A Module Design in Teaching of Literature

A MODULE DESIGN IN TEACHING OF LITERATURE
As Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements
in EM 12: Teaching of Literature
10
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Vinchita G. Quinto, Ed. D. ELT
15
SUBMITTED BY:
Riolyn Jhane K. Ardeña, BSEd-English III-A
20
25
October 2017
PREFACE
This Module is intended for High School students to be armored in
preparation to explore world prose literature. It contains definition of main terms,
5 subtopics, and activities in which the class may explore world literature through
these. The author encourages the learners to refine the taste of literature by
exploring the literary works of the other countries, not limiting to one own’s
favorites. The activities that can be found in this module will help enhance the
students’ ability to display their skills in prose literature.
10 This module contains three units, exploring the world prose literature. Each
unit contains literary pieces from specific country. The author included the
following:
Lessons- It contains literary works from specific countries to open the door
opportunities for the students to learn some of the literary works from specific
15 countries and their culture as well.
Activities- It contain varied activities that are connected to the subtopics that
will be discussed. These will help the students explore the subtopics more and
display their learnings.
This module may lead to students’ proficiency in prose literature and
20 appreciate the literary works of the other countries, and at the same time, of our
own country as well. I hope the readers will find this module sufficient, if not more
than sufficient, for their needs.
The Author
25
I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to the people behind the
5 success of this module:
To Almighty God for the unconditional love and support, for providing my
needs, for helping me with little and great things, for being the best Daddy in the
universe, and for dying on the cross for me;
10
To Tatey, Naney, Lola Grace, Papa, Tita Sam and the rest of my family for
their support and for being the channel of the Lord’s provision for me to
accomplish my responsibilities;
15 To Abiders and Mabolo Bible Baptist Church for being my motivation

always, praying without ceasing for one another, and teaching deep discernment
between right and wrong;
To Dr. Vinchita Quinto for sharpening us to become better future educators

20 by exposing us to student-centered activities that shaped our perceptions as
future teachers;
To BSEd-English III-A for sharing this hardship with me;
25 And special thanks to my best friends in Christ Ate Beth, Hazel, Shyra,
Aaron, Ken, Junjun, AJ, Ma’am Gervy, and Ma’am Yvonne for motivating me
always.
30
II
DEDICATION
5
I dedicate this hardship to God, my church, my family, and my school.
10
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface…………………………………………………………. I
Acknowledgement…………………………………………….. II
5 Dedication………………………………………………………. III
UNIT 1 - FICTION
Pre-assessment………………………………………………. 1
What is Fiction?………………………………………………. 8
Elements of Fiction…………………………………………… 8
10 Activity no. 1.1………………………………………………… 8
Characters……………………………………………….. 8
Point of View…………………………………………….. 10
Activity no. 1.2………………………………………………... 12
Plot……………………………………………………….. 15
15 Setting……………………………………………………. 16
Style………………………………………………………. 16
Activity no. 1.3………………………………………………... 18
Theme……………………………………………………. 19
Activity no. 1.4………………………………………………… 19
20 Tone………………………………………………………. 19
Irony………………………………………………………. 20
Activity 1.5…………………………………………………….. 20
Post-assessment……………………………………………… 21
UNIT 2 - NONFICTION
25 Pre-assessment………………………………………………. 28
What is Nonfiction?…………………………………………… 34
Activty no. 2.1…………………………………………………. 34
Types of Nonfiction…………………………………………… 35
Essay……………………………………………………… 35
30 Activity no. 2.2………………………………………………… 39
Activity no. 2.3………………………………………………… 40
Biography………………………………………………… 40
Autobiography…………………………………………… 41
Activity no. 2.4………………………………………………… 41
IV
Oratory……………………………………………… 42
Sermon……………………………………………… 44
Letters………………………………………………. 45
Activity no. 2.5…………………………………………... 45
5 Psalm……………………………………………….. 45
Aphorism or Proverb………………………………. 45
Epitaph……………………………………………… 45
Post-assessment……………………………………….. 46
UNIT 3 - TYPES AND GENRES OF FICTION
10 Pre-assessment………………………………………… 48
Short Story and Novel………………………………….. 54
Genres of Fiction………………………………………… 54
Drama……………………………………………….. 54
Fable…………………………………………………. 54
15 Activity no. 3.1……………………………………………. 55
Fairy tale…………………………………………….. 55
Fantasy………………………………………………. 56
Activity no. 3.2……………………………………………. 56
Folklore………………………………………………. 56
20 Historical Fiction…………………………………….. 57
Horror………………………………………………… 57
Humor………………………………………………… 58
Legend……………………………………………….. 62
Mystery………………………………………………. 62
25 Mythology……………………………………………. 63
Realistic fiction……………………………………… 63
Science fiction…………………………………….… 64
Tall tale……………………………………………… 64
Activity no. 3.3…………………………………………… 64
30 Types of Fiction………………………………………….. 65
Short Story………………………………………….. 65
Activity no 3.4……………………………………………. 66
Novel………………………………………………… 67
Types of Novel…………………………………………… 67
V
Episodic Novel…………………………………………… 67
Epistolary Novel…………………………………………. 68
Historical Novel………………………………………….. 68
Political Novel……………………………………………. 68
5 Psychological Novel…………………………………….. 68
Epic Novel……………………………………………….. 69
Activity no. 3.5……………………………………………….. 69
Post-assessment…………………………………………….. 70
Answer key…………………………………………………… 75
10 Appendix A……………………………………………………. 78
Appendix B…………………………………………………… 79
Appendix C…………………………………………………… 83
Appendix D…………………………………………………… 88
Bibliography…………………………………………………. 90
15 Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………….. 91
VI
Unit One
5 FICTION
10
OBJECTIVES:
 Identify the elements of fiction
 Compare and contrast the characters in a legend
 Identify the elements of the plot
15  Determine the kinds of Irony in a short story
20
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
5 1. Which of the following is the best definition of Literature?

a) Literature is the mirror of life.
b) Literature is a work of art.
c) Literature is the compilation of the works of art published orally or written.
d) Literature is a compilation of expressions of emotion with the use of
10 writing materials.
2. Which of the following best describes poetry?

a) A song of feelings in a rhyme-scheme, song, psalm, imagery and
symbolism.
15 b) A work of art in using idiomatic expression and imagery.
c) The shorter version of literature.
d) The art of using language figuratively to express one’s feeling or emotion.
3. Who suggested that poem is an art which uses words as both speech and song
20 to reveal the realities that the senses record, the feelings salute, the mind
perceives, and the shaping imagination orders?
a) Babette Deutsch
b) Taylor Coleridge
c) Noam Chomzsky
25 d) Aristotle
4. Which emphasized in Wordsworth’s poem I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud?

a) Diction
b) Hyperbole
30 c) Metonymy
d) Imagery
1
5. This is the oldest form of all literary forms.
a) Novella
b) Poetry
5 c) Novels
d) Plays
6. These literary forms can be found in the Bible, EXCEPT one.

a) Song
10 b) Novel
c) Psalm
d) Proverbs
7. It tells an event or series of events.

15 a) Narrative Poem
b) Descriptive Poem
c) Persuasive Poem
d) Expository Poem
20 8. It is a short and simple poem usually sung.

a) Ode
b) Ballad
c) Psalm
d) Epic
25
9. It is a long narrative poem that recounts the heroic deeds of a legendary
person.
a) Legend
b) Ballad
30 c) Epic
d) Ode
2
10. It recounts gallant or courageous tales in verse. This is strictly metered.
a) Legendary Epics
5 b) Measured Ballads
c) Rhymed Poem
d) Romantic Epics
11. This is a kind of poem that deals with perceptible nature. It uses senses like
10 seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, and hearing.
a) Narrative Poem
b) Descriptive Poem
c) Persuasive Poem
d) Expository Poem
15
12. This is a type of poem wherein the voice exalts or praises someone or
something.
a) Ode
b) Ballad
20 c) Elegy
d) Sonnet
13. This is a type of poem wherein there are only fourteen lines but expresses the
feelings of the writer.
25 a) Ode
b) Ballad
c) Elegy
d) Sonnet
30 14. This is a type of poem that tells a story.

a) Ode
b) Ballad
c) Elegy
d) Sonnet
3
15. This is a poem for the dead.
5 a) Ode
b) Ballad
c) Elegy
d) Sonnet
10 16. This expresses the personal feelings of the writer through a song.
a) Ode
b) Ballad
c) Lyric
d) Elegy
15
17. These are the characteristics of an Ode, EXCEPT---
a) Excited
b) Enthusiastic
c) Elaborate
20 d) Exalted
18. Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:

When he walks into the room
the corners of my eyes feed
25 upon the edges of his image.
The printed page
Is orphaned and stranger breed
a riot in my mind.
Then he walks out. And my doom
30 begins to grow with speed
of his departure. The mark of age
spreads upon my visage.
There is nothing more to read.
My soul is blind.
35
a) ab cc-b dab-ccbd
b) abcd-dcba-abcd
c) aaaa-bbbb-cccd
4
d) abca-abcb-abcd
19. This is sometimes called as the head rhyme or the initial rhyme.
a) Assonance
5 b) Consonance
c) Alliteration
d) Beginning rhyme
20. It copies the sound of an animal or an object.

10 a) Irony
b) Paradox
c) Oxymoron
d) Onomatopoeia
15 21. It is sometimes calles as the middle or final rhyme.

a) Assonance
b) Consonance
c) Alliteration
d) Final rhyme
20
22. This is a similarity or identity of sound existing between accented syllable
occupying corresponding position within two or more line burst.
a) Rhythm
b) Rhyme
25 c) Scheme
d) Sequence
23. The rhymes occurred in the middle stanza.

a) Leonine Rhyme
30 b) Middle rhyme
c) Final rhyme
d) Melon Rhyme
5
24. The rhyme is revealed in the end.
a) Starting rhyme
5 b) Ending rhyme
c) Deus ex Machine
d) Middle rhyme

10
The stars around the lovely moon
Fade back and vanish very soon,
When, round and full, her silver face
Swims into sight, and lights all space.
15
a) abcd
b) abab
c) aabb
d) abba
20
26. Which of the following Is an apostrophe?
a) O death, where is thy sting?
b) Love will conquer.
c) The sun is shining.
25 d) The cow goes whoosh whoosh.
27. Which of the following is an oxymoron?

a) Tick tock is on the clock.
b) I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse!
30 c) Is the water wet?
d) The sun is dark.
28. Which of the following is an alliteration?

a) The trodden town rang its cobbles for luck.
35 b) Wobble stumbled on a cobble double.
c) She sells sea shells by the sea shore.
6
d) Tick tock Is on the clock.
5 O Hesperus! Thou bringest all things home;

All that the garish day hath scattered wide;
The sheep, the goat, back to the welcome fold;
Thou bringest the child, too, to his mother’s side.
10 a) aabb
b) abab
c) abca
d) abcb
15 30. Which of the following is not actually a rhyme?

a) Head rhyme
b) Approximate rhyme
c) Direct rhyme
d) Oblique rhyme
20
7
WHAT IS FICTION?
Fiction is defined as a prose based on the author’s imagination. It means,

such stories never happened in real life. According to Dr. Hallet (Elements of
5 Fiction) that all fiction is a falsehood of sorts because it relates events that never
actually happened to people (characters) who never really existed, at least not in
the manner portrayed in the stories. He then added that fiction writers aim at
creating “legitimate untruths”, since they seek to demonstrate meaningful insights
into the human condition. Dr. Hallet concluded that fiction is “untrue” in absolute
10 sense, but “true” in universal sense.
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1

15
Directions: A pen will be passed one student to another while the music is going
on. When the music stops, the last student who holds the pen will share about his
or herself, likes and dislikes, hobbies and talents or skills.
20
1. Characters- The emotional, mental, and social qualities to distinguish one

entity from another like people, animals, spirits, automatons, furniture, and other
animated objects (Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction).
25
Characters
Types Functions
One-dimensional They are usually the Protagonis The main
or Flat extras in the story. ts character in the
Characters story.
Two-dimensional They are used as Antagonist The opposing
Characters vessels to carry out character in the
the story. story. Usually
they cause
struggles or
8
conflicts in the
story.
Round Fully-developed Confidents The conspirators
Characters characters. They are or side-kicks of
prone to change. the protagonists.
They are usually
the peers of the
best friends of
the main
character.
Static These characters Foils The mirror or
Characters never change, even backdrop of the
from the beginning to main character in
the end of the story. the story, in
which they both
have the same
struggles but
different results.
Dynamic They are developing
Characters characters. They
change or develop
through the story.
Stock Borrowed characters.
Characters They are archetypal
characters.
Stereotypes Characters who
show common
judgments of
qualities. (e.g serious
soldier, dumb
blonde, selfish
millionaire)
Universal Characters with traits
Characters and problems
common to all
humanity.
9
Individual They are unusual or
Characters strange characters.
Characterization is how the writer reveals the characters in the story.

