1. Kim, SY., Koo, YK., Koo, YJ., Ngoc, TM., Kang, SS., Bae, K., Kim, YS., Yun-Choi.

HS.
(2010). Platelet Anti-aggregation Activity\ies of Compounds from Cinnamomum Cassia.
Journal of Medicinal Food, 13(5):1069-1074. 10.1089/jmf.2009.1365.

Cinnamomum cassia is a well-known traditional medicine for improvement of blood

circulation. An extract of this plant showed both platelet anti-aggregation and blood anti-
coagulation effects in preliminary testing. Among the 13 compounds obtained from this plant,
eugenol (2), amygdalactone (4), cinnamic alcohol (5), 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (7), 2-
methoxycinnamaldehyde (8), and coniferaldehyde (9) showed 1.5-73-fold greater inhibitory
effects than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation (50%
inhibitory concentration [IC₅₀] = 3.8, 5.16, 31.2, 40.0, 16.9, and 0.82 μM, respectively, vs. 60.3 
μM) and 6.3-730-fold stronger effect than ASA on U46619 (a thromboxane A₂ mimic)-induced
aggregation (IC₅₀ = 3.51, 33.9, 31.0, 51.3, 14.6, and 0.44 μM, respectively, vs. 321 μM). The
other compounds, coumarin (3), cinnamaldehyde (6), cinnamic acid (10), icariside DC (11), and
dihydrocinnacasside (12), also inhibited (2.5 to four times greater than ASA) U46619-induced
aggregation. In addition, compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were 1.3-87 times more effective
than ASA against epinephrine-induced aggregation (IC₅₀ = 1.86, 1.10, 37.7, 25.0, 16.8, 15.3,
and 0.57 μM, respectively, vs. 50.0 μM). However, the 13 compounds were only very mildly
effective against blood coagulation, if at all. In conclusion, compounds 2, 4, 8, and 9 showed
stronger inhibitory potencies than others on AA-, U46619-, and epinephrine-induced platelet
aggregation. Eugenol (2) and coniferaldehyde (9) were the two of the most active anti-platelet
constituents of C. cassia.

 The study was about putting to test a well-known traditional medicine for improvement of
blood circulation. The plant that was used in the study was Cinnamomum cassia
(Chinese Cinnamon). It was investigated for its platelet anti-aggregation and blood anti-
coagulation effects in preliminary testing. To accomplish this, the selected plant was
tested for its active compounds as well as the inhibition factor of coagulation. Findings of
this study showed that some compounds were only mildly effective against blood
coagulation however, there were two that proved to be strong ad were the most active
against inhibition of coagulation of the blood, namely eugenol and coniferaldehyde..
2. Roy, A., Kalra, V. (2012). Anticoagulation in Haemodialysis. Journal International
Science Academy, 25(2): 107-109. 
Anticoagulation in hemodialysis is targeted to prevent activation of coagulation cascade
during the procedure. Adequate anticoagulation requires basic knowledge of principles of
haemostasis and the pharmacotherapeutics of the various drugs available. Commonly used
anticoagulant is unfractionated heparin, followed by low-molecular-weight heparin preparations.
Danaparoid, lepirudin, and argatroban are currently being used for alternative anticoagulation,
all of which have specific advantages and disadvantages. Strategies for avoiding exposure to
heparin are applied for patients at bleeding risk, alternatives include regional citrate
anticoagulation. The aim is to provide safe and effective dialysis

 The study focused on investigating what coagulation and its implications in blood
dialysis. The study aimed to further establish knowledge regarding the conventionally
known anticoagulants used in hospitals to prevent activation of coagulation in the body
so that medical practitioners could achieve successful procedure. For that, heparin,
LMWH, heparinoid and other direct thrombin inhibitors were thoroughly studied about its
effectivity as anticoagulants. It is concluded that these anticoagulants should be used
depending on the situation for they are have different pros and cons.
3. Antwi-Baffour, S., Quao, E., Kyeremeh, R., Abdulai, S. (2014). Prolong Storage of Blood
in EDTA has an Effect on the Morphology and Osmotic Fragility of Erythrocytes.
10.11648/j.ijbse.20130102.11.
Blood for various laboratory analyses are commonly kept in ethylenediamine tetra-acetic
acid (EDTA). EDTA can however cause morphological and fragility changes in blood cells
particularly erythrocytes (RBCs) if the storage is prolonged. This can affect erythrocytes
viability and hence their analytical results. The timing between blood sampling and analysis
is therefore very important in achieving reliable results. The objective of this study was to
investigate the storage effects of EDTA on erythrocytes morphology and osmotic fragility
over a period of 4 days. A total of twenty-four (24) consenting, apparently healthy blood
donors who passed the pre-donation screening were recruited for the study. Blood samples
were collected into EDTA tubes and analysed for changes in erythrocyte morphology and
osmotic fragility in 24 hour interval over the four day period. On Day 1(control), sample
analysis were done within four hours after collection, they were then stored refrigerated (4 –
8 o C) and re-analysed from Day 2 to Day 4. Morphological changes observed in
erythrocytes over time include echinocytosis, spherocytosis, sphero-echinocytosis and
increase in rouleaux formation. Mean percentage haemolysis of erythrocytes increased from
Day 1 to Day 4 (p>0.05). Again, the osmotic fragility curves of the RBCs exhibited a
rightward shift suggestive of decrease in RBC membrane stabilization. Analysis of blood
samples for haematological parameters should therefore be carried out as soon as possible,
preferably within 4 hours after their collection to ensure clinically reliable results.

