NyefNyefvkyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ t0ifESpfck&SdNyD; t0ifu
ESpfckvHk; (0) NzpfrS txGufrSm (1) xGufygonf/ wpfckcku (0) Nzpfae&if txGufrSm (0) xGufygonf/
ESpfckvHk; (1) Nzpfae&if txGufrSm (0) xGufygonf/

yHk (23-4) uGefysLwmtaNccH Gate

awGudk ESdkif;,SOfavhvmEdkifygonf/
yHk (23-5) OR gate udk em;vnfvG,fatmif rD;oD;?

b,fx&D? tzGifhtydwfESpfckESifh Nyxm;ygonf/ (A) udk
yJzGifhzGifh (B) udk zGifhzGifh rD;vif;vmygrnf/

23.3.3. Truth Tables
Truth Table wpfckwGif rwlnDwJh t0ifawGuae txGufudk bmxGufrvJ b,fvdktvkyfvkyfovJ
Nyygonf/
yHk (23-6)wGifNyxm;onfhtwdkif; um;udk pufESdk;onfhqm;upfudk Nyxm;NyD; (A) um;aomhvnf;vSnfh&r,f/ (B)

Neutral safety uvnf; tvkyfvkyf&r,f/ (A) & (B) u vQyfppfyg0g&rSom pufESdk;wJh pwwfwmarmfwmu
xvnfygrnf/ Neutral safety cHxm;&Ncif;rSm um;rSm *D,mxdkxm;&if pufrESdk;apcsifvdkh Nzpfygonf/
tck&Sif;Nyxm;wmawGu wpfckcsif;tvkyfvkyfwmawGudk tao;pdwf&Sif;NyaeNcif;omNzpfNyD; wu,fh

um;uGefysLwmrSmawmh gate aygif; oef;*Pmef;ESifhcsDNyD;yg&Sdum tvGefrsm;Nym;aomt0ifawGESifh tvGefrsm;Nym;
aomtxGufawG &Sdygonf/ uGefysLwm b,fvdktvkyfvkyfovJ pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ aqmh0Jvfu a&;xm;wJhtwdkif;
trsdK;rsdK;aom input awGuae trsdK;rsdK;aom output awG rSefuefatmif xkwfay;ae&ygonf/
23.4. Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuit wpfckqdkwm tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfwpfckNzpfNyD; tvGeftvGefao;i,faom
Semiconductor chip av;ay:rSm t&G,ftpm;ao;i,fatmifNyKvkyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ Chip &Jh tay:ydkif;rSm
Metal Conductor yg&SdNyD; trsdK;rsdK;aom tDvufxa&mepfypönf;awGudk csdwfquftoHk;NyK&ygonf/ cJ0g,mMudK;
awGESifh input awG output awGudk Integrated Circuit qD qufoG,fxm;&ygonf/
yHk (23-7) Integrated Circuit wpfckqdkwm

tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfwpfckNzpfNyD;
tvGeftvGefao;i,faom Semiconductor
chip av;ay:rSm t&G,ftpm;ao;i,f
atmifNyKvkyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/

23.5. Computer Signals
Computer Signal wpfckonf tvGefwdkawmif;aomtcsdefrSm Adkhtm;aNymif;vJNcif; Nzpfygonf/ wduswJh
pulse or waves awGuae owif;tcsuftvufawG o,faqmifygonf/ uGefysLwmpepfudk Nyifrnfqdkygu
Computer Signal awGudk aocsmodzdkh vdktyfygonf/
Computer Signal awGonf 'D*spfw,fNzpfEdkifovdk temavmhvnf; NzpfEdkifygonf/
yHk (23-8) wGif Digital ESifh Analog udk ESdkif;,SOfNyxm;ygonf/ yHk (A) wGif Digital udk Nyxm;NyD; off &if rD;rvif;
yJaeNyD; on vdkuf&if rD;vif;ygonf/ Adkhtm;onf 0V uae 5V csufcsif;wufoGm;NyD; ydwfvdkufygu 0 udk
csufcsif; Nyefusygonf/ yHk (B) wGif Adkhtm;onf wNznf;Nznf;wufygonf/ 0V wGif rD;rvif;ao;yJ 3V rSm rD;
vif;ygonf/ Adkhtm;qufNrSifhvdkufygu rD;ydkvif;vmygonf/
Digital signalonf on / off signal trsdK;tpm;NzpfNyD; Adkhtm;onf tedrfhqHk;uae tNrifhqHk;udk a&muf

oGm;NyD; tNrifhqHk;uae tedrfhqHk;a&mufoGm;ygonf/ Digital signal onf Square wave awG xkwfygonf/
Oyrmtm;Nzifh u&dkif;&Syf position sensor wGif Digital signal udk xkwfvkyfNyD; engine rpm
b,favmuf&SdovJqdkwmudk um;uGefyslwmqD owif;ay;ydkhygonf/

yHk (23-9) wGifNyxm;onfhtwdkif;

u&dkif;&Syf position sensor onf
urf&Syf*D,mu *D,moGm;av;awGukd
qefqmu wkdif;wm um Digital signal udk
xkwfvTwfygonf/ ,if; Digital signal
awGu urf&SyfESifh u &kdif;&Syfwdkh
vnfywf&mwGif b,favmuf
'D*&Da&mufaeNyDvJqdkwmudk um;uGefysLwm
u wdwdususodoGm;ygonf/
yHk (23-10) wGif uGefysLwmqm;upfpepfwGif toHk;NyKaom Signal awGudk Nyxm;ygonf/ Adkhtm;udk a'gif;vdkuf
rsOf;rSmNyxm;NyD; tcsdefudkawmh tvsm;vdkufrsOf;rSm Nyxm;ygonf/
Analog signal onf Adkhtm;udk wNznf;Nznf;wufvm? wNznf;Nznf;csif;uoGm;w,fqdkwm od&SdNyD; Nzpf

ygonf/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh tylcsdef? zdtm;? tpdwftydkifawG&Jh position awGudk wdkif;wmonfhqefqmawGu um;uGef
ysLwmudk signal ay;ydkhwJhtcg Analog signal yHkpHNzifh ay;ydkhygonf/ qefqmrSm internal resistance aNymif;vJyg
u qefqmuae um;uGefysLwmqDay;ydkhaom Adkhtm;aNymif;vJrSkNzpfum Analog signal &Jh vSdkif;awGvnf; aNymif;
vJum ay;ydkhygonf/ xdktcg um;uGefysLwmu bmowif;awGay;ydkharvJqdkwm aocsmodygonf/
Computer Signal awGudk Oscilloscope NzpfNzpf? scope function awGyg xnfhoGif;xm;wJh Scan Tool
NzpfNzpftoHk;NyKum wdkif;wm&ygonf/ Oscilloscope Nzifh Adkhtm;xkwfvTwfaeaomqefqmwpfckudkcsdwfNyD; Munfh
aomtcg Waveform udk Munfhum Signal ydkhvTwfyHk rSefrrSef ppfaq;Edkifygonf/

yHk (23-11) Oscilloscope

wpfck&JhyHk
yHk (23-12) Oscilloscope Nzifh wdkif;wmyg u AdkhrDwmNzifh wdkif;wmwmxufydkNyD; &Sif; &Sif;vif;vif;odEdkifygonf/

yHk (A) Waveform awG&Jh MudrfESkef;awGudk Munfh NyD; Adkhtm;ydkhvTwfrSkudk odEdkifygonf/ (B) Waveform amplitude
ESifh Voltage level awGudk MunfhEdkifygonf/
Digital ESifh Analog Waveform awGtNyif

tNcm;toHk;rsm;wJh Waveform awGudk az:Nyvdkufygonf/
 AC sine wave - yHk (1-9) wGifNyxm;ygonf/ 'DtrsdK;tpm; Waveform onf tdrfoHk;vQyfppfwGif
awGh&aom trsdK;tpm; Nzpfygonf/
 DC sine wave - yHk (1-9) wGifNyxm;ygonf/ 'DtrsdK;tpm; Waveform onf Adkhtm;edrfhaom Magnetic
speed sensor rsdK;wGif awGhEdkifygonf/
 DC square wave
 DC ramp wave
 Pulse wave
 Complex sine wave
 Voice wave
 DC noise wave ponfNzifh &Sdygao;onf/
Computer Signal Terminology

Terminology qdkwm b,fpum;vHk;u b,fvdkt"dyÜg,f&Sdw,fqdkwm &Sif;vif;xm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
odkhrSom rMum;zl;wJhpum;vHk;&Jht"dyÜg,fudk odEdkifrnf Nzpfygonf/
1) Pulse width qdkwm Adkhtm;aNymif;vJrSkawGu tcsdefESifhvdkufaNymif;vJ&mwGif b,favmufNrefovJqdkwm
udk udk,fpm;NyKzdkh toHk;NyKwJhtac:ta0:Nzpfygonf/ aehpOfoHk;pGJaewJhpum;vHk;awG r[kwfyJ ynm&Sif
awGu vdktyfvdk emrnfay;xm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ Signal frequency awGu tvGefvQifNrefygonf/ wpf
puúefh&Jh wpfaxmifyHkwpfyHktwGif;rSmyJ NzpfysufoGm;wmawGudk wdkif;wmNcif; Nzpfygonf/ high-
frequency signal wGif pulse width awGu tvGefwdkum low-frequency signal wGif pulse width
awGu &Snfygonf/
2) Signal amplitude qdkwm Nzpfay:vmaom pulse width awG (Nrefrmvdk vSdkif;awG) &JhtNrifhu Adkhtm;udk
udk,fpm;NyKum b,favmufAdkhtm;xdNrifhovJqdkwmudk qdkvdkygonf/ high-amplitude u low-
amplitude xuf vSdkif;ydkMuD;NyD; Adkhtm;ydkNrifhygonf/ um;uGefysLwmtrsm;pkrSmawmh Adkhtm; 3-5V yJ toHk;
NyKygonf/
3) Duty cycle qdkwm Pulse width wpfckrSm Total cycle time &Jhb,favmuf&mcdkifESkef;Nzifh tvkyfvkyfaevJ
qdkwmudk wdkif;wmygonf/ Oyrm/ /Solenoid wpfcku 50% duty cycle eJh signal udk on vdkuf off
vdkuf ydkhay;aeygu tcsdefwpf0ufu 50% NzpfNyD; usefwpf0ufu 50% Nzpfaeygonf/
yHk (23-13) Duty cycle qdkwm Pulse width wpfckrSm Total cycle
time &Jhb,favmuf&mcdkifESkef;Nzifh tvkyfvkyfaevJ qdkwmudk
wdkif;wmygonf/
23.6. Computer System Operation

um;uGefysLwmonf t"dutvkyfMuD;oHk;ckudk tvkyfvkyfygonf/
(1) Input - um;uGefysLwmudk qefqmawGuae ay;ydkhaom Signal udk vQyfppf Signal udk aNymif;ay;&ygonf/
(2) Processing and Stroage - um;uGefysLwmonf qefqmawGqDu&&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuftvufawGudk
memory chip xJrSmodkavSmifxm;wJh owif;tcsuftvufawGESifh ESkdif;,SOfum wGufcsufrSkawG vkyfay;ygonf/
vdktyfwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGudkvnf; odrf;qnf;ay;xm;ygonf/
(3) Output - um;uGefysLwmonf vQyfppf Signal Nyefxkwfay;um Solenoids, servo motors, relays and other
actuators awGudk tvkyfvkyfzdkh cdkif;apygonf/ Output device awGonf um;uGefysLwmu cdkif;wJhtwdkif;
qdkif&mqdkif&mtvkyfawGudk wdwdusustvkyfvkyfygonf/

23.6. Computer System Block Diagram
Computer System Block Diagram qdkwm &dk;&Sif;wJh Service Manual wpfckvdk NyKvkyfxm;NyD; um;uGef
ysLwmESifh qefqmawG? Output device awG b,fvdkqufoG,fovJqdkwm Nyoxm;wJhyHk Nzpfygonf/
yHk (23-14) um;uGefysLwmESifh qefqmawG atmufyGwfawGudk em;vnfvG,fatmif tMurf;rsOf;csdwfqufxm;yHk

23.7. Sensors
um;qefqmqdkwm um;rSmtrSefwu,fNzpfay:aewJh &kyfydkif;qdkif&m aNymif;vJrSkawGudk um;uGefysLwm
qDudk vQyfppfqpf*e,fay;zdkh wyfqif&ygonf/ qefqmawGudk um;&Jhae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wyfqifMuyg
onf/ rsm;aomtm;Nzifh tif*sifrSm qefqmawG trsm;MuD;wyfqifygonf/ um;&Jh transmission, exhaust,
wheel hub, fuel tank ponfhae&mawGrSmvnf; qefqmawGudk wyfqifMuygonf/
yHk (23-15) wGif Input awGu qefqmawGu 0g,mMudK;awGNzifh um;uGefysLwm ECU (Electronic control
module) udk qufoG,fxm;NyD; um;uGefysLwmuae Output device awGqDudk vQyfppfqif*e,fNzifh trdefhay;
apcdkif;ygonf/
23.7.1. Sensor Classifications qefqmawGudk twef;tpm;cGJNcm;Ncif;

um;wGif wyfqifaomqefqmawGu trsdK;tpm;awmfawmfrsm;ygonf/ um;qefqmawG&JhemrnfawG
uvnf; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygonf/ t"dutm;Nzifh Active sensor ESifh Passive sensor qdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;cGJNcm;Edkifygonf/
Active sensor trsdK;tpm;onf udk,fwkdifAdkhtm;qif*e,fudk xkwfvTwfEkdifygonf/ 'gayrJh um;uGefysL
wmqDudk ydkhvTwfEdkifaomvQyfppftm;onf tvGefenf;yg;vSygonf/
Passive sensor trsdK;tpm;usawmh vQyfppfAdkhtm;udk um;uGefysLwmqD &,lNyD; Variable resistance
sensor rsdK; Nzpfygonf/ onfqefqmrsdK;Nzifh tNrJaNymif;vJaeaom tylcsdef? zdtm;ESifh a&Ghvsm;rSkawGudk wdkif;wm
ygonf/ uGefysLwmonf qefqmawGqDu vQyfppfckcHrSkaNymif;vJwmudk vQyfppfAdkhtm;aNymif;vJrSkuae bmNzpfae
vJ odygonf/
 Variable Resistance Sensor – qdkwm taNctaewpfckrSm twGif;ydkif;vQyfppfckcHrSkaNymif;vJrSkuae sense
vkyfaomqefqmtrsdK;tpm; Nzpfygonf/ vQyfppfckcHrSkudk Ohm tkef;Nzifh wdkif;wmygonf/ tylcsdef? zdtm;ESifh
a&Ghvsm;rSkawGonf tkef;wefzdk;udk aNymif;vJapygonf/ tJh'grsdK;aNymif;vJrSkudk Analog sensor vdkh
owfrSwfygonf/ Potentiometer wpfckonf Variable resistor sensor rsdK; Nzpfygonf/ 'grsdK;qefqmwGif
0g,moHk;MudK;&Sd&rJhtpm; ESpfMudK;yJ yg&Sdygonf/ resistor &JhtqHk;wpfzufrSm cJ*a[eJh qufay;&ygonf/
tNcm;wpfzufrSm fixed resister &JhtNcm;wpfzufrSm&SdwJh wiping arm udk qufay;ygonf/ 'Dvdkwyfqif
wmaMumifh Variable Resistor sensor rSm Mudk;ESpfacsmif;wyfwmxufydkNyD; wdusapygonf/
 Switching sensor – qdkwm um;uGefysLwmtwGuf vQyfppfqif*e,fudk tzGifhtydwfvkyfum ay;ydkhaomqef
qmrsdK; Nzpfygonf/ Transmission pressure switch onf 'DtrsdK;tpm;qefqmNzpfygonf/ Switching
sensor onf 'D*spfw,ftif*e,fudk xkwfvTwfay;ygonf/
 Magnetic sensor – qdkwm a&Ghvsm;aeaomtpdwftydkif;awGudk vQyfppfoHvdkufenf;Nzifh tm&HkcHygonf/
um;uGefysLwmqDudk vQyfppfpD;aMumif;xkwfvTwfay;ygonf/ 'DtrsdK;tpm;qefqmtoHk;NyKNyD; um;&JhtNref
ESkef;? tpdwftydkif;awG&Jha&Ghvsm;rSkawGudk wdkif;wmygonf/ Magnetic sensor onf temavmhtif*e,fudk
xkwfvTwfay;ygonf/
 Hall-effect sensor – qdkwm txl;NyKvkyfxm;wJh Semiconductor awGeJhNyKvkyfxm;NyD; a&Ghvsm;rSkawG?
vnfywfrSktNrefESkef;awGudk tm&HkcHygonf/ 'DtrsdK;tpm;qefqmNzifh u&dkif;&Syf? urf&SyfawG&Jh vSkyf&Sm;rSkudk
wdkif;wmygonf/