Process of Characterization
Expository or Direct Presentation Characters are described or explained
by the narrator of the story.
Dramatic or Indirect Presentation Characters are revealed what kind are
they through actions. It can be
through:
 His or her own actions, behavior,
speech, and recorded thoughts;
and
 Qualities that are apparent by
what other characters say about
him or her.
Anthropomorphic Characterization is how the writer turns divine or

5 powerful beings, animals, things, and natural phenomena as people. Animal
characters personified create particular effects, especially when they carry
human traits like fox - sly or swan - elegance.
2. Point of View refers to who tells the story, how it is told, or whose life even is
10 centered in the story. It refers to the perspective of the characters in the story.
Points of View
First Person (I, we) The character tells the story.
Second Person (you) The reader is the character of the
story.
Third Person (he, she) The story reveals different characters.
Narrative voice describes the situation and reveals the characters in the
story. Narrator is the one who does the narrative voice.
15
Types of Narrative Voice
Omniscient The story is told by the third person.
The narrator’s knowledge and control
10
are unlimited.
Limited Omniscient The story is told by the third person,
but with limited knowledge about the
past happenings before the story.
Objective or Dramatic The opposite of omniscient. It relies
on the external action and dialogues,
and does not give opportunity to
interpretations of the story.
Framed Narrative It reveals whose point of view it is. It
also tells the beginning of everything
in the story, or the origin of
something.
First Person The story is told by the character of
the story.
 Interior Monologue- overheard
thoughts of the character.
 Subjective Narration- the sharing
of his or her side to the readers
to assume values or views the
readers do not presume.
 Detached Autobiography-
reflection or flashing back of the
past self or story.
 Memoir or Observer Narration-
the eye-witness of the story.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.2

5
Directions: Read the Philippine legend below. Compare and contrast the
characters in the legend using a Venn Diagram.
The Legend of Mayon Volcano

10 Teresita Erastain
11
In the town of Daraga, in the province of Albay in the Bicol Region, lays the
most beautiful volcano in the Philippines--- Mayon volcano. Its picturesque view
may have been what inspired the natives to come up with one of the most
exceptional Philippine alamats - the legend of "Daragang Magayon" of the
5 Bicolanos, or "Dalagang Maganda" (beautiful maiden) in Tagalog.
Long ago, along the streams of Yawa river lays a kingdom named Rawis. It is
reigned by a very generous and intelligent king - King Makusog. His only daughter
was called "Daragang Magayon" (beautiful maiden) because of the exceptional
10 beauty that she possesses. Because of this beauty, all the men in their kingdom,
as well as in the neighboring kingdoms, dream to have her heart.
It has been a hobby of Daragang Magayon to secretly take a bath in the Yawa
River every morning at the break of dawn. It was one morning when a traveler
15 from the faraway kingdom of Laguna accidentally saw her secret ritual. He was a
young lad named Ulap (cloud). Upon seeing the beautiful maiden, Ulap was
instantly hypnotized by her beauty.
In the many journeys of Ulap, it was only then that a maiden has successfully
20 captured his heart. Every morning since then, he would secretly watch behind the
bamboo groves as Daragang Magayon takes a bath in the Yawa River. He was
not contented in being a secret admirer so he eventually decided to come out of
his hiding place and introduce himself to the maiden.
25 Daragang Magayon, startled by this revelation, started to come to her feet

and run away, but as fate may have dictated it, she was tripped by a mossy stone
and was about to be drawn away by the river current when Ulap grabbed her arm.
In that instant, she too was hypnotized by the lad's stance and charming eyes that
she failed to turn her back from him and run away.
30
Not for long, the two became inseparable lovers and their relationship was
happily blessed by King Makusog. Ulap asked permission from his lady love to go
home to Laguna and fetch his relatives for the pamamanhikan (prenuptial get
together). He was away for two months.
12
Meanwhile, the news of the soon-to-be wedding spread like fire in the nearby
kingdoms including the Kingdom of Iraya which is reigned by Patugo. This news
enraged him and brought back the pain incurred by Daragang Magayon's refusal
5 of his love proposal.
He convinced his people to set a battle against the Kingdom of Rawin by

telling them that Daragang Magayon's marriage to a foreign man is an insult to
their maleness. They agreed to capture King Makusog and ask for Daragang
10 Magayon as a ransom.
Meanwhile, the Kingdom of Rawis is busy in the preparation for the arrival of
the people from Laguna. This was used by Patugo and his army as an opportunity
to attack them. The people of Rawis was so stunned by this sudden attack that the
15 king was effortlessly captured. The festive mood was instantly replaced with
doom. Daragang Magayon offered herself as a ransom for the freedom of his
father even if this was against her will. Just then, their expecting visitors, Ulap and
his clan from Laguna, arrived and helped in fighting the enemies. "If you are real
men, fight with men! Do not waste your power in terrorizing ladies and old men!",
20 Ulap exclaimed. With this, the battle heated up and there was bloodshed. Under
the heat of the sun, behind the dusty wind, swords and bolos were ravagely
swished against each other. Daragang Magayon's heart beated outrageously
because of the suspense brought about by the battle. A bloody body fell on the
ground, and the maiden's heart skipped a beat thinking that this might be his
25 lover's. She ran closer and reveled when she saw that instead of Ulap, the lifeless
body belongs to Patugo. She turned around and saw Ulap with his arms wide
open. She joyfully ran towards the waiting arms of her lover. As the two
passionately embraced each other, a deadly arrow came flying from one of the
enemies and struck their entwined bodies. The sky was covered with gloom as the
30 two lovers slowly fell on the ground.
The whole Kingdom of Rawis grieved upon their loss. King Makusog
proclaimed that the two shall be buried together since it is not right to separate
what death has united as one.
13
As they say, true love is hard to bury. Like a strong current, it will eventually
struggle and resurface. Daragang Magayon's love is as such. It is said that
because of the strong love of Daragang Magayon for Ulap, her grave mounted
5 into a towering mass of volcano as if an emblem of her undying love. Raging lava
even came out of it as a symbol of her overflowing affection. This volcano which
surfaced from the grave of Daragang Magayon is now known as the Mayon
volcano. Daragang Magayon is what they claim as the Mayon.
10 They say that if you want to see the best of Mt. Mayon, you should wake up
very early in the morning just about the crack of dawn. By then, you will see
clearly the perfect shape of the volcano but as the time passes, clouds will then
cover the slopes from the view. These clouds are represented by the jealous Ulap
who is not comfortable with the numerous eyes laying upon his beloved Magayon.
15
20
25
3. Plot is the is the series of events and actions that occur in a story.
30
Climax
Rising Action Falling Action
14
Resolution or
5 Exposition Denouement
Figure 1.1
Structure of the Plot is the method or sequence in which incidents are

organized or presented to readers.
10  Conflict is the opposition of forces or characters.
 Man vs. Man
 Human vs. Nature
 Human vs. Society
 Human vs. Self
15  Flashback shows the past event which causes the story or event to
happen.
 Foreshadowing shows hints of future event that will happen because of
the present story or event.
 Resolution is the ending of the story (see figure above).
20  Happy ending
 Tragic ending
 Open-ending/Lack of or Partial Resolution/Indeterminate
 Deus ex Machina means “God from the Machine”. It is when someone or
something appears out of the blue to help the character to overcome a
25 seemingly insoluble difficulty (Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction).
4. Setting refers to when (time) and where (place) the story happened.
When Where
Local Color Refers to the
What was going on that time? description of the
place, customs,
What is the period (century, decade, traditions, beliefs,
15
or year) when the action occurred? dialects, and
fashion.
Regionalism Refers to the
How many seconds, hours, days,
relationship of the
weeks, months, years, decades,
region of the story
centuries, etc. did the action occur?
to the action.
5. Style is how the writers creatively deliver the story by choosing the best words
or phrases he or she thinks that suit best. It is the verbal identity of the writer.
Diction The writer’s word choice.

Sentence Structure Simple or complex sentences,
according to what the writer
chooses.
Syntax Sentence pattern of language;
grammatical or ungrammatical
arrangement of words.
Language The abstract or concrete way of
writing the story.
Dialogue Either the story has more dialogues
than description, or dialogues
limited only to characters.
Imagery Sensory details such as similes,
metaphors, and onomatopeias.
It includes:
 Visual - The night-sky in Israel
is like sweet sugar sprinkled on
top of a dark chocolate
cupcake icing.
 Aural - The soft and loud thuds
of hearts that faint in the
Philippine Martial Law.
 Olfactory - His chest covered
with the heaven-scent traveling
above the romantic Indian bay.
 Tactile - Bare feet were
16
pressed on the warm sand in
the hot summer at the sea-
shore of Leyte.
 Gustatory - Its sweet Japanese
taste like shrimp embraced
with sweet Japanese rice.
Allegory The symbols, characters, and
events come to represent a different
metaphysical, political, or social
situation.
e.g Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo by Dr. Jose Rizal
Symbols Concrete objects or images that
have important meanings.
 Established (General) - the
symbols have universal
meaning. (e.g journey - life)
 Private (Personal) - the
symbols have particular
meaning. (e.g rock - Jesus)
Motifs Helps in developing the theme of
the story.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.3
Directions: Base on the legend read in Activity no. 2, fill-in the figure with what is
10 asked in each box.
3. Climax: 6. Setting
17
2. Rising action: 4. Falling action:
1. Exposition: 5. Denouement:
10
7. Local Color: 8. Symbols: 9. Motifs: 10. Conflict:
15
20
25
6. Theme is the central or main idea of the story. It is rarely presented. We can tell
that a literary work is a mature piece through its theme. If it embodies an original
theme than a mere moral or famous saying, then it is a mature piece. If its theme
30 shows an idea than preaches a moral, then it is a mature piece. A mature work
does not teach, rather it reveals; it does not preach, but interprets (Dr. Hallet,
Elements of Fiction).
Here are the other characteristics of a theme:
 It is the main idea, of course.
18
 Expressible in the form of statement, not word.
 It is a view of life.
 No theme is identical with moral or lesson.
 A revelation of human character.
5  Does not rely on facts that are not stated in the story.
 Not a familiar saying.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.4
10 Directions: The class will be divided into four groups. Each group must paint a
picture (freezing as if they are in a picture frame) about the moral they have
learned in the legend read in Activity no. 2.
15
7. Tone is the narrator’s attitude toward his subject and the audience. Mood is the
atmosphere of the story. It may be happy, sad, or tragic.
Here are the characteristics of a tone:
 It may show admiration for the subject or character.
20  It can suggest hostility or pity.
 It is sometimes ironic.
 Demonstrated by direct comment, characterization, or by choice of
word, symbols, or other literary device.
25 8. Irony is the opposite of what the writer is trying to convey.