 Commonly, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) is the anticoagulant of choice used

in hospitals to prevent clotting of the blood during hematological testing. This study
aimed to examine the prolonged storage of blood with EDTA to see if this particular
substance can cause changes in the blood and could therefore have a different blood
test result. In doing this, morphological test was the approach in knowing the storage
effects of EDTA on erythrocytes morphology and osmotic fragility over a period of 4
days. After the series of tests, it is concluded that in order to get clinically reliable results,
analysis of blood samples for hematological parameters should therefore be carried out
as soon as possible, preferably within 4 hours after their collection.
4. Al-Saadi, N. (2011). In Vitro Study of the Anticoagulant Activity of Some Plant Extracts.
Indian Journal of Applied Research. 3: 120-122. 10.15373/2249555X/JULY2013/32.
Cardiovascular diseases involving, deep vein thrombosis, strokes, heart attacks, and
hypertension are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in world countries. Some plant
extracts have the anticoagulant activity for treatment these problems. Our study involved 26
healthy normal individual with no any diseases like diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular disease, their age ranged (19-25) year. Prothrombin time (PT) was
tested for each of them then the anticoagulant effect of plant extracts include aqueous red
onion extract, garlic oil and grape oil were examined on the blood samples of normal
individuals by measuring prothrombin time (PT). For determination the prothrombin time, the
plasma sample of each individual was divided into four groups. Group 1 was tested first to
determine the normal prothrombin time (positive control group), other three group including
three volumes of plant extracts (25, 50 and 75 μL) were added separately to the plasma
samples. The results showed that aqueous red onion extract (Allium cepa) have
anticoagulant properties through prevention of coagulation process and clot formation. The
results showed that there were highly significant differences (p< 0.0001) when added
aqueous extract of red onion at volume (25, 50, and 75 µl) into plasma of individual
comparing with positive control also there was highly significant differences (p< 0.0001)
between the groups. Similarly garlic oil showed anticoagulant activity and there were highly
significant differences (p< 0.0001) at volume (25, 50, and 75 µl) comparing with positive
control and there were highly significant differences (p< 0.0001) between the groups
whereas grape oil extract did not show any effective anticoagulant (p > 0.05). The results of
this study also showed that the sex has a significant effect (p>0.01) between male and
female at volume 50 µl and (p< 0.001) at volume 75 µl when added red onion extract, also
garlic oil appeared significant differences (p < 0.05) between male and female at volume 25
µl whereas grape oil didn’t show any significant differences (p > 0.05) between sex.

 Cardiovascular diseases like deep vein thrombosis, strokes, heart attacks, and
hypertension are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in world countries. The goal
of this study was to examine garlic oil, grape seed oil as well as red onion extract in
terms of their anticoagulant properties against the aforementioned prothrombin
diseases. To accomplish this study, these plant based anticoagulants were used on
blood from consented individuals. In vitro assay was conducted particularly, prothrombin
time test. Results showed that garlic oil, grape seed oil as well as red onion extract
exhibited potent anticoagulant activity that can be used to combat prothrombin diseases.

5. Hsieh, C., Lin, Y., Yen, G., Hui-Yin, C. (2007). Preventive Effects of Guava (Psidium
guajava L.) L00eaves and its Active Compounds Against a-dicarbonyl Compounds-
induced Blood Coagulation. Food Chemistry. 103: 528-
535. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.022. 

