CHAPTER 1

Problem 1:

(a) Trapezoidal channel with side slopes m1 and m2

y y
A = (b + m1 + m2 ) y
2 2
T = b + y (m1 + m2 )
P = b + y 1 + m12 + y 1 + m22
D = A/T
R = A/ P

(b) Trapezoidal channel with one vertical side

Set m1= 0 and m2=m in the equations given in part (a).

(c) Right triangular channel

Set m1= 0, b= 0, and m2= m in the equations given in part (a).

Problem 2:

(a) From the problem statement:

γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
Yc = depth to centroid = 2 ft
A = d (1 ft/ft) = 4 ft (1 ft/ft) = 4 ft2/ft

By using Equation 1.9

F p = γYc A = 62.4(2)(4) = 499 lbf / foot
The e hydrostatic pressure force is normal to the vertical sidewall.

(b) From the problem statement:

γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
Yc = depth to centroid = 2 ft
A = (d2+(md)2)1/2 (1 ft/ft) = (42+(2x4)2)1/2 ft (1 ft/ft) = 8.94 ft2/ft

By using Equation 1.9

F p = γYc A = 62.4(2)(4) = 1116 lbf / foot
The hydrostatic pressure force is normal to the inclined side.

Problem 3:

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 ⎛ 30 z ⎞
v = 2.5v* ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ks ⎠

Let k= ks/30. Then

⎛ z ⎞
v = 2.5v* ln⎜ ⎟
⎜k ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Define q= discharge per unit width. By definition (see Equation 1.2)

y y⎡ ⎛ z ⎞⎤ y y
q = ∫ vdz = ∫ ⎢2.5v* ln⎜ ⎟⎥ dz = ∫ [2.5v* ln z ]dz − ∫ [2.5v* ln k ]dz
k⎢
⎜k ⎟⎥
k
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ k k

⎡ y ⎤
q = 2.5v* [z ln z − z ]ky − 2.5v* [z ln k ]ky = 2.5v* ⎢ y ln − ( y − k )⎥
⎣ k ⎦

Problem 4:

Noting that q= discharge per unit width and k= ks/30 as in Problem 3, by definition (see
Equation 1.3)

⎡ y ⎤ ⎡ y ⎤
⎢ y ln − ( y − k ) ⎥ ⎢ y ln
V =
q
= 2.5v* ⎢ k k − 1⎥
⎥ = 2.5v* ⎢ ⎥
y−k ⎢ y−k ⎥ ⎢ y−k ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Because y>>k, we have (y-k)≈ y. Therefore

⎡ y ⎤
V = 2.5v* ⎢ln − 1⎥
⎣ k ⎦

Problem 5:

For the velocity distribution given, obviously, the velocity is maximum at the free
surface. Substituting z= y in
⎛ 30 z ⎞
v = 2.5v* ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ks ⎠
we obtain

⎛ 30 y ⎞
⎟⎟ = 2.5v* ln⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
y
v max = 2.5v* ln⎜⎜
⎝ ks ⎠ ⎝k⎠
with k= ks/30.

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Problem 6:

Using the results of Problems 4 and 5

⎛ y⎞
2.5v* ln⎜ ⎟
v max ⎝ k ⎠ −1 = 1
−1 =
V ⎡ y ⎤ y
2.5v* ⎢ln − 1⎥ ln − 1
⎣ k ⎦ k
with k= ks/30.

Problem 7:

We found an expression for V in Problem 4. Here we will determine the value of z for
which v=V. In other words with k= ks/30

⎛ z ⎞
2.5v* ln⎜ ⎟ = 2.5v* ⎡ln y − 1⎤
⎜k ⎟ ⎢⎣ k ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠

⎛ z ⎞ ⎡ y ⎤
ln⎜ ⎟ = ln − 1 = ln⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ − ln(2.718) = ln⎛⎜ y / k ⎞⎟
⎜k ⎟ ⎢⎣ k ⎥⎦ ⎝k⎠ ⎝ 2.718 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

and
y
z= = 0.37 y
2.718

The point velocity at distance 0.37y from the bottom or 0.63y from the free surface will
be equal to the cross sectional average velocity. Therefore, the velocity measured at 0.6y
from the surface will be a good approximation to the average velocity.