 Optical sensors – qdkwm light-emitting diodes ESifh photo diodes awGudk toHk;NyKNyD; tNriftm&HkcHum
'D*spfw,ftif*e,fudk xkwfvTwfay;ygonf/ Optical sensor uvnf; a&Ghvsm;rSkawG? vnfywfrSk
tNrefESkef;awGudk tm&HkcHygonf/ 'DqefqmrsdK;udk 'pfpwDAsLwmxJrSm wyfNyD;vnd;aumif;? Speedometer xJ
rSm wyfqifNyD; t&rf;NrefwJhvnfywfESkef;awG tm&HkcHygonf/
 Knock sensor - qdkwm &kyfydkif;qdkif&m &kwfw&ufoufa&mufrSkuae Adkhtm;xkwfum um;uGefysLwmqD
owif;ay;ydkhwJhqefqmrsdK; Nzpfygonf/
 Solar sensor – qdkwm aea&mifNcnfuae vQyfppfqif*e,fxkwfay;aomqefqmrsdK; Nzpfygonf/
Semiconductor awGeJhNyKvkyfxm;NyD; tvif;uae DC current xkwfay;ygonf/
 Direction sensor – qdkwm Navigation system rSm t&yfrsufESmudk tm&HkcHzdkh wyfqiftoHk;NyKygonf/
Reference Voltage
Reference Voltage qdkwm twdkaumuftaeNzifh Vref vdkhac:NyD; uGefysLwmqif*e,fawGudk o,f
aqmifay;wJh taNccHAdkhtm;udk ac:ygonf/ Passive sensor rsdK;wGif um;uGefysLwmuae qefqmqDudk Adkhtm;ydkh
vTwfum Feedback NyefvmaomAdkhtm;ay:rlwnfNyD; uGefysLwmu wGufcsufygonf/ Reference Voltage onf
aNymif;vJrSk&SdrSom ckcHrSkaNymif;vJum um;uGefysLwmu aNymif;vJwJhAdkhtm;;ESifhckcHrSkay:rlwnfwGufcsufygonf/
yHk (23-16) Reference Voltage taeNzifh um;uGefysLwmuae qefqmawGqDudk DC 5V ydkhay;ygonf/ tif*sif

armif;ESifwJhtaNctaeay:rlwnfNyD; um;uGefysLwmqDudk Adkhtm;ESifhckcHrSkudk Nyefydkhay;ygonf. tvGefao;i,fwJh
aNymif;vJrSkawGudk odEdkifzdkh rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmudk toHk;NyKygonf/
23.7.2. Sensor types

aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm qefqmawGudk atmufygtwdkif; wyfqifMuygonf/
 Intake air temperature sensor (IAT) – 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;twGif;0ifvmwJh av&Jh
tylcsdefudk wdkif;wmygonf/ (IAT) sensor udk Mainifold air temperature (MAT) sensor vdkh
vnf;ac:Muygao;onf/
 Engine coolant temperature sensor (ECT) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif*sif;ul;vefh&Jhtylcsdefudk
wdkif;wmygonf/
 Oxygen (O2) sensors – atmufqD*sifqefqmonf tif*siftdwfaZm"mwfaiGhawGrSm yg&SdwJhatmufqD*sif
yrmPudk wdkif;wmygonf/ Catalytic converter vdkhac:wJh ausmufZum&JhtxufeJhatmufzuf tdwf

aZmvdkif;rSm wdkif;wmygonf/ tcsdKhqefqmawGrSm tylay;wJh heater yg&SdNyD; heated oxygen sensor (HO2S)
udk toHk;NyKygonf/
 Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;twGif;wGif av[me,fNzpf
rSkudk wdkif;wmygonf/
 Barometric pressure (BARO) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif*siftNyifzuf&Sd urÇmhavxkzdtm;udk wdkif;wm
ygonf/
 Throttle position sensor (TPS) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf um;armif;olu vDAmudkeif;NyD; tif*sifuyg0g
b,favmufvdkcsifwmvJqdkwmudk wdkif;wmygonf/
 Fuel pressure sensor (FPS) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf avmifpmqDydkhvTwfaom zdtm;rsm;aewJh
qDvdkif;wavsmuf Fuel rail &Jhzdtm;udk od&SdEdkif&ef o&uf&pfNzifh wyfqif wdkif;wmygonf/ þodkhwdkif;
wmNcif;Nzifh qDzdtm;udk tcsdefESifhwaNy;nDodaeNyD; qDvdkif;aygufwm? qDNzef;ay;wJh Fuel Injector rSm
ydwfqdkhaewmrsdK;udk um;uGefysLwmu csufcsif;odygonf/
 Engine Speed Sensor (ESS) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif*sif&JhvnfywfESkef;udk wdkif;wmygonf/ tif*sif
u&dkif;&Syf\ Snot ae&mu Trigger wheel &Jhab;rSm wyfqifygonf/ tif*sifta[mif;awGwkef;uawmh 'pfp
wDAsLwmrSm wyfqifwdkif;wmygonf/
 Crankshaft Position Sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf vnfywfaeaom u&dkif;&Syf&Jh a&muf&Sdaeaom 'D*&D?
vnfywfESkef;awG wdkif;wmygonf/
 Camshaft Sensor (CS) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf vnfywfaeaom urf&Syf&Jh a&muf&Sdaeaom 'D*&D?
vnfywfESkef;awG wdkif;wmygonf/ tJh'Dqefqmuay;ydkhwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGu um;uGefysLwmudk
tif*sifwGifNzpfaeaom tifwdwfpwkwf? uGefy&uf&Sif;pwkyf? yg0gpwkyf? tdwfaZmpwkyfawGudk odEdkifygonf/
 Mass airflow (MAF) Sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif*siftwGif;0ifa&mufaom avyrmPudk
wdkif;wmygonf/
 Knock Sensor (KS) - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf Piezoelectronic sensor trsdK;tpm;NzpfNyD; Engine pinging,
preignigtion, or detonation awGudk wdkif;wmNyD; um;uGefysLwmqDudk owif;ay;ydkhygonf/ um;uGefysLwm
u tJh'Dqefqmu&&Sdvmaomowif;ay:taNccHNyD; Ignition Timing udk aNymif;vJxdef;odrf;ay;wmawG?
wmbdkygaomtif*sifwGif Turbocharger boost pressure udk avsmhcsay;wmawG vkyfaqmifygonf/
 Transaxle / Transmission sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf a&G;cs,fxm;aom*D,m? qDzdtm;? yg0ifaom
tpdwftydkif;awG&Jh tNrefESkef;? 0eftm;ESifh tNcm;vkyfief;aqmifwmawGudk wdkif;wmygonf/ Neutral safety
switch wpfckwyfxm;NyD; Transaxle / Transmission u Park or Neutral rSm rxm;ygu pufESdk;vdkh r&atmif
vkyfxm;ygonf/ tu,fí *D,mxnfhxm;NyD; um;udk pufESdk;vdkufygu um;u &kwfw&ufxGufoGm;rnf Nzpf
ygonf/
 Brake sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf um;armif;olu b&dwfudk eif;&if um;uGefwmu csufcsif;odzdkh
Nzpfygonf/
 Wheel Speed Sensors - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;awGonf (ABS) Anti-lock Brake System, traction control,
hybrid drive system awGwGif um;uGefysLwmu um;bD;awG&JhtNrefESkef;udk wdkif;wmzdkh Nzpfygonf/
 Oil level sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif*sif Oil Pan twGif;rSm&Sdaom tif*sif0dkif&Jh qDyrmPudk
wdkif;wmygonf/
 EGR Sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tdwfaZm"mwfaiGhawGudk xdef;csKyfaom Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Valve Pintle &Jh Position udk wdkif;wmygonf/
 Impact sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf tif*sifESifhqDyefhtMum;rSm&SdwJh tydwfAm;u &kwfw&ufydwfoGm;
vm;qdkwmudk wdkif;wmygonf/ avtdwfygaomum;rsm;wGif avtdwfyGifhoGm;vm;qdkwmudk wdkif;wmyg
onf/
 Vehicle speed sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf um;u vrf;ay:rSm b,favmuftNrefESkef;Nzifh oGm;aewm
vJwdkif;wmygonf/ odkhrSom um;uGefysLwmu qDpm;ESkef;? "mwfqDtif*sifwGif rD;cwfay;wJhpepf?
Transmission ESifh Suspension system awGudk vdktyfovdk xdef;csKyfoGm;rnf Nzpfygonf/ 'Dqefqmudk
Transaxle / Transmission housing xJrSm
wyfqifygonf/
 Fuel tank pressure sensor (FTPS) 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf closed evaporative monitoring system
twGif;u zdtm;ESifh av[me,fudk wdkif;wmygonf/ 'Dqefqmonf (MAP) qefqm&JhwnfaqmufyHk? tvkyf
vkyfyHkawGESifh wlnDygonf/
 Battrey temperature sensor - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;onf b,fx&D&Jhtylcsdefudk wdkif;wmum um;uGefysLwm
qDay;ydkhygonf/ um;uGefysLwmu b,fx&Dtylcsdefay:rlwnfNyD; b,fx&Dudk tm;NyefoGif;wJhpepfudk
xdef;ay;ygonf/
 Computer-mounted sensors - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;awGonf tvGefhtvGefao;i,fNyD; um;uGefysLwmaAmuf
twGif;rSm wyfqifxm;NyD; Yaw sensor, direction sensor, interior temperature sensors ESifh tNcm;qef
qmawG yg&Sdygaom;onf/
 Hybrid drive circuits sensors - 'DqefqmtrsdK;tpm;awGonf HV battery temperature, generator
output, HV battery charge, power control module output, motor/generator torque / speed ESifhtNcm;
vkyfaqmifcsufawGudk wdkif;wmygonf/
Circuit Sensing
Circuit Sensing qdkwm
um;uGefysLwmu qefqmawGqDu&wmrsdK;r[kwfyJ um;uGefysLwmqm;upfxJ
u vQyfpD;ywfvrf;aMumif;awGrSm Nzpfay:aeaom vQyfppftm;uae owif;&,lygonf/ Oyrm/ /Fuel Injector
operation wGif tif*sufwmtwGif;rSm vQyfppfudGKifyg&SdNyD; tJh'DvsyfppfpD;rSkuae um;uGefysLwmu wdkuf&dkufwdkif;
u vdktyfwJhowif;tcsuftvufudk &,lygonf/
qefqmtaMumif;u t&rf;us,fNyefhygonf/ oufqdkif&mtcef;awGrSm tao;pdwfqufvufaz:Nyay;oGm;rSm

Nzpfygonf/
23.8. Computers
um;uGefysLwmvdkhac:ayrJh wu,fawmh tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfaAmufNzpfNyD; t0ifMudK;awG? txGuf
MudK;awG yg&Sdygonf/ um;xkwfvkyfolawGu um;uGefysLwmawGudk atmufygtwdkif; emrnftrsdK;rsdK;
ay;Muygonf/
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
 Electronic Control Module (ECM)
 Engine Control Module (ECM)
 Electronic Control Assembly (ECA)
 Powertrain Control Module (PCM)
 Vehicle Control Module (VCM)
 Microprocessor
 Logic Module
Service manual zwfwJhtcgrSm txufygpum;vHk;awGudk um;uGefysLwmvdkh odxm;&ygrnf/
'DpmtkyfrSmawmh um;uGefysLwmudk Control Module vdkhyJ toHk;NyKoGm;ygrnf/ Nrefrmvdkuawmh um;uGefysLwm
vdkhoHk;&if oabmaygufygvdrfhrnf/
23.9. Computer Location

um;uGefysLwmudk um;armif;olxdkifwJhbuf 'ufbkwf&Jhatmufem;rSm wyfqifavh&Sdygonf/ um;uGef
ysLwmu qm;upfbkwfNzpfwJhtwGuf um;tif*sifuaevmwJh tylawG? wkefcgrSkawG? a&cdk;a&aiGhpdkxdkif;rSkawGu
ae a0;&mrSm xm;&ygonf/ odkhayrJh um;uGefysLwmonf tvGeftylcHEdkifaom vQyfppfuGefxdkvmuJhodkh tif*sif
tem;rSm? xdkifcHkatmufawGrSm wyfqifwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdygonf/

yHk (23-17) um;wpfpD;rSm um;uGefysLwm wpfvHk;

xufydkNyD; wyfqifwmrsdK;awG &Sdygonf/ yHkwGif
um;uGefysLwmaNcmufvHk;wyfqifxm;wm awGhEdkif
ygonf/ ABS b&dwftwGuf um;uGefysLwmwpf
vHk;owfowf toHk;NyKygonf/
um;uGefysLwmudk qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGESifheD;&ef tif*sifem;rSmwyfqifwJhtcg 0g,mMudK;
oufomNyD; tqufawGvnf; enf;apygonf/ ABS b&dwftwGuf um;uGefysLwmrsdK;udkawmh um;&Jhae&mawmf
awmfrsm;rsm;rSm wyfqifavh&Sdygonf/ wpfae&mwnf; yHkaoxm;wmrsdK; r&Sdyg/ rsm;aomtm;Nzifh umuGefysLwm
udk um;'ufbkwfatmufem;rSmyJ wyfqifavh&Sdygonf/ Ignition wdkh um;tJ,m;uGef;wdkhvdk oD;Ncm;oHk;wJh um;
uGefysLwmawGudkawmh olwdkheJheD;wJhae&mawGrSm wyfqifygonf/
23.10. Computer types

um;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;awGu um;xkwfvkyfolay:rSmrlwnfNyD; aNymif;vJygonf/ toHk;rsm;wJh um;
uGefysLwmawGuawmh
 Vehicle control module – 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u tvGefMuD;NyD;? pGrf;&nfNrifhuGefysLwmrsdK; Nzpfyg
onf/ ,if;uGefysLwmonf tif*sif? Transmission, traction control, ABS anti-lock brake, ESifh
Instrumentation awG tm;vHk;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 Powertrain Control Module (PCM) - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u tif*sif? Transmission ESifh tNcm;vkyf
ief;awGudk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 Engine Control Module (ECM) - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u Engine idle speed, iginition timing,
emission control devices ESifh tNcm;vkyf ief;awGudk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 ABS anti-lock brake module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u ao;i,faom um;uGefysLwmav;NzpfNyD;
wheel speed sensor awGuae tm&HkcHum um;b&dwfydkif;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 Instrumentation module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u qefqmawGtoHk;NyKNyD; um;'wfbkwfrSm um;bm
NzpfaeNyD;qdkwmawGudk um;armif;oludk Nyoay;aeygonf/
 Iginition module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u iginition timing udk xdef;csKyfzdkh qefqmawGuae owif;
,lum pywfyvyf 'grSr[kwf iginition coil pack udk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 Suspension system module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u ao;i,faom um;uGefysLwmav;NzpfNyD;
vehicle speed sensor, suspension sensor ESifh steering sensor awGuae tm&HkcHNyD; ride stiffness or short
absorber udk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 Climate control module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u um;&Jh HVAC Heating, ventilation, and Air
Conditioning udk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/
 Air bag module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u ao;i,faom um;uGefysLwmav;NzpfNyD; um;&Jhavtdwfp
epfudk xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/ um;u &kyfw&uf rawmfwqwdkufrdygu qm;upfu csufcsif;tvkyfvkyfu
b,fx&Dyg0gudk &,lum avtdwfawG csufcsif;xGufvmum um;ay:uvlawGudk xdcdkuf'Pf&mr&atmif
umuG,fay;ygonf/

 HV power control module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u [dkufb&pfum;awGrSm yg&SdNyD; motor /
generator ESifh battery pack vQyfppfpD;rSkawGudk vQyfppfESifh tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfawG toHk;NyKNyD;
xdef;csKyfygonf/
 Hybrid control module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u PCM Power Control Module ESifh motor /
generator awGudk battery pack &Jh tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;udk xdef;csKyfygonf/
 Body module - 'Dum;uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;u radio, driver’s information center, electronic compass,
trip computer, navigation, exterior ESifh Interior light ponfwdkhudk xdef;csKyfygonf/
 tMurf;tm;Nzifh armf',fNrifh aps;MuD;um;awGrSm um;uGefysLwmawG pHkpHkvifvifygNyD; aps;csdKwJhum;awGrSm
um;uGefysLwm r&SdrNzpf tif*sifudk xdef;csKyfwmrsdK;yJ (wpfckyJ) yg&Sdygonf/
23.11. Computer Operation

'Dtydkif;rSmawmh um;uGefysLwmawG&JhtvkyfvkyfyHkudk qufvufavhvmoGm;rnf Nzpfygonf/ um;uGef
ysLwmudk rNyifEdkifao;awmif um;&JhtNcm;tpdwftydkif;awGudk NyKNyifzdkh um;;uGefysLwmudk tultnD,lNyD; NyKNyif
Edkifayonf/
yHk (23-18) um;uGefysLwmwpfvHk;&JhtwGif;rSm yg&Sdaom qm;upfbkwfrSm wyfqifxm;;aom qm;upfawGyHkyg/
23.11.1. Parts of a Computer

um;Nyifolwpfa,mufonf um;uGefysLwmxJu qm;upfawG Nrifvnf;rNrifzl;bl;? vkyfvnf; rvkyf
wwfzl;vm;tHk; um;uGefyslwmuay;wJh owif;tcsuftvufawGuae um;udk b,fvdkNyif&rvJ odEkdifygonf/
um;uGefysLwmudk owÅK (odkh) yvyfpwpfNziffNyKvkyfxm;aomaAmufxJrSm rvdktyfwJht&mawG r0ifEdkif
atmif vHkvHkNcHKNcHKxm;&ygonf/
qm;upfbkwfwpfckudk Casing twGif;rSm aocsmwyfqifxm;um Multi-pin connector ESifh um;u 0g
,mMudK;awGudk qufoG,fxm;ygonf/
um;uGefysLwm&Jhem&Donf integrated circuit wpfckNzpfNyD; tNcm;vkyfief;aqmifwmawGvkyfwJhtcgrSm
tvGef&SkyfaxG;wJhqm;upfawGudk NzwfpD;apNcif;Nzifh tvkyfvkyfapygonf/

rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmonf um;uGefysLwm&JhtMuD;qHk;tydkif; Nzpfygonf/ rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmonf qef
qmawGuae&&Sdaoma'wmawGudk rSwfom;xm;aoma'wmawGESifh ESdkif;,SOfNyD; um;udk taumif;qHk;armif;ESifEdkif
rnfhtaNctaea&mufatmif tusLa&wmawGudk trdefhay;apcdkifygonf/ Memory chip awGxJrSm 'pf*spfw,fa'
wmawGudk odkavSmifxm;ygonf/ rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmcspfonf tusLa&wmawGudk output xGufay;zdkh
qHk;NzwfNcif;? ESdkif;,SOfNcif;awG NyKvkyfygonf/ output awGuawmh fuel injector pulse width, ignition timing,
throttle valve position ESifh tNcm;vkyfief;aqmifwmawGudk tvkyfvkyfapygonf/
Voltage regulator wpfckonf b,fx&DESifh *sifea&wmu vQyfppfudk um;uGefysLwmrSm
aumif;aumif;rGefrGeftvkyfvkyfEdkifatmif wnfNidrfaumif;rGefwJhvQyfppfudk xkwfay;ygonf/
Computer amplifier wpfckNzifh qefqmawGqDuvmwJhAdkhtm;udk NrSifhay;&ygonf/ Oyrm/ /atmufqD
*sifqefqmqDuvmwJhAdkhtm;u wpfAdkhxufenf;aeygu qm;;upfu tvkyfvkyfwm tqifaNyatmif Adkhtm;
tenf;i,fNrSifhay:&ygonf/
Coditioners awGudk Converters odkhr[kwf Interfaces vdkhac:NyD; um;uGefysLwmxJu qm;upfawGESifh
chip awGudk csdwfquftoHk;NyKygonf/ Input Coditioners awGonf qefqmawGuvmaoma'wmawGudk aNymif;
ay;ygonf/ qefqmawGqDuvmwJha'wmawGu Adkhtm;aNymif;vJrSk? ckcHrSkaNymif;vJrSkawGeJh vmygonf/ Oyrm/
/qefqmawGqDuvmwJha'wmawGu temavmhqif*e,fawG rsm;ygonf/ Coditioners awGonf temavmh
qif*e,fawGudk toHk;0ifaom 'pf*spfw,fqif*e,fawGudk aNymif;vJay;ygonf/ odkhrSom um;uGefysLwmu
qefqmawGu bmaNymovJem;vnfrnf Nzpfygonf/ um;uGefysLwmu output xGufay;&ifvnf; 'pf*spfw,f
qif*e,fawGudkom xkwfay;EdkifwJhtwGuf tusLa&wmawGem;vnfapzdkh temavmhqif*e,fawG NyefaNymif;ay;
&ygonf/
Input/ output coditioners awGESpfckvHk;onf shorted circuit or grounded circuit awG rNzpfatmif
umuG,fxm;ay;ygonf/ tu,fí Input NzpfNzpf output NzpfNzpf shorted circuit or grounded circuit awG
Nzpfaeygu qefqmuay;ydkhaomqif*e,fukd um;uGefysLwmuae vufcH&&SdrSm r[kwfygbl;/
Buffer qdkwJhud&d,mav;onf a'wmawGudk ,m,DodkavSmifxm;Edkifzdkh toHk;NyKygonf/ a'wmawGu
um;uGefysLwmqDudk NrefNrefqefqefay;ydkhaeygu Buffer u a'wmawGu cPudkifxm;um tNcm;qm;upfawG
qDudk yHkrSefay;ydkhay;ygonf/
um;uGefysLwm&Jh refrdk&D (rSwfnmPf)udk rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmuae xdef;ay;xm;ygonf/ trouble code
awG? vehicle-operating data awGudk refrdk&DxJrSm rSwfom;xm;ygonf/
Output drivers awGu tusLa&wmawGudk oifhawmfovdkvkyfaqmifzdkh vQyfppfudk Power Transistors
uae ay;ydkhygonf/ Output awGuawmh fuel injectors, solenoids, servo motors, and high-current devices
awG Nzpfygonf/
qmAdkarmfwmqdkonfrSm vnfywfrSkyJNzpfNzpf? a&Ghvsm;rSkyJNzpfNzpf wdwdusus vkyfaqmifEdkifaomarmfwmwpfrsdK;
Nzpfygonf/ vnfywfrSkawmif 'D*&DtvdkufvnfEdkifygonf/
23.12. Computer Microprocessor Operation

Microprocessor qdkwm Micro (small) ao;i,faom? processor (computer) uGefysLwmqdkawmh rdkuf
c&dky&dkqufqmqdkwm ao;i,faomuGefysLwmNzpfygonf/ rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmwpfckonf pkaygif;wnfaqmuf
xm;aomqm;upftpkta0;NzpfNyD; (Analyzing data) a'wmawGudk cGJNcrf;pdwfNzmNcif;? (Calculating appropriate
outputs) oifhawmfwJhatmufyGwf&zdkh wGufcsufEdkifNcif; ponfwdkhESifh NynfhpHkygonf/ rdkufc&dky&dkqufqm
wpfckonf uGefysLwm&JhOD;aESmufyif Nzpfygonf/
yHk (23-19) Microprocessor

yHk (23-20) uGefysLwmpepfwpfckrSm a'wmawGNzwfoef;oGm;vmyHk
rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmonf qHk;Nzwfzdkh? ESkdif;,SOfzdkh? wGufcsufzdkhtwGuf Binary number system udk toHk;

NyKygonf/ rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmxJudk Coditioners awGuae 'pf*spfw,f pulse awG xnfhoGif;ay:&ygonf/
yHk (23-21) um;uGefysLwmuae atmufyGwfxGufaewmudk Nyoxm;NyD; b,fx&Du yg0guae *a&mif;txd

uswJhtwGuf vQyfppfpD;ywfvrf;Nynfhum tusLa&wmawG tvkyfvkyfygonf/
Tech Tip
aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm um;uGefysLwmyg0guESifh refrdk&Du t&ifuxuf ydkrsm;ygonf/ Oyrm/
/ aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm 16 to 64 bit processors awG toHk;NyKvmNyD; memory chip awGu
vnf; ydkMuD;ygonf/ t&ifwkef;u um;awGu 8 bit processors awG toHk;NyKcJhNyD; aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifh
um;awGtwGuf toHk;NyKvdkh tqifraNyEdkifawmhyg/

23.13. Computer Memory Operation
Computer Memory twGuf vQyfppfay;wmeJh a'wmawGudk odkavSmifay;EdkifwJh Gate awGudk toHk;NyK
ygonf/ Integrated Circuit awG&Jh Memory chip twGif;rSm a'wmawGudk odkavSmifygonf/ uGefysLwmrefrdk&D
udk taNccHtm;Nzifh atmufygtwdkif;cGJNcm;Edkifygonf/
 Random access memory (RAM) - Random access memory onf Memory chip twGif;rSm ,m,DtaeeJh
om odrf;qnf;xm;aoma'wmawG Nzpfygonf/ b,fx&Duyg0gr&&if a'wmawG zsufNyD;om; NzpfoGm;yg
onf/
 Read only memory (ROM) - Read only memory usawmh refrdk&Dudk tNrJrSwfxm;EdkifNyD; Nyefzsufvdkh r&
awmhygbl;/ aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awG&Jh Memory chip twGif;rSm calibration tables and look- up
tables awGudk yg&Sdygonf/
 Programmable read only memory (PROM) - Programmable read only memory usawmh refrdk&Dudk
,m,DtaeeJh odrf;qnf;xm;aoma'wmawGxuf Permanent data awG yg&Sdygonf/ rdkufc&dky&dkqufqm
onf PROM udk zwfEdkifNyD; ra&;Edkifyg/ vufawmhuGefysLwmrSm aqmh0Jvfxnfhum PROM chip awGudk
Reset vkyfEdkifygonf/ PROM wGif um;&Jhowif;tcsuftvufawG (number of cylinder, valve sizes,
compression ration, fuel system type), transaxle (shift points, gear ratio, etc), weight, tire size,
optional accessories, and any unique features.) yg&Sdygonf/ aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm PROM
trsdK;tpm;oHk;rsdK;udk toHk;NyKygonf/
 Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) - 'DtrsdK;tpm; PROM wGif refrdk&Dudk aNymif;vJ
ay;Edkifygonf/ odkhaomfvnf; um;xkwfvkyfolawG&Jh txl;aqmh0JvfawGNzifhom NyifEdkifygonf/ 'DtrsdK;t
pm; PROM wGif semipermanent data awGNzpfNyD; electronic dash display rSmNyzdkh odometer (or)
mileage uJhodkha'wmawGtwGuf toHk;NyKygonf/
 Electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) - 'DtrsdK;tpm; PROM wGif um;
Technician taeNzifh aNymif;vJay;Edkifygonf/ um;&JhpGrf;&nfedrfhusaewmrsdK;udk Operaing Parameter
awGudk aNymif;vJay;Edkifygonf/
 Fresh erasable programmable read only memory (FEPROM) - 'DtrsdK;tpm;uawmh EEPROM ESifh
wlygonf/
23.14. Output Drivers

Output driver awGuawmh quad drivers or power trasnsistors awGuaetusLa&wmawGqDudk vQyf
ppfNzwfpD;apwm Nzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmu vQyfppftm;ay;ydkhwmeJh tusLa&wmvQyfpD;ywfvrf;Nynfhum Output
tusLa&wmawGu tvkyfvkyfygonf/ tusLa&wmawGu vSkyf&Sm;rSkawG vkyfygonf/ Oyrm/ /electric
coolong fan xvnfwmrsdK; Nzpfygonf/
23.15. Actuators
tusLa&wmqdkwm uGefysLwmpepf&JhvufawGygyJ/ uGefysLwmu apcdkif;wJhtwdkif; vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk
vkyfaqmifay;ygonf/
23.15.1. Actuator Locations

tusLa&wmawGudk um;&Jhae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm &SmawGhEdkifygonf/ Service Manual udkMunfhNyD;
tusLa&wmawGudk &SmazGEdkifygonf/
23.15.2. Actuator Classifications

uGefysLwmpepfwGif tusLa&wmawG trsdK;tpm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk toHk;NyKygonf/ tusLa&wm
tm;vHk;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJvdkuf&if atmufygtwdkif;awGh&ygonf/
 Solenoid
 Relay
 Servo Motor
 Display devices
 Control module ponfwdkh Nzpfygonf/

Solenoid wpfckonf tvGefao;i,faom wire widing NzpfNyD; vQyfppf&&if vQyfppfoHvdkufpufuGif;
Nzpfum vQyfppfoHvdkufNzifh qGJuyfum tvkyfvkyfygonf/
Relay wpfckonf vQyfppf"mwftm;wnf;aomqm;upfwpfckNzifh vQyfppf"mwftm;rsm;aomqm;upfudk
tvkyfvkyfap&ef toHk;NyKygonf/ Oyrm/ / Starting Motor, air conditioning or head lights awGrSm Relay udk
toHk;NyKygonf/
Servo motor onf um;uGefysLwmu vQyfppfay;&if vnfywfvkyfaqmifay;aom DC motor tao;
av;Nzpfygonf/ qmAdkarmfwmudk rsm;aomtm;Nzifh tif*sif\ tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;wGif avudk tzGifhtydwfvkyfaom
ae&mwGif toHk;NyKygonf/
Electronic display devices awGwGif vacuum-fluorescent, liquid-crystal, ESifh plasma displays awG
yg&SdNyD; um;armif;oludk owif;tcsuftvufay;zdkh toHk;NyKygonf/
Control module qdkwm um;uGefysLwmtNyif tNcm;pepfawGtvkyfvkyfzdkh oD;oefhxyfxnfhxm;wJh
um;uGefysLwmtao;av;awG Nzpfygonf/ tJh'Dum;uGefysLwmtao;av;awG tcsdefudkuftvkyfvkyfzdkh um;;uGef
ysLwmuae input ay;um olxdef;csKyfwJhpepfudk wdwdususvkyfapygonf/ Oyrm/ /Ignition control module
qdk&if "mwfqDtif*sifrSmyg&SdNyD; rD;cwfay;wJhpepfudk um;uGefysLwmtao;av;Nzifh xdef;csKyfygonf/ Ignition
control module u pywfyvyfawGudk Adkhtm;NrifhvQyfppfudk tcsdefudkufa&mufNyD; rD;cwfay;atmif vkyfaqmifay;
ygonf/
23.15.3. Actuator Operation

um;uGefysLwmonf tusLa&wmudk tvkyfvkyfap&ef vQyfppfywfvrf;aMumif;wpfywfNynfhatmif vkyf
ay;Ncif;Nzifh tvkyfvkyfapygonf/ um;uGefysLwmu tvkyfvkyfcdkif;onfhtcg rDvDpuúefhyJMumwmrsdK; &Sdygonf/
Oyrm/ /avmifpmqDNzef;ay;wmrsdK;qdk&if t&rf;wdwdususNzef;cdkif;ygonf/ um;armif;wJholu vDAmudk eif;wJh
tay:rlwnfNyD;vnf;aumif;? um;oGm;aewJht&SdefawGtay:rlwnfNyD;vnf;aumif; avmifpmqDudk vdkovdkyJ
Nzef;ay;ygonf/
yHk (23-22) qefqmuae um;oGm;aew,fvdkh owif;ydkhaewmaMumifh um;;uGefysLwmu um;wHcg;awGudk Lock

csay;xm;ygonf/ um;&yfwmeJh um;wHcg;awGudk unlock vkyfay;ygonf/ &dk;&dk;um;awGrSmu um;armif;ol?
um;pD;olu manual vkyf&ygonf/ 'Dpepfwyfxm;wJhum;rSmawmh um;xGufwmeJh Lock csay;xm;ygonf/

yHk (23-22)wGifNyxm;onfhtwdkif; um;udk avmhcsxm;zdkh Solenoid widing udk toHk;NyKxm;ygonf/
um;a&Ghaew,fvdkh qefqmuowif;ydkh&if um;uGefysLwmu Ground udk qufay;vdkufNyD; vQyfpD;ywfvrf;udk
wpfywfNynfhapygonf/ vQyfppf&&csif; Solenoid widing wGif vQyfppfoHvdkufqGJtm;Nzpfay:NyD; um;avmhcszdkh qGJ
,lum um;wHcg;awG avmhusoGm;ygonf/ um;&yfygu um;uGefysLwmu Ground udk NyefzGifhay;vdkufNyD;
vQyfpD;ywfvrf;udk Nzwfawmufvdkufygonf/ vQyfppftm;r&yfu Solenoid widing wGif vQyfppfoHvdkufqGJtm;
qufrxkwfEdkifaomaMumifh um;wHcg;avmhudk qufydwfrxm;EdkifawmhyJ um;wHcg;udk zGifhvdkh&ygNyD/
Relay usawmh vQyfppf"mwftm;rsm;rsm;Nzifhtvkyfvkyf&aompepfawGrSm toHk;NyKygonf/ um;uGefwm
onf vQyfppf"mwftm;enf;enf;toHk;NyKaomqm;upfudkom xdef;csKyfNyD; tJh'Dqm;upftvkyfvkyfygu vQyfppf
"mwftm;rsm;rsm;Nzifhtvkyfvkyfaomqm;upfu tvkyfxvkyfygonf/
yHk (23-23) um;uGefysLwmu Relay udkom tvkyfvkyfapum Relay rSm vQyfppfenf;enf;&&if vQyfppf
"mwftm;rsm;rsm;Nzifhtvkyfvkyfaomqm;upfudk csdwfqufay;um tvkyfvkyfapygonf/
qmAdkarmfwmudkvnf; tusLa&wmwpfcktNzpftoHk;NyKygonf/ qmAdkarmfwmqDudk vQyfppfay;zdkh

vQyfpD;ywfvrf;aMumif;udk um;uGefysLwmu qufay;ygu qmAdkarmfwmxvnfum tvkyfvkyfay;ygonnf/
armfwm&Jhtm;omcsufu aNymif;NyefNyefvnfay;Edkifygonf/ Am;tzGifhtydwfrsdK;awGrSm qmAdkarmfwmudk toHk;NyKyg
onf/
yHk (23-24) qmAdkarmfwm (odkhr[kwf) Stepper Motor wpfvHk;onf wduswJhae&mrSm &yfvdkh&ygonf/

wpfywfNynfhatmifrvnfyJ av;q,fhig;'D*&DyJvnfr,fqdkvnf; &ygonf/
23.15.4. Specific Actuator
aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhum;awGrSm atmufygtwdkif; oD;oefhtusLa&wmawG yg&Sdygonf/
 Fuel injectors – avmifpmqDNzef;ay;wJhpepfrSm qDNzef;wmudk um;uGefysLwmu xdef;csKyfygonf/ b,f
tcsdefuae b,ftcsdefxdudk qDyrmPb,favmufNzef;ygqdkwm wdwdususvkyfapygonf/ tJh'Dvdk Fuel
injectors awGrSm Solenoid widing udk toHk;NyKygonf/
 Fuel pumps – avmifpmqDydkhyefhqdkwm qDwdkifuDuae tif*sifqDudk qDydkh&mwGif zdtm;rsm;rsm;Nzifhydkh&ef toHk;
NyKygonf/
 Idle air solenoid – qdkwm um;udk 0efr&kef;aomtaNctaersdK; um;&yfxm;NyD; tif*sifudkom ESdk;xm;wJhtcsdef
rsdK;rSm tif*sifxJudk0ifwJhavyrmPudk xdef;ay;Ncif; Nzpfygonf. rvdktyfyJ qDrukefap&efESifh rD;cdk;aiGhawG pGefh
xkwfaeNcif;r&Sd&ef Nzpfygonf/
 Idle speed motor – qdkwm um;armif;olu vDAmeif;&if tif*sifxJudk0ifrnfhavyrmPudk xdef;csKyfay;wJh
Engine Throttle Valve udk tzGifhtydwfvkyfay;&ef toHk;NyKaomarmfwmwrsdK;Nzpfygonf/
 EGR solenoids - tif*sifxJupGefhxkwfvdkufaom tdwfaZm"mwfaiGhawGudk tif*sifxJudk Nyefxnfhay;wJhAm;udk
tzGifhtydwfvkyfay;zdkh wyfqifxm;aom solenoid udk ac:ygonf/
 Canister purse solenoids – qdkwm avmifpmqDtaiGhawGudk avxkxJa&mufroGm;atmifpkpnf;um tif*sifxJ
xnfhay;aompepf Nzpfygonf/
 Door lock motors or solenoids – qdkwm um;wHcg;udk lock / unlock udk tvdktavsmufvkyfay;aompepf
Nzpfygonf/
 Electric seat motors – xdkifcHkudk vdkovdka&GhEdkif&ef wyfqifxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
 Ignition Coil – pywfyvyfudk rD;ckeful;zdkh vQyfppf"mwftm;rsm;rsm;udk toHk;NyK&ef xnfhoGif;wnfaqmufyg
onf/
 Ignition Module u pywfyvyfawGudk Adkhtm;NrifhvQyfppfudk tcsdefudkufa&mufNyD; rD;cwfay;atmif
vkyfaqmifay;ygonf/
23.16. Computer Networks

