Mechanisms

Prof.dr.ing. Csaba Antonya

antonya@unitbv.ro
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Mechanisms– Lecture 9

 Today’s topic:
 Gears and gear systems

 Project

 Exam ? ?
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Gears

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Gears

 Gears are toothed wheels whose teeth

mesh (i.e. engage) with one another with
the purpose of transferring power or
rotary motion from one shaft to another
 Gears are used in various types of
machinery as a transmission component
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Gears

 Gears range in size from miniature

instrument installations, such as watches, to
large, powerful gears used in turbine drives
for ocean liners.
 Transmission ratio can be freely controlled
with high accuracy by changing the number of
gear teeth.
 By increasing or decreasing the number of
paired gears, enables you to adjust position
transmission with very high angular or linear
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accuracy.
 Gears can couple power and motion between
shafts whose axis are parallel, intersecting or
skew.
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 Parallel

 Skew
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 Intersecting
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Gears

 Gears are used to transmit

power and rotating motion from
one machine part to another
 Gears were created to transmit
constant-velocity rotating
motion between shafts relying
on kinematic joints (contact not
friction) to transmit forces.
 It is a kind of friction wheel
with the teeth cut on it - known
also as “toothed wheel” or
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“gear”.

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Gear advantages

 It transmits motion and power with and

exact velocity ratio
 It may be used to transmit high power
(104 … 105 kW), the speed is also very
large (from 10-3 revolutions / min
mechanical clocks to 104 rev. / min. in
turbines)
 It has high efficiency (usually)
 It has reliable (easy) services
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Gear disadvantages

 Expensive to manufacture
 Exact geometry (micron precision  the 6
digit exact in millimeters): any type of error
may cause vibrations and noise
 It requires suitable lubricant and reliable
method of applying it, for proper operation
of gear drives
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Types of gears

 They can be classified by the orientation

of axes:
 parallel axes gears,
 intersecting axes gears,
 nonparallel and nonintersecting axes gears.
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Transmission ratio or speed ratio or gear ratio

 is the ratio of the angular velocity of the

input gear to the angular velocity of the
output gear : pitch

1 circle

i12 
2

Sign:
+ direction of rotation
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is not changing

- direction of rotation
is changing

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Parallel axes gears

 Spur Gear
 This is a cylindrical shaped gear, in which
the teeth are parallel to the axis.
 It is the most commonly used gear with a
wide range of applications and is the
easiest to manufacture.
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Parallel axes gears

 Helical Gear
 This is a cylindrical shaped gear
with helicoid teeth (teeth are
inclined to the axis of rotation)
 Helical gears can bear more
load than spur gears, and work
more quietly (more gradual
engagement of the teeth during
meshing).
 They are widely used in
industry.
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 A disadvantage is the axial

thrust force caused by the helix
form.

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Parallel axes gears

 Double Helical Gear

 A gear with both left-hand and right-hand
helical teeth.
 The double helical form balances the
inherent thrust forces.
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Parallel axes gears – gear ratio

 The pitch circles of the two gears

roll on each other without
slipping. r1
 The velocity, represented by v, of
the points of contact of the two Vt
pitch circles are the same.
vt = ω 1 r 1 = ω 2 r 2 r2

1 r2
i1 2  
2
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r1

 a=r2 + r1

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Parallel axes gears – gear ratio

 For simple gears calculating this r1

gear ratio is simply a matter of
counting the number of teeth on Vt
each gear and dividing the
number of output teeth by the r2
number of input teeth.

1 r2 z2
i1 2   
2 r1 z1
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Parallel axes gears – gear ratio

 Pinion: The smaller of two interacting

gears
 Gear, wheel: The larger of two interacting
gears
 In most application the pinion is the
driver, this reduces speed but it increases
torque.
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Gear ratio

in accordance with the value of the gear ratio i:

 Speed ratio i < 1, Increasing : z1 > z2

 Speed ratio i = 1, Equal speeds : z1 = z2
 Speed ratio i > 1, Reducing : z1 < z2
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Parallel axes gears

External Gear
An external gear is one
with the teeth formed on
the outer surface of a
cylinder or cone.

Internal gear
An internal gear is one
with the teeth formed
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on the inner surface of

a cylinder or cone.