Kinds of Irony
Verbal Irony What is said is opposite to what is
really meant.
Dramatic Irony What the character believes is
opposite to what truth the reader
knows.
Situational Irony What happened is opposite to what
is expected to happen.
19
ACTIVITY NO. 1.5
Directions: The class will stay in their groups. They will listen as the teacher
5 reads Alejandro R. Roces’s short story We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers. Then
they will be provided chalks or whiteboard markers to do some tasks that are
asked by the teacher. The first group who can do the task right will have three
points for the assessment.
Here are the list to draw:
10  Draw a smiley that shows the mood of the short story.
 Write the verbal irony found in the said short story.
 Draw a comical skit of a scene in the short story that shows…
Dramatic irony.
 Show us the situational irony of the short story and freeze.
15
20
POST-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read the fable below and encircle the letter of the best answer.
Bidasari
5 Anonymous
The people in Kembayat were fussed in a giant bird that eats

human. When the giant bird came back, they all hid out of fear. The
sultana, who’s pregnant, however, was lost in the woods. Out of fear,
10 she gave birth and forgot about the baby when she left.
Luckily, a merchant saw the baby and a bowl containing a live
goldfish. The merchant realized that the life of the baby was attached to
the live goldfish. If the fish leaves the water, the baby will die. The
merchant adopted the baby. Later on, the baby grew up into a very
15 beautiful young woman.
In the kingdom, the kind has just remarried a beautiful woman
named Permaisuri. Permaisuri was afraid that the king will fall in love
with someone else. When the queen found out about Bidasari, she was
brought in the castle. There, she became a slave but Permaisuri wasn’t
20 satisfied. So, when she found out about the secret of Bidasari, she took
the fish and made it into a necklace. Thus, Bidasari died and was put in
a beautiful tomb located in the woods.
One day, the king went hunting in the woods and saw the beautiful
tomb. He went inside and saw Bidasari sleeping. The king waited
25 Bidasari to wake up for two days.
Meanwhile, in the palace, the queen was taking a bath and the fish
managed to break free. Thus, Bidasari was awakened. The king talked
to Bidasari and she told everything to the king. The king was so
enraged.
30 Later on, the king took Bidasari and they got married. Thus,
Bidasari became the new queen of the kingdom.
21
1. What type of character is Bidassari?
a) Round Character
b) Flat Character
c) Stereotype
5 d) Individual Character
2. What is the function of Bidasari in the fable?
a) Protagonist
b) Antagonist
c) Confident
10 d) Foil
3. How did the author reveal Bidasari in the fable?
a) Through expository presentation
b) Through dramatic presentation
c) Through narrative presentation
15 d) Through descriptive presentation
4. What point of view the author used in the fable?
a) First person
b) Second person
c) Third person
20 d) Fourth person
5. What type of narrative voice is used?
a) Omniscient
b) Limited omniscient
c) Dramatic
25 d) Framed narrative
22
6. What part is the exposition in the fable?
a) A merchant saw a baby with a fish in a bowl and he adopted it.
b) The king was re-married to a beautiful yet jealous woman, and when she
heard about Bidasari, she hired her to be her maltreated handmaid.
5 c) The people in Kembayat were escaping from the human-eating bird, and
one of them was a pregnant woman, who gave birth and forgot her child
in the woods.
d) The king was in a hunting and found a beautiful tomb, so he went in, and
found Bidasari sleeping in it.
10 7. What part is the climax in the fable?
a) A human-eating bird invaded Kembayat and the people escaped from it.
b) A merchant found a baby with a fish in the bowl and adopted it with a
name Bidasari.
c) The king was in a hunting and found a beautiful tomb, so he went in, and
15 found Bidasari sleeping in it.
d) The queen heard about Bidasari’s secret. She took the fish out of the
water and made it a necklace, and so Bidasari died.
8. What part is the denouement in the fable?
a) A merchant found a baby with a fish in the bowl and adopted it with a
20 name Bidasari.
b) The queen heard about Bidasari’s secret. She took the fish out of the
water and made it a necklace, and so Bidasari died.
c) The king was angry with the jealous queen and married Bidasari.
d) The king was re-married to a beautiful yet jealous woman, and when she
25 heard about Bidasari, she hired her to be her maltreated handmaid.
23
9. What is the conflict in the fable?
a) Man vs. Man
b) Human vs. Nature
c) Human vs. Society
5 d) Human vs. Self
10. How did the fable end?
a) Happy ending
b) Tragic ending
c) Open ending
10 d) Indeterminate
11. How did Bidasari die?
a) The king shoot an arrow through her chest.
b) The merchant plunged a dagger on her back.
c) The queen turn the gold fish into a necklace.
15 d) Bidasari jumped through the window.
12. Did Bidasari really die? Why did you say so?
a) Yes, because it is said in the fable.
b) No, because the gold fish escaped into the water which made Bidasari
revived again.
20 c) Yes, because the queen killed the gold fish before she made it into a
necklace.
d) No, because the king kissed her lips in her beautiful tomb.
25
24
13. Why did the king marry Bidasari?
a) Because of her beauty.
b) Because of her innocence.
c) Because he was angry with the queen.
5 d) Because of the gold fish.
14. Where did the story happen?
a) Philippines
b) India
c) South Africa
10 d) Malaysia
15. What is the symbol of Bidasari?
a) Water
b) Salt Sea
c) Gold Fish
15 d) Beauty
16. Which of the following fits the mood of the fable?
a) Happy
b) Sad
c) Tragic
20 d) Neutral
17. What is the situational irony in the fable?
a) The merchand found the baby with a fish in the bowl and adopted it with a
name Bidasari.
b) The woman gave birth to a beautiful child but forgot the baby and
25 escaped.
c) The human-eating bird invaded the Kembayat.
25
d) The queen was afraid of the time the king might fall on another’s beauty.
18. What made the queen desire to kill Bidasari?
a) Fear of the time that the king would fall on Bidasari’s beauty.
b) Dissatisfaction of Bidasari’s service.
5 c) Jealousy of Bidasari’s innocence.
d) Fear of the time that the queen would become Bidasari’s handmaid.
19. Which of the following fits the theme of the fable?
a) Everyone must be content in wherever he is.
b) Beauty is covered if envy is tolerated.
10 c) Pride can kill innocent people.
d) Destiny will always take its floor.
20. What is the tone of the narrator in the fable?
a) Happy
b) Sad
15 c) Angry
d) Neutral
20
25
26
5 Unit Two
Non-Fiction
OBJECTIVES:
10  Express ideas and feelings through writing.
 Share strategies of writing an essay
 Write an expository, persuasive, narrative and/or descriptive essay.
 Perform a speech
 Interpet an analect
15
27
PRE-ASSESSMENT

5
1. It is defined as a prose based on the author’s imagination.
a) Poetry
b) Fiction
c) Non-fiction
10 d) Prose
2. Who suggested that all fiction is a falsehood of sorts because it relates events
that never actually happened to people who never really existed?
a) Noam Chomsky
b) Aristotle
15 c) Plato
d) Dr. Hallet
3. It is the emotional, mental, and social qualities to distingush one entity from
another like people, animals, spirits, automatons, furniture, and other animated
objects.
20 a) Persons
b) Characters
c) Protagonists
d) Antagonists
4. This type of character is usually the extra in the story.
25 a) Dynamic character
b) Round character
c) Static character
d) Stock character
5. This type of character is prone to change.
30 a) Dynamic character
b) Round character
c) Static character
d) Stock character
28
6. This character never changes, even from the begining to the end of the story.
a) Dynamic character
b) Round character
5 c) Static character
d) Stock character
7. This type of character developes through the story.
b) Round character
d) Stock character
8. This type of character is an archetype or borrowed from another story.
b) Round character
d) Stock character
9. This type of character shows common judgment of qualities.
a) Stereotype
b) Universal character
20 c) Individual character
d) Two-dimensional character
10. This type of character is used as vessel to carry out the story.
a) Stereotype
11. This type of character is unusual or strange.
a) Stereotype
29
12. This type of character suffers traits or problems that are common to all
humanity.
a) Stereotype
d ) Two-dimensional character
13. This is the main character of the story.
a) Protagonist
b) Antagonist
10 c) Confident
d) Foi
14. This is the opposing character off the main character.
a) Protagonists
b) Antagonist
15 c) Confident
d) Foil
15. This is the conspirator or side-kick of the protagonist.
a) Protagonist
b) Antagonist
20 c) Confident
d) Foil
16. This is the mirror or the backdrop of the main character in the story.
a) Protagonist
b) Antagonist
25 c) Confident
d) Foil
17. This is how the writer reveals the characters in the story.
a) Introduction
b) Exposition
30 c) Characterization
d) Presentation
30
18. Characters are described or explained by narrator of the story.
a) Expository presentation
b) Dramatic presentation
c) Narratvie presentation
5 d) Descriptive presentation
19. Characters are revealed iwhat kind they are through actions.
a) Expository presentation
b) Dramatic presentation
c) Narrative presentation
10 d) Descriptive presentation
20. A point of view in which the character tells the story.
a) First person
b) Second person
c) Third person
15 d) Fourth person
21. A point of view in which the reader is the character of the story.
a) First person
b) Second person
c) Third person
20 d) Fourth person
22. A point of view in which the story reveals different characters.
a) First person
b) Second person
c) Third person
25 d) Fourth person
23. It describes the situation and reveals the characters in the story.
a) Narrative voice
b) Narrator
c) Speaker
30 d) Tone
24. The story is told by the third person. The narrator’s knowledge and control are
31
unlimited.
a) Omniscient
c) Dramatic
5 d) Framed narrative
25. The story is told by the third person, but with limited knowledge about the past
happening before the story.
a) Omniscient
10 c) Dramatic
d) Framed narrative
26. The opposite of omniscient. It relies on the external action and dialogues, and
does not give opportunity to interpretations of the story.
15 a) Omniscient
c) Dramatic
d) Framed narrative
27. It reveals whose point of view it is. It also tells the beginning of everything in
20 the story, or the origin of something.
a) Omniscient
c) Dramatic
d) Framed narrative
25 28. It is the series of event and actions that occur in a story.
a) Summary
b) Synopsis
c) Plot
d) Events
30
29. It refers to when and where the story happens.
32
a) Plot
b) Setting
c) Time
d) Mood
5 30. It is the central or main idea of the story.
a) Theme
b) Motif
c) Concept
d) Matter
10
15
20
25
30
WHAT IS NONFICTION?
33
Non-fiction is a prose that deals with real events and people. It is based on
true stories, on real life situations that characters in the prose really do exist in real
life. In non-fiction, characters, settings, and events must conform to what is true.
5 Stories cannot be manipulated by the writer’s imagination.
ACTIVITY NO. 2.1
Directions: The class will be divided into four groups, but the task will be an
10 individual job. The teacher will play a serene music and the students will listen and
allow themselves to be immersed in the music.
 The first group will write the factual things that are currently happening in
the classroom.
15  The second group will write their opinion about the current situation in the
classroom.
 The third group will describe the atmosphere, the moment, and the
feelings inside the classroom during the music.
 The fourth group will write the situation in the classroom as if they tell a
20 story.
After the task is done, any of each group may share their insights during the
activity.
25
30
34
TYPES OF NON-FICTION
1. Essay is a brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a
personal or limited view of the topic.
Essay
Formal Essay It has a serious tone and more objective
in point of view.
Informal Essay It has an informal tone, as if the author
directly speaks to the reader.
Purposes:
 To entertain
 To inform
 To explain
 To persuade
5 Informal essay uses all four major types.
 Exposition
 Writer’s purpose is to inform.
 Facts are presented neutrally as possible.
10  Author’s opinion on the subject doesn’t intrude.
The three-age system, the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age
was introduced by Christian Thomsen, a Danish museum curator. The
Bronze Age occurred at different times in different parts of the world.
15 Bronze technology was preceded by an intermediary period when copper
was used. The Copper Age did not occur in Britain and China, where the
transition was from bronze to iron, and earlier from stone to bronze.
True iron metallurgy began among the Hittites between 1900-1400
B.C by 1200 to 1000 B.C, knowledge of iron metallurgy had spread
20 throughout the Near East, the Mediterranean, and westward to Europe.
This marked the end of the Bronze Age, although bronze working was still
in use for prestige objects.
- Anonymous, Proficiency in English I
 Persuasion
35
 Attempts to influence the reader’s ideas of actions.
 Major purpose is to convince the reader to think, feel, or act in a
certain way.
 Successful only if the reader believes that the facts support the
5 writer’s opinion.
To be a friend, you have to care about people, what they think, what
they feel, what they suffer. If you just don’t like people, you may still be
cordial to acquaintances, but friendship is no go. You must try to
10 understand people, their hopes and fears and aspirations. At least a
remnant of the dignity of the human being shines somehow through the
rags of the tramp who craves a drink and the one who needs an egg for
Easter.
Friendship stumbles most often on the rock of inconvenience. Most of
15 us have an abundance of good impulses which we either forget or find it
inconvenient to translate into actuality. In my experience I have found
most men kindhearted. They are usually willing to do generous things, if
they can do them without much personal inconvenience. They are
thoughtful of the sorrow and the needs of others---if they have time and
20 the occasion is not too difficult.
Take the story of the Good Samaritan, on the road that led from
Jerusalem down to Jericho. There were many who traveled it. Among
them was one who was deep in trouble and lay helpless at the roadside.
But this day on the Jericho road it was getting late.
25
-Anonymous, Proficiency in English I
30
 Description
36
 Present a picture or an impression of a subject.
 Tells how something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, and feels to
the touch.
5 My Home
Dr. Jose Rizal
Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrera
I had nine sisters and one brother. My father, a model of fathers, had
10 given us an education in proportion to out modest means. By dint of
frugality, he was able to build a stone house, to buy another, and to raise
a small nipa hut in the midst of a grove we had, under the shade of
banana and other trees.
There, the delicious atis displayed its delicate fruit and lowered its
15 branches as if to save me the trouble of reaching out for them. The sweet
santol, the scented and mellow tampoy, the pink macopa vied for my
favor. Farther away, the plum-tree, the beautiful tamarind, pleased the
eyes as much as they delighted the palate. Here, the papaya stretched
out its broad leaves and tempted the birds with its enormous fruits. There,
20 the nanca, the coffee, and the orange trees perfumed the air with aroma
of their flowers. Here and there rose elegant and majestic palm trees,
loaded with huge nuts, swaying their proud tops and graceful branches,
queens of the forest.
In the twilight, a variety of birds gathered from everywhere. I amused
25 myself watching them with wonder and joy as they raised their voices in
varied chorus, a farewell hymn to the sun as it vanished behind the tall
mountains of my town.
Came the night… But when she appeared, a vague brightness was to
be discerned in the clouds. As such times, my mother gathered us all
30 together to say the rosary. Afterward, we would go to the azotera or to
some window from where moon could be seen, and my aya would tell us
stories.
35  Narration
37
 Writer’s purpose is to relate a series of events.
 Events usually related in chronological order.
 Has the form of story, but the events are factual.
 Writer depicts characters, and may even use dialogue.
5
Tribute to a School Dropout
Brian Cavanaugh
One day a partially deaf boy came home from school with a note. It
suggested that his parents take him out of school. The note said that the
10 boy was “too stupid to learn.”
When the boy’s mother, read the note, she said, “My son Tom isn’t
too stupid to learn. I’ll teach him by myself.”
When Tom died many years later, the people of North America paid
tribute to him by turning off the nation’s lights for one full minute.
15 Thomas Edison had invented not only the light bulb we ready by, but
also the motion picture we watch and the record player we used to listen
to. He has 1,000 patents to his credit.
20
25
30
ACTIVITY NO. 2.2
38
Directions: The class will be divided again into four groups through counting.
They will be given 20 minutes to share one another’s strategy in their group in
creating their essays during the activity. Every group must have a member of a
5 type of essay during the activity (One group must have at least 2 members of
descriptive, narrative, argumentative, or expository type of essay).
The teacher will prepare a container of strips of paper written with the different
types of essay for each group. Each member must pick out one strip of paper to
have an assigned type of essay to write. If a member who has been from a certain
10 type of essay and picks out the same type of essay, he or she has to pick out
another strip of paper. After picking out a type of essay, each member of each
group must write an essay according to his or her assigned type of essay. Each
group will be given ten minutes to do the task. The topic will be Education.
15
20
25
30
ACTIVITY NO. 2.3
39
Directions: The class will choose their pairs. They will share their most tragic
experiences to one another for 10 minutes. After sharing, they will share their one
another’s experiences to the class. For example, student A will share the tragic
5 experience of person B, and so will person B.
2. Biography is an account of someone’s life, written by another person. It has