Computer Networks qdkwm um;uGefysLwmwpfvHk;xufydkNyD;ygaomum;awGrSm um;uGefysLwmtcsif;
csif;udk Network aqmufum toHk;NyK&ygonf/ þodkhpkaygif;tvkyfvkyfNcif;Nzifh um;&JhvkyfEdkifpGrf;u ydkaumif;
rGefvmygonf/ OBD II pepfwGif um;uGefysLwmuae feedback Nyefay;wJhtcg pepftm;vHk;udk wpfcgwnf;
ay;Edkifygonf/ engine, transmission, braking, suspension and traction control ponfNzifh ae&maygif;
pHkuae feedback Nyefay;ygonf/ um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfqufNcif;udk Multiplexing vdkhac:NyD; binary
signals pepfudk toHk;NyKum wcsdKhtDvufaxmepfypönf;awGudk bHkoHk;Ncif;Nzifh 0g,mMudK;awG avsmhcsEdkifygonf/
um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif; wcsdKh input awG? 0g,mawG? output awGudk bHkoHk;Ncif; wcsdKhtDvuf
xa&mepfypönf;awG? 0g,mMudK;awG avsmhcsEdkifygonf/
Network rSm 0g,mMudK;awG bHkoHk;Ncif;udk data bus vdkhac:ygonf/ qif*aeawGonf data bus udk
Nzwfoef;oGm;vmaeMuygonf/ aemufydkif;rSm Computer Networks twGuf fiber optics awG toHk;NyKzdkh Nyif
qifvmMuygonf/
23.16.1. Serial / Parallel Network Communication

um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfquf&mwGif Serial eJh Parallel qdkNyD; wpfenf;r[kwfwpfenf; toHk;NyK
Muygonf/ Serial Communication wGif 'pf*spfw,fa'wmawG ydkhaqmifay;wJhtcg 0g,mMudK;wpfacsmif;udk
toHk;NyKNyD; wpfMudrfrSm one bit yJ ydkhEdkifygonf/ Parallel Communication wGif 'pf*spfw,fa'wmawG
ydkhaqmifay;wJhtcg 0g,mMudK;awGtrsm;MuD;eJh tNydKifay;ydkhEdkifygonf/

yHk (23-25) um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfqufNcif;udk Multiplexing vdkhac:NyD; binary signals pepfudk toHk;NyK

um wcsdKhtDvufaxmepfypönf;awGudk bHkoHk;Ncif;Nzifh 0g,mMudK;awG avsmhcsEdkifygonf/
23.16.2. ECM Information Flow

um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfquf&mwGif enf;vrf;awG trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygonf/ Star Configuration wpf
ckwGif t"duum;uGefysLwmwpfvHk;ESifh tNcm;tvkyfvkyfwmenf;wJhum;uGefysLwmawGudk csdwfquftoHk;NyKNcif;
Nzpfygonf/ Bus Configuration wpfckwGif Single Conductor wpfckwGif um;uGefysLwmawG vmcsdwfqufwm
Nzpfygonf/ t"duum;uGefysLwmrvdkawmhyg/ Ring Configuration wpfckwGif um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;
wef;qufqufum uGif;yHkpHNyefqufvdkufNcif; Nzpfygonf/
yHk (23-26) um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfqufyHk

23.16.3. Network Wiring
um;uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfquf&mwGif 0g,mESpfrsdK;Nzifh csdwfqufNyD; Single-wire Conductor ESifh
Twisted-pair Conductor wdkh Nzpfygonf/ Single-wire Conductor onf tao;qHk;? tayhgyg;qHk;trsdK;tpm;
Nzpfygonf/ Twisted-pair Conductor onf ESpfyifvdrfNzpfum Single-wire Conductor xufydkNyD; a'wmawGudk
ydkhaqmifay;Edkifygonf/
23.16.4. CAN and LIN Systems

CAN qdkwm Controller Area Network &JhtwdkaumufpmvHk;NzpfNyD; t&rf;NrefwJh Computer Data bus
trsdK;tpm; Nzpfygonf/ um;uGefysLwmawG? qefqmawGonf CAN bus 0g,mudk wpfMudrfwnf;rSm trsm;MuD;
toHk;NyKygonf/ CAN system wpfckrSm uGefysLwmwpfckcsif;pDuae qif*e,fawG vufcH&,lwm? Nyefydkhay;wm
awG vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/
LIN qdkwm Local Interconnect Network &JhtwdkaumufpmvHk;NzpfNyD; CAN awGudk pkaygif;NyD; toHk;NyK
Ncif;Nzpfygonf/

CHAPTER (24)
ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS AND SCAN TOOLS
um;ynmudk pepfwusroifyJeJh rd&dk;zvmoifMum;rSkawGu rMumcifrSm &yfwefhoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ 'D

aehacwfaemufqHk;ay:um;awGu On-Board Diagnostics OBD enf;ynmNzifh NyKNyif&wmrdkh aocsmoifwef;wuf
NyD;? aocsmavhvmxm;wJh rufuJepfawGuyJ NyKNyifedkifawmhrnf Nzpfygonf/ 'DaehacwfrSmawmh um;wpfckckNzpf
&if puefwl;Nzifh um;uGefysLwmudk csdwfqufMunfhum xGufvmwJh uk'feHygwfudkMunfhNyD; NyKNyifwJhacwf a&muf
aeygNyD/
On-Board Diagnostics OBD enf;ynmqdkwm um;wpfpD;rSmygwJh um;uGefysLwmwpfvHk;&Jh vkyfEdkifpGrf;
NzpfwJh um;armif;aepOfrSm Nzpfay:aewJhNyóemawGudk odrf;ay;xm;NyD; puefwl;vmcsdwf&if bmysufaew,fqdk
wm uk'feHygwfNzifh Nyoygonf/ xdkodkhNyowmaMumifh tcsdefrukef vlryifyef;yJ um;rSmNzpfaewJh NyóemawGudk
taNz&Smu tvG,fwulNyKNyifEdkifayonf/
Scan Tool puefwl;wpfckudktoHk;NyKNyD; um;uGefysLwmudkcsdwfqufum trouble code zwfNcif;? qm;
upfawGudk Munfh&SkNcif;? qefqmawGu ydkhay;aomwefzdk;udk Munfh&SkNcif;? prf;oyfMunfhNcif;? NyóemawGudk
taNz&Sm&ef oJvGefp&,lNcif;awGudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ puefwl;NzifhcsdwfqufNcif;Nzifh vQifNrefNcif;? vG,ful
Ncif;&SdNyD; 0g,mMudK;awG NzKwfcsNcif;awG rvkyf&yJ vG,fulvQifNrefpGm NyóemawGudk odEdkifygonf/
'Dtcef;rSmawmh puefwl;NzifhcsdwfqufNcif; taNccHoabmw&m;awGudk &Sif;NyoGm;ygrnf/ aemuft
cef;awGrSm oufqdkif&mpepfawGt& puefwl;NzifhcsdwfqufyHkawG qufvufwifNyoGm;rSmNzpfNyD; 'Dwpfcef;rSm
avhvm&rSmr[kwfyJ aemuftcef;awGrSmvnf; qufvufavhvmoGm;zdkh&SdaMumif; MudKwiftoday;ygonf/
24.1. On-Board Diagnostics Systems

'DaehacwfaemufqHk;ay:um;awGrSm um;uGefysLwmwyfqifNyD; NyóemawGtaNz&Smum b,ftydkif;rSm
bmNzpfaew,fqdkwmudkodatmif On-Board Diagnostics Systems udk toHk;NyKvmMuygonf/ uGefysLwmudk
yHkrSefr[kwfwJh Operating condition awGudk od&SdEdkifygonf/ Input, output qm;upfawGudk puefzwfum rrSef
uefwJh voltage, current or resistance awGudk ppfaq;NyKNyifEdkifygonf/
'DaehacwfaemufqHk;ay:um;awGrSm On-Board Diagnostics Systems Nzifh um;wGif t"duvQyfppfESifh
tDvufxa&mepf tpdwftydkif;awGudk ppfaq;Edkifygonf/ Vehicle’s engine control module Nzifh rD;avmifrSkvGJ
rSm;Ncif;ESifh avESifhqDta&mtaESmvGJrSmaeNcif;wdkdhudk ppfaq;Edkifygonf/ OBD pepfonf fuel injector, ignition
coil, fuel pump, catalytic converter ESifhtNcm;tpdwftydkif;awGudk pOfqufrNywfapmifhMunfhaeygonf/
tif*sifESifhtif*sifudkyefhydk;aewJhpepfawG? transmission, suspension, anti-lock brake ESifhtNcm;pepf
awGrSm Nyóemwckck&Sdygu puefzwfMunfhum b,ftydkif;ysufaevJqdkwmudk csufcsif;odEdkifygonf/ tvGef
&SkyfaxG;aewJhum;pepfawGudk vG,fvG,fulul aNz&Sif;vmEdkifygonf/
um;uGefysLwmonf yHkrSefr[kwfaom vnfywfrSkawGudk rSwfom;xm;Ncif;? um;armif;olNrifEdkif&ef
Mulfunction indicator light vif;apNyD; um;armif;oludk today;Ncif;awG vkyfaqmifygonf/
24.1.1. Early On-Board Diagnostics Systems

apmapmydkif;u OBD pepfwGif tawmfrsm;rsm;uefhowfrSkawG &Sdygonf/ tapmydkif;pepfwGif t"duNy
óemawGudk aNz&Sif;ay;Edkifaomfvnf; qm;upfawG? ypönf;awG&JhysufpD;rSkudk aocsm&Smray;EdkifwmrsdK; &SdcJhyg
onf/ EdkifiHwumuxkwfvkyfwJhum;awGudk waNy;nDpHESkef;awGr&Sdao;yJ um;xkwfvkyfolawGu udk,fxkwfcsifo
vdk xkwfcJhwmrsdK;awG &Sdygonf/ tapmydkif;xkwfcJhwJh Early On-Board Diagnostics Systems udk OBD I (On-
Board Diagnostics Systems Generation One) vdkh owfrSwfcJhNyD; um;aygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm toHk;NyKcJhygonf/
24.1.2. OBD II Systems

um;wpfpD;onf tif*sifuaexGufvmaom tdwfaZm"mwfaiGhawGaMumifh avxknpfnrf;apygonf/
'gaMumifh tar&duefEdkifiH Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) u Vehicle Pollution Law udk twnfNyK
NyXmef;NyD; um;awGuae tdwfaZm"mwfaiGhawG xkwfcsifovdkrxkwfatmif wm;Nrpfvmygonf/ xdkhaMumifh um;
xkwfvkyfolawGonf avxknpfnrf;rSkoufomaprJhenf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGMuHqvmcJhygonf/ tJh'DOya'u um;
xkwfvkyfolawGtm;vHk;u um;awGudk Monitoring pepfudk waNy;nDNzpfapzdkh vdktyfvmygonf/

OBD II (On-Board Diagnostics Systems Generation two) uawmh OBD I xuf trsm;MuD; ydkaumif;
vmygonf/ OBD II rSmawmh yg0ifwJhypönf;wpfcku vHk;vHk;ysufao;wmr[kwfyJ pGrf;aqmif&nfusvm&ifawmif
um;uGefysLwmu rSwfom;ay;xm;um puefwl;eJhcsdwfwJhtcgrSm uk'feHygwfxkwfum NyKNyifapygonf/ Oyrm/
/ qefqmwpfckonf tm&HkcHNyD;ay;ydkhaewm aES;auG;NyD; pGrf;aqmif&nfusvmygu uk'feHygwfxkwfum NyKNyifap
ygonf/
yHk (24-1) wGif ta&mifESpfrsdK;eJhNyoxm;NyD; ta&mifazsmhu OBD I NzpfNyD; ta&mif&ifhu OBD II Nzpfygonf/
OBD II onf um;awGudk 'DZdkif;xkwf&mwGif tenf;qHk; rdkif (100000) / uDvdkrDwmtm;Nzifh (160000)

armif;Edkifatmif xkwfvkyfygonf/ um;uGefysLwmtoHk;NyKvmwJh OBD II onf OBD I xuf ydkNrefvmNcif;?
aiGukefaMu;usydkrsm;vmNcif;? uGefysLwmy&dk*&rfawGydkNyD; &SkyfaxG;vmNcif; ponfNzifh uGmNcm;vmygonf/
OBD II onf Trouble Code aygif; ig;&mausmfxkwfay;Edkifygonf/ um;uGefysLwmonf Switch awG
aumif;raumif;? qefqmawG aumif;raumif;? tusLa&wmawG aumif;raumif;? yg0ifwJhypönf;awG aumif;
raumif;? 0g,mMudK;awG aumif;raumif;udk udk,fwdkifppfaq;Edkifygonf/ OBD II wGif pHowfrSwfxm;aom
Data Link Connectors (DLC) awG? Trouble Code awG? qefqmawG? output device terminology awG? puefwl;
awG yg&Sdygonf/
24.1.3. Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL)

yHkrSefr[kwfwJhtaNctaerSm um;uGefysLwmu um;armif;ol 'ufbkwfrSm&SdwJh Instrumentation Panel
rSm rD;vif;ay;ygonf/ 0geif;rD;? owday;rD;NzpfNyD; um;armif;oludk um;rSmbmNzpfaeNyDqdkwmudk Nyay;aeyg
onf/
OBD II wGif engine warning light udk Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) vdkh ac:ygonf/ ay:vmwJh
owday;rD;av;onf wqufwnf;vif;aeygu odyfta&;rMuD;ao;yg/ csufcsif;Nyifp&mrvdkao;yJ tcsdef&rS

Nyif&if&ygonf/ wu,fvdkh owday;rD;av;onf rSdwfvdkufzGifhvdkufvkyfae&ifawmh yHkrSeftaNctaer[kwfawmh
bl;vdkh qdkvdkygonf/
Catalystic Converter ysufpD;aew,fvdkh 0geifvdkufrD;vif;&ifawmh ta&;MuD;ygonf/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh
engine misfire (tif*sifxJ0ifvmwJh avESifhqDta&mtaESmudk tNynfht0rD;ravmif;wm) odkhr[kwf qDNzef;ay;
wJhpepf yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfwmrsdK;qdk&if 0geifvdkufrD;u rSdwfvdkufzGifhvdkufvkyfygonf/ tJh'DvdktaNctaersdK;qdk&if
csufcsif;ppfaq;NyKNyif&ygonf/ tu,fí csufcsif;rNyifygu Catalystic Converter tylvGefuJNyD; avmif;usGrf;
wmrsdK; Nzpfapygonf/
b,f0geif;rD;yJvif;vif; NzpfEdkiforQNrefNref um;udkppfaq;NyKNyifoifhygonf/ Technician u
um;uGefysLwmudk puefwl;Nzifh csdwfqufumppfaq;NyKNyifoifhygonf/
Service Manual wGifyg0ifaom Trouble code chart uae uk'feHygwfMunfhum um;rSmbmNyóem
Nzpfaew,f? b,fvdkNyKNyif&r,fqdkwmudk csufcsif;odEdkifygonf/ aemufqHk;ay:armf',fNrifhpuefwl;awGuawmh
uk'feHygwfwifruawmhyJ uk'feHygwfESifhtwl bmNyóemvJqdkwm twlwlay:vmwmaMumifh uk'feHygwfMunfh
vdkuf tJhuk'feHygwfu bmaNymwmvnf;&Smvdkufvkyfp&m rvdktyfawmhyg/
24.1.4. Diagnostic Touble Codes

Diagnostic Touble Codes (DTC) qdkwm um;uGefysLwmu yHkrSefarmif;ESifwmrsdK;r[kwfwmqdk&if
rSwfom;xm;ygonf/ Operating parameter qdkwm vufcHEdkifaom tNrifhqHk;wefzdk;ESifh tedrfhqHk;wefzdk;awGudk
qdkvdkygonf/ Oyrm/ /atmufqD*sifqefqmqDrS ay;ay;aomAdkhtm;onf vufcHEdkifaomAdkhtm;Nzpf&ygrnf/
tu,fí tNrifhqHk;wefzdk;ESifh tedrfhqHk;wefzdk;awGtwGif; r0ifygu um;uGefysLwmu rSwfom;xm;ygonf/
24.1.5. Computer System Problems

um;uGefysLwmpepfwGif NzpfavhNzpfx&Sdaom NyóemawGaMumifh um;&JhpGrf;aqmif&nfudk usapyg
onf/
yHk (24-2) um;uGefysLwmpepfwGif NzpfavhNzpfx&Sdaom NyóemawGrSm 80&mcdkifESkef;u um;uGefysLwm&Jh csGwf

,Gif;csufr[kwfygbl;/ rsm;aomtm;Nzifh Nzpfwwfaom NyóemawGuawmh 0g,mMudK;tqufawGacsmifaeNcif;?
0g,mawG NywfaeNcif;? pufrSkydkif;qdkif&mawG NzpfavhNzpfx &Sdygonf/
 Loose electrical connection –'DNyóemuawmh 0g,mMudK;tqufawGacsmifwmaMumifh qefqmawGu

owif;awG um;uGefysLwmqD ra&mufwmyg/ qefqmawGqDu owif;r&awmh tusLa&wmawGudk cdkif;zdkhus
awmh um;uGefysLwmu output rxGufawmhwJh Nyóemyg/
 Corroded electrical connection – 'DNyóemuawmh 0g,mMudK;awG aqG;aeNyD; resistance rsm;aewJh
Nyóemyg/ qefqmawGu tm&HkcHwJhtcg vQyfpD;ckcHrSkNzifh tm&HkcHwmrsdK;rSm 0g,mMudK;aqG;aeygu a'wmt
rSef r&wmrsdK;NzpfwJh Nyóemyg/
 Failed sensor - 'DNyóemuawmh qefqm&Jhowif;ydkhaqmifrSku Nywfawmufaewm? vQyfppfMudK;u
*a&mif;usaewJh Nyóemyg/
 Failed actuator - 'DNyóemuawmh tusLa&wmawGu qufoG,frSk Nywfawmufaewm? vQyfppfMudK;u
*a&mif;usaewJh Nyóemyg/
 Vacuum leak - 'DNyóemuawmh tif*sif&Jh av[me,fNzpf&rJhtydkif;awGrSm rvHkwmaMumifh tif*sif&JhpGrf;
aqmif&nfusaewJh Nyóemyg/
 Electrical short - 'DNyóemuawmh 0g,mMudK;awGaygufNyJxGufaeNyD; wNcm;tpdwftydkif;awGudkxdum
*a&mif;usaeNcif;? vQyfpD;rSkyHkrSefr[kwfyJ rsm;aeNcif;ESifh rrSefuefwJh vQyfpD;rSkNzpfaewJh Nyóemyg/
 Ignition system problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh npfywfaewJhpywfyvyfawG? tif*ae&Sif;udGKifu
Adkhtm;enf;aewmawG? u&dkif;&Syfqefqmraumif;wmawGaMumifh Nzpf&wJhNyóemawGyg/ Oyrm/ /pywfyvyf
u rD;cwfay;wm tcsdefrrSefwmaMumifh tif*siftwGif; rD;avmifaygufuGJrSku rNyD;ao;cifrSm tdwfaZmawGudk
tif*sifNyifypGefhxkwfwJhtcg atmufqD*sifqefqmu atmufqD*sifawGygvmwmudk um;uGefysLwmqDowif;
ydkhaomaMumifh qDESifhavta&mtaeSmudk qDavsmhcsapygonf/
 Fuel system problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh qDNzef;ay;wJh Fuel Injector rSm trSkeftrTm;awG ydwfqdkhaewm?
qDawG ,dkpD;aewmawG? qDzdtm;udk wdkif;wmwJh pressure regulator raumif;wmawG? qDyefhraumif;wmawG?
ESifh tNcm;NyóemawGyg/
 Emission system problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh catalytic converter, EGR valve, vapor stroage
system ESifh tNcm;NyóemawGyg/ Emission system wGifyg0ifaom tpdwftydkif;awGudk tDvufxa&mepf
enf;Nzifh apmifhMunfhum raumif;awmh&if Diagnostic Touble Codes Nzifh odrf;xm;ygonf/
Emission qdkwm um;tif*sifuaexGufvmaom tdwfaZmrD;cdk;awG Nzpfygonf/ Emission system wGif Nref

rmawG ausmufZumvdkhac:wJh catalytic converter yg&Sdygonf/ catalytic converter qdkwm tif*sifu xGuf
vmaomtdwfaZmaiGhawGxJu vludktEÅ&m,fNzpfapaom"mwfaiGhawG rygatmif olhtwGif;NzwfapNcif;Nzifh
"mwfNyKrSkawGNzpfapum "mwfaiGhawGudk oefhapygonf/
 Engine Problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh tif*sif&JhpufrSkydkif;qdkif&mu ysufpD;wmrsdK;awGu um;uGefysLwmqD

udkyg a&mufvmwwfwJh NyóemawGyg/ Oyrm/ /tif*sifwGif rD;avmifaygufuGJrSk rrSefuefygu um;uGef
ysLwmqDudkyg a&mufvmwwfwJh NyóemawGyg/
 Computer malfunction - 'DNyóemawGuawmh um;uGefysLwmrSmNzpfaewJh NyóemawGyg/ wGufcsufrSkawG
rrSefwmawG? qm;upfawG rSm;,Gif;aewmawG? uGefysLwmrSmyg&SdwJh tpdwftydkif;awG tvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhwm
awG pwJhNyóemawGyg/
 Weak or lazy component - 'DNyóemawGuawmh um;uGefysLwmpepfrSmyg0ifaom qefqmawG? tusLa&
wmawG? um;uGefysKwmtygt0if tvkyfvkyfwm t&rf;aES;auG;aewJh NyóemawGyg/
 Transmission problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh Transmission / transaxles awGudk tDvufxa&mepfenf;
NzifhapmifhMunfhaeNyD; wckckyHkrSefr[kwfygu Diagnostic Touble Codes Nzifh odrf;xm;ygonf/ Nzpfwwfaom
NyóemawGuawmh vehicle speed sensor raumif;wm? Shift sensor raumif;wm? 0g,mMudK;awG Nywf
awmufaewmrsdK; NyóemawGyg/
 Anti-lock brake system problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh wheel speed sensor raumif;wm? 0g,mMudK;awG
Nywf awmufaewm? Brake pad sensor raumif;wm? [dkuf'a&mvpfpepfraumif;wmawG ponfh Nyóem
awGyg/
 Air conditioning problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh pressure and temperature sensor raumif;wm?
Refrigerant awG avsmhenf;vmwmawG? uGefy&ufqmuvyfraumif;awmhwJh NyóemawGyg/
 Air bag problems - 'DNyóemawGuawmh impact sensor raumif;wm? Arming sensor raumif;wm? Air
bag module raumif;awmhwJh NyóemawGyg/
 Hybrid electric drive train part and circuit malfunctions - 'DNyóemawGuawmh HV battery, power
control module, HV power cables awG raumif;awmhwJh NyóemawGyg/

Tech Tip
um;uGefysLwmpepfwGif NyóemtNzpfrsm;wmu vQyfppfMudK;tqufawG? pufrSkydkif;qdkif&mawG ponfNzifh
Nzpfwwfygonf/ uGefysLwmpepfwGif um;uGefysLwmESifhqefqmawGu ysufpD;rSkonf 20 &mcdkifESkef;yJ &Sdyg
onf/ 'gaMumifh um;wGif NyóemwpHkw&mNzpfvmygu um;uGefysLwmudk rppfaq;cifrSm ysufavhysufx
&Sdaom pufrSkydkif;awGudkvnf; t&ifNyKNyifppfaq;oifhygonf/
24.2. Scanning Computer Problems

Scan Tool qdkwm tDvufxa&mepfppfaq;wdkif;wmaomypönf;NzpfNyD; um;uGefysLwmtwGif; odrf;xm;
aom Diagnostic Touble Codes awGudk zwfEdkifum uk'feHygwfMunfhum um;rSmbmNzpfaew,f? b,ftydkif;udk
NyKNyif&r,fqdkwmudk odEdkifatmif toHk;NyK&aom um;NyKNyifolawG vufpGJxm;&wJh Tool Nzpfygonf/
yHk (24-3) Scan Tool onf um;udk NyKNyif &mwGif

ta&;MuD;aomypönf; Nzpfygonf/ puefwl;NzifhcsdwfNyD;
ppfaq;rSom um;&Jh b,ftydkif;awG NyKNyif&rvJ
odEdkifrnf Nzpfygonf/
puefwl;wpfck&JhtaNccHoabmw&m;uawmh um;uGefysLwmu rSwfom;xm;wJh Diagnostic Touble

Codes awGudk zwfEdkifzdkhESifh Nyefzsufzdkh Nzpfygonf/ tqifhNrifhpuefwl;awGuawmh wireless, touch screen
tablet NzpfNyD; basci scan tool xufydkNyD; vkyfaqmifcsufawG yg0ifum Toubleshooting guide awG?
Manufacturer-specific tests awG? qm;upfwefzdk;awG yg&Sdygonf/ tqifhNrifhpuefwl;awGonf um;uGefysLwm
ESifhcsdwfqufNyD; tifwmeufeJhyg csdwfqufvkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/
puefwl;wpfckNzifh tvkyfvkyfrnfqdkygu tJh'Dpuefwl;&Jh Operating instrcution awGudk yxrqHk; ao
csmzwfyg/ Operating procedure awGonf awmfawmfav; wdwdususvdkufemvkyfaqmifzdkh vdktyfvSygonf/
puefwl;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &dk;&Sif;wJhcvkyfawG? tay:atmufqGJcswJh scroll wheel awG 'grSr[kwf touch
screen yg&Sdum; um;Nyifolonf trsdK;rsdK;aom test function awGudk a&G;cs,fvkyfaqmif&ygonf/ tqifhNrifh
puefwl;Nzifh yvyfxdk;NyD; (odkhr[kwf) wireless sending unit udk csdwfqufNyD;toHk;NyKygu screen wGif ay:vm
aom vrf;nTefcsufawGudk aocsm*&kwpdkuf zwfyg/
Wireless sending unit uae wireless, touch screen tablet qDudk a'wmawGudk ay;ydkhvufcHwmrsdK;
awGudk a&'D,dkqif*e,fNzifh vkyfaqmifygonf/ Tablet udk tckvdk csdwfqufNyD; um;uae um;0yfa&SmhtwGif;
ta0;wpfae&mudk ,lNyD; um;&JhvkyfaqmifcsufawG? a'wmawG? Touble Codes awGudk Munfh&Skppfaq;Edkifygonf/
yHk (24-4) puefwl;awGae&mrSm wireless, touch screen

tablet awGudk tpm;xdk; toHk;NyKvmMuygonf/ um;ESifh
puefwl;Mum;rSm MudK;twlqufxm;wmrsdK; r&Sdawmhygbl;/
wireless sending unit udk um;&Jh Diagnostic connector rSm
csdwfquftoHk;NyKygonf/

Tech Tip
aemufqHk;ay:um;awGrSm CAN-compliant computer system udk toHk;NyKvmMuygonf/ tJhvdkum;awGqdk&if
CAN-compliant scan tool udkyJ toHk;NyKcsdwfquf&rSmyg/ &SdNyD;om; puefwl;awGeJh csdwfqufvdkh &rSmr[kwf
ygbl;/
24.2.1. Data Link Connector (Diagnostic Connector)

Data Link Connector (DLC) qdkwm um;uGefysLwmESifhpuefwl;udk csdwfqufzdkhtwGuf pHowfrSwfcsuf
twdkif;xkwfvkyfxm;wJh taygufawG 16aygufygwJh Standardized multipin terminal wpfckNzpfygonf/ t&if
wkef;uawmh Diagnostic Connector wdkh? Assembly Line Diagnostic Link (ALDL) wdkh ponfNzifh ac:Muygao;
onf/
OBD I data link connectors awGonf pHowfrSwfxm;wmrsdK;r&SdyJ yHkpHrsdK;pHk? t&G,ftpm;rsdK;pHk xkwf
vkyfcJhMuygonf/ OBD II data link connectors awGusawmh 16aygufygwJh Standardized multipin terminal udk
pHowfrSwfcsufxm;um xkwfvkyfapwmaMumifh tckqdk&if um;rsdK;pHkrSm yHkpHwl? t&G,fwl? taygufwl DLC awG
awGh&rSm Nzpfygonf/ um;wGif&Sdaom DLC u tracgif;NzpfNyD; puefwl;u tzdkacgif;Nzifh csdwfqufygonf/
OBD II Diagnostic System rSm um;uGefysLwmeJhpuefwl;csdwfquf&mwGif vufwpfzufeJh xdk;oGif;um
csdwfqufvkduf&HkygyJ/ DLC tracgif;taygufawGuawmh um;armif;olxdkifwJhae&m 'ufbkwfatmufem;av;rSmyJ
&Sdygonf/
24.2.2. Connecting the scan tool

aemufqHk;ay:vmawGrSm um;armif;olxdkifwJhae&m 'ufbkwfatmufem;av;rSm um;uGefysLwmeJhp
uefwl;csdwfqufzdkh data link connectors awG yg&Sdygonf/ puefwl;aub,fudk DLC tracgif;rSm wyfqif&m
wGif vG,fvG,fululwyf&HkygyJ/ tu,fí vG,fvG,fululwyfr&ygu wckckawmh vGJaevdkhyg/ wyfvdkhr&ygu
t&rf;zdNyD; roGif;ygeJh/ Adapter wckckcHNyD; wyfqif&ygrnf/
yHk (24-5) (A) OBD II connector awGu 16 pin yg/ puefwl;rSm 16 pin tzdkacgif; Nzpfygonf/ (B) um;armif;
olxdkifwJhae&m 'ufbkwfatmufem;av;rSm&SdNyD; 16 pin tracgif; Nzpfygonf/ (C) um;uGefysLwmeJh
puefwl;csdwfquf&mwGif vufwpfzufeJh xdk;oGif;um csdwfqufvkduf&HkygyJ/
24.2.3. Using scan tools

tqifhNrifhpuefwl;awGudk um;uGefysLwmawGESifh csdwfquf&mwGif bmNyD;&ifbmvkyf&r,fqdkwm
aocsmvrf;nTefay;ygonf/ vkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsufawGudk aocsmy&dk*&rfoGif;xm;vdkh Nzpfygonf/
yHk (24-6) tqifhNrifhpuefwl;awGudk um;uGefysLwm

awGESifh csdwfquf&mwGif bmNyD;&ifbmvkyf&r,fqdkwm
aocsmvrf;nTefay;ygonf/

yHk (24-7) tqifhNrifhpuefwl;awGudk bmnTefMum;aeovJ aocsmzwfyg/ yHk (A) puefwl;awGonf tNcm;

xkwfvkyf olawG&Jhum;awGudkyg csdwfqufEdkifygonf/ yHk (B) puefwl;onf um;Nyifolu bmqufvkyfrvJ YES
/ NO ar;yg onf/ aocsmaNzum qufvkyf&ygonf/
puefwl;uae um;&Jh VIN number (Vehicle Identification Number) udk awmif;ygonf/ um;&Jh'uf
bkwftay:em;u eHygwfNym;uae eHygwfudk &dkufxnfhay;&ygonf/
VIN data awG&wmeJh puefwl;uae bmtif*sifwyfxm;w,f? b,fvdk transmission awG wyfxm;
w,fqdkwm odoGm;ygonf/ wcsdKhum;awGusawmh um;uGefysLwmrSm VIN data awG xnfhay;xm;NyD; puefwl;
Nzifhcsdwfqufvdkufygu data awGudk csufcsif;a'gif;vkyfvkyfay;ygonf/ NyD;&if tcsuftvufawGudk a&G;cs,fay;
&ygonf/
yHk (24-8) NynfhNynfhpHkpHkyg&SdwJhpuefwl;awGrSm tvGef&SkyfaxG;wJh testing and troubleshooting procedure awG

yg&Sdygonf/ yHk (A) tqifhNrifhpuefwl;onf wduswJh xkwfvkyfol? armf',f? xkwfvkyfonfheSpfawGudk NrefNrefqef
qef&SmEdlifygonf/ yHk (B) wGif um;&Jh VIN number udk &dkufxnfhzdkh awmif;aeygonf/ puefwl;onf
bmtif*sifwyfxm;w,f? b,fvdk transmission awG wyfxm; w,fqdkwm odoGm;ygonf/ yHk (C) wGif
Diagnostic Touble Codes awGudk zwfEdkifzdkhESifh Nyefzsufzdkh Nzpfygonf/
wcsdKhtifazmfar;&Sif;awGudk puefwl;uae awmif;Edkifygonf/

 Stored diagnostic trouble codes - uk'feHygwfu bmudk &nfnTef;wmvJ qufar;vdkh&ygonf/
 Fault description - uk'feHygwfu b,ftpdwftydkif;rSm bmNzpfaewmvJ qufar;vdkh&ygonf/
 Datastream information – um;tif*sif&JhtcsuftvufawG awmif;vdkh&ygonf/ (Enigne speed, engine
temperature, ignition timing, injector pulse width ESifhtNcm;tcsuftvufawG awmif;vdkh&ygonf/
 Run Test – puefwl;uae qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGudk wu,fum;pufESdk;NyD; tvkyfvkyfpOfu tcsuft
vufawGudk zwfEdkifygonf/ Run Test vkyfMunfhum tusLa&wmwpfckuxGufvmaom tcsuftvufudk
wdkif;Munhfvdkh &ygonf/ tu,fí tcsuftvufrSm;aeygu NzpfaewJhNyóemudk puefwl;uae aNymNyae
Ncif;yJ Nzpfygonf/

 Oxygen sensor monitoring – yHkrSefarmif;aepOftwGif;rSm Nzpfay:aewJh atmufqD*sifqefqmuae
ydkhvTwfay;aewmudk prf;oyfppfaq;vdkh&ygonf/ tJhvdkprf;oyfNcif;Nzifh atmufqD*sifqefqm&Jh tm;enf;csuf
udk &SmazGEdkifygonf/
 Failure record – um;uGefysLwmuae aocsmrSwfay;xm;aom yHkrSefr[kwfwJh NyóemawG&Jh trouble codes
pm&if;udk MunfhEdkifygonf/
 Freeze frame - puefwl;eJhprf;oyfppfaq;aepOfrSm qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGrSm &SdaewJhwefzdk;awG rSwf
om;xm;um NzpfEdkifwJhaemufqufwGJNyóemawGudk &SmazGppfaq;Ekdifygonf/
 Troubleshooting – Trouble code udkzwfNyD; b,fvdkNyKNyifoifhovJqdkwmudkyg vrf;nTefay;ygonf/
yHk (24-9) puefwl;toHk;NyKpOfrSm vkdufemaqmif&Gufoifhonfh Flowchart

Tech Tip
um;Nyifoltrsm;pkonf um;uGefysLwmrSmyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;awGudk rppfaq;cifrSm Diagnostic Trouble
Codes awGudk t&ifppfaq;ygonf/ 'Denf;vrf;u ydkNyD;NrefNrefqefqef NzpfwJhNyóemudk aNc&mcHrdygonf/
Diagnostic Trouble Codes awGudk ti,fqHk;eHygwfuaepNyD; aNz&Sif;yg/ wcgw&HrSm ti,fqHk;eH

ygwfNyóemawGyJ Nzpfwwfwmrdkhyg/ uk'feHygwfwGifyg0ifaom tpdwftydkif;awGwpfckvHk; raumif;wmvdkh rqdkvdk
ygbl;/ oleJhqufEG,faewJhtpdwftydkif;awGESifhqm;upfawGaMumifh Nzpfwwfygonf/
um;uGefysLwmonf Trouble Codes Nzpfay;aomtMudrfta&twGufudkyg a&wGufygonf/ tJh'gawG
udk Failure record xJrSm rSwfom;xm;ygonf/
24.2.4. Diagnostic Trouble Code Identification

um;rSmNzpfwJhNyóemawGudk vG,fvG,fulul&SmEdkifzdkh OBD II pepfrSm um;xkwfvkyfolawGu pHowfrSwf
xm;wJh uk'feHygwfawGudk t"dyÜg,f&Sd&Sd owfrSwfxkwfvkyfMuygonf/ um;xkwfvkyfolawG rwlayrJh pHowfrSwf
xm;wJh uk'feHygwfawGu twlwlNzpfatmif vkyfxm;Muygonf/
OBD II pepfrSm a&Shu pmwpfvHk;Nzifh aemufrSm *Pmef;av;vHk;ygwJh Trouble Codes awG owfrSwfyg
onf/ a&Shu pmvHk;av;wpfvHk;uvnf; t"dyÜg,f&Sdygonf/ Power train vm;? Chassis vm; csufcsif;odEdkifyg
onf/
yxrqHk;*Pmef;onf pHowfrSwfxm;wJh*Pmef;vm;? pHowfrSwfxm;Ncif;r&Sdao;wJh*Pmef;vm; od
Edkifygonf/ Standard trouble code (or) SAE codes awGqdk&if “0” NzpfNyD; pHowfrSwfxm;Ncif;r&Sdao;wJh*Pmef;
qdk&if “1” Nzpfygonf/ 'kwd,*Pmef;uawmh wduswJhpepfudk &nfnTef;ygonf/ Oyrm/ /Fuel system,
computer system, etc.
aemufqHk;ESpfvHk;uawmh ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aewJhae&mudk wdwdususnTefygonf/ xdkeHygwfonf um;&Jh
b,ftpdwftydkif;u odkhr[kwf b,fqm;upfu ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aevJqdkwmudk wdwdususnTefygonf/ um;xkwf
wmcsif;wlcsifrSwlygr,f 'gayrJh Standard trouble code awGu twlwlyif Nzpfygonf/ puefwl;onf b,fNy
óemudk b,fvdkaNz&Sif;&rvJqdkwmudk wdwdususnTefygonf/
yHk (24-10) OBD II pepfrSm Diagnostic Trouble Codes awGu t"dyÜg,f&Sdygonf/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh P0141 qdkwm
P onf Powertrain rSmvdkh qdkvdkygonf/ 0 onf SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) u owfrSwfxm;wJh
twdkif; xkwfvkyfxm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ 1 onf Fuel and air metering system uvdkh qdkvdkygonf/ 41 onf
Fault Designator (pinpoint troubles) vdkh qdkvdkygonf/

24.2.5. Failure Types
um;uGefysLwmpepfrSm Hard failure ESifh Soft failure qdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ Hard failure onf um;
uGefysLwmpepfrSm tNrJ&SdaewJhNyóemNzpfygonf/ Hard failure NzpfwJhOyrmwpfckuawmh 0g,mMudK;awG Nywfae
wmrsdK;yg/ aemufwpfrsdK;uawmh qm;upfawG ysufaewmrsdK; Nzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmrefrdk&Dudk clear vkyfNyD;
Hard failure awGudk NyKNyifum Reset csum tif*sifNyefNyD; vnfywfwJhtcg NyefNyD;tvkyfvkyfygonf/
Soft failure qdkwm yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfwmrsdK; Nzpfygonf/ wpfrdepfavmuftvkyfvkyfNyD; NyefaysmufoGm;
wmrsdK;? aemufNyefay:vmwmrsdK; Nzpfwwfygonf/ Soft failure Nzpfwmudk um;uGefysLwmu refrdk&DrSm rSwfxm;
wwfygonf/ Oyrm/ /0g,mMudK;tqufawG rxdwxdNzpfaewmrsdK;qdk&if um;udk vrf;ay:rSmarmif;&if wkefcg
aeygonf/ qefqmawGu ydkhwJhqif*e,fawGu edrfhaewm? Nrifhaewm? oifhawmfwJh range twGif;r0ifwmrsdK;
awGudk Soft failure vdkh owfrSwfygonf/
yHk (24-11) puefwl;rSm Nywmudk erlemNyxm;ygonf/ yHk

(A) wGif Diagnostic Trouble Codes awGudk ay;aeygonf/
yHk (B) wGif tJh'Duk'fu bmudkqdkvdkwmvJ &Sif;Nyygonf/ yHk
(C) wGif tJh'Duk'feJhygwfoufNyD; NzpfEdkifaNc&SdwJhpm&if;udk Nyyg
onf/ b,fvkdppfaq;NyKNyifoifhovJ nTefMum;ygonf/
um;uGefysLwmpepfysufpD;wwfwJhtaNctaeawGudk atmufygtwdkif; av;tkyfpk cGJNcm;Edkifygonf/

 General circuit failure – 'DysufpD;rSku qm;upfawG 'grSr[kwf yg0ifwJhtpdwftydkif;awGrSm owfrSwfxm;wJh
wefzdk;awG &Sdygonf/ qm;upftvkyfvkyfwJhtcg output rxGufwm? xGufawmhvnf; vdktyfwJh
specification xuf ausmfvGefaewmawGudk circuit failure vdkhac:ygonf/ 'DvdkNyóemawGu tNzpfrsm;NyD;
&SmazG&vG,fulyg onf/ tckvdk circuit failure awG bmaMumifhNzpfovJqdkawmh 0g,mMudK;qufoG,frSkawG
Nywfawmufaewm? 0g,mMudK;tqufawGrSm ckcHrSkawGrsm;aewm? Short circuit Nzpfaewm? yg0ifwJh
tpdwftydkif;awGu yHkrSeftwdkif; tvkyfrvkyfawmhwmawGaMumifh Nzpf&ygonf/
 Low-input failure – 'DysufpD;rSku qefqmawGu ydkhwJhqif*e,fawGNzpfwJh Adkhtm;? vQyfpD;rSkESifh frequency
awGonf yHkrSefxuf edrfhaewmrsdK;aMumifh Nzpf&ygonf/ tckvdk Low-input failure awG bmaMumifhNzpf
ovJqdkawmh high current resistance, poor electrical connection ESifh npfywfayawaewJhqefqmawG
aMumifh Nzpf&ygonf/
 High-input failure – 'DysufpD;rSku qefqmawGu ydkhwJhqif*e,fawGNzpfwJh Adkhtm;? vQyfpD;rSkESifh frequency
awGonf yHkrSefxuf NrifhaewmrsdK;aMumifh Nzpf&ygonf/ tckvdk High-input failure awG bmaMumifhNzpf
ovJqdkawmh qefqmawGysufaewm? High charging voltage ESifh pufrSkydkif;qdkif&mysufpD;rSkawGaMumifh Nzpf&
ygonf/
 Improper range / performance failure - 'DysufpD;rSku qefqmawGu ydkhwJhqif*e,fawGNzpfwJh Adkhtm;?
vQyfpD;rSkESifh frequency awGonf yHkrSefxuf enf;enf;av; edrfhaewm 'grSr[kwf NrifhaewmrsdK;aMumifh Nzpf&
ygonf/ qm;upftvkyfvkyfwmawmh yHkrSeftaNctaeNzpfayrJh yHkrSeftvkyfrvkyfyJ Nzpfaewwfygonf/ tckvdk
failure awG bmaMumifhNzpf ovJqdkawmh qefqmawG raumif;awmhwm? vQyfppfMudK;tqufawG raumif;
wm ponfhysufpD;rSkawGaMumifh Nzpf&ygonf/

24.2.6. Datastream Values
Datastream Values or Diagnostic scan values qdkwm qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawG? qm;upfawG
tvkyfvkyfwJhtcgrSm xGufay:vmaom vQyfppfqdkif&mwefzdk;awGudk um;uGefysLwmuae rSwfom;um puefwl;
qDudk Nyefxkwfay;aomwefzdk;awG Nzpfygonf/ tJh'Dwefzdk;awGudkzwfNyD; sercive manual rSmygaom wefzdk;awG
ESifhESkdif;,SOfMunfh&ygonf/ tJh'Dwefzdk;awGu um;rSmNzpfay;aeaomNyóemawGudk taNz&Sm&mrSm toHk;0ifyg
onf/
24.2.7. Key-On / Enigne-Off Diagnostics

um;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm um;uGefysLwmua'wmawGudk MunfhEdkifzdkh um;aomhudk On xm;&ygonf/
'gayrJh tif*sifudk rvnfcdkif;&ygbl;/ um;&Jh b,fx&Du vQyfppfawG um;rSma&mufaeatmif um;aomhudk On
xm;&ygonf/ Key-On / Enigne-Off Diagnostics enf;Nzifh um;uGefysLwm&Jh refrdk&DcspfxJrSmodrf;xm;wJh
Diagnostic Trouble Codes awGudk zwfMunfh&ygonf/ 'Denf;udk Key-On / Enigne-On Diagnostics enf;rwdkif
cif vkyfMunfh&ygonf/
yHk (24-12) um;NyifolawGonf yxrqHk;

um;uGefysLwmu odrf;xm;aom uk'feHygwf
awGudk t&ifzwf&ygonf/ yHk (A) wGif puef
wl;uae Intake air temperature sensor rSm
Nyóem&Sdaew,fvdkh Nyygonf/ yHk (B) wGif
Intake air temperature sensor ESifh
0g,mMudK;tqufawGudk ppfaq;aewmyg/
Key-On / Enigne-Off Diagnosticsenf;Nzifh um;uGefysLwmudk csdwfqufwJhtcg um;b,fx&D&Jhtm;

udkyJ toHk;NyKae&wmaMumifh 30rdepfxuf Mumvm&if b,fx&Dudk tm;oGif;pufNzifh csdwfqufzdkh vdkvmygonf/
24.2.8. Wiggle Test

um;uGefysLwmpepf ysufpD;&wJhtaMumif;awGxJrSm vQyfppfMudK;tqufawG acsmifaevdkh? npfywfaevdkh?
oH*sD;wufaevdkhqdkwm odcJhNyD; Nzpfygonf/ tJh'DNyóemawGudk Wiggle Test or flex test Nzifh ppfaq;awGh&SdEdkifyg
onf/
yHk (24-13) puefwl;Nzifh csdwfqufppfaq;aepOf

0g,mawG? MudK;tqufawGudk vSkyf&Sm;Munfhwm
onfvnf; Wiggle Test wGif yg0ifygonf/ tJh
vdkMudK;awGudk vSkyf&Sm;MunfhNcif;tm;Nzifh 0g,m
vGwfaewmvm;? acsmifaewmvm; tvG,fwul
ppfaq;Edkifum puefwl;rSm Nywmvnf; aNymif;
oGm;Edkifygonf/

Wiggle Test vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifh

1) puefwl;Nzifh um;uGefysLwmudk csdwfqufvdkufyg/ puefwl;u nTefMum;onfhtwdkif; vkdufem
vkyfaqmifyg/
2) Key-On / Enigne-Off Diagnostics mode udk csdef;vdkufyg/
3) puefwl;u puefzwfaewJhtcsdefrSm 0g,mMudK;awG? 0g,mtqufawGudk vdkufNyD; vSkyfcgMunhfyg/
4) tJhvdkvSkyfcgMunfhwmaMumifh puefwl;rSm uk'feHygwfawG xyfay:vmygu tJh'DvSkyfMunfhaom
0g,mMudK;? 0g,mtqufawGudk aocsmppfaq;yg/ acsmifaewm? vGwfaewm? npfywfaewmawG
udk aocsmNyKNyifyg/
wcsdKhum;NyifolawGonf Wiggle Test udk tif*sifvnfaewJhtcsdefrSm prf;oyfwmrsdK; &Sdygonf/

tif*sifvnfaepOfrSm 0g,mMudK;awG? 0g,mtqufawGudk vSkyfcgMunfhNcif;Nzifh b,f0g,mMudK;u Nyóem&Sdae
vJ odEdkifygonf/ 'gayrJh tif*sifvnfaepOf 0g,mawGudk vSkyfcgNcif;udk *&kwpdkufvkyfoifhygonf/
Wiggle Test vkyfaepOfrSm tylay;NyD; tpdwftydkif;awGaumif;raumif;ppfaq;&ef Heat Gun wpfckudk
toHk;NyKygonf/ Oyrm/ /electronic amplifiers and modules awGudk tylay;&if xdvdkufrxdvdkufNzpfaewJh Ny
óemawGudk ppfaq;awGh&SdEdkifygonf/
Heat Gun udk

toHk;NyK&if aocsm*&kpdkufNyD; toHk;NyKoifhygonf/ Heat Gun uxGufvmaomtylonf yvyf
pwpfawG? tDvufxa&mepfypönf;awGudk ysufpD;apwwfygonf/
24.2.8. Key-On / Enigne-On Diagnostics

Key-On / Enigne-On Diagnostics onf um;uGefysLwmudk puefwl;Nzifh csdwfqufum tif*sifvn
ywfaepOfrSm ppfaq;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ xdkodkhppfaq;&Ncif;rSm qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawG? um;uGefysLwmESifh
0g,mMudK;awG aumif;aumif;rGefrGeftvkyfvkyfrvkyf ppfaq;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
24.2.9. Switch Diagnostic Test

Switch Diagnostic Test qdkwm
puefwl;udk toHk;NyKNyD; trsdK;rsdK;aom Switch awGudk Activate vkyfNyD;
prf;oyfppfaq;enf; Nzpfygonf/ puefwl;u b,fqGwfudk Activate vkyfNyD; oleJhygwfoufwmawG tvkyfvkyf
yHkudk vQifNrefpGm Nyygonf/
yHk (24-14) puefwl;awGu Switch Test ESifh Actuator Test awGudk vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/ wcgw&H tvdkt
avsmufvkyfaqmifygonf/
24.2.10. Actuator Diagnostic Test
Actuator Diagnostic Test qdkwm tif*sifvnfaepOfNzpfNzpf? &yfxm;pOfNzpfNzpf output devices awG
udk um;uGefysLwmu cdkif;apyHkawGudk prf;oyfppfaq;Edkifygonf/ tusLa&wmawGtvkyfvkyfaewmudk awGhNrif
Edkifygonf/ Actuator Test vkyfoifhwJhae&mawGuawmh
 Fire or prevent the firing of the ignition coil,
 avmifpmqDNzef;ay;aom Fule injector tzGifhtydwf?
 Idle speed motor or solenoid &Jh vnfywfyHk?
 Digital valve solenoid tvkyfvkyfyHkawGudk prf;oyfppfaq;oifhygonf/
24.2.11. Scanning during a Test-Drive

tqifhNrifhpuefwl;awGu um;udk prf;armif;Munfhum prf;oyfppfaq;Edkifygonf/ Oyrm/ /tif*sif
at;aecsdefwGif wduswJhtNrefESkef;Nzifharmif;aecsdefrSom odEdkifwJhNyówmrsdK;udk tckvdk um;udk prf;oyfarmif;ESif
rSom awGhEdkifrnf Nzpfygonf/
yHk (24-15) tif*sifat;aecsdefwGif

wduswJh tNrefESkef;Nzifharmif;ae csdefrS
om odEdkifwJhNyóemrsdK;udk tckvdk
um;udk prf;oyfarmif;ESifrSom
awGhEdkifrnf Nzpfygonf/
24.2.12. Erasing Trouble Codes

um;uGefysLwmuae rSwfom;xm;aomuk'feHygwfawGudk vdktyfovdk NyKNyifNyD;&if puefwl;uae Nyef
zsufay;&ygonf/ wcsdKhuk'fawGudkawmh tif*sifvnfwJhtcgrSm tvdktavsmufNyefzsufoGm;wmrsdK;awG &Sdygonf/
odkhayrJh NyifNyD;&if zsufypfwmtaumif;qHk;yg/ rzsufao;yJxm;rdygu aemufwcg aemufwpfa,mufNyifygu
tJh'Duk'fawGNyefay:vmygu ydktvkyf&SkyfukefrSm Nzpfygonf/ um;uGefysLwmu uk'feHygwfawGzsufenf;awGudk
atmufygtwdkif; awGhEdkifygonf/
 puefwl;udk toHk;NyKNyD; um;uGefysLwmxJu Diagnostic code eHygwfudk zsufEdkifygonf/ OBD II pepf
wGif uk'feHygwfawGudk b,fx&Dutm;r&awmif &uftenf;i,f odrf;xm;EdkifwmrsdK; &Sdygonf/
 aemufxyfuk'feHygwfawGzsufwJhenf;uawmh b,fx&D&Jh*a&mif;aub,fudk NzKwfvdkufwJhenf;yg/ odkh
aomfvnf; tNcm;pepfu a'wmawGudkyg zsufypfwwfvkdh onfenf;udk roHk;oifhyg/
 um;uGefysLwm&Jh zsLhudk NzKwfwJhenf;yg/ odkaomfvnf; tNcm;pepfu a'wmawGudkyg zsufypfwwfvkdh
onfenf;udk roHk;oifhyg/
wcsdKhum;xkwfvkyfolawGu um;uGefysLwmESifh um;puefwl;wdkhcsdwfqufxm;ygu um;aomh ON xm;csdef?

tif*sifvnfywfaecsdefawGrSm tquftoG,frNzwfypf&ef owday;ygonf/ tu,fí unplaugging or
plugging vkyfygu um;uGefysLwmudk Adkhtm;oufa&mufum ysufpD;apwwfygonf/

um;uGefysLwmu uk'feHygwfawGudk zsufNyD;wJhaemufrSm um;udk puefwl;eJhcsdwfum Nyefppfay;oifhyg
onf/ uk'feHygwfawGay;aeao;&if xyfNyD; zsufzdkh vdkygao;onf/
yHk (24-16) puefwl;udk toHk;NyKNyD; um;uGefysLwmxJu