Diabetes is associated with a hypercoagulable state which may accelerate

atherosclerosis, thrombosis and the diabetic microvascular complication. Endogenously
produced α-dicarbonyl compounds are linked to the pathophysiology of diabetic
complications. The effects of α-dicarbonyl compounds on coagulation parameters in vitro
and the anticoagulant activities of aqueous extracts from guava leaves were examined.
Incubation of plasma with glyoxal or methylglyoxal at 0.1 mM showed a significant
decrease in thrombin clotting time (TT) (P < 0.05). However, they exhibited slight
prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT) at 0.5 mM and no effect on the activated
partial thromboplastin time (APTT). In order to define the action mechanism of the
hypercoagulant activity, coagulation factors such as fibrinogen and antithrombin III
activity were evaluated. The fibrinogen contents in plasma were decreased slightly with
increasing concentrations of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Moreover, methylglyoxal
inhibited antithrombin III activity and over 80% of the activity was lost at 1.2 mM
methylglyoxal. In contrast, guava leaf extracts exhibited significant inhibition of TT
shortening induced by methylglyoxal. Guava leaf extracts and its active phenolic
compounds including ferulic acid, gallic acid and quercetin also displayed a protective
effect against methylglyoxal-induced loss of activity of antithrombin III. Thus, guava leaf
extracts are a potent antiglycative agent and anticoagulant, which can be of great value
in the preventive glycation-associated cardiovascular diseases in diabetes.

 This study was conducted in order to test guava and its active components as
anticoagulant as means to look for preventive measures against cardiovascular diseases
 such as diabetes. For this, the influences of α-dicarbonyl compounds on coagulation
parameters were investigated in vitro and anticoagulant capabilities of aqueous extract
from guava leaves were explored. It was found out that the active components of guava
leaves were beneficial against methylglyoxal-induced loss of activity of antithrombin III.
Therefore, it was concluded that guava leaf extract is a strong anticoagulant agent that
could be potent value in the preventive glycation-associated cardiovascular diseases in
diabetes.
6. Oviedo, C., Rodriguez J. (2002). EDTA: the Chelating Agent Ander Environmental
Scrutiny. Scielo Analytics, 26, 6, doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422003000600020

The chelating agent EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a compound of massive

use world wide with household and industrial applications, being one of the
anthropogenic compounds with highest concentrations in inland European waters. In this
review, the applications of EDTA and its behavior once it has been released into the
environment are described. At a laboratory scale, degradation of EDTA has been
achieved; however, in natural environments studies detect poor biodegradability. It is
concluded that EDTA behaves as a persistent substance in the environment and that its
contribution to heavy metals bioavailability and remobilization processes in the
environment is a major concern.
 It is widely known, especially in the field of medicine that EDTA is of good use for it is the
anticoagulant of choice in hematological testing. However, EDTA posed some
environmental threats that despite the fact that it is beneficial, it can harm the
surroundings for it isn’t readily degradable. Information regarding its consumption,
application, ecotoxicological risks and its presence in water, soil etc. were meticulously
evaluated. It was concluded that EDTA has been a pollutant long ago up to now. This
substance though, can be degraded only in the laboratory using bacterial degradation,
unfortunately, this type of bacteria is very scarce in the nature.

7. Jones, M., Allison, R. (2007). Evaluation of the Ruminant Complete Blood Cell Count.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 23(3), 377-402,
doi,org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.07.002

The complete blood cell count can provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic
information when coupled with a thorough physical examination. This article addresses
proper sample handling, storage, and interpretation of the erythron, serum iron indices,
leukon, and acute-phase proteins for cattle, sheep, and goats.
 Coupled with some physical examination, diagnostic information could be provided with
clinically alid results from complete blood count. This study aims to provide proper
sample handling, collection and storage in diagnostic tests. Factors that could possibly
alter the results of complete blood count test were enumerated. This study also serves
as guide in the interpretation of erythron, serum iron indices, leukon, and acute-phase
proteins.

8. Nemec, A., Drobnic-Kosorok, M., Butinar, J. (2005). The Effect of High Anticoagulant
K3-EDTA Concentration on Complete Blood Count and White Blood Cell Differential
Counts in Healthy Beagle Dogs. 42(¾): 65-70.
 The goal of the study was to investigate whether the high anticoagulant concentration of
K3-EDTA would affect the results of some selected hematological tests of blood from
beagle dogs. In conducting the study, the researchers compared the normal
concentration to that of the high concentration of the anticoagulant. Blood samples that
were collected were tested for Complete Blood Count and White Blood Cell Differential
Counts. Results showed that therefor, medical practitioners have to just respect the
normal required blood to anticoagulant ratio, because high concentration of the
anticoagulant could change the result of the blood test and thus could invalidate the
results.