10 derivations: Bio means life and graphia means writing.
 Focus
 The character
 His/her career
 His/her place in history
15  Uniqueness and universality of the character’s experience.
Tribute to a School Dropout

Brian Cavanaugh
One day a partially deaf boy came home from school with a note. It
20 suggested that his parents take him out of school. The note said that the
boy was “too stupid to learn.”
When the boy’s mother, read the note, she said, “My son Tom isn’t
too stupid to learn. I’ll teach him by myself.”
When Tom died many years later, the people of North America paid
25 tribute to him by turning off the nation’s lights for one full minute.
Thomas Edison had invented not only the light bulb we ready by, but
also the motion picture we watch and the record player we used to listen
to. He has 1,000 patents to his credit.
30
3. Autobiography is an account of writer’s life. A life story written by the writer

himself or herself. Its derivations are: Auto, which means self, and graphia that
means life.
40
 Journal is a form of autobiographical writing including a day-by-day
chronicle of events, usually a personal or intimate record of events and
thought kept by an individual.
e.g Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank
5
Saturday, 12 February, 1944
Dear Kitty,
The sun is shining. The sky is a deep blue. There is a lovely
breeze and I’m longing--so longing for everything. To talk, to be free,
10 to have friends, to be alone. And I do so long… to cry!
I feel as if I’m going to burst, and I know that it would get better
with crying; but I can’t. I’m restless. I go from one room to the other,
breathe through the crack of a closed window, feel my heart beating
as if it is saying, “Can’t you satisfy my longings at last?”
15 I feel that it’s spring within me. I feel that spring is awakening. I
feel it in my whole body and soul. It is an effort to behave normally; I
feel utterly confused, don’t know what to do, what to do. I only know
that I am longing…
Anne
20
ACTIVITY NO. 2.4
25 Directions: If the class is given a chance to run for presidency, how would they
convince the people to vote for them? The class will demonstrate their public
speech in front.
30
4. Oratory is a formal speech intended to inspire some action.

For example:
The Leading Edge in Competitiveness
41
Manuel Pangilinan
CEO, PLDT
What did we do to compose the future of our existing business

5 venture and enhance its competitiveness?
We crafted an agenda that was transforming in nature, with an eye
on a single goal; the reinvention of our huge business enterprise. This
transformation agenda deals with building new businesses which can
protect and enhance our existing core business.
10 This reminds me of a CEO from the distant past---Alexander the
Great---who ruled---you might even say managed---the largest area of
the known earth ever conquered by a single individual. And although
Alexander may not have been one’s idea of the model CEO, he
amassed an amazing kingdom in fewer than four years, covering over
15 thousand miles by foot from Mt. Olympus in Greece to Mount Everest
in the Himalayas. But did Alexander create lasting value? Probably
not. Because just a few years after his death, his empire dissolved,
and the captured territories slipped away.
Alexander’s problem was neither inadequate resources nor poor
20 execution. After all, he was never defeated in all of his battles. It was
the absence of a long-term plan, combined with the inability to
consolidate his exceptionally outstanding short gains that caused his
empire’s rapid disintegration.
Indeed, the selection of new businesses is the decision that most
25 often triggers a new burst of profitable growth, if you get it right; or
distraction and stagnation when you get it wrong. Embodied in this
decision is a fundamental tension between maintaining the core
business on one hand and expanding into other business adjacent to
the core business on the other hand, to maintain and sustain business
30 growth. The way a company resolves this tension ultimately
determines the sustainability of its growth.
The best way to thrive in a competitive environment is by
innovating. Innovation is not just a virtue; it is necessity. How do we
manage this? We engage people who can create the best products
35 and services---people who work hard and long to choose that a
42
product offering is just right, that whatever service we are presenting is
the best it can be. Heretofore, innovation dealt mostly with technology.
Today, we need more than technology. We need competencies---in
people, in processes, in organizational skills built for efficiency, and
5 motivating them for creativity and for growth.
In closing, let me just say that it is important that we expand our
perspective to the domain of people welfare. After all, the standard by
which a business should be measured is, in the first instance, the
profits it produces, and in the final case, by how it leads in effecting
10 the changes necessary to enhance welfare and well-being.
In closing, let me quote the economist Gunnar Myrdal who
describes economic growth as “the upward movement of the entire
social system.”
15
20
25
30 5. Sermon is a formal discussion, usually oral, of a serious subject for the purpose
of religious instruction or urgent advice and recommendations.
“Nevertheless he (David) would not drink thereof, but poured it unto the Lord.”
- 2 Samuel 23:6
43
What has been like water from the well of Bethlehem to you recently---love,
friendship, spiritual blessing?
Then at the peril of your soul, you take it to satisfy yourself. If you do, you
5 cannot pour it our before the Lord.
You can never sanctify to God that with which you long to satisfy yourself. If
you satisfy yourself with the blessings from God, it will corrupt you; you must
sacrifice it, pour it out, do what common men and common sense say is an absurd
waste. Every blessing that you receive after Calvary is water from the well of
10 Bethlehem that’s paid with a great price. They are not meant to be used for self-
satisfaction but must be poured out before the Lord.
If you’re always taking blessings to yourself and never learn to pour out
anything unto the Lord, other people do not get their horizon enlarged through
you.
15 -Anonymous
20
25
30
6. Letters is a communication in writing to another person or a group of persons.
e.g Epistle, a formal letter intended for public reading.
ACTIVITY NO. 2.5
44
Directions: The teacher will provide a container of Analects to be passed to each
student as a music will go on. When the music stops, the class will stop passing
the container. To whom the container stopped, he or she will pick an Analect and
5 explain what it means.
9. Psalm is a lyric composition of praise, usually applied to sacred themes.

10
Psalm 91: 1-2 (KJV Bible)
He that dwelleth in the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the
shadow of the Almighty. I will say of the Lord, He is my refuge and my fortress:
my God; in Him will I trust.
15
10. Aphorism or Proverb is a brief statement usually of one sentence that
expresses some truth about life in terse, easily remembered form.
Proverbs 13:10 (KJV Bible)

20 Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is wisdom.
11. Epitaph is a commemorative verses or lines inscribed on tombs or

headstones. It usually includes the name of the deceased, the dates of birth and
death, age, profession, and some pious motto.
25
30 POST-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Answer the essay questions in at least two paragraphs. (5 points
each)
45
1. Summarize what is Essay and define its types. (Expository)
2. What does this proverb mean? (Persuasive)
Proverbs 3:7 (KJV Bible)

Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD and depart from evil.
5
3. Describe the emotion or feelings when you express your anger, hatred, or grief
in a paper. (Descriptive)
4. What are the activities today that you like most? (Narrative)
10
15
20
25
46
5 Unit Three
TYPES AND
GENRES OF
FICTION
10
OBJECTIVES:
 Determine the moral of a fable.
15  Write a romantic fairy tale.
 Identify the genre of the stories or movies presented
 Write a short story
20
25
30 PRE-ASSESSMENT
47
1. It is a prose that deals with real events and people.
a) Poetry
b) Fiction
5 c) Non-fiction
d) Prose
2. It is a brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a personal or
limited view of the topic.
a) Prose
10 b) Non-fiction
c) Essay
d) Literary work
3. A type of essay that has a serious tone and more objective in point of view.
a) Narrative essay
15 b) Formal essay
c) Expository essay
d) Informal essay
4. The author directly speaks to the reader in this type of essay.
a) Narrative essay
20 b) Formal essay
c) Expository essay
d) Informal essay
5. These are the purposes of an informal essay, EXCEPT one.
a) To entertain
25 b) To inform
c) To persuade
d) To communicate
30
6. An informal essay that presents facts neutrally as possible, wherein author’s
opinion on the subject does not intrude.
a) Expository
b) Narrative
48
c) Persuasive
d) Descriptive
7. An informal essay that attempts to influence the reader’s ideas of actions.
a) Expository
5 b) Narrative
c) Persuasive
d) Descriptive
8. An informal essay that presents a picture or an impression of a subject.
a) Expository
10 b) Narrative
c) Persuasive
d) Descriptive
9. An informal essay that has the form of story but the events are factual.
a) Expository
15 b) Narrative
c) Persuasive
d) Descriptive
10. It is an account of someone’s life, written by another person.
a) Biography
20 b) Autobiography
c) Essay
d) Sermon
11. Bio means--
a) Book
25 b) Life
c) Organism
d) Cells
30
12. Graphia means--
a) Map
b) Drawing
c) Writing
49
d) Tracking
13. It is an account of writer’s life written by the writer himself or herself.
a) Biography
b) Autobiography
5 c) Essay
d) Epitaph
14. Auto means--
a) Car
b) Automatic
10 c) Quick
d) Self
15. It is a form of autobiographical writing including day-by-day chronicle of events.
a) Newspaper
b) Letter
15 c) Journal
d) Facebook
16. Which of the following is a journal?
a) Diary of a Young Girl
b) The Color Purple
20 c) Coolie
d) The Book Thief
17. It is a formal speech intended to inspire some action.
a) Sermon
b) Preaching
25 c) Oratory
d) Campaign
30 18. It is a formal discussion, usually oral, of a serious subject for the purpose of
religious instruction or urgent advice and recommendations.
a) Sermon
b) Preaching
c) Oratory
50
d) Campaign
19. It is a communication in writing to another person or a group of persons.
a) Essay
b) Prose
5 c) Letter
d) Telegram
20. Which of the follwing is NOT a letter?
a) Telegram
b) Epistle
10 c) Message
d) Voice mail
21. It is a lyric composition of praise, usually applied to sacred themes.
a) Praise
b) Proverb
15 c) Psalm
d) Epitaph
22. It is a brief statement usually of one sentence that expresses some truth about
life in tense, easily remembered form.
a) Analect
20 b) Proverb
c) Quote
d) Theme
23. It is a commemorative verses or lines inscribed on tombs or headstones.
a) Calligraphy
25 b) Label
c) Epitaph
d) Analect
30 24. Which of the following is NOT an epistle?