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Parallel axes gears

1 r2 z 2
  
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i1 2
 2 r1 z1
 a=r2 - r1

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Intersecting axes gears

 Are used to transmit rotary motion

between intersecting shafts

 These gears are called bevel gears and the

arrangement is known as bevel gearing.

 Teeth are formed on conical surfaces, the

teeth could be straight or spiral.
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 The bevel gears have their teeth inclined

to the face of the bevel, in which case
they are known as helical bevel gears.

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Intersecting axes gears

 Straight Bevel Gear

 This is a gear in which the teeth have
tapered conical elements that have the
same direction as the pitch cone base line
 is both the simplest to produce and the
most widely applied in the bevel gear
family.
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Intersecting axes gears

 Spiral Bevel Gear

 This is a bevel gear with a helical angle of
spiral teeth.
 It is much more complex to manufacture,
but offers higher strength and less noise.
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Intersecting axes gears

 Zerol Bevel Gear

 This is a special type of
spiral bevel gear, where the
spiral angle is zero degree.
 It has the characteristics of
both the straight and spiral
bevel gears.
 The forces acting upon the
tooth are the same as for a
straight bevel gear.
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Intersecting axes gears

 The meshing of bevel gears means the

pitch cone of two gears contact and roll
with each other.
 Let z1 and z2 be pinion and gear tooth
numbers; shaft angle Σ ; and reference
cone angles δ1 and δ2 ; then:
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Intersecting axes gears – gear ratio

 Generally, a shaft angle Σ =

90° is most used, called “bevel
gear in right angle drive”
 The meshing must be
considered in pairs. It is
because the reference cone
angles δ1 and δ2 are restricted
by the gear ratio z2 / z1.
 Gear ratio:
1 z 2 r2 sin  2
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i1 2    
 2 z1 r1 sin  1

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Intersecting axes gears – gear ratio

i1-2 = ω1/ ω2= r2/r1=z2/z1=sinδ2 / sinδ1.

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Nonparallel and nonintersecting gears

 Are used for transmitting motion between

non parallel and non intersecting shafts
 A gear having teeth in such a way that its
axis of rotation does not cross the length
of teeth when extended
 Nonparallel and nonintersecting gears
rotate with relative slippage and by power
transmission, which tends to produce
friction and makes the efficiency lower
when compared to other types of gears.
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Skew Gear (Crossed helical Gear)

 A pair of cylindrical gears

used to drive non-parallel
and nonintersecting shafts
where the teeth of one or
both members of the pair
are of screw form.
 Skew gears assure
smooth, quiet operation.
 However, they are not
suitable for transmission
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of high horsepower.

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Worm gear

 Worm gear pair is the name for a meshed

worm and worm wheel.
 An outstanding feature is that it offers a
very large gear ratio in a single mesh.
 It also provides quiet and smooth action.
 However, transmission efficiency is poor.
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Hypoid gear

 This gear is a slight

deviation from a bevel
gear that originated as a
special development for
the automobile industry.
 This permitted the drive
to the rear axle to be
nonintersecting, and thus
allowed the auto body to
be lowered.
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 It looks very much like the

spiral bevel gear.

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Rack and Pinion

 Rack and Pinion sets – a special case of

spur gears with the gear having an
infinitely large diameter, the teeth are laid
flat.
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Skew bevel - gear ratio

 Skew bevel gearing have a line contact,

the rotation of which about the axes
generates the two pitch surfaces known
as hyperboloids.
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Skew bevel - gear ratio

 Geometry: radius r1 and r2 in the section

with minimal aria, angles δ1 and δ2
between the axes:

1 r2  cos  2
i12  
2 r1  cos 1
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Efficiency of gears

Categories of Gears Types of Gears Efficiency (%)

Spur Gear
Spur Rack
Internal Gear
Parallel Axes Gears 98 ... 99.5
Helical Gear
Helical Rack
Double Helical Gear

Straight Bevel Gear

Intersecting Axes Gears Spiral Bevel Gear 98 ... 99
Zerol Gear

Nonparallel and Worm Gear 30 ... 90

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Nonintersecting Screw Gear 70 ... 95

Axes Gears Hypoid Gear 96 ... 98

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