Diagnostic code eHygwfudk zsufwmonf tNrefqHk;enf;
Nzpfygonf/ puefwl;trsm;pkonf a&G;NyD; ESdyfum zsuf&HkygyJ/

CHAPTER (25)
COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICE
tckqdk&if um;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u um;uGefysLwmwyfqifxm;aomum;awG NzpfukefMuygNyD/ tJh awmh

um;vkyfief;vkyfudkifr,fqdk&if um;uGefysLwmNyifwmudk rNzpfraevkyfudkif&ygrnf/ a&Shu Chapter awGudk ao
csmem;vnfygu 'Dtcef;udk em;vnfrSm r[kwfay/ um;uGefysLwmudk em;rvnfygu fuel injection, ignition,
emission control system awGudk NyKNyifwwfrSm r[kwfygbl;/
'Dtcef;uawmh um;uGefysLwmpepftpdwftydkif;awG? qm;upfawGudk b,fvdkppfaq;prf;oyfNyKNyif&
r,fqdkwmudk aocsm&Sif;NyoGm;rnf Nzpfygonf/
em;vnfNyD;&if um;uGefysLwmudk puefwl;Nzifhcsdwfqufum uk'feHygwf&,lNcif;? Nyóem&Jht&if;tNrpf
wduswJhtNypfudk &SmazGNyKNyifNcif;awG vkyfaqmifwJh pinpoint test udk vkyfaqmif&ygonf/ Pinpoint test qdkwm
um;uGefysLwmpepfwGif yg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;wpfckcsif;pD&Jh vkyfaqmifyHkrSefrrSefppfaq;wJh prf;oyfrSk Nzpfyg
onf/ Service Manual awGrSm pinpoint test vkyfaqmifyHkawGudk tao;pdwfNyavh&SdNyD; tpdwftydkif;awG&Jh vQyf
ppfqdkif&mwefzdk;awGudkvnf; Nyxm;ygonf/
Diagnostic code eHygwfawGu wcgw&HrSm NzpfwJhNyóemudkom aNymNywwfNyD; b,ftpdwftydkif;u
NzpfaevJ aocsmraNymygu tpdwftydkif;wpfckcsif;pDudk ppfaq;&ygonf/ 'gaMumifh vQyfppfypönf;awG&Jh taNc
cHwdkif;wmppfaq;rSkawGudkvnf; od&Sdzdkh vdktyfygonf/
25.1. Preliminary Visual Inspection

Preliminary Visual Inspection qdkwm um;udk um;uGefysLwmeJhpuefwl;udk rcsdwfqufcifrSm 0g,m
MudK;awG? 0g,mMudK;tqufawG? tpdwftydkif;awG ysufpD;aeovm;udk aocsmMunfhNyD; ppfaq;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
Oyrm/ / Diagnostic code eHygwfu something wrong in coolant temperature sensor circuit vdkh qdkygu
wdwdususbmNzpfw,fraNymyJ wpHkw&mvGJrSm;aew,fvdkhyJ aNymygonf/ 'gaMumifh qefqm&JhckcHrSkudk ppfaq;&
ygonf/ qefqmESifhum;uGefysLwmudk qufxm;wJh0g,mMudK;udk ppfaq;&ygonf/ coolant level ESifh omrdkp
wufawGudkyg ppfaq;&ygonf/ ul;vefenf;ae&if? tif*siftylvGefuJ&ifvnf; tJh'Duk'frsdK;xGufwwfygonf/
uGefysLwmpepfum;awGudk NyKNyifzdkh KISS qdkwJhpmvHk;av;rSwfxm;yg/ KISS qdkwJhpum;vHk;&Jh t"dyÜg,fu
awmh “Keep It Simple, Stupid” &JhtwdkaumufNzpfNyD; um;rSm tvGef&dk;&Sif;wJae&mawGu Nyóemtay;qHk;vdkh
qdkvdkygonf/ qdkvdkwmu um;uGefysLwmudk ppfaq;NyKNyif&mwGif taNccHav;awGu ppOf;pm;NyD; pNyD; NyKNyifyg/
vG,f&muae cufcJwJhtydkif;udk wdk;NyD; NyifoGm;yg/ rusGrf;usifao;wJholawGvnf; tJhvdkygyJ vG,fwmav;awG?
em;vnfxm;wmav;awGu pNyD;Nyifygvdkh tMuHay;xm;ygonf/
Oyrmtm;Nzifh tif*sif0dkifraumif;awmh&ifawmif um;uGefysLwmu Diagnostic code eHygwfu xkwfyg
onf/ tif*sif0dkifvJay;&if NyóemaNz&Sif;NyD;om; NzpfoGm;ygrnf/
yHk (25-1) Oyrmtm;Nzifh tif*sif0dkifraumif;awmh&ifawmif um;uGefysLwmu Diagnostic code eHygwfu

xkwfygonf/ tif*sif0dkifvJay;&if NyóemaNz&Sif;NyD;om; NzpfoGm;ygrnf/

tif*sif0dkifraumif;awmh&if qDtrSkeftrTm;av;awGonf crankcase uae tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;txd a&muf
oGm;ygonf/ tJh'DqDtrSkeftrTm;av;awGonf t&rf;rsm;vmNyD; tdwfaZmuxGufoGm;&if atmufqD*sifqefqmu
qDESifhavta&mtaESmwGif qDawGrsm;vGefw,fvdkh um;uGefysLwmudk owif;ydkh&if um;uGefysLwmu qDavsmhzdkh
trdefhay;apcdkif;rnf Nzpfygonf/ tJhvdkeJh um;rSm eif;oavmufraNy;yJ Nyóemay:&if rvdktyfwJhuk'feHygwfawG
rSwfom;xm;&if NzpfwmwNcm; tNypf&SmwmwNcm;Nzpfum tcsdefukefvlyrf;Nzpfwwfygonf/ 'gaMumifh vG,fwJh
t&mawG t&ifvkyfygvdkh tMuHay;xm;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/
25.2. Electrical Component Damage

Semiconductor device awGNzpfwJh transistors ESifh integrated circuit awGonf tvGef ysufpD;vG,fyg
onf/ ysufpD;&wJhtaMumif;awGuawmh static electricity, voltage spikes, heat and impact shock pwmawG
aMumifh Nzpfygonf/ Semiconductor device awGeJhtvkyfvkyfwJhtcg atmufygtcsufawG owdxm;zdkh vdkyg
onf/
 um;&Jhb,ftpdwftydkif;udk 0&defaqmfaqmf um;b,fx&D*a&mif;MudK;udk NzKwfxm;yg/ air bag pepfudk disarm
vkyfxm;&ygonf/ um;uGefysLwmawGESifh 12vufrtwGif; 0&defaqmf&ifawmh um;uGefysLwmawG NzKwfxm;
&ygrnf/ rNzKwfygu tylESifh c&rf;vGefa&mifNcnfawG um;uGefysLwmudk xdwwfygonf/
 tif*sifvnfaepOfrSmawmh um;b,fx&DMudK;udk b,fawmhrS rNzKwfygeJh/ tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfawG ysuf
pD;oGm;apygonf/
 um;aomhu ON rSmxm;NyD; 0g,mMudK;awG NzKwfwm? wyfwmrsdK; rvkyfygeJh/ txl;oNzifh um;uGefysLwmESifh
csdwfqufaom0g,mMudK;awGudk NzKwfwm? wyfwmrsdK; rvkyfygeJh/ um;aomhu ON rSmxm;&if b,fx&Du
yg0gu um;uGefysLwmqDa&mufaeygonf/ um;uGefysLwm ysufpD;wwfygonf/
 um;b,fx&Dudk taygif;MudK;ESifh tESkwfMudK;udk rSm;NyD; rwwfrdygapeJh/ rSm;wwf&if tDvufxa&mepfypönf;
awG ysufpD;apygonf/
 wcsdKhtDvufxa&mepfypönf;awGu t&rf;ysufpD;vG,fwmaMumifh udkifwG,fwJhtcg t&rf;*&kpdkuf udkifwG,f&
ygrnf/
 tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfawGeSifh 0g,mawGudk wdkif;wmppfaq;&mwGif high-impedance test lights ESifh rDwm
awGudkom toHk;NyK&ygrnf/
 um;aomhudk ON rSmxm;NyD; um;uGefysLwmudk puefemNzifh rcsdwfqufygeJh/ csdwfqufygu um;uGefysLwm
ysufpD;wwfygonf/
25.3. Computer System Circuit Problems

vQyfppfESifhtDvufxa&mepfNyóemawGonf taNccHqm;upfNyóemawG Nzpfygonf/ tJhvdk qm;upf
awGrSm NyóemawGNzpf&Ncif;rSm vQyfppfAdkhtm;? vQyfpD;ESifh ckcHrSkawGu wdk;vdkufavsmhvdkuf NzpfaeaomaMumifh Nzpf
ygonf/ Oyrm/ /0g,mMudK;NywfoGm;&if vQyfppfpD;rSk&yfoGm;ygonf/ qm;upfrSmvnf; tvkyfqufvkyfvdkh r&
wmrsdK;awG NzpfoGm;ygonf/
um;uGefysLwmpepfrSm uHraumif;pGmyJ tvGef&SkyfaxG;aomqm;upfxJrSm odyfta&;rMuD;wJh Nyóem
ay:cJh&if Nyóemu tao;av;r[kwfawmhygbl;/ Oyrm/ /tDvufxa&mepftquftoG,fwpfckonf odyf
raumif;wJhtcg wNcm;0g,mav;wpfcku *a&mif;usatmifvkyfaeygu um;uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; yg0gvGwf
oGm;wmrsdK; Nzpfwwfygonf/ tJhvdkNzpf&if fuel injection system, emission control system, ignition system
awG&yfoGm;NyD; um;wpfpD;vHk; &yfoGm;apygonf/
'Dae&mrSm um;uGefysLwmonf omzmomolvnf; NyóemxwwfwJht&mrsdK; Nzpfygonf/ pepfwdkif;
uvnf; Nyóemay;Edkifygonf/ wcgw&H vQyfppf0g,mMudK;wpfckvGwfoGm;wmeJh NyóemawmfawmfMuD;
ay;wwfygonf/ um;Nyifolonf vQyfppfydkif;awGNyifygu awmfawmfav; owdxm;Nyifoifhygonf/ tavmw
MuD;Nyifvdkh 0g,mMudK;wpfcku NyefvGwfoGm;&if NyóemxwwfwJht&mrsdK; Nzpfygonf/

25.3.1. Locating Computer Problems
um;uGefysLwmrSm wckckNzpfvdkh NyefNyifwJhtcg b,fem;u bmysufwmvJ&SmazG&wm tcufcJqHk;Nzpfyg
onf/ ysufwJhae&mod&if Nyif&wm rcufygbl;/ tJhvdkhysufwJhae&mawG &Smwwfatmif atmufrSmNyxm;wJh
ar;cGef;awGudk udk,fhudkudk,fNyefar;Munfhyg/
 awGhae&wJhvu©PmawGt& bmaMumifhNzpf&wmvJ?
'Dtpdwftydkif;awGu qm;upf&Jhv,ftydkif;uvJ? bmawGvkyfEdkifpGrf; &SdovJ pOf;pm;&ygrnf/ 0g,mawG?
tqufawGawGh&if wiring diagram &Jhb,ftydkif;rSm &SdwmvJ &SmazG&ygrnf/ Nyóem&SdwJhae&mawGudk vdkuf
&Sm&ygrnf/
 'DNyóemaMumifh b,ftpdwftydkif;awGxJ oufa&mufrSk&SdovJ?
tpdwftydkif;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;tvkyfrvkyfawmh&if olwkdhqDyg0gvmwJht&if;tNrpfuyg Nyóem&SdygNyD/
wpfckESpfckyJysufaeygu olwdkheJhygwfoufwJhqm;upfawGudk vdkufprf;oyf&ygrnf/
 'DNyóemu tNrJNzpfwwfwJhNyóemvm;? wcgw&Hay:vmwwfvm;?
um;&JhwkefcgrSkaMumifh vQyfppfMudK;tqufawGNyKwfum qufoG,frSkNywfawmufoGm;wwfygonf/ MudK;awG?
MudK;tqufawGudk vdkufcgNyD; vGwfrvGwfppfaq;oifhygonf/
 'DNyóemu tyltat;awGaMumifh Nzpfwwfwmvm;?
t&rf;ylNyif;wJhaehrSm tif*sifudk t&rf;oHk;rdwmaMumifh Nzpfwmqdk&if tylaMumifh wpfckckNzpfwmvm; pOf;pm;
oifhygonf/ tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfawGonf tylaMumifh ysufpD;wmrsdK; Nzpfwwfygonf/ tylvGefNcif;
onf tDvufxa&mepfqm;upfawGudk yHkoP²mefysufoGm;wmrsdK; Nzpfapwwfygonf/
 'DNyóemu a&cdk;a&aiGhaMumifh Nzpfwwfwmvm;?
'DNyóemu um;udk rdk;awG&GmwJhaerSm pdkxdkif;aewJhae&mawGrSmarmif;vdkh Nzpfvmwmvm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&
ygonf/
25.4. Sensor and Actuator Problems

vQyfppfESifhtDvufxa&mepfypönf;awGNzpfwJh qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGESifh olwdkh&Jhqm;upfawGrSm
vnf; NyóemawG Nzpfwwfygonf/ pinpoint test awGvkyfNyD; raumif;ygu qefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGudk
topfvJay;&ygonf/
Nyóemtrsm;pkrSmawmh puefwl;u qm;upfESifh vQyfppfypönf;awG&JhNyóemawGudk aNz&Sif;ay;Edkifyg
onf/ 'D*spfw,frmwDrDwmoHk;NyD; qm;upfESifh vQyfppfypönf;awG&Jh vQyfppfqif*e,fawGudk wdkif;wmEdkifygonf/
wdkif;wmvdkh&vmwJhwefzdk;awGudk um;xkwfvkyfolawGu ay;aomwefzdk;awGeJh ESdkif;,SOfMunfh&if rsm;vGefenf;
vGef;ae&if topfvJay;&ygrnf/
Shop manual rSm um;uGefysLwmpepf&Jh wiring diagram awG aocsmxnfhay;xm;ygonf/ um;uGefysL
wmudkqufoG,fwJhMudK;awGudk ta&mifawGeJh ta&twGufNzifh aocsmazmfNyxm;ygonf/ um;uGefysLwmNyóem
awGaNz&Sif;&mwGif tJh'D wiring diagram awGu awmfawmftaxmuftulNzpfapygonf/ atmufygtcsufawGu
qm;upfNyóemawG rMumcPNzpfwwfygonf/
25.4.1. Poor Electrical Connections

um;uGefysLwmrSm vQyfppfMudK;qufoG,frSkraumif;wmu tNrJNzpfwwfwJh NyóemawG Nzpfygonf/
wiggle test eJh prf;oyfppfaq;um NyKNyifEdkifygonf/ vQyfppfMudK;awG? tqufawGudk tNrJppfaq;ae&ygonf/
25.4.2. Vacuum Leaks

av[me,frvHkwmu avydkufaysmhMuD; rvHkwm? vTwfaewm 'grSr[kwf usdK;aewmrsdK;aMumifh Nzpf
wwfygonf/ tJhvdkrvHkygu toHNrnfygonf/ xdkodkh avrvHkwmaMumifh um;uGefysLwm&Jh vkyfief;aqmifwmudk
xdcdkufapygonf/ tcsdKhqefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGu av[me,fudk &,ltoHk;NyK&wmrsdK; &Sdygonf/
av[me,fvHkrvHkudk tNrJppfaq;ay;&ygonf/ Oyrm/ / Trouble Code u A problem with the
MAP (manifold absolute pressure) sensor, check the vacuum lines leading to the sensor qdk&if av[m
e,fudk aocsmppfaq;cdkif;wmyg/ av[me,fu rvHkbl;qdk&if qefqmu aumif;aumif;tvkyfrvkyfawmhygbl;/
tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;*wfpuufudk ppfaq;NyKNyifyg/ rsm;aomtm;Nzifh tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;*wfpuufrvHkwmrsdK; Nzpfwwf
ygonf/

yHk (25-2) puefwl;u um;&Jhb,fae&mrSm NyóemawGNzpfaevJ tNrJazmfNyygonf/ yHk (A)wGif “Read DTC
Options” uae (1) Stored DTCs (2) Pending DTCs (3) Manufacturer data awG a&G; Edkifygonf/ yHk (B)wGif
DTC ESpfck&Sdw,fvdkh qdkvdkygonf/ yHk (C)wGif puefwl;u mass or volume airflow sensor circuit rSm
uGefysLwmudk Adkhtm;enf;enf;Nzifh ydkhaew,fvdkh qdkvdkygonf/ yHk (D)wGif um;rSm misfire, fuel system,
component, catalyst converter awG aumif;rGefaMumif; zwfay;ygonf/ yHk (E)wGif tif*sifrylwmaMumifh
catalyst converter u NS – No Signal, evaporative emission control system u yHkrSeftvkyfvkyfaew,fvdkh
qdkvdkygonf/ tJ,m;uGef;zGifhrxm;awmh NS – No Signal qdkvdkygonf/ yHk (F)wGif atmufqD*sifqefqmESpfckvHk;
aumif;w,f? tif*sifrylwmaMumifh EGR system u NS – No Signal qdkvdkygonf/
av[me,favrvHkwmu Mass Airflow sensor udkvnf; NyóemNzpfapygonf/ qefqmu

rwdkif;wmEdkif&ef tif*sifxJ0ifrnfhavyrmProdygu avESifhqDta&mtaESmudk rSefuefatmif ra&mEdkifawmhyg/
xdkhaMumifh av[me,fNzpfrSku tif*siftwGuf t&rf;ta&;MuD;wJhudpöNzpfygonf/
yHk (25-3) avrvHkwmaMumifh um;uGefysLwm&Jh

vkyfief;aqmifwmudk xdcdkufapygonf/
tcsdKhqefqmawG? tusLa&wmawGu
av[me,fudk &,ltoHk;NyK&wmrsdK; &Sdygonf/
av[me,fvHkrvHkudk tNrJppfaq;ay;& ygonf/
25.5. Sensor Service

