SCI

ENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDSOCI ETY | | GROUP1 |

| HANDOUT001
T/ F10:
30AM –12: 00NN ABPHI LOSOPHY1- 2 PROFESSORESTERT.DI
ZON
Dumagui t,Cri
s
MEMBERS: Domi nicI. Pal
,MonicaAnnD.
Alcal
a,FranceAnnecyC. Gamboa, KentMayE. Reyes,
RoshinnMaeP.
Bernal
,LorieJoyE. Lorente,KarlSi
moneS. Yanes,Mar
yGr aceD.
Manzani l
lo,Venus
Clemente,JohnCarl
oT. Kly
deP.
i
nfl
uence.

Mi
noanCi
vi
li
zat
ion LateMi noan
Anothercatastr
opheoccurr
edinthe1600BC,
Minoan( Cr etan)Ci vi
lizat i
on possibl
ybyt heerupti
onofTher
a.
aBr onzeageAegeanci vi
li
zat i
onont heisl
andof TheMi noansrebuil
tthepal
aceswit
hsever
almaj
or
Cret e di
ffer
encesi nfuncti
on.
2700unt il1100BC
repr esent st hef irstadv ancedci vil
izat i
oninEur ope
rediscov eredbyar cheol ogist,ArthurEv ans( 1899-
1906)
“Mi noan”i sder i
v edf rom Ki ngMi nos, t
hefirst
kingofCr etewhi chi spr oposedbyAr t
hur
Ev ans.
not ablef orl argeandel abor atepal aces,
feat uri
ngel abor at epl umbi ngsy stem and
decor atedwi t
hf rescoes
Ther ear esev enknownpal acesi nt heMi noan
civili
zationnamel y: Knossos, Phaist os,Malia,
Zakr os, Gal atas, PetrasandMonast i
rakibutt he
mostnot abl eonesar et heKnossosandPhai stos.
Pal ati
al Compl ex
- f ourmai npl aceswher emaj ort r
adesand
rel i
gionsar el ocat ed
a.)Knossos
-capi tal ofCr ete
-gr andsi teofbr onzeagepal aces
b.)Mal i
a
-nor thcoastofcr ete
-3r dlar gestoft heMi noanpal aces
c.)Phi astos
-2ndl argestpal ace
-wher eCr etanscr iptwasf ound
d.)Zakr os
-eastcoastofcr ete
-mosti solated
Thechr onol ogyandhi storyoft heMi noan
civili
zationwasdi vi
dedi ntot hree:t heEar l
y,
Mi ddle, andLat e.
TheMi noanswer emer cant i
li
stf ort heyinvolv ed
themsel v eswi thov er seast rading.

Earl
yMi noan
TheBr onzeAgebeganonCretearound3200BC.
Sev erallocat
ionsont
heisl
anddev el
opedi nto
cent ers of commer ce and handi wor k,
enabl i
ng t he upper cl
asses t o exercise
leader shi
pandexpandthei
rinf
luence.

Middl eMinoan
Al argedistur banceoccur redintheMM I Iprobabl
y
becauseofanear t
hquake,orpossiblyaninvasion
from Anat olia.Thepal acesatKnossos, Phaistos,
Mal i
aandKat oZakr osweredestroyed.
Att hebegi nningoft heneopalati
alperi
odt he
popul ati
oni ncr easedagain,thepalaceswer e
rebui l
tonal ar gerscaleandnewset tl
ement swere
bui l
tacrosst hei sland.
Af teraround1700BC, materi
alcult
ureont he
Gr eekmai nlandr eachedanewhi ghduet oMinoan
 SCI
ENCE,
TECHNOLOGYANDSOCI
ETY |
| GROUP1 |
| HANDOUT001
T/
F10:
30AM –12:
00NN ABPHILOSOPHY1-
2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
f
ull
ydi
scov
ered

Around1450BC, t
heMinoancul turereacheda
tur
ningpoi nt
.Mal i
a,Ty
li
ssos, PhaistosandHagia
Tri
ada, andthelivi
ngquartersofKnossoswer e
destroyedpossiblyduetoanear thquake.
Thepal acesinKnossosseemst or emainint
act,
givi
ngittheabi l
it
ytospreaditsinfluenceover
l
argepar tsofCretebutlateronwasov err
unbythe
My cenaeanGr eeks.

Agr
icultureandCuisine
Theirmai nsourceoffoodwasfr
om agri
cul
tur
e
andr aisi
nganimals.Theyal
sohaveseaf
oodas
partoft hei
rcui
sine.

Tool
s
Toolst hatareori
ginal
lymadeofwoodorbone
werest rappedwithleather.
Duringt heBronzeAge, thetoolsweremadeof
bronzewi thwoodenhandl es.
Devel opedoval-
shapedhol esinthei
rtool
stofit
oval-shapedhandles,whi chprevent
edspi
nning.

MinoanWomen
Thegenderdivi
sionisseenontheMinoanast
he
womenst ay
si nthehousehol
dwhil
ethemengoes
outfort
heli
ving.

Soci
alandCul t
ure
Theywer emer cantil
i
stswhot r
adeov erseaswith
thei
rproducts.
Theytradesaf f
ronwhi chisamai ningredientt
o
dyei
ng.
Womenwor er obeswi t
hshortsleevesandl ayered,
fl
ouncedskirts.Ther obeswereopent othenav el
,
exposi
ngt heirbreasts.
Womencoul dalsowearast rapl
ess, fit
tedbodice,
andclothi
ngpat ternshadsymmet r
ical,geometric
desi
gns.

Rel
igion
TheMi noansseem t ohavepr omi nentlyworshipeda
GreatGoddess, whichhadpr eviouslyledt othe
beliefthattheirsocietywasmat riarchal.Howev er,i
t
isnowknownt hatthiswasnott hecase; theMi noan
pant heonfeaturedmanydei ties,amongwhi cha
young, spear-wieldi
ngmal egodi sal sopromi nent.
Mi noandisplay shorn-toppedal t
arwhi chi sa
sacr edthi
ngt ot hem.

Ar
ts
Sealstone-carvedgemst onesusedt osecure
property
Frescoes-f i
xedpainti
ngonwetl i
meplastertoavoi
d
fading
Pottery-usedasf oodstorageanddecorated
withv i
brantarr
angement sonbl ack
background
Sculpture-theymakef iguri
nesandstonev essel
s
whichshowshowdedi catedtheyaretothei
rart
Jewel r
y-theyuset hesmel t
ingtechni
quein
maki ngtheirj
ewelri
esandt hemostused
element saregold,si
lv
erandbr onze

Wri
ti
ng
Li
nearA-wr i
ti
ngsyst
em usedbyMinoansdat
ed
backto1800-1450BCthi
swrit
ingsy
stem i
snoty
et
 SCI
ENCE,
TECHNOLOGYANDSOCI
ETY |
| GROUP1 |
| HANDOUT001
T/
F10:
30AM –12:
00NN ABPHILOSOPHY1-
2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
MEMBERS: Dumaguit
,Cri
sDomini
cI. Pal
,MonicaAnnD.
Alcal
a,FranceAnnecyC. Gamboa,KentMayE. Reyes,
RoshinnMaeP.
Bernal
,LorieJoyE. Lor
ente,
KarlSi
moneS. Yanes,Mar
yGr aceD.
Clemente,JohnCarl
oT. Manzani
ll
o,VenusKl
ydeP.

Gr
eekCivilizat ion  AlexandertheGreat–spreadi
ngt heGr
eek
 Onemaj ort ur ningpoi nt–t het r
ansi tionf rom cult
urethroughoutmostofthelandshe
thebr onzeaget ot hei r
onage. conquered
 Sci ent ificher itageconsi der edast he“ greatest
”.
 Wi semen–f irstt osy st emat ical lysepar at e RomanCi vilizat ion
sci ent ifici deasf rom t hesuper st i
tion; stressed  Assassi nationofJul iusCaesar>Oct av i
us
thel ogi cal dev elopmentofgener al (great -nephew; desi gnat edhei r; r
ul erof
princi pl es/ theor iesaboutnat ur al phenomena. west ernpr ov incesoft heRomanRepubl ic)VS.
 Socr at es–nat ur eoft hephy sical wor ld Mar kAnt hony( Caesar ’
sf or merl ieut enant ;
 Thal esofMi let us–“ TheFat herofPhi losophy” rulerofeast er npar t
)andCl eopat ra( queenof
nat ur ei scomposedofori sconv er tibleinto Egy pt )
wat er  Oct av ius–sol er ulerofRomanwor l
d; his
 Anaxagor as–mat terwascomposedof vict or ymar kedt heendoft her epubl i
cas
count l
esst inypar ti
cl es begi nni ngoft heempi re
 Empedocl es–nat ur ei smi xedofear t
h, fir
e,ai
r,  August us–Romehadacqui redapol iti
cal
andwat er stabi li
tyandeconomi csuccess; knownas
 Hi ppocr ates–“ TheFat herofGr eekMedi cine” “Rome’ sFi rstandGr eat et sEmper or ”
Hippocr aticOat h  Romansexcel ledi nar chi tect ureand
 Gal en–“ TheGr eekPhy si cian”l ai dt hef i
rst engi neer i
ng; bui ltt hegr eat estempi ret hewor l
d
medi cal theor iesbasedonsci ent i
fic hadseen–i tssi ze, st abi l
ityandweal thar enot
exper iment sbydi ssect ingani mal cor pses thesum ofi t
scl aimt ogr eat est .
 Ar i
st ot le–“ Oneoft heGr eatestPhi losopher s”  Twomaj orf i
el ds–por traitur eand
engr ossedi nmanyar easofsci ence archi tect ural engi neer ing
 Gr eeks–f irstpeopl et osepar at emat hemat i
cs  RomanAr tist–r ev eal edmor er ealist i
cal l
yt he
from pur elypr act ical use, dev elopi ng per son’ schar act er sinphy si cal appear ance
sy stemat i
cmet hodsofr easoni ngbasedon  RomanAr chi tectandEngi neer–l ast ing
mat hemat ical measur ementpr ov ingt het r
uth i
nf luenceonl at erst yles; par ti
cul arlyi tsdesi gn
ofmat hemat i
cal stat ement s anduseofcol umns, ar ches, anddomes.
 Geomet ry–hasbeenper fect edby300BCasa  Hadr i
an( emper or )–desi gned“ Pant heon”
singl el ogi cal sy st em (wor ld’sgr eat estdome)i mposi ngpor ti
co
 Ar chi medes–per formedexper iment swhi ch (por ch)cont ai ned16monol ithicgr ani te
l
edhi mt odi scov ert hel awsoft hel ev erand col umnsl eadi ngi ntoacent ral rotundacov ered
thepul leyt hatr esul tedi nt hei nv ent ionof byahugeconcr et er oof ;acent ral ocul us( or
machi neswhi chcoul deasi lymov el oads ey e, cal ledsky light )–cent ral l
ightst ruct ure
-inv ent edt he“ sci enceofhy dr ost at i
cs” ,the  Vespasi an–t her eignwher eRome’ smost
measur ementanduseofwat eri ntopower famousmonumentwasbui ltbyconv erting( an
-dev el opedpul ley sanddr il
li
ngsy st em artifici al l
akemadef orNer o)i ntot he
-famousdi spl ay : TheConceptofGr av ity col osseum ( Rome’ sst agef ori ndi vidual
-“Eur eka! ”–“ Igoti t!
” gladi ator ialcont est ssuchaschar i
otr aces,
 Gr eekAst ronomer s–skymaps; desi gned gladi atorf i
ght s, theci rcusmaxi mus) ;
var iousmat hemat ical model sandmechani cal i
nst al l
at i
onofpubl ictoi l
et st hr oughoutt he
sy stemst oexpl aint hepl anet aryposi tionsand empi re
mov ement sbasedongeomet ri
cal  Vespasi ano–apubl icur i
nal i
nI t
aly
det er mi nat i
onsandl ogi cal deduct ions.  Oncet heyconquer edat erritor y,roadsand
 ADPt olemy–“ Oneoft heGr eat est communi cationsy stem wasl ai d.
Ast ronomer s” ; wr ot et he“ Almagest ”;“The  Roadsst retchi ngt housandsofmi l
es
Geocent ricTheor y ” connect ingRomet oot herpar tsofI taly( most
visibl eext entandachi ev ementoft heempi re).
Per
sianCi vi
li
zat i
on  Const ant inet heGr eat–het ransf er redi ts
 Peasantt ri
besf r
om Cent r
al Asi
ami grat
ed capi tal from Romet oConst ant inopl e( now
somet i
mebef orethe600BC. Istanbul )
 Cy rust heGr eat-conquer edthewholeofAsi a -East er nRomanEmpi ret oBy zant i
neEmpi re
 Camby ses–conquer edEgyptandest abl
ished -cr eat edanewbl endofGr eco- Romancul t
ur e
Persianempi re -Const ant i
nopl e–oneoft her ichestci ti
esi n
 Dar iusI–Ther eignwher ePersianwasati ts thewor ld, forat housandy ear s.
greatestext ent;Outstandi
ngachi evements–  Just inianI–at taini tshei ghtofpowerand
i
ntroduct ionofauni form system ofgoldand spl endordur inghi sr eign
si
lvercoi nage, astandardofwei ghtsand -bui ltthemagni ficent“ Hagi aSophi a”( Chur ch
measur es,apost alservi
ce,acodeofl aw,a ofWi sdom)asBy zant ine’ spr incipal Chr ist
ian
commoncal endar religi ouscent er
 SCI
ENCE,
TECHNOLOGYANDSOCI
ETY |
| GROUP1 |
| HANDOUT001
T/
F10:
30AM –12:
00NN ABPHILOSOPHY1-
2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
-BodyofCi vi
lLaw–“ asthecode”( lasting  Hindui sm –pol y theist ic,endl essst at uesand
contribut i
on) ’t
hemostsi gnifi
cantsi nglebody i
magesoft hedi vine, cast esy st em, sexual
oflegal document( West ernciv i
lization)that openness
servedaschi ef  Sikhism –bl endedI slam andHi ndui sm,
 Justinian’sgr eat estar t
isti
cachi evement foundedbyGur uNank, monot heist ic,
(buil
dingconst itut i
onsi nConst antinopl e): medi tat i
onov ert hecont r
ol of“ 5t hi ev es”( l
ust
,
commer cialcent ers,residential vil
lages, rage, greed, attachment ,concei t)
, criticized
resortsf orther ichal ongi tsshor es, churches Indiancast esy st em
madeofmosai c, gold,sil
ver,andmul ti
color
ed  Islami cCi v
ili
zat ion–notonl yanet wor kof
mat erial
s( glitt
er s),Roy alPal
acesur roundedby faithbutal soanet wor kofexchange( suchas
publicbui ldings, 40000- seathi ppodr ome goods, technol ogi es, foodpr oduct s, ideas) ;
(chariotr acingr egular l
yheld), bazaar sand goodswer esol di nci tybazaar sormar ket
shops, t
hef ortifi
edwal ls(thet urk’sf iery places.
cannonbal lsbrokedownt hesewal l
s)  Musl imt r
adedspi ces, carpet s, gl
assand
textil
es; tobet radedf orsi l
kf rom Chi na, rubi
es
Ar
abi
c/Isl
ami cCi vil
izat ion from Indi a,i
v oryandsl avesf rom Af rica.
 Ar abEmpi re–expansi oncamewi tht he  HouseofWi sdom –f oundedbycal i
phal -
spreadofI slami cf aith, Ar abi cl anguage, Mamum; serv esasar esear chcent erwher e
advancesi nsci enceandmat hemat ics, cul tur
e schol arst r
ansl atedt ext sf rom Gr eek, Persian,
ofAr abi a Indiani ntoAr abi casameansofpr eser v i
ng
 WarandConquest knowl edgef rom pr ev i
ousempi res.
- 650’ s–Ar abf orcesdef eat edPer sian  Islami caccompl ishment sincl udei nv ent i
onof
Empi re algebr aandequat ionsf orcur v esandl i
nes;
- Ear ly700’ s–Ar abf or cessweptt hr ough i
mpr ov edGr eekast rolabe( det er mi nedt he
Nor t hAf ri
ca, conquer edSpai n,and posi t
ionoft hest ars, themov ementoft he
at tackedsout hernFr ance; Ar abf or ces planet s,andt het ime) ; dev elopedal chemy
reachedI ndusRi verandsomemaj oroases (attempt i
ngt ot ur nleadi ntogol d) ;al -
Razi
townsi nCent ralAsi a classifiedchemi cal subst ancesasani mal s,
 Mot i
v esf orconquest mi neral,orv eget abl e; creat edt hesci enceof
- Accesst opr of it
abl et rader out esand opt i
cs( studyofl ightandi tsef f ectsonsi ght).
weal thyagr icul tural regi ons
- Togai nweal thandsoci al pr omot ion Chi
neseCivi
li
zat i
ons
- Ser v esascommont askf ort heI slami c  Wor l
d’sol destcont i
nuousci v i
lizationt hat
communi ty( umma)ast heywer eont he beganar ound1500BC.
v er geoff allingapar taf terMuhammad’ s  Thr eemai nr iver s: Yel l
owRi veri nthenor th,
deat h YangtzeRi v erint hesout h, andPear l River.
- Spr eadofMusl i
mf aithandr ight eous  Formanycent ur ies, Chi nawast hewor ld’s
gov er nment mostadv ancedci vil
izat i
on.
- Conv ersiont oI slam  Dy nast i
es: Shang, Zhou/ Chou, Qin, Han, Sui,
- 400y ear saf terMuhammad’ sdeat h, Arab Tang, Sonh, Yuan, Mi ng, Qing/ Chi ng.
empi readopt edI slam  ShangDy nast y( 1523- 1027BC)
 Di vi
sionsandCont rov ersies - Last edov er600y ear swi th31ki ngsov er
- TheRi ght lyGui dedCal iphs( 632- 661)– 17gener ations
Fi rst4cal iphsaf terMuhammad; cal iph– - Thechi ef,Tang, establ i
shedBoi tscapi tal
thepol i
tical andr eli
gi ousl eaderoft he city.
Islami ccommuni ty;closecompani onsof - Locat edatt henor thernpar tofChi na,
Muhammad; chosenbyMusl im el der sof aroundeast er npar tofYel lowRi ver
Medi na - Wor ships“ ShangTi ”or“ Lor donHi gh”
- Sunni vs.Shi aMusl ims - Nat ivescl osel yr elatedt oindi genous
 Dy nast ies: Neol i
thicpeopl e, thus, sust ained
- Umay yadDy nast y( 661- 750) themsel veswi thagr icultureandani mal
- Abbasi dDy nast y( 750- 1259) domest icat i
on
 WomenandMeni nEar lyI slam –Accor di ngto - Soci al struct ur e: rulingcl ass( kingand
i
nterpr et at i
onsoft heQur anmadebyMusl im bur eaucr ats)>nobl es( war riors)>
schol ar s: spiritual ly,menandwomenar eequal peasant s( semi -freesl av es)>ser fsand
whilesoci ally,especi all
yonmar riage, women slav es
areinf er iort omeanandshoul dbesubmi ssive. - Dy nast yf ell apar taf tert hedeat hofKi ng
 Qur anpr ov idedami xofr ight s, rest ri
ct ionsand Wudi ng.
protect iont owomen: ri
ght st odowr i
es, cont r
ol  Zhou/ ChouDy nast y( 1027- 221BC)
overt hei rownpr oper ty, mar ri
agemustbe - Mandat eofHeav enasanewsy stem of
consensual ,womencoul ddi v orcemen. aut hor i
tyt ol egi t
imi zepower .
 Ev enaf tert heAr abEmpi ref ellapar t,the - Mostoft heZhouwer ef armer sl ikeShang
Isl
ami cci vil
izat i
oncont i
nuedt ogr ow.Maj or butt heywer eal socul turallymast ersof
areasofMusl i
m expansi on: Indi a, Anat olia, bronzeandhor se- drawnchar i
ot s.
WestAf r i
ca, andSpai n. - Roadsandcanal swer ebui ltfori mpor ti
ng
 I sl
am –monot hei stic,nor epr esent ationof goodst ot heci ty.
All
ah, equal ityofal l
bel iev ers, sexual modest y - Theki ngoft heZhougi v eshuget ract sof
 SCI
ENCE,
TECHNOLOGYANDSOCI
ETY |
| GROUP1 |
| HANDOUT001
T/
F10:
30AM –12:
00NN ABPHILOSOPHY1-
2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
landt ot hemember sofr oy alf ami lyandt o Believ est hat , humanbei ngsar e
other swhohaddemonst rat edt hei rtalent under st oodasessent iallyashumanbei ngs,
andl oyal ty. andhumanf ulfill
menti nv olvesper fect ing
- Soci al struct ure: theki ngisal soal andl or
d, themor al nat ureofbot ht hei ndi vi
dual and
asupr emer eligiousl eader ,andapol it
ical soci ety.
leader ;newcar eer swer emadesuchas - Taoi sm –meanst hewayort her oad.Most
mi nister s,of fi
ci als,civ i
lwor kers, tax concer nedwi th, directexper i
enceof
collect ors, andmanymor e. univ erse, accept i
ngt hi ngsast heyar enot
- Dy nast yf ellapar twhent heZhou’ sking sett i
ngt hest andar dofmor alityandnot
wasdef eat edandki ll
edbyt her ebels. l
abel i
ngt hingsasgoodorbad.Bel iev es
 Qi
nDy nast y( 221- 206BC) that ,(
1)pol itical aut hor itycannotbest ow
- Oneoft hewest ernst atest hatexi sted peaceandor deri fitrest rictsi tselft ot he
dur i
ngWar ri
ngSt atesPer iod.Conquer ed rulesandcust om ofsoci ety ,
(2)t heonl y
otherWar ri
ngSt ates, thus, unif yingChi na effect i
v esoci al cont rol stemsf r
om t he
fort hef irstt i
me. adher encet ot heul ti
mat enat ur eofr eal i
ty,
- Somet i
mescal ledt heCh’ in,wher eprobably (3)peopl ecoul dbehappyonl yi fthey
thenameChi naor iginated. abandonedt hewor ldandr ev ertedt o
- Legal istt ypeofgov ernment ’ar eadi vided nat ure,livingsi mpl yandal one.
into36commander i
eswhi cht hendi vi
ded - Legal ism –Bel ievest hat ,(1)st ateshoul d
intocount ies. possessasmuchpoweraspossi bleand
- Commander i
eshadaci vilgov er nor ,a extendi tr elent lessl y
,( 2)aut hor it
ar i
anas
mi l
itarycommander ,andani mper i
al ani deal andsensi bler uler ,aspeopl e
inspect or. shoul dbet reat edandnott obeeducat ed,
 HanDy nast y( 206- 220BC) thusr ootcutal l i
nt el
lect ual sandal l
- HanChi neseancest or sli
v edal ongt he compet i
ngi deas, (3)l egal ism, though
YellowRi ver. ruthlessi nappr oachi ngpr oblems, was
- Consi der edasoneoft hegr eat estper iods realisticandof feredChi neser ulers
inthehi st oryofChi na. pract i
cal solut ionst ot hepr obl em oft he
- Aper iodofgr eatmi li
taryexpansi on gov erningl argepopul ationov ergr eat
conquer edbey ondt hebor dersofVi etnam distance.
andKor eawhi chal sol edt ot radewi tht he
peopl eofi nnerAsi a.Ther eaf ter, Sil
kRoad May
anCivi
li
zat i
on
wasdev eloped.  Thef i
rstgr eatci vi
li
zati
onoft heAmer i
cans
whichl ast edf or2000y ears.
 Start
edon250- 900CE
 May ansf armedusi ngslash-and-burn
- Wi thagr owi ngpopul ati
on, i
ncr easeof technique.
weal th, andhugenumber sofal liesand  May ancr eat edlargetempl e-
pyrami dsin
enemi es, theHanl ostcont roloft heir presentday s:Guat emala,ElSalvador,
soci et y. Hondur as, Mexi co.
- Cor rupt ionr anr ampantamongt hehi ghest  Pyrami ds
levelsofaut horityaspubl i
chappi ness - Toppedwi thshr i
nesoft heGodsand
waned. sur roundedt hem withothertempl esand
- Thedy nast ycol l
apsedandwascal l
edt he palaces
EraofDi suni ty. - Bel i
ev edal l
lifecamef rom thehandsof
 Writi
ngSy stem divinepower s
- Camef rom t heShangci vili
zation - Of f erst hegodshumansacr if
ices
- Pi ctogr aphi c, wher easwor dswer e - Pl anni ngr el
igiousfestivi
ti
eswashel pedby
represent edbypi ct urest hatf airlyi sclosel
y calendar sduet oseasons
relatedt ot hemeani ngoft hewor d. - Hi er ogl yphics
- Thepi ctogr aphi cwr i
ti
ngev ent ual l
y - Wr itingi nbooksmadef r
om bar koftrees
dev elopedi nt omor ecompl exsy stem such
ast hei deogr aphicwr it
ingt hatwear enow  Mayans, Azt
ecs,
Incasarepolyt
heist
ic.
mor ef ami l
iarwi th.  Twoty pesofcal
endar:SacredAlmanacof250
- Char act erswer econsi stedofanumberof Days,365Day s(
ontheor bi
toftheeart
h
strokesorl inessenti nsideani magi nary ar
oundt hesun)
squar e.  Madeamonument alsculpt
urescall
edstel
e.
 OracleBone  Cul
tiv
at i
onsofchocol
ate;usedcocoabeansas
- Wer eusual l
ymadef rom t heshoul der moneyi nmarket
s.
bladesofanoxen, orsomet i
mest heshell
ofat or toisewasused. Azt
ecCivi
li
zation
- Pr ov idedaspacewher et hewr itingswer e  Set tl
inginthenor t
hwest ernregionwherethey
recor ded. foundt wolakes.Theybui l
tchinampasor
 ChineseSchool ofThought s arti
cleisl
and.
- Conf uciani sm –asy stem oft houghtand  Gr eatTwoTwi ns:Tenochtit
lanandTlatel
olco
behav iort hatdev elopedi ntoa  Mont ezumabeganhi sreignasanemper orin
sophi sticat edet hico- r
eligioust r adi t
ion. 1502, t
heSpani shconquistadorwas
 SCI
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F10:
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00NN ABPHILOSOPHY1-
2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
overwhel med.
 In1325, theybuiltt heircapitalcalled
Tenocht i
tlanonaswampyi slandi nthemiddle
oflakeTexoco( nowMexi coCi ty).
 Tenocht i
tlanmeans“ placeofpr icklypear
cactus”.
 Isl
andci tywasconnect edt olandby
causeway s.
 CalendarSt oner epr esentedt heAzt ec’s
Universe.
 SolarCal endarofday sgr oupedi nto18mont hs
of20day seachpl us5ext radays.
 Wor shippedasun: nosun=nocr ops=no
people
 In1519, wi t
hthehel pofAzt echat er
s,Spanish
conquistadorHer nanCor tesarri
v ed.
 Mont ezuma, t
heAzt ecemper or,surrender
ed.
 In1978, hundr edy earsaf terTexocowasbui ld,
majorexcav at
ionsbegani nTenocht i
tl
an.
 SCI
ENCE,
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ETY |
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00NN ABPHILOSOPHY1-
2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
RENAI
SSANCE–ori
ginat
edf
rom I
tal
yint
he1300s, sotheycoul
dcr
eat
ebet
terpai
nti
ngsand
means“r
ebi
rt
h.” scul
ptur
es.

Aspeoplebegintofocusl
essonthechurch, - Archi
tect
ssuchasFi
li
ppoBrunel
l
eschi
made
humanism ar
ose,anideat
hatfocusesonpeopl
e advancesinmat
hinordert
odesi
gnbuil
dings.
i
nsteadofadivinebei
ng.
TheSci
ent
ifi
cRevol
uti
on
NorthernRenaissance-refer
stoRenai
ssanceart
, - Beganneart
heendoft
heRenai
ssance.
archi
tectur
e,andphilosophythatt
ookpl
aceoutsi
deof
It
aly. - Ti
meofgr eatstr
idesinscienceand
mathemati
cs.Scienti
stsli
keFrancisBacon,
a)Fr
enchRenai
ssance Gal
il
eo,ReneDescartes,andIsaacNewt on
- Fr
ancei
nvadedI
tal
yint
hel
ate1400s madediscoveri
esthatwoul dchangetheworl
d.

- Kingsandnoblesbegantobuil
dbri
ght Pr
int
ingPr
ess
- Themosti mpor t
anti
nvent
ionofthe
pleasur
epalacescaledchat
l eausi
nsteadof
Renaissance,andper
hapsinthehist
oryoft
he
thedarkfor
tresscast
lesoft
heMiddleAges.
world.I
nventedbyGermanJohannes
b)Dut
chRenai
ssance Gutenbergaround1440.

- Dut
chpai nter
sbr oughtanewappr
oacht
o
det
ail
,reali
sm, andnatural
i
sm. Sci
ent
if
icMet hod
- Furtherdevel
opedduringtheRenai ssance.
- Cameupwi thinnovat
ionsonhowtohandleoi
l Galil
eousedcontroll
edexper i
ment sand
paint
,al
lowi
ngt hem t
omakev er
ydetai
ledand analyzeddatatoprove,ordisprove,hi
s
accurat
epai
ntings(suchasJanvanEyck, theori
es.Theprocesswasl aterrefi
nedby
RobertCampin,andGerardDavi
d) scienti
stssuchasFrancisBaconandI saac
Newt on.
- Alsohadanimpactonthephil
osophyof
humanism.Cathol
i
cpri
estErasmuswascal
l
ed Ast
ronomy
the"Pr
inceofHumani
sts"
. - St udyofcel
esti
albodi
esinout
erspacesuch
ast
heMoon, t
heplanet
s,andt
hestars.
c) Ger
manRenai
ssance
- NicholasCopernicussaidthatt
hesunwasthe
- I
nvent
ionofthepr
int
ingpr
essbyJohannes centeroftheuniverseandthattheEar
thand
Gut
enberg. theplanet
sorbitedt heSun.

- Marti
nLutherst
art
edt
heProt
est
ant - Gali
l
eoGal
i
lei
foundoutt
hattheMoonwas
Refor
mati
onwhenhepubli
shedhi
sNinet
y-Fi
ve notr
eal
l
ysmooth,
butcov
eredwit
hcrat
ers.
Thesesi
n1517.
- TychoBrahetookmanypr eci
semeasurement s
- Albr
echtDurer
.Histal
entedwor
kwasmuch ofthepl
anetsandstar
sandJohannesKepl er
admiredt
hroughoutEurope. devel
opedthethreel
awsofpl anet
arymotion
andsupport
edCopernicus'vi
ewoftheplanets
d)Engl
i
shRenai
ssance(
Engl
and)
orbi
ti
ngtheSun.
- ThepeakoftheEngli
shRenai
ssanceoccur
red Mi
croscope/Telescope/
Eyegl
asses
dur
ingtheEl
i
zabethanEra. - I nventedduet oi
mprovementsi
nmaki
ng
lenses
- Themostimport
antaspectoftheEngl
i
sh
ssancewast
Renai hetheat
re. Cl
ock
- Thef
ir
stmechani
cal
clocki
nvent
ed.
Renai
ssanceLi t
erat
ure
1.Fr ancescoPetr
arch–of
tencal
l
edt
he"
Fat
her - I
mprovement
swer emadebyGal
il
eowho
ofHumani sm" i
nvent
edthependul
um i
n1581.
2.Dant
eAl
i
ghi
eri
–wr
otet
heDev
ineComedy War
far
e
- Cannonsandmusketswhichf
ir
edmetalbal
l
s
3.Will
i
am Shakespear
e–usedpl
otsfr
om
usi
nggunpowder
.Thesenewweapons
anci
enttext
sreboot
edi
nanupdatedway
si
gnaledt
heendofbotht
heMiddl
eAgecastl
e
ScienceandInvent
ions andthekni
ght
.
Sci
enceandart
- Greatart
ists,suchasLeonardodaVi
nci
,woul
d
studyanatomyt obett
erunderst
andt
hebody  Ot
herI
nvent
ions
 SCI
ENCE,
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ETY |
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2 PROFESSORESTER
T.DI
ZON
Otherinvent
ionsduri
ngthi
sti
meincl
udetheflushi
ng
toi
let
,thewrench,thescr
ewdr
iver
,wal
lpaper
,andthe
submar i
ne.

Alchemy
Alchemywassor tofli
kechemistr
y,butgeneral
ly
wasn'tbasedonal otofsci
enti
fi
cfacts.Alotof
peoplethoughtthattherewasasinglesubstancefr
om
whichallothersubstancescoul
dbemade.