CHAPTER 2

FOREIGN LITRATURE

TECNONOLOGY GAP, AND SPILLOVERS

Direct foreign investment (DFI) has been argued to be an important channel for

international technology diffusion. This has led to extensive liberalisation of DFI regimes

in many developing countries, including Indonesia. Using detailed micro-data from the

Indonesian manufacturing sector, we examine the effect on productivity from DFI.

*in this article DFI is having an argued to the important channel for international

technology diffusion. And DFI has extensive liberalisation in many developing countries.

And the spillovers from DFI are found a high degree of competition. And the larger the

technology gap the larger the spillovers.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND SPILLOVERS

The effect on technology transfer and spillovers deriving from ownership sharing

of foreign multinational affiliates. More specially, we try to answer two questions, using

unpublished Indonesian micro data. Firstly, do establishments with minority and majority

ownership differ in terms of productivity levels? Secondly, does the degree of spillovers

differ with the degree of ownership in the DFI? Our results show that foreign

establishments have comparable high levels of labor productivity and that domestic

establishments benefits from spillovers.

*this article is examines the effect of technology transfers and spillovers. And the results

is shown that the foreign stablishments is having a comparable in high levels of labor

productivity and the domestic stablishments benefit from the spillovers.

HIGH TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS AND LOCAL GEOGRAPHIC SPILLOVERS

The empirical evidences on the degree of spatial spillovers between university

research and high innovations. The familiar griliches-jaffe knowledge production

function is estimated at both the state and the metropolitan statistical areas (MSA)

levels and extended with more precise measures of spatial spillovers.

*this article re-examine the evidences of the degree of spatial spillovers. It is a

distinction of research and development activities and university researches. And they

are finding evidences between the university research and high technology inoovative

activity.
EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY

Famous poet Thoreau one said “improved means to an unimproved end”. There

is no escape from technology. Is most cases this is not a problem though. Many people

respect the admire technology because it is there to benefit them. Without the

technological advances we have had over the years, the world would not be what it is

today. With the advancement in technology, human life is more comfortable like never

before.

*the article says that because of the technology the world would not be what it is today.

Technology gives human life more comfortable and easily to do their works. And

because of technology our daily lives ism easily and no need more efforts.

MORDERN TECHNOLOGY EFFECTS

With advance in technology, students study habits have dramatically changed.

It’s affected the way classes are taught, students learn theories and the way in

formation presented. Gone are the days of slaving over books in the library and

scribbling down notes on paper.

*in this article says that the study habits of every students have changed. And it’s

because of the technology some of the students are ignoring the books in the library

and they depend in the technology. Students bring their laptops wherever they go.
LOCAL LITERATURE

TECHNOLOGY: IT’S EFFECT TO FLILIPINO YOUTH AND THEIR ACADEMIC

PERFOMANCES

Technology has been subject of reliance for information overload, communication

and entertainment. Computers, laptops and cell phone are not only for luxuries and

wants nowadays but also consider as needs of everyone that is why even Filipino youth

today is being dependent.

*in this research computer technology is not only a want but it’s also consider as needs

for everyone. And because of the gadgets students study easily and can easily

approach to their teachers.

TEACHING NAD LEARNING WITH TECCNOLOGY

Asian universities use IT intensely, as evidenced by their 21 st rank among top

100 IT users in Asia. The ministry of education in Singapore encourages school-created

teaching materials and digital learning resources. The Philippine national ICT strategy

and Government fund for 2005 to 2010 aimed to develop an enabled society with the

five major strategic items.

*in this article the ministry of education use the ICT technology to create teaching

materials and digital learning resources. And the Philippine government develop an

enable society with five major strategic items.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

R&D technology are analysed from the perspective of the Philippines economic

growth in the paper. It examines the productivity performance of the economy and

analyses how it has been affected by development in R&D technology. General R&D

technology policies and institutional structure and arrangements are examined.

*in this article the R&D technology examine the productivity performance of the

Philippine economic and they analysed how it affected by developments in the R&D

technology and the institutional structures and arrangements are also examined. and

the weaknesses in the institutional arrangement area highlighted.

THE NEW IN FORMATION TECHNOLOGY

The technological revolution is creating new goods and services and altering how

and where they are produced. Once of the principal issues for all countries is how these

new technologies will affect employment and composition of the skills demand. Surveys

the literature to attempt to answer main questions. The survey suggests that because of

new technologies, new organizations of production, the former combination is more

likely to give workers the flexibility they need such as changing conditions.

*this article talked about the use of technology for employment and the composition of

skills demand. And survey the literature to answer there questions. And the survey
suggest that because of the new technologies, workers need to be flexibility and they

need such as changing conditions.

UPLIFTING EDUCATION TROUGH TECHNOLOGY

In the Philippines, Pres. Aquino announced during the launch of the country’s K-

12 curriculum that the government eyes the use of tablet computers in public schools in

lieu of traditional textbooks. Furthermore, there exist various programs by the

government.

*in this article pres. Aquino use the opportunity of having of technology to launch the K-

12 curriculum and give one laptop per child. And the students become more engaged

and involved in school related activities.

LOCAL STUDY

INDEPENDENCE AND INFORMATION GATHERING

By connecting to the internet students learn how to do their own research.

The wealth of information available on the Web plus the ease of using search engines

give students more independence and confidence , as well as in creased skill, when it

comes to finding relevant data and putting these data together to meet a learning

requirements or goals.

*in this article it says that because of the internet connection students are more

independence and confidence. And their skill are increased. By finding relevant data

and solving a problems and achieving their goals.

CRITICAL THINKING AND REFRECTION

 With the large volume of information that they access, students are induced to

learn to think critically: wich in formation is accurate? Is this in formation useful to the

homework or subject at hand? Is this information validated by multiple sources and by

the latest research findings? Students learn not to simply accept any data, no matter

how readily available. With the guidance of their teachers, they are able to practice

critical thought.

*in this article students are becoming a critical thinker. They learn how to think critically.

If this information is related to their subjects, topics, or homeworks.

COMMUNICATION AND CILLABORATION

Through the exchange of ideas and messages either by e-mail, chat, or even

social media students are able to collaborate with each other to test their understanding

of lessons. They can more easily ask question to one another and provide answers and

share research data. They can also help verify each other’s work, and involve their

teachers in this collaborative and communication loop.

*in this article that they can exchange ideas and messages by communicating

each other by chatting, email and because of the help of social media. They easily ask

questions or telling their classmates what they do to their next meeting.

MORE ENGAGING LEARNING EXPERIENCE

Information today is more engaging to the mind and senses because of its

multimedia nature. Students have text, images, video, audio, and even animation to

help them better understand concepts and ideas relevant to their lessons. This

multