EE 105

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Transistors,
Filter Networks
And
Operational Amplifiers
 Learning Objectives

❖ Discuss transistor applications.

❖ Describe the basic structure of the Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT)
❖ Explain how a BJT is biased.
❖ Differentiate the schematic symbol and construction of a PNP
and NPN transistor.
❖ Discuss applications of filters and amplifiers.
❖ Differentiate various kinds of first-order passive filters namely:
low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop.
❖ Identify the operational amplifier schematic symbol.
❖ Solve basic problems regarding operational amplifiers.
 Introduction
❖ The transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device
consisting of either two n- and one p-type layers of
material or two p- and one n-type layers of material.
The former is called an npn transistor, while the
latter is called a pnp transistor.
❖ The emitter layer is heavily doped, the base
lightly doped, and the collector only lightly
doped. The outer layers have widths much
greater than the sandwiched p- or n-type E
P N P
C

material. B
❖ The abbreviation BJT, from bipolar junction
transistor, is often applied to this three terminal
E
device. N P N
C

B
 Transistor Biasing

❖ Just like the diode, a transistor needs E C

to be biased to set it on a desired P N P

operating condition. B

❖ Under normal circumstances, the

VEE VCC
Base-Emitter junction is forward-
biased and the Base-Collector is Biasing of a PNP transistor
reversed-biased. E C
N P N

VEE VCC

Biasing of a NPN transistor

 The Transistor as Two Diodes

❖ The transistor is like to diodes connected

in series.
E C
❖ In the case of a PNP transistor, the P N P

transistor looks like the one shown in the B

figure below.
VEE VCC
PNP Transistor

E C

B
PNP Transistor as 2 diodes
 The Transistor as Two Diodes

❖ The transistor is like to diodes connected

in series.
E C
❖ The equivalent 2-diode of a NPN N P N

transistor is also shown below. B

VEE VCC
NPN Transistor

E C

B
NPN Transistor as 2 diodes
 Transistor Applications

❖ There are two basic functions of a transistor: Signal amplification

and Switching.
❖ Amplification is the magnification or strengthening of a weak
signal. Signal amplification can be found mostly in analog
communications systems.
❖ Switching is the change in state from a low signal to a high signal
and vice versa. (or sometimes ON or OFF or 1 & 0). Switching
functions are usually found in computers and digital
communications.
 Transistor Applications

❖ When the transistor functions as an amplifier, it takes a weak

signal then converts it to a larger signal.
❖ A small volume of water
between E & B resulted
in a larger volume
E
between E & C
❖By controlling the
VEE ` VCC
B amount of water flowing
between E & B, the
C volume of water
between E & C can be
WATER ANALOGY OF TRANSISTOR controlled.
 Transistor Symbol

PNP Transistor NPN Transistor

 Filter Networks
❖ Electronic filters are circuits that perform signal processing, specifically to
remove unwanted frequency or frequencies from a signal.

Filter

Input output

Filter
 Common Types of Filters

1. High-pass filter
o A filter that allows high-frequency signals to pass through it with little
loss of power or attenuation.
o A filter that suppresses low-frequency signals.

2. Low-pass filter
o A filter that allows low-frequency signals to pass through it with little
loss of power or attenuation.

3. Band-pass filter
o A filter that allows a range of frequencies to pass through it with little
loss of power or attenuation.

4. Band-stop filter
o A filter that suppresses a range of frequencies to pass through it.
 Optical Amplifier

❑ Each input results in either the same or an opposite polarity (or

phase) output , depending on whether the signal is applied to
the plus (+) or the minus (-) input, respectively.
 Single-Ended Input

❑ Only one input signal is connected to the one of the input

terminals (+ or – terminal) with the other terminal connected to
ground.
❑If the input is applied to the (+) input, the output will be in the
same polarity as the input signal, otherwise it will be opposite
polarity.
 Optical Amplifier

❑ Is a very high gain amplifier having a very high input impedance (typically
a few mega-ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 Ω).
❑ Provide voltage changes (amplitude and polarity)
❑ Accumulate a very high gain by multiple stages

V+
2
7
6

4
3
V-
Optical Amplifier

Basic Op-Amp
Connection
 Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑ The Inverting Amplifier

Example: If the circuit above has R1 = 100 kΩ and Rf = 500 kΩ, what output
voltage results for an input of V1 = 2 V?
 Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑ The Non-Inverting Amplifier

Example: Calculate the output voltage of a noninverting amplifier as show

above for values of V1 = 2 V, Rf = 500 kΩ, and R1 = 100kΩ. Also compute for
the gain of the amplifier.
 Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑ The Summing Amplifier

Example. Calculate the output voltage of an op-amp summing amplifier for the
following sets of voltages and resistors. Use Rf = 1 MΩ in all cases.
 Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

Solution:
 Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑Multiple-stage Gain

V1
Vo
1 2 3

Rf Rf Rf

R1 R2 R3

𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 = 1 + 1+ 1+
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
 Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits
❑Multiple-stage Gain
EXAMPLE. Calculate the output voltage of the preceeding circuit for resistor
components of value Rf = 470 k, R1= 4.3 k, R2= 33 k, and R3 = 33 k for an input of
80 uV.

 Rf  R f  R f 
A = A1 A2 A3 = 1 +  −  − 
 R1  R2  R3 