Problem 8:

With k= ks/30, we have

⎛ z ⎞
v = 2.5v* ln⎜ ⎟
⎜k ⎟
⎝ ⎠
By definition
1
β = 2 ∫ v 2 dA
V A
Using the velocity distribution given, for unit width, we can write
(2.5v* ) 2 y 2 ⎛ z ⎞
β= 2 ∫ ln ⎜ ⎟dz
V ( y − k) k ⎝ k ⎠

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Let us first evaluate the integration

2⎛ z ⎞
y y y
2 2
∫ ln ⎜ ⎟dz = ∫ (ln z − ln k )(ln z − ln k ) dz = ∫ (ln z − 2 ln z ln k + ln k )dz
k k
⎝ ⎠ k k

2⎛ z ⎞
[ ]
y y y y y
2
∫ ln ⎜ ⎟dz = z ln z k − 2 ∫ ln zdz − 2 ln k ∫ ln zdz + ln 2 k ∫ dz
k ⎝k⎠ k k k

2⎛ z ⎞
[ ]
y y
2 2
∫ ln ⎜ ⎟dz = z ln z − 2( z ln z − z ) − 2 ln k ( z ln z − z ) + ln kz k
k ⎝k⎠

2⎛ z ⎞
y
2 y y
∫ ln ⎜ ⎟dz = 2( y − k ) + y ln ( ) − 2 y ln( ) (*)
k ⎝k⎠ k k

Also from Problem 4

⎡ y ⎤
V = 2.5v* ⎢ln − 1⎥
⎣ k ⎦

2
y ⎤
2⎡ ⎡ y y ⎤
V = (2.5v* ) ⎢ln − 1⎥ = (2.5v* ) 2 ⎢ln 2 − 2 ln + 1⎥
2

⎣ k ⎦ ⎣ k k ⎦

With y>>k and (y-k)≈ y

⎡ y y ⎤
V 2 ( y − k ) = (2.5v* ) 2 y ⎢ln 2 − 2 ln + 1⎥ (**)
⎣ k k ⎦

Substituting Equations (*) and (**) into the expression for β

[(2.5v ) ]2( y − k ) + y ln
*
2 y
k
2 y
( ) − 2 y ln( )
k
β=
⎡ y y ⎤
(2.5v* ) 2 y ⎢ln 2 − 2 ln + 1⎥
⎣ k k ⎦

Noting (y-k)≈ y and simplifying

⎡ y y ⎤
y + y ⎢1 + ln 2 ( ) − 2 ln( )⎥
⎣ k k ⎦ 1
β= = 1+
⎡ 2 y y ⎤ ⎡ y ⎤
2
y ⎢ln − 2 ln + 1⎥
⎣ k k ⎦ ⎢⎣ln k − 1⎥⎦
From Problem 6

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v max 1
−1 =
V y
ln − 1
k
Substituting this into the expression for β and rearranging
2
⎡ v max ⎤
β = 1+ ⎢ − 1⎥
⎣ V ⎦

Problem 9:

1/ 2 1/ 2
⎛τ ⎞ ⎛ 3.7 ⎞
v* = ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.061m / s
⎝ρ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠

From Problem 4
⎡ y ⎤ ⎡ 30 y ⎤ ⎡ 30(0.94) ⎤
V = 2.5v* ⎢ln − 1⎥ = 2.5v* ⎢ln − 1⎥ = (2.5)(0.061) ⎢ln − 1⎥ = 1.41m / s
⎣ k ⎦ ⎣ ks ⎦ ⎣ (0.001) ⎦
⎡ k ⎤
q = ⎢ y − s ⎥V ≈ yV = (0.94)(1.41) = 1.33m 2 / s
⎣ 30 ⎦

From Problem 5

v max 1 1
−1 = = = 0.11
V 30 y 30(0.94)
ln − 1 ln −1
ks (0.001)
2
⎡ v max ⎤
β = 1+ ⎢ − 1⎥ = 1 + (0.11) 2 = 1.01
⎣ V ⎦

kg m2 m kgm
Rate of momentum transfer = βρqV = (1.01)(1000 3 )(1.33 )(1.41 ) = 1894 2 / m
m s s s
2 3
⎡v ⎤ ⎡v ⎤
α = 1 + 3⎢ max − 1⎥ − 2⎢ max − 1⎥ = 1 + 3(0.11) 2 − 2(0.11) 3 = 1.03
⎣ V ⎦ ⎣ V ⎦
1 ρ kg m2 m Nm
Rate of kinetic transfer = α qV = (1.03) (1000 3 )(1.33
2
)(1.41 ) 2 = 1362 /m
2 2 m s s s

Problem 10:

A1 = 1 m x 20 m = 20 m2
A2 = 4 m x 4 m = 16 m2
A3 =0.5(1 m x 22 m) = 11 m2

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Q = V1 A1 + V2 A2 + V3 A3 = 0.5(20) + 1.5(16) + 0.3(11) = 37.3 m 3 / s
Q Q 37.3
V = = = = 0.79 m / s
A A1 + A2 + A3 20 + 16 + 11

Problem 11:

From Equation 1.15

V12 A1 + V 22 A2 + V32 A3 0.5 2 (20) + 1.5 2 (16) + 0.3 2 (11)
β= = = 1.43
V 2A 0.79 2 (47)
Then by using Equation 1.11 with ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Rate of momentum transfer = βρQV = 1.43(1000)(37.3)(0.79) = 42,138 kg ⋅ m / s 2

Likewise, from Equation 1.21

V13 A1 + V23 A2 + V33 A3 0.5 3 (20) + 1.5 3 (16) + 0.33 (11)

α= = = 2.45
V 3A 0.79 3 (47)

Then by using Equation 1.19

ρ ⎛ 1000 ⎞
Rate of kinetic energy transfer = α QV 2 = 2.45⎜ ⎟(37.3)(0.79) = 28,517 kg ⋅ m / s
2 3

2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

Problem 12:

Q Q 100 100
V = = = = = 2.81 fps
A y (b + my ) 3.15(5 + 2 × 3.15) 35.6
A y (b + my ) 3.15(5 + 2 × 3.15) 35.6
R= = = = = 1.86 ft
P b + 2y 1+ m 2
5 + 2(3.15) 1 + 2 2 19.1
y (b + my ) 3.15(5 + 2 × 3.15) 35.6
D= = = = 2.02 ft
b + 2my 5 + 2 × 2 × 3.15 17.6

(a) Using Equation 1.23

4VR 4VR
4(2.81)(1.86)
Re = = = = 1,925,000
ν ν 1.217 × 10 −5
The flow is turbulent.

(b) Using Equation 1.24

V 2.81
Fr = = = 0.35
gD 32.2 × 2.02

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The flow is subcritical.

Problem 13:

(a) Nonuniform
(b) Nonuniform
(c) Uniform
(d) Nonuniform

Problem 14:

(a) Unsteady
(b) Steady
(c) Steady

Problem 15:

Verify that

∂ ( AYC ) ∂y
=A
∂x ∂x

Consider a horizontal strip of flow area having a length of b and thickness of dz and
extending from one side of a flow section to the other side. Suppose the vertical distance
between the centroid of this strip and the channel bottom is z. Then by definition

∂ ( AYC ) ∂ y
= ∫ ( y − z )bdz
∂x ∂x 0

Using the Leibnitz rule, we can write this as

∂ ( AYC ) y ∂ ∂y ∂0
= ∫ ( y − z )bdz + ( y − y )bdz − (0 − z )bdz
∂x 0 ∂x ∂x ∂x

The last two terms on the right hand side are zero. Then

∂ ( AYC ) y ∂ y ∂ y ∂
= ∫ ( y − z )bdz = ∫ ( ybdz ) − ∫ ( zbdz )
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ∂x 0 ∂x
Since z and b are not functions of x at a given section, the last term on the right hand side
is zero. Also, since y is not a function of z and b and dz are not functions of x

∂ ( AYC ) y ∂ ∂y y ∂y
= ∫ ( ybdz ) = ∫ bdz = A
∂x 0 ∂x ∂x 0 ∂x