Sensor Service wGifprf;oyfppfaq;wm? vdktyfygu qefqmtopfvJwmawG yg0ifygonf/ qefqm
awGu trsKd;rsdK;xkwfvkyfMuygonf/ wdkif;wmppfaq;wm enf;vrf;rrSefygu ysufpD;wwfygonf/ qefqmawG
udk b,fvdkppfaq;&rvJqdkwm odxm;zdkh ta&;MuD;ygonf/
prf;oyfppfaq;zdkhtwGuf qefqmawGudk passive sensor ESifh active sensor qdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;cGJEdkifygonf/

25.5.1. Testing Passive Sensor
Passive Sensor awGu olwdkhudk,fwdkif vQyfppfxkwfEdkifwmrsdK;r&SdyJ um;uGefysLwmu olwdkhqDudk
vQyfppfay;ydkhum wdkif;wmcdkif;&ygonf/ Passive Sensor awGonf um;&Jharmif;eSifaerSkay;rlwnfNyD; ckcHrSkaNymif;
vJaeygonf/ tJhvdkckcHrSkawGaNymif;vJwmaMumifh um;uGefysLwmu ay;ydkhwJh Reference Voltage aNymif;vJum
um;uGefysLwmqDudk Nyefydkhay;ygonf/ aNymif;vJoGm;aomAdkhtm;t& qefqmu bmowif;awGydkhaevJ um;uGef
ysLwmu odygonf/ xdkenf;Nzifh um;&Jhpepfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm qefqmawG wyfqifwkdif;wmygonf/
Passive Sensor awGudk prf;oyfwdkif;wmzdkh wdkif;wmenf;ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ Ohmmeter eJh vQyfppfckcHrSk
udkwdkif;&ifwdkif;? 'grSr[kwf Reference Voltage uae Adkhtm; b,favmufuGmoGm;ovJ Adkhtm;udk wdkif;&ifwdkif;
vdkh&ygonf/ qefqmxkwfvkyfolawGay:rlwnfNyD; ESpfrsdK;vHk; wdkif;wmvfkh&ygonf/ puefwl;uae wdkif;wmae
wJhqefqmu Adkhtm;b,favmufeJhtvkyfvkyfaevJMunfhvdkh&ygonf/ odkhayrJh qefqmwpfckcsif;udk ppfaq;wdkif;
wmeJhae&mrSmawmh rmwDrDwmudk toHk;NyKNyD; wdkif;wmMuygonf/
Ohmmeter Nzifh Variable Resistance Sensor udkwdkif;wmppfaq;yHktqifhqifh

1) qefqm0g,mMudK;udk NzKwfvdkufyg/
2) Ohmmeter &Jh Test Lead awGudk qefqm&Jh Terminal awGudk xdNyD; wdkif;wmyg/ yHk (25-4)A wGif
Nyxm;onfhtwdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Gufyg/
3) zwfvdkh&wJhwefzdk;ESifh Service Manual rSmygaomwefzdk;awGudk ESdkif;,SOfMunfhyg/
yHk (25-4) Passive Sensor awGudk prf;oyfwdkif;wmzdkh

wdkif;wmenf;ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ yHk (A)wGif Ohmmeter eJh
vQyfppfckcHrSkudk wdkif;wmygonf/ Temperature sensor
Nzpfvdkh qefqmudk Heat Gun eJhtylay;&ygonf/ yHk (B)wGif
Voltmeter eJh Adkhtm;usoGm;wmudk wdkif;wmygonf/ um;
aomhudk ON xm;&ygrnf/ odkhrSom um;uGefysLwmu qef
qmudk vQyfppfay;ydkhEdkifrnf Nzpfygonf/ yHk (C)wGif
Switching sensor udk Ohmmeter eJhwdkif;wmygonf/
Switch udk vufehJzdNyD; zGifhvdkufydwfvdkufvkyfay;&ygonf/

qefqm&JhckcHrSkonf xkwfvkyfolawGnTefMum;xm;aom yrmPtwGif; 0if&ygwnf/ Oyrm/ /
Temperature sensor wpfckudk wdkif;wmwJhtcg qefqm&Jh Terminal awGudk Ohmmeter &Jh Test Lead awGeJh xd
umwdkif;wm&if 'pf*spfw,fomrdkrDwmNzifhvnf; wdkif;wmay;&ygonf/ wdkif;wmNyD;&if Servive Manual wGif yg
aom specification eJhESkdif;,SOfMunfhyg/
qefqm&JhckcHrSku vufcHEdkifwJhyrmPtwGif; &Sdae&if qefqmrSmtNypfr&SdyJ 0g,mMudK;rSm &Sdaervm;
qufppf&ygrnf/ 0g,mvnf;aumif;w,fqdkygu um;uGefysLwmrSm Nyóem&SdaeygNyD/ Servive Manual wGif
um;uGefysLwmudk qufppfaq;rnfhenf;vrf;awG yg&Sdygonf/
Voltmeter Nzifh Variable Resistance Sensor udkwdkif;wmppfaq;yHktqifhqifh

1) qefqm&Jhudk Voltmeter Nzifh Parallel qufyg/ 0g,mMudK;u um;uGefysLwmudk qufoG,fxm;
&ygrnf/ NzKwfxm;vdkh r&ygbl;/ yHk (25-4) B wGif Nyxm;onfhtwdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Gufyg/
2) Adkhtm;b,favmufusoGm;vJ wdkif;wmMunfhyg/
25.5.2. Testing Switching Sensors

Switching Sensors awGuawmh Power Steering Pressure Switch uJhodkh Switch awGudk Ohmmeter
Nzifh wdkif;wmNyD; qGwfudk vufNzifh tzGifhtydwfvkyfay;&ygonf/ yHk(25-4)(C)wGif Switching sensor udk
Ohmmeter eJhwdkif;wmygonf/ Switch udk vufehJzdNyD; zGifhvdkufydwfvdkufvkyfay;&ygonf/
wcsdKhxkwfvkyfolawGu Resistance wefzdk; (Ω) udk ray;yJ Voltage drop (V) udkyJ ay;ygonf/
tJhvdkqdk&if Ohmmeter eJhwdkif;wmvdkhr&yJ Voltmeter eJh Adkhtm;usoGm;wmudk wdkif;wm&ygonf/ qefqmeJhcsdwf
qufzdkh Test Harness vdktyfygonf/
Voltmeter Nzifh Passage Sensor udkwdkif;wmppfaq;yHktqifhqifh

1) qefqm0g,mMudK;udk NzKwfvdkufyg/
2) 0g,mudk Voltmeter Nzifh qufvdkufyg/
3) um;aomhudk ON vdkufyg/ (pufESdk;wmr[kwfyg? b,fx&Du yg0goHk;&Hkav;yg)
25.5.3. Testing Reference Voltage

Passive Sensor awGtwGuf um;uGefysLwmay;aom Reference Voltage u yHkrSeftm;Nzifh 5V
&Sdygonf/ qefqmu ckcHrSkaNymif;vJ&if um;uGefysLwmudk Nyefay;wJhAdkhtm;uvnf; avsmhenf;oGm;ygonf/
Reference Voltage uenf;ae&if 0g,mMudK;awGudk ppfaq;&ygrnf/ qefqmu NyefydkhwJhAdkhtm;u rsm;
aeygu qefqmESifhum;uGefysLwmudk qufoG,fxm;wJh 0g,mMudK;uwdkaevdkyg/ 0g,mMudK;awGu wGufcsuf
xm;wJh'DZdkif;twdkif;toHk;NyK&ygonf/ rdrdbmom NzwfxnfhwmrsdK;? trsdK;tpm;rwlwJh0g,mMudK;udk tpm;xdk;
toHk;NyKwmrsdK; rvkyfoifhyg/

yHk (25-5) Passive Sensor awGtwGuf

um;uGefysLwmu Adkhtm;ay;ygonf/ yHk (A)
wGif um;uGefysLwmu qefqmqDudk ydkhay;
aomAdkhtm; 5V &Sdr&Sdudk'pf*spfw,fAdkhrDwmNzifh
wkdif;wmMunhfygonf/ yHk (B) wGif um;uGefysL
wmu qefqmqDudk ydkhay;aomAdkhtm; 5V r&Sd
ygu um;uGefysLwmudk Nyefppf&ygrnf/
25.5.4. Testing Active Sensors
Active Sensor awGu
olwdkhudk,fwdkifvQyfppfxkwfay;ygonf/ xkwfay;wJhAdkhtm;onf wcgw&H wpf
Adkhavmufxdenf;wwfygonf/ qefqm0g,mMudK;awGu t&rf;ta&;MuD;ygonf/ 0g,mMudK;raumif;wm? 0g,m
tqufawGraumif;wmawGaMumifh qefqmawGuae um;uGefysLwmqDydkhwJhAdkhtm;udk enf;apygonf/
yHk (25-6) wGif Active Sensor awGudk wdkif;wmNyxm;ygonf/ yHk

(A) wGif Ohmmeter u Megnetic sensor udk axmufNyD; wdkif;yg
onf/ Coil winding &Jh ckcHrSkudk wdkif;wmNyD; rsm;vGef;enf;vGef;&if
topfvJay;&ygonf/ yHk (B) wGif Voltmeter u Megnetic
sensor udk axmufNyD; wdkif;ygonf/ qefqmxkwfvkyfwJhAdkhtm;udk
wdkif;wmNcif;NzpfNyD; Adkhtm;u 1.5V ~ 3V avmufxGufoifhygonf/
yHk (C) wGif 'pf*spfw,fAdkhrDwmNzifh atmufqD*sifqefqmudk wdkif;
wmygonf/ qefqmu vQyfppfxkwfay;NyD; tenf;trsm;ay:rl
wnfNyD; topfvJoifh&if vJay;&ygonf/

yHk (25-7) wGif qefqmudk wdkif;wmzdkh Jumper

wire udk toHk;NyK&ygonf/
25.5.5. Repalcing Sensors

qefqmawGudk topfvJwyfwJhtcg atmufygpnf;urf;av;awGudk vdkufemaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
 qefqmtopf0,f&mwGif ta[mif;ESifhwdwdususwlzdkhvdktyfygonf/ wcsdKhu tNyifyef;wlw,fxif&ayrJh
vkyfEdkifpGrf;csif; rwlwmawG &Sdygonf/
yHk (25-8) wGif qefqmtopfESifhta[mif;u

wlw,fxif&ayrJh tylcsdefcHEdkifwmESifh ckcHrSku
rwlygbl;/
 qefqmtqufawGudk aocsmNzKwfyg/ wcsdKhqefqmawGrSm Positive lock awG ygygonf/ avmhuae NzKwf

&ygonf/ t&rf;qGJNzKwfygu usdK;yJhysufpD;ukef&if topfNyefwyfwJhtcgrSm Nyóemay;wwfygonf/
 pyg,f&S,fwl;awGudk toHk;NyKyg/ Oyrm/ /atmufqD*sifqefqmudk NzKwfzdkh Sensor Socket Nzifh NzKwf&yg
onf/ yHkrSefaqmhuufawGu atmufqD*sifqefqmudk aocsmzrf;rxm;Edkifygbl;/
 qefqmawGu t&pfNzifhwyfygu Thread Sealant udk aocsmwyfyg/ rwyfygu qefqmae&mu qD,dkwm
awG Nzpfwwfygonf/ Sealant awG trsm;MuD;wyfwmrsdK;vnf; rvkyfoifhyg/
 atmufqD*sifqefqmwyfzdkhqdk&if Thread and Engine Sealant udk aocsmoHk;yg/ Sealant u atmufqD*sif
qefqmudk poison Nzpfapygonf/
 qefqmawGudk MuyfwJhtcg aocsmMuyfyg/ ydkNyD; Muyfwmygu qefqmysufpD;wmrsdK; Nzpfwwfygonf/
aocsmrMuyf&ifvnf; ,dkpdrfhrSkawG Nzpfwwfygonf/
 qefqmudk wyfNyD; csdefnSdh&ygonf/ Throttel position sensor rsdK;qdk&if wyfNyD; aocsmcsdefay;&ygonf/
 qefqmudk topfwyfqifNyD; puefwl;Nzifh csdwfqufzwfay;&ygonf/
25.6. Actuator Service

Actuator Service wGif tusLa&wmawGudk prf;oyfppfaq;NyD; raumif;ygu topfvJay;wmawG
yg0ifygonf/
25.6.1. Testing Actuator

tusLa&wmawGuawmh relay, solenoid and motor awGNzpfNyD; yHk (25-9) wGif tusLa&wmawGudk
ppfaq;prf;oyfenf;awGudk az:Nyxm;ygonf/

yHk (25-9) tusLa&wmawGudk ppfaq;prf;oyfenf;awGudk az:Nyxm;ygonf/

25.6.2. Testing Servo Motors
yHk (25-9)A wGif Nyxm;onfhtwdkif;
qmAdkarmfwmudk yg0gay;vkdufwmeJh aumif;raumif; ppfaq;Edkif
ygonf/ armfwmeJhcsdwfqufxm;wJh 0g,mMudK;awGudk NzKwfvkdufyg/ Jumper wire Nzifh yg0gay;vkdufyg/
25.6.3. Testing Solenoid

yHk (25-9)B wGif Nyxm;onfhtwdkif; Solenoid udk yg0gay;vkdufwmeJh aumif;raumif; ppfaq;Edkif
ygonf/
25.6.4. Testing Relays

yHk (25-9)C wGif Nyxm;onfhtwdkif; Relay udk yg0gay;vkdufwmeJh aumif;raumif; ppfaq;Edkif
ygonf/
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Computer Control Technology Modern Automotive Technology

Chapter (23) Computer System Fundamentals ………….………………………………………………………………… 3

Chapter (24) On-Board Diagnostics and Scan Tools………….………………………………………………………….. 27

Chapter (25) Computer System Service………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 2

aemufqHk;ay:um;awGrSm tDvufxa&mepfpepfawGu tvGefudk&SkyfaxG;aeygNyD/ um;uGefysLwmyg&SdNyD;

Computer system input (uGefysLwmpepf) Human nervous system (vl&JhcEÆmtpdwftydkif;pepf)

yHk (23-1) Cybernetics qdkwm pufrSkESifhvQyfppfypönf;awG b,fvdktvkyfvkyfvJqdkwmudk vlhcEÆmudk,ft

23.1.1. The Nervous System (Computer input)

23.1.2. The Brain (Computer Processing)

23.1.2. The reflex Action (Computer output)

23.2. Computer Circuit Advantages uGefysLwmqm;upf&Jhaumif;usdK;rsm;

23.3. Digital Electronics 'D*spfw,ftDvufxa&mepf

23.3.1. Binary Numbering System

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 4

yHk (23-2) Binary Numbering System udk

yHk (23-3) wGif 10 udktaNccHwJh

23.3.2. Gating Circuits

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 5

yHk (23-4) uGefysLwmtaNccH Gate

yHk (23-5) OR gate udk em;vnfvG,fatmif rD;oD;?

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 6

yHk (23-6)wGifNyxm;onfhtwdkif; um;udk pufESdk;onfhqm;upfudk Nyxm;NyD; (A) um;aomhvnf;vSnfh&r,f/ (B)

tck&Sif;Nyxm;wmawGu wpfckcsif;tvkyfvkyfwmawGudk tao;pdwf&Sif;NyaeNcif;omNzpfNyD; wu,fh

23.4. Integrated Circuits

yHk (23-7) Integrated Circuit wpfckqdkwm

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 7

Digital signalonf on / off signal trsdK;tpm;NzpfNyD; Adkhtm;onf tedrfhqHk;uae tNrifhqHk;udk a&muf

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 8

yHk (23-9) wGifNyxm;onfhtwdkif;

Analog signal onf Adkhtm;udk wNznf;Nznf;wufvm? wNznf;Nznf;csif;uoGm;w,fqdkwm od&SdNyD; Nzpf

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 9

yHk (23-11) Oscilloscope

yHk (23-12) Oscilloscope Nzifh wdkif;wmyg u AdkhrDwmNzifh wdkif;wmwmxufydkNyD; &Sif; &Sif;vif;vif;odEdkifygonf/

Digital ESifh Analog Waveform awGtNyif

Computer Signal Terminology

23.6. Computer System Operation

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 11

yHk (23-14) um;uGefysLwmESifh qefqmawG atmufyGwfawGudk em;vnfvG,fatmif tMurf;rsOf;csdwfqufxm;yHk

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 12

23.7.1. Sensor Classifications qefqmawGudk twef;tpm;cGJNcm;Ncif;

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 13

yHk (23-16) Reference Voltage taeNzifh um;uGefysLwmuae qefqmawGqDudk DC 5V ydkhay;ygonf/ tif*sif

23.7.2. Sensor types

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 14

qefqmtaMumif;u t&rf;us,fNyefhygonf/ oufqdkif&mtcef;awGrSm tao;pdwfqufvufaz:Nyay;oGm;rSm

23.9. Computer Location

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 16

yHk (23-17) um;wpfpD;rSm um;uGefysLwm wpfvHk;

23.10. Computer types

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 17

23.11. Computer Operation

yHk (23-18) um;uGefysLwmwpfvHk;&JhtwGif;rSm yg&Sdaom qm;upfbkwfrSm wyfqifxm;;aom qm;upfawGyHkyg/

23.11.1. Parts of a Computer

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 18

23.12. Computer Microprocessor Operation

yHk (23-19) Microprocessor

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 19

yHk (23-20) uGefysLwmpepfwpfckrSm a'wmawGNzwfoef;oGm;vmyHk

rdkufc&dky&dkqufqmonf qHk;Nzwfzdkh? ESkdif;,SOfzdkh? wGufcsufzdkhtwGuf Binary number system udk toHk;

yHk (23-21) um;uGefysLwmuae atmufyGwfxGufaewmudk Nyoxm;NyD; b,fx&Du yg0guae *a&mif;txd

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 20

23.14. Output Drivers