a) Romans
b) Jude
c) Luke
d) Hebrews
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25. Which of the following is NOT a proverb?
a) The one who say is the one who is.
b) Do not do unto others if you do not want them to do unto you.
c) It’s more blessed to give than to receive.
5 d) Love conquers all.
26. Which of the following is NOT seen in a prose?
a) Narrative essay
b) Narrative poetry
c) Narrative presentation
10 d) Narrative voice
27. Which of the following type of informal essay is Rizal’s My Home?
a) Narrative
b) Expository
c) Descriptive
15 d) Persuasive
28. Which of the following we CANNOT find in a descriptive essay?
a) Senses are used.
b) Events are in chronological order.
c) Presents a picture.
20 d) Imagery
29. Which of the following we can find in a persuasive essay?
a) Facts
b) Imagery
c) Neutralism
25 d) Formality
30 30. Which of the following we can find in an expository essay?

a) Facts
b) Imagery
c) Neutralism
d) Formality
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5
10
15
20
25
30 SHORT STORY AND NOVEL
We have learned that prose has also its two kinds, namely, fictional prose and
non-fictional prose. Now, let us dig deeper about the types of fictional prose or
fiction, namely, the short story and the novel. Short story is commonly known to
53
have one setting and one happening with few characters involved, while novel is
known as a story of many settings, many characters (sometimes few characters
only) and many happenings. It is sometimes known to be a story of one book,
duology, trilogy, or chronicles.
5 Stories have their genres as well. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary,
genre is a distinctive type or category especially of literary composition. Genre is a
french term derived from the Latin genus, which means “type”, “sort”, or “kind”.
GENRES OF FICTION
10
1. Drama is a composition of stories, usually for theatrical performance, where
conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action.
e.g Florante at Laura by Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar
15 2. Fable is where animals are characters, speak like humans, and usually
emphasizes morals in life. Legendary, it is a supernatural tale.
Bidasari
Anonymous
20 The people in Kembayat were fussed in a giant bird that eats human.
When the giant bird came back, they all hid out of fear. The sultana, who’s
pregnant, however, was lost in the woods. Out of fear, she gave birth and
forgot about the baby when she left.
Luckily, a merchant saw the baby and a bowl containing a live goldfish.
25 The merchant realized that the life of the baby was attached to the live
goldfish. If the fish leaves the water, the baby will die. The merchant adopted
the baby. Later on, the baby grew up into a very beautiful young woman.
In the kingdom, the kind has just remarried a beautiful woman named
Permaisuri. Permaisuri was afraid that the king will fall in love with someone
30 else. When the queen found out about Bidasari, she was brought in the castle.
There, she became a slave but Permaisuri wasn’t satisfied. So, when she
found out about the secret of Bidasari, she took the fish and made it into a
necklace. Thus, Bidasari died and was put in a beautiful tomb located in the
woods.
35 One day, the king went hunting in the woods and saw the beautiful tomb.
He went inside and saw Bidasari sleeping. The king waited Bidasari to wake
54
up for two days.
Meanwhile, in the palace, the queen was taking a bath and the fish
managed to break free. Thus, Bidasari was awakened. The king talked to
Bidasari and she told everything to the king. The king was so enraged.
5 Later on, the king took Bidasari and they got married. Thus, Bidasari
became the new queen of the kingdom.
ACTIVITY NO. 3.1
10 Directions: The class will choose their own pairs, discuss the moral the story
emphasized and share it in front of the class.
15 3. Fairy tale is about fairies or other magical creatures; usually for children.
e.g The Brother Grimm’s Cinderella

An unhappy fair maiden Cinderella, lost mother and lived with re-married
father and selfish stepmother, was very lonely in her own home, where she
20 was made to serve her stepmother and stepsisters. When a news about the
ball came, new dresses arrived for her stepsisters. They were made ready
and left for the ball, while Cinderella stayed at home, lonely. A fairy suddenly
appeared and helped her. She magicked the most elegant dress on
Cinderella, the best coach from a pumpkin, and six horses and a coachman
25 from mice. She went to the ball and naturally attracted the prince by her
beauty and elegance. When the midnight stroke, she hurried away from the
palace with her other shoe was left. The prince desperately looked for the
owner of the shoe and it fitted in Cinderella’s foot, so he married her after.
30 4. Fantasy is a fiction with strange or other worldly settings or character. It

invites suspension of reality.
e.g Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Caroll
ACTIVITY NO. 3.2
55
Directions: The students will write their own romantic fairy tale in a one
paragraph. They may present their works in front of the class.
5. Folklore is a story or myth passed down from generation to generation

orally.
10 e.g The White Horse of Alih by Mig Alvarez Enriquez

Synopsis:
Alih is a young Moro and a non-Christian who live in the village across the
river on the edge of the sea where the nipa-thatched houses were perched on
the posts above the water. Alih is not as brave as his brother Omar. He has a
15 good heart but easily frightened unlike Omar-- a brave man and ready to kill
anytime for their beliefs and traditions.
The story takes place during the President Ferdinand Marcos regime
whereas there were rebellions between the gorilla and the government. They
fought for their rights because they felt inequality and abusing of power.
20 The story showed the situation of our countrymen in the Mindanao
especially on the Muslim area where the people there are different in those
who are in the town.
The conflict began when the Moro’s' felt the discrimination between them
and the people in the town.
25 Alih had killed on the end of the story after his stab his brother Omar with
his razor-sharp blade and there is possibility to disown him by his village.
Alih had experienced the pains when he knew the dead of his father
during the fight, when he felt the discrimination in their society and when he
rejected by Fermina. Consequently, he felt the pleasure on his happy days
30 with Lucy, ridding on the horse and playing in the river. The girl holding to a
pole on the globe where the American and Philippine emphasizing made him
also happy.
“The White Horse of Alih” describes the beliefs of Moro’s when and how
they will go to heaven. For them it symbolises as their reward for killing.
56
6. Historical fiction is based in a historical setting with historical characters
involved.
5 e.g The Man Inside the Iron Fence by Katherine A. Ganzel
Synopsis:
It’s 1939, and the world is at the precipice of war. But life for one
young man in rural America couldn’t be better. Jonathon Blackwell is the
eldest son of the most powerful family in town and heir to Blackwell Iron
10 and Mining. Unlike many who struggled to survive the final years of the
Great Depression, he has everything he could ever want---except the
one thing he desires the most.
Sheltered by class, privilege, and living inside a locked iron fence
meant to protect him, no one could ever imagine anything terrible could
15 happen to him, but dark times are coming. Fate is about to play it’s cruel
hand, and when it’s all over, the world, the country, and young Jonathon
will be changed forever.
20 7. Horror is a story in which events evoke feelings of dread in both the

characters and the readers.
e.g Uncle Montague’s Tales of Terror
Synopsis: Uncle Montague tells his nephew the most frightening
stories he knows. But as the stories unfold, a newer and more surprising
25 narrative emerges. "Uncle Montague's tales of terror", it transpires, are not
so much works of imagination as dreadful lurking memories.
8. Humor is a genre filled with fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain;
30 but can be contained in all genres. For example:
WE FILIPINOS ARE MILD DRINKERS

Alejandro R. Roces
When the Americans recaptured the Philippines, they built an air base
35 a few miles from our barrio. Yankee soldiers became a very common sight.
57
I met a lot of GIs and made many friends. I could not pronounce their
names. I could not tell them apart. All Americans looked alike to me. They
all looked white.
One afternoon I was plowing our rice field with our carabao named
5 datu. I was barefooted and stripped to the waist. My pants that were made
from abaca fibers and woven on homemade looms were rolled to my
knees. My bolo was at my side.
An American soldier was walking on the highway. When he saw me,
he headed toward me. I stopped plowing and waited for him. I noticed he
10 was carrying a half-pint bottle of whiskey. Whiskey bottles seemed part of
the American uniform.
“Hello, my little brown brother,” he said, patting me on the head.
“Hello, Joe,” I answered. All Americans are called Joe in the
Philippines.
15 “I am sorry, Jose,” I replied. “There are no bars in this barrio.”
“Oh, hell! You know where I could buy more whiskey?”
“Here, have a swig. You have been working hard,” he said, offering me
his half-filled bottle.
“No, thank you, Joe,” I said. “We Filipinos are mild drinkers.”
20 “Well, don’t you drink at all?”
“Yes, Joe, I drink, but not whiskey.”
“What the hell do you drink”
“I drink lambanog”
“Jungle juice, eh?”
25 “I guess that is what the GIs call it.”
“You know where I could buy some?”
“I have some you can have, but i do not think you will like it.”
“I’ll like it alright. Don’t worry about that. I have drunk everything—
whiskey, rum, brandy, tequila, gin, champagne, sake, vodka. . . .” He
30 mentioned many more that i cannot spell.
“I not only drink a lot, but i drink anything. I drank Chanel number 5
when I was in France. In New Guinea I got soused on Williams’ Shaving
Lotion. When I was laid up in a hospital I pie-eyed with medical alcohol. On
my way here on a transport I got stoned on torpedo juice. You ain’t kidding
58
when you say I drink a lot. So let’s have some of that jungle juice, eh?”
“All right,” I said. “I will just take this carabao to the mud hole then we
can go home and drink.”
“You sure love that animal, don’t you?
5 “I should,” I replied. “It does half of my work.”
“Why don’t you get two of them?” I didn’t answer.
I unhitched datu from the plow and led him to the mud hole. Joe was
following me. Datu lay in the mud and was going. Whooooosh!
Whooooosh!
10 Flies and other insects flew from his back and hovered in the air. A
strange warm odor rose out of the muddle. A carabao does not have any
sweat glands except on the nose. It has to wallow in the mud or bathe in a
river every three hours. Otherwise it runs amok.
Datu shook his head and his widespread horns scooped the muddy
15 water on his back. He rolled over and was soon covered with slimy mud.
An expression of perfect contentment came into his eyes. Then he
swished his tail and Joe and I had to move back from the mud hole to keep
from getting splashed. I left Datu in the mud hole. Then turning to Joe, I
said.
20 “Let us go.”
And we proceeded toward my house. Jose was cautiously looking
around. “This place is full of coconut trees,” he said.
“Don’t you have any coconut trees in America?” I asked.
“No,” he replied. “Back home we have the pine tree.”
25 “What is it like?”
“Oh, it is tall and stately. It goes straight up to the sky like a skyscraper.
It symbolizes America.”
“Well,” I said, “the coconut tree symbolizes the Philippines. It starts up
to the sky, but then its leaves sway down the earth, as if remembering the
30 land that gave it birth. It does not forget the soil that gave it life.”
In a short while, we arrived in my nipa house. I took the bamboo ladder
and leaned it against a tree. Then I climbed the ladder and picked some
calamansi.
“What’s that?” Joe asked.
59
“Philippine lemon,” I answered. “We will need this for our drinks.”
“Oh, chasers.”
“That is right, Joe. That is what the soldiers call it.”
I filled my pockets and then went down. I went to the garden well and
5 washed the mud from my legs. Then we went up a bamboo ladder to my
hut. It was getting dark, so I filled a coconut shell, dipped a wick in the oil
and lighted the wick. It produced a flickering light. I unstrapped my bolo
and hung it on the wall.
“Please sit down, Joe,” I said.
10 “Where?” he asked, looking around.
“Right there,” I said, pointing to the floor.
Joe sat down on the floor. I sliced the calamansi in halves, took some
rough salt and laid it on the foot high table. I went to the kitchen and took
the bamboo tube where I kept my lambanog.
15 Lambanog is a drink extracted from the coconut tree with pulverized
mangrove bark thrown in to prevent spontaneous combustion. It has many
uses. We use it as a remedy for snake bites, as counteractive for malaria
chills, as an insecticide and for tanning carabao hide.
I poured some lambanog on two polished coconut shells and gave one
20 of the shells to Joe. I diluted my drink with some of Joe’s whiskey. It
became milky. We were both seated on the floor. I poured some of my
drink on the bamboo floor; it went through the slits to the ground below.
“Hey, what are you doing,” said Joe, “throwing good liquor away?”
“No, Joe,” I said. “It is the custom here always to give back to the earth
25 a little of what we have taken from the earth.”
“Well,” he said, raising his shell. “Here’s to the end of the war!”
“Here is to the end of the war!” I said, also lifting my shell. I gulped my
drink down. I followed it with a slice of calamansi dipped in rough salt. Joe
took his drink but reacted in a peculiar way.
30 His eyes popped out like a frog’s and his hand clutched his throat. He
looked as if he had swallowed a centipede. “Quick, a chaser!” he said.
I gave him a slice of calamansi dipped in unrefined salt. He squirted it
in his mouth. But it was too late. Nothing could chase her. The calamansi
did not help him. I don’t think even a coconut would have helped him.
60
“What is wrong, Joe?” I asked.
“Nothing,” he said. “The first drink always affects me this way.”
He was panting hard and tears were rolling down his cheeks.
“Well, the first drink always acts like a minesweeper,” I said, “but this
5 second one will be smooth.”
I filled his shell for the second time. Again I diluted my drink with Joe’s
whiskey. I gave his shell. I noticed that he was beaded with perspiration.
He had unbuttoned his collar and loosened his tie. Joe took his shell but he
did not seem very anxious. I lifted my shell and said: “Here is to America!”
10 I was trying to be a good host.
“Here’s to America!” Joe said.
We both killed our drinks. Joe again reacted in a funny way. His neck
stretched out like a turtle’s. And now he was panting like a carabao gone
berserk. He was panting like a carabao gone amok. He was grasping his
15 tie with one hand.
Then he looked down on his tie, threw it to one side, and said: “Oh,
Christ, for a while I thought it was my tongue.”
After this he started to tinker with his teeth.
“What is wrong, Joe?” I asked, still trying to be a perfect host.
20 “Plenty, this damned drink has loosened my bridgework.”
As Joe exhaled, a moth flying around the flickering flame fell dead. He
stared at the dead moth and said: “And they talk of DDT.”
“Well, how about another drink?” I asked. “It is what we came here for.”
“No, thanks,” he said. “I’m through.”
25 “OK. Just one more.”
I poured the juice in the shells and again diluted mine with whiskey. I
handed Joe his drink. “Here’s to the Philippines,” he said.
“Here’s to the Philippines,” I said.
Joe took some of his drink. I could not see very clearly in the flickering
30 light, but I could have sworn I saw smoke coming out of his ears.
“This stuff must be radioactive,” he said. He threw the remains of his
drink on the nipa wall and yelled: “Blaze, goddamn you, blaze!”
Just as I was getting in the mood to drink, Joe passed out. He lay on
the floor flat as a starfish. He was in a class all by himself. I knew that the
61
soldiers had to be back in their barracks at a certain time. So I decided to
take Joe back. I tried to lift him. It was like lifting a carabao. I had to call
four of my neighbors to help me carry Joe. We slung him on top of my
carabao. I took my bolo from the house and strapped it on my waist. Then I
5 proceeded to take him back. The whole barrio was wondering what had
happened to the big Amerikano.
After two hours I arrived at the airfield. I found out which barracks he
belonged to and took him there. His friends helped me to take him to his
cot. They were glad to see him back. Everybody thanked me for taking him
10 home. As I was leaving the barracks to go home, one of his buddies called
me and said:
“Hey, you! How about a can of beer before you go?”
“No, thanks,” I said. “We Filipinos are mild drinkers.”
15
9. Legend tells about a story of a national or folk hero which has a basis in
fact but also includes imaginative material.
e.g The Legend of Mayon Volcano by Teresita Erastain (see p. 12)
20 10. Mystery deals with the solution of crime or the unraveling of secrets.
e.g The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
25 11. Mythology is a traditional narrative, often based on historical events, that

reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining
to the actions of the gods.
e.g Illiad and Odyssey by Homer
30
12. Realistic fiction is a story that relates into real situations, yet the story
itself has never happened in real life, but it relates.
e.g The Boy in The Woods by Katherine A. Ganzel
Synopsis:
62
A tragic accident takes Jess’ parents- and everything else she’s
ever known. A cold and controlling uncle, the only family she has left,
takes her far from her home in the big city to live on the rural family
estate with her equally distant older cousin. Struggling to adjust to her
5 new life, she faces loneliness and isolation.
But while exploring the woods surrounding her home, she
stumbles upon a mysterious boy. Desperate for a friend, she’s
instantly drawn to him, but he’s deeply distrustful and wants nothing to
do with her. Sneaking off to see him, she works hard to break through
10 his walls and slowly gains his trust.
As time passes, their bond grows from friendship into something
more, but so does the danger they’ll be caught. At the same time,
family secrets swirl around Jess. How far will Jess have to go to
protect the boy she’s fallen in love with? Will her uncle find out before
15 she can escape his control? Or will the mounting secrets destroy all of
them?
20
25 13. Science fiction is based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential

science, usually set in the future or on other planets.
e.g Frankenstein by Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft
Synopsis:
Frankenstein is a young, idealistic student of natural philosophy
30 who, finding the secret of giving life to matter, creates a living being. The
monstrous creation, though gentle in nature, becomes increasingly
lonely and isolated, then embittered and cruel.
63
14. Tall tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering
heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.
e.g Ang Biag ni Lam-ang
Synopsis: A story of a child named Lam-ang, who was born with the
5 ability to speak as he was yet minutes old and avenged his father when
he was nine months old. Lam-ang also won the heart of beautiful young
Ines and her family when his friends the white rooster and the gray dog
helped him catch their attention among the many suitors around their
house.
10
ACTIVITY NO. 3.3
Directions: The class will guess the genre of the books, stories, or movies that will
15 be shown by the teacher through PowerPoint presentation.
20
25 TYPES OF FICTION
1. Short Story
It is difficult to define short story because it actually varied in length. It can be
short, medium or long. Some critics even suggested that short stories can also be
30 longer than a novel. According to Holman (1972), short story is defined as a
fictional narrative in prose constituting of between five hundred to fifteen thousand
words. But this suggestion is not reliable for there are stories shorter than five
hundred words, or let us just say, four hundred words and less. So, what should
we call them?
64
Instead of defining short story by its feature, let us define short story by its
characteristics.
1. Plot
The short story has the usual elements of a plot. It has exposition, rising
5 action, climax, falling action, and denouement; but every element has only
simple situation. The short story is situated usually by just a single event.
2. Narrative Form
The exposition is not too redundant or wordy. It does not use too much
10 imagery but it just simply describes, directly exposing the characters that will
be involved in the story.
3. Characters
Most short stories focuses only on one character. It does not have many
15 characters in the story. A short story has only little space for lengthy character-
development. Therefore the possibility that the readers will get to know the
character will only be at the one side of it.
4. Setting
20 Short story tends to limit itself to one location only. It can be that the
location is not specified so it can happen in any location the reader imagines.
Also, most short stories deal with moments of time. A short story may take any
length of day, week, or month.
25 5. Intensity or Compactness
Short story is very short that there is no room for descriptive exposition or
specified narration, the writer must narrate the story simply but catches the
tension of feelings of the reader. The exaggeration of how the story is
delivered must weigh as the tension of the story.
30
ACTIVITY NO. 3.4
Directions: This will be an individual activity. The class will create a short story of
one paragraph out of the pictures that will be given.
65
5
10
15
20
25
2. Novel
It is an extensive fictional prose narrative. Some literary scholars defined it
with the minimum of 50,000 words, yet it is still unreliable. A novel is like a universe
30 with very wide space wherein writers can create and add billions of imaginations in
it. It can be lengthy, as long as possible, but it still has limits.
A very long story can also be called novel if it has numerous settings,
characters, and events. Somehow, practically speaking, readers will never want to
read a very long novel with redundant situations like one conflict is staying too long
66
before the resolution, or there is too much exposition but too short rising action. A
good novel must have a balance length of each elements. What matters is what it
contains, not how long it is.
There are novels which have more than a thousand pages but they are good-
5 reads, namely, War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy and The Broken Drum by David
Maillu.
TYPES OF NOVEL
10 1. Episodic Novel
This is a novel of different events yet woven together. Usually it has only
one character which encounters different circumstances in different places.
The best example of episodic novel is Mulk Raj Anand’s Coolie, in which
there are five phases to look to see its episodic characteristic. In the first
15 phase is an elaborated exposition wherein the main character is introduced
with his family and wherein the cause of all circumstances in the story is
revealed. In the second phase, the character is brought to a city to survive, for
he lost his family and he is left alone. Yet, he encounters maltreatment so he
escapes to another place, which leads to the third phase. In the third phase,
20 he meets a kind man in the train, so he works for him as he is treated well by
the person. But the business he runs is bankrupt so the character leaves to
find another job to survive. He goes to the market to work but he finds
competition of Coolies there. He escapes after being shouted by a police man
while working at the rail-ways then a kind elephant-rider rescues and takes
25 him to Bombay. In fourth phase, the character looks at his surroundings filled
with pavement settlers. When he works at a cotton mill, he observes how the
workers are battered and insulted for no reason. The British management do
not give security of tenure for the poor laborers. This is also the part when the
character is hit by a car and the driver, who is the lady, takes him home, treats
30 him, and makes him her servant. This is the final phase. He works as her
servant and at the same time, rick-shaw puller. He is also used as her sexual
tool. At the age of 16, he dies because of tuberculosis he gets from rick-shaw
pulling.
The adventures the character encountered are different yet were told and
67
happened in one life of a character, which is in fact woven together.
2. Epistolary Novel
Epistolary has its root word epistle, which means letter. Epistolary uses
5 letters to tell a story. Usually a writer writes a letter to a real or abstract
character. A good example is The Color Purple by Alice Walker. In the largest
part of this novel, the main character, Celie, addresses the supernatural (God)
in her letters.
10 3. Historical Novel
It recreates the past. The time and the characters are based from the past. A
story as if it happened in the history. One example of a historical novel is The Man
Inside the Iron Fence by Katherine A. Ganzel (see p. 50).
15 4. Political Novel
It inolves ordering of men in society, or politics. Sometimes it is
revealed through satyrs like Gulliver’s Travel. Usually it is revealed through
realistic-action stories like Divergent.
20 5. Psychological Novel
It is more interested in what goes in a character’s mind. It recounts the
inner experience of the character. Sometimes it is partnered with the story of
a physically-challenged character like the story of The Mystery Case of
Benjamin Buttons.
25
6. Epic Novel
It recounts adventures of heroic protagonists whose actions are of
historical or legendary significance. The deeds of the heroic characters are
so important that they interest the supernatural forces. One example story is
30 Hercules from Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey.
68
ACTIVITY NO. 3.5
Directions: This is a quiz bowl activity. The class will be divided into four groups.
5 They will be provided with chalkboards whereon they will write their answers.
When the teacher reads a title and synopsis of a novel, they will identify what type
of novel does it fall. The group that gains points the more will have additional three
points for the assessment.
10
15
20
POST-ASSESSMENT
25 Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. It is a composition of stories, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts
and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action.
a) Drama
b) Play
69
c) Script
d) Act
2. It is where animals are characters, speak like humans, and usually emphasizes
morals in life.
5 a) Fantasy
b) Fairytale
c) Fable
d) Folklore
3. It is about fairies or other magical creatures.
10 a) Fantasy
b) Fairytale
c) Fable
d) Folklore
4. It is a fiction with strange or other worldly setting or character.
15 a) Fantasy
b) Fairytale
c) Fable
d) Folklore
20 5. It is a story or myth passed down from generation to generation orally.
a) Fantasy
b) Fairytale
c) Fable
d) Folklore
25 6. It is based in a historical setting with historical characters involved.
a) Biography
70
b) Autobiography
c) Historical fiction
d) Flashback
7. It is a story in which events evoke feelings or dread in both the characters and
5 the readers.
a) Fantasy
b) Folklore
c) Legend
d) Horror
10 8. It is a genre filled with fun, fancy, and excitement, mean to entertain.
a) Fantasy
b) Fairy tale
c) Humor
d) Horror
15
20 9. It tells about a story of a national or folk hero which has a basis in fact but also
includes imaginative material.
a) Folklore
b) Fairy tale
c) Legend
25 d) Epic
10. It deals with the solution of crime or the unraveling of secrets.
71
a) Horror
b) Epic
c) Detective
d) Mystery
5 11. It is a traditional narrative, often based on historical events, that reveals human
behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism.
a) Mythology
b) Folklore
c) Epic
10 d) Legend
12. It is a story that relates into real situations, yet the story itself has never
happened in real life.
a) Non-fiction
b) Fictional prose
15 c) Realistic fiction
d) Biographical fiction
20 13. It is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do
the impossible with nonchalance.
a) Short tale
b) Tall tale
c) Folk tale
25 d) Fairy tale
14. Who suggested that short story is defined as a fictional narrative in prose
72
constituting of between five hundred to fifteen thousand words?
a) Noam Chomsky
b) Dr. Hallet
c) Holman
5 d) Gardner
15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short story?
a) Plot
b) Narrative form
c) Exposition
10 d) Intensity
16. It is an extensive fictional prose narrative.
a) Novel
b) Short story
c) Novella
15 d) Tale
20 17. It is a novel of different events yet woven together.
a) Epistolary novel
b) Episodic novel
c) Series novel
d) Chronicles
25 18. It uses letters to tell a story.
a) Epistolary Novel
73
b) Episodic novel
c) Historical novel
d) Chronicles
19. It recreates the past. The time and the characters are based from the past.
5 a) Epistolay novel
b) Biographical novel
c) Historical novel
d) Flashback
20. It recounts adventures of herois protagonists whose actions are of historical or
10 legendary significance.
a) Legendary novel
b) Epic novel
c) Folklore
d) Mythology
15
20 ANSWER KEY
UNIT ONE
Pre-assessment:
1. c 5. b 9. c
2. d 6. b 10. d
25 3. a 7. a 11. b
4. d 30 8. c 12. a
74
13. d 19. d 25. A
14. b 20. a 26. D
15. c 21. B 15 27. C
16. c 10 22. A 28. D
5 17. a 23. B 29. C
18. c 24. C 30. c
20 Post-assessment:
1. d 11. c
2. a 12. b
3. b 13. a
4. c 14. d
25 5. d 35 15. c
6. c 16. c
7. d 17. b
8. c 18. a
9. a 19. b
30 10. a 40 20. d
UNIT TWO
Pre-assessment:
45 1. b 5. d 9. d
2. d 50 6. a 10. a
3. b 7. c 55 11. d
4. b 8. a 12. c
75
13. b 19. a 25. a
14. a 20. b 26. b
15. b 21. a 15 27. c
16. c 10 22. b 28. d
5 17. d 23. c 29. b
18. c 24. a 30. .a
20 Post-assessment: Essay Rubrics in Appendices
UNIT THREE
Pre-assessment:
1. c 11. b 21. c
2. d 12. c 22. b
25 3. b 35 13. b 45 23. c
4. d 14. d 24. c
5. d 15. c 25. d
6. a 16. a 26. b
7. c 17. c 27. c
30 8. d 40 18. a 50 28. b
9. b 19. c 29. a
10. a 20. d 30. d
Post-assessment:
55 1. a 5. d
2. c 60 6. c
3. b 7. d
4. a 8. c
76
9. c 15. c
10. d 16. a
11. d 17. b
12. c 10 18. a
5 13. b 19. c
14. c 20. b
15
20
25
APPENDIX A
COMPOSITION SCORING RUBRIC
77
TARGET ACCEPTABLE UNACCEPTABLE
13-15 11-12
HIGH 9-10
LOW 7-8
Vocabulary/ _____ out of Uses9-10 sufficient, Usually 7-8 uses Often 6 uses Uses 4-5 only
Word Choice
Content 15_____
points outappropriate, and
Interesting content Some appropriate inappropriate,
interesting Conventional orCursory;
elementarygives the
varied vocabulary; vocabulary with some non-specific
of 10 points and presentation; content; points not ideas or clichés; impression vocabulary;of writing just
English
ideas influence
well sustained or not fully little supporting tocreates
variety; some errors vocabulary; lack of complete the
not apparent; and
conceived rich developed.
in usage that do not variety in wordassignment.
detail included. nonexistent words
variety
developedof Spanish with affect the message; choice; avoids use from English OR
idioms;
sufficient no literal occasional of Spanish idioms; uses words in
translation
examples. from appropriate use of English-inluenced English; translates
English. Spanish idioms. word choice. English idioms
5 4 3 2
verbatim.
Structure, Logic _____ out Logical Logical progression of Gaps in logic or Disorganized; appears
5 4 2-3 0
and Transitions of 5 points progression of ideas but often lacks no transitions. to have been written as
Punctuation, _____ out of Correct spelling Occasional
ideas with well- transitions. Frequent English spelling
thoughts occurred to the
Spelling, and 5 points (including
executed accents) mechanical errors. mechanical errors. and
writer. punctuation:
Presentation and punctuation;
transitions. no accents;
neatly typed with mechanical errors
13-15 11-12 9-10 7-8
correct format as in most sentences.
Grammatical _____ outspecified
Appropriate
(MLA). level Confined to simpler Errors frequently Message is largely
Accuracy of 15 points of complexity in sentences or affect incomprehensible due to
Total _____ out of
syntax with very structures with very comprehensibility inaccurate grammar,
50 points
few errors, if any. few errors OR shows , or very basic which alters or obscures
variety and complexity types of errors it, OR reader must know
in syntax with errors (subject-verb English to comprehend
that do not affect agreement; noun- much of the message.
comprehensibility. adjective
agreement, etc.)
APPENDIX B
5 Argumentative Essay Rubric
Aspirational Acceptable Marginal Unacceptable

Intro Paragraph Thesis clearly states Thesis states a Thesis is largely Thesis is completely
a relevant position. relevant position, but unclear or is not unclear, not relevant,
Argument preview is somewhat vague directly relevant to or missing entirely.
Thesis complete, in same or unclear. Preview assignment. Little No preview of
Preview of argument order as body of is incomplete, not in identifiable preview, argument. Paragraph
essay, not simple correct order; some or preview is largely consists largely of
recitation of class recitation of class class material. opinion, filler, or
material. Contains material. Nothing Contains sentences "contextualizing"
nothing other than other than thesis and that are neither material.
thesis and preview. preview. preview nor thesis.
Body paragraphs and Main points directly Main points develop One or more points Ideas have little or
Concluding develop preview and preview, but not all not clearly related to nothing to do with
paragraph explicitly link to are explicitly linked either preview or the assignment,
thesis. No to thesis. Little to no thesis. Extraneous and/or are poorly
extraneous material extraneous material material is included. developed. Evident
is included. Accurate is included. Most Significant errors in that reading material
account of material information from material from has not been
78
from readings, readings is restated readings; most understood. Body is
restated in own in own words, with information is Frankensteinian:
words; any errors being few and quoted; two largely stitched-
quotations are few, small; one quotation quotations are long, together quotes,
short, seamlessly is somewhat too inaccurate, not well- many of which may
integrated, and long, not well- integrated, or also be inaccurate.
correctly referenced. integrated, or incorrectly More than two
Conclusion incorrectly referenced. references for
effectively restates referenced. Conclusion doesn't quotations are
argument. Conclusion restates effectively capture missing. No
thesis but not full thesis and/or conclusion, or mere
argument. argument. repetition of intro.
Structure Logical progression Logical progression Some level of High level of
Transitions of ideas with a clear of ideas; disorganization/lacun disorganization or
argumentative argumentative ae disrupts large lacunae. More
structure. Transitions structure can be progression of ideas. than one transition is
are graceful. followed although it Argumentative missing.
is not clearly structure not easy to
developed. All follow. A transition is
transitions are missing.
present.
Sentences Writing is clear, Writing is clear and Writing is clear, but Writing is unclear,
Diction concise, and coherent, but sometimes lacks confusing,
Mechanics coherent. Sentences sometimes wordy. coherence or is often incoherent, or
Format are strong and Sentences have wordy. Sentences verbose. Contains
expressive, with varied structure. lack variety. One fragments and/or
varied structure. There are no question appears. run-on sentences.
There are no questions. Diction is Diction is often Two or more
questions. Diction is usually appropriate inappropriate. Two questions are
consistently to formal writing. No philosophical or included.
appropriate to more than one other words are Inappropriate
formal writing. All philosophical or inaccurate or used diction. Three or
language is accurate other word is incorrectly. There more philosophical
and used correctly. inaccurate or used are three to five or other words are
No errors in incorrectly. There errors in inaccurate or used
punctuation, are no more than punctuation, incorrectly. Six or
spelling, two errors in spelling, or more errors in
capitalization. Essay punctuation, capitalization. Two punctuation,
has a title, author's spelling, or format errors. spelling, or
name on each page, capitalization. One capitalization. More
all pages numbered, format error. than two format
12 point font, easily errors.
legible print.
My thanks to Dr DeSoto of Glendale Community College for access to her ENG 101 rubric, which helped in developing this
one.
79
5
10
15
Descriptive Essay Rubric

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Introduction Introductory Introductory Introductory No attempt is made
paragraph paragraph states paragraph attempts to state the subject
clearly states subject of essay to state subject of of the essay in an
subject of essay but is not essay but does not introductory
and captures particularly inviting capture reader's paragraph.
reader's to the reader. attention.
attention.
Sensory Details Essay includes Includes details Includes details Includes no details
details that that appeal to that appeal to only that appeal to one of
appeal to at fewer than three of one of the five the five senses.
least three of the five senses. senses.
the five senses
(taste, touch,
sound, sight,
smell).
Word Choice Writer uses vivid Writer uses vivid Writer uses words Writer uses a limited
words and words and phrases that communicate vocabulary that does
phrases that that linger or draw clearly, but the not communicate
linger or draw pictures in the writing lacks strongly or capture
pictures in the reader's mind, but variety, punch or the reader's interest.
reader's mind, occasionally the flair. Jargon or cliches
and the choice words are used may be present and
and placement inaccurately or detract from the
of the words seem overdone. meaning.
seems accurate,
natural and not
forced.
80
Writer effectively Writer uses one Writer may try to Writer does not
uses simile, example of simile, use simile, include simile,
metaphor, and metaphor, or metaphor, and metaphor, or
personification personification to personification but personification in
to describe the describe the does so incorrectly. essay.
subject. subject.
Simile/Metaphor/
Personification
Sentence All sentences Most sentences Most sentences Sentences lack
Structure are well- are well- are well- structure and appear
constructed with constructed with constructed but incomplete or
(Sentence varied structure. varied structure. have a similar rambling.
Fluency) structure.
Grammar, There are no There are some There are errors There are serious
Spelling, errors in errors; however, that distract the errors that interfere
grammar, these errors do not reader. Rubric is with the reader's
Capitalization, & spelling, distract the reader. attached to essay. understanding of the
Punctuation capitalization, or Rubric is attached Essay is completed essay. Rubric is not
punctuation. to essay. Essay is on time. attached to essay.
Rubric is completed on time. Essay is completed
attached to on time.
essay. Essay is
completed on
time.
81
Expository Essay Rubric
Description Intro Body Conclusion Language Other
Clearly
 well-
addresses all
developed  effective
parts of the  restates the  writes
topic transitions
writing task; thesis with the
sentence throughout the
maintains a  engaging, statement and audience in
 in-depth, essay
clear purpose appropriate the main mind
accurate, and  employs a
and a lead ideas  strong
relevant variety of
consistent  general  expands “voice”
facts/concrete sentence
point of view information upon the (expressive,
details patterns to
and focus; all introducing general engaging,
 relevant enhance the
ideas are on the topic information enthusiastic,
comments writing
topic, not  clear provided in the natural,
without  sentences
4 extraneous; thesis and a introduction thought-
redundancy vary in
essay logically statement of  ends with a provoking)
 effective beginnings,
flows from one the main final  original
concluding length, and
paragraph to points thought, but and
sentence that complexity
another; does not engaging
restates  precise and
paragraphs give any new title
the topic engaging
fully elaborate information
sentence vocabulary
and develop
the thesis
Addresses all
parts of the
writing task;
maintains a  includes
  attempts
general  restates the appropriate
appropriate  topic to write with
understanding thesis transitions
lead sentence the audience
of the purpose statement and  may employ
 some  relevant in mind
and mostly the main various
general facts, concrete  moderate
consistent ideas sentence
information details, and “voice”
point of view  may include patterns
introducing supporting (sincere, but
and focus; some  sentences
the topic comments not
ideas are on general may vary in
 thesis and  minimal genuinely
3 topic; essay information beginnings and
a redundancy engaging)
flows from one  ends with a length
statement of  concluding 
paragraph to final  uses
the main sentence appropriate
another; thought accurate
points title
paragraphs vocabulary
build and
develop the
thesis
Addresses only
 weak,
parts of the  insufficient
inappropriat
writing task; or
e, or  limited
demonstrates missing topic
missing lead  ineffective, awareness
limited sentence
 little or no  confusing or awkward, of
understanding  limited or
general missing or missing the audience
of the purpose irrelevant
information restatement of transitions  little or no
and an unclear facts, concrete
introducing thesis,  simple “voice”
point of view details,
the topic main ideas, and sentence (flat, lifeless,
and focus; and comments
 weak, general patterns or
lacks unity  redundant
insufficient, information  may include mechanical)
2 between information
or  missing final confusing  may or
paragraphs; or comments
missing thought or incorrect may not
weak  insufficient
thesis and vocabulary have a
paragraph or
statement of title
development; missing
the main
lacks sufficient concluding
points
support for sentence
the thesis 82
Fails to
  missing or
address the
inappropriat irrelevant
writing task;
e or topic sentence  no
www.cobblearning.net/tparks/files/2017/01/Expository-Essay-Rubric-1-2d5lgy2.doc
10
Narrative essay
This rubric is adapted from page 149 of the Writer’s Inc. reference text.
Area 1
15 Ideas and Content:
_____ focuses on a specific experience or time in the writer’s life.
_____ presents and appealing picture of the action and the people
_____ uses dialogue and sensory details
_____ makes the reader want to know what happens next
20
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Area 2
Organization:
25 _____ has a beginning, a middle, and an end
_____ pulls reader into the text with beginnings techniques
_____ gives events in an order that is easy to follow
_____ uses transition words and phrases to connect ideas
30 5 4 3 2 1
Area 3
Voice
_____ creates a tone and a mood that fits the topic
_____ shows the writer’s personality
35
5 4 3 2 1
Area 4
Word Choice
40 _____ contains specific nouns, vivid verbs, and colorful modifiers
_____ uses sensory details and figurative comparisons
83
5 4 3 2 1
Area 5
Sentence Fluency
5 _____ flows smoothly from one idea to the next
_____ uses a variety of sentence lengths and structures
5 4 3 2 1
10 Area 6
Conventions
_____ applies basic rules of grammar, usage, and mechanics
_____ presents paper according to format listed in directions
15 5 4 3 2 1
APPENDIX C
20 RUBRIC FOR IMPROMPTOU PUBLIC SPEECH
Introduction Needs Fair Good Excellent

Improvement The The ATTENTION
The candidate candidate candidate STEP:
failed to introduced introduced Excellent
introduce the the speech, the speech attention-
speech OR but some adequately, getter.
the details were including an Candidate
introduction unclear. attention related to
was not useful The getter and a audience,
in indicating introduction preview of credibility
what the lacked an the main established,
speech was attention points of the gave very brief
about. getter speech. introduction,
and/or a Claim wasn't and stated
preview of clearly claim, (i.e.
main points. expressed. main idea)
Relevance of previewed the
topic to main points.
audience Clearly stated
needs and the relevance
interests was of topic to
somewhat audience
apparent. needs and
interests.
84
Body The speech Organizatio Good Main points
was difficult to n was general work within the
follow due to a lacking and organization steps and are
lack of details were but some clearly
organization. missing to steps weren't distinguished
Little detail the extent clear or well- with supporting
was given to that some developed. details.
support the persuasive Transitions Transitions are
main points. impact was were okay, effectively used
Difficult to compromise but not as for coherent
identify d. unique or movement
introduction, Transitions distinct as from point to
body, and need work. they could point.
conclusion. be.
Conclusion No brake light, Brake light Brake light Brake light
conclusion was weak alerted alerted
ended rather or not audience to audience to the
abruptly. Most present; the the presentation
parts of speaker presentation conclusion.
conclusion concluded conclusion. The speaker
were missing. the speech The speaker summarized
in a recapped the main
disorganize main points points, tied
d fashion. but missed at back to the
Two or least one key introduction to
more component bring the
important of conclusion speech full
components (call to circle, and left
were not action, the audience
present. clincher, tie- with a specific
back to call to action
intro...etc.) and a powerful
clincher
Voice Audience had The student Some limited Natural
difficulty could be variation of variation of
hearing and/or heard most vocal vocal
understanding of the time characteristic characteristics
much of the but at s. Use of (pace, pitch,
speech due to certain pace, pitch, power, pauses,
monotone or points were power and articulation) in
inappropriate inaudible pauses Standard
variation of and/or seemed English to
vocal inarticulate. inconsistent heighten
characteristics Little pitch at times. interest and
. Inconsistent variation. Some verbal match
85
with verbal Pacing was fillers. message
message. too appropriately.
Excessive slow/fast. Few, if any,
fluency errors Verbal fillers verbal fillers.
interfered with were
message noticeable
comprehensio and
n. Excessive frequent.
use of
vocalized
fillers.
Eye The speaker Conspicuou The speaker Consistently
Contact seldom looked s use of looked up and effectively
at the speaker occasionally used eye
audience. notes. and focused contact to
Reads speech Seems on just a few establish
from notes. disengaged people rapport with
Avoided eye from during the audience.
contact with audience speech. Inconspicuous
audience. for Some use of use of speaker
Only noticeable speaker notes and
occasional periods of notes. effective use of
and sporadic time. Seemed a bit scanning to
glances. disengaged established an
from expanded zone
audience for of interaction.
short periods
of time.
10
86
5
10
APPENDIX D
87
SHORT STORY RUBRIC
ELA 7 Short
Plus Check Minus
Story Rubric
Clearly includes all Includes all elements Does not clearly
elements of plot: but may not be clear include 1-2
exposition, rising to an objective elements. Hard to
action, climax, reader. May be follow through most
Elements of
falling action, and confusing at times, of story. Reader may
Plot
resolution. Clear but the basic story be lost or confused
and easy to follow can still be followed.
10 5
7
All are met: Some are met: Few are met:
Dialogue, vivid Dialogue, vivid word Dialogue, vivid word
word choice, stays choice, stays on choice, stays on
on topic, good topic, good details, topic, good details,
details, interesting/ interesting/ creative, interesting/ creative,
creative, attention attention grabbing attention grabbing
Quality Writing
grabbing start, start, sentence start, sentence
sentence variety variety variety
Setting is included
10 and attempts to 5
support the plot
7
Main conflict is Main conflict may be Main conflict is weak
clear and adds to attempted but is not and not developed
Conflict the story clear/partially
developed 1
3 2
Clear and remains consistent (1st or 3rd) throughout the story
Point of View
Yes _____ No _____ 2
Clear and well The theme is present, Theme may be
presented. The but it may be simple present but is
theme is or surface-level unclear or
purposefully undeveloped
Theme
supported by the 2
plot and characters 1
of the story
3
All three literary terms are purposefully and clearly included.
Literary Terms Symbolism _____ 3 Irony _____ 3
Foreshadowing _____ 3
Decorated and Includes title and Missing title or
meaningful, author's name; student name, or
includes title and minimal effort/not sloppy
Cover
author's name visually appealing appearance/little
3 2 effort
1
All parts of the Missing 1 or 2 parts Missing 3 or 4 parts
writing process are of the writing process of the writing
included with the process
final draft including
Writing Process rough draft, self-
check sheet,
brainstorming and 3
88
initial plot diagram 1
5
Formatting of essay Formatting of essay 1 or more formatting
5
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
15 Cortier, C. Characteristics of Nonfiction. New Prairie High School.
https://www.angletonisd.net/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?
moduleinstanceid=8256&dataid=3899&FileName=Characteristics%20of
%20Nonfiction.pdf
Dr. Hallet. Elements of Fiction. The Fundamental Literary Terms That Identify
20 Components of Narratives.
https://www.carrollwooddayschool.org/uploaded/documents/ElementsofFiction6-4-
10.pdf
Frank, Anne. The Diary of a Young Girl. New York: The MacMillan Company,
1944.
25 Klarer, M. An Introduction to Literary Studies Second Edition. USA: Routledge,
2004.
89
http://perpus.stkipkusumanegara.ac.id/file_digital/An%20Introduction%20to
%20Literary%20Studies.pdf
Anonymous. Literary genres. California Department of Education.
Montano-dela Cruz, E., et al. Proficiency in English I. Manila: Rex Book Store
5 Inc., 2010.
Montano-dela Cruz, E., et al. Proficiency in English IV. Manila: Rex Book
Store Inc., 2010.
Mugubi, J. ALT: 101 Introduction to Literary Genres. Kenyatta University.
10
CURRICULUM VITAE
15
Name: Ardeña, Riolyn Jhane K.
Course/Degree: BSEd- English
Address: Unit III Oprra, Brgy. Kalunasan,
20 Cebu City
Contact Number: 09432060155
E-mail: riolynjhaneardena@gmail.com
25 Personal Background
Father: Porferio E. Ardeña, Jr. Occupation: Roofing Contractor
90
Mother: Lucilyn N. Kho Occupation: Housewife
Educational Background
5 Primary School: Mabolo Christian Academy School Year: 2010
Secondary School: Mabolo Christian Academy School Year: 2015
Tertiary School: Cebu Normal University School Year: 2015-Present
10
91

A Module Design in Teaching of Literature

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A MODULE DESIGN IN TEACHING OF LITERATURE

As Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements

in EM 12: Teaching of Literature

Dr. Vinchita G. Quinto, Ed. D. ELT

Riolyn Jhane K. Ardeña, BSEd-English III-A

This Module is intended for High School students to be armored in

preparation to explore world prose literature. It contains definition of main terms,

students’ ability to display their skills in prose literature.

15 countries and their culture as well.

display their learnings.

This module may lead to students’ proficiency in prose literature and

than sufficient, for their needs.

15 To Abiders and Mabolo Bible Baptist Church for being my motivation

To Dr. Vinchita Quinto for sharpening us to become better future educators

To BSEd-English III-A for sharing this hardship with me;

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

5 1. Which of the following is the best definition of Literature?

2. Which of the following best describes poetry?

4. Which emphasized in Wordsworth’s poem I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud?

6. These literary forms can be found in the Bible, EXCEPT one.

7. It tells an event or series of events.

20 8. It is a short and simple poem usually sung.

30 14. This is a type of poem that tells a story.

18. Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:

20. It copies the sound of an animal or an object.

15 21. It is sometimes calles as the middle or final rhyme.

23. The rhymes occurred in the middle stanza.

25. Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:

27. Which of the following is an oxymoron?

28. Which of the following is an alliteration?

29. Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:

5 O Hesperus! Thou bringest all things home;

15 30. Which of the following is not actually a rhyme?

Fiction is defined as a prose based on the author’s imagination. It means,

ACTIVITY NO. 1.1

1. Characters- The emotional, mental, and social qualities to distinguish one

Characterization is how the writer reveals the characters in the story.

Anthropomorphic Characterization is how the writer turns divine or

ACTIVITY NO. 1.2

The Legend of Mayon Volcano

25 Daragang Magayon, startled by this revelation, started to come to her feet

He convinced his people to set a battle against the Kingdom of Rawin by

Rising Action Falling Action

Structure of the Plot is the method or sequence in which incidents are

Diction The writer’s word choice.

ACTIVITY NO. 1.3

7. Local Color: 8. Symbols: 9. Motifs: 10. Conflict:

ACTIVITY NO. 1.4

25 8. Irony is the opposite of what the writer is trying to convey.

The people in Kembayat were fussed in a giant bird that eats

2. What is the function of Bidasari in the fable?

3. How did the author reveal Bidasari in the fable?

a) Through expository presentation

b) Through dramatic presentation

c) Through narrative presentation

15 d) Through descriptive presentation

4. What point of view the author used in the fable?

5. What type of narrative voice is used?

a) A merchant saw a baby with a fish in a bowl and he adopted it.

heard about Bidasari, she hired her to be her maltreated handmaid.

found Bidasari sleeping in it.

10 7. What part is the climax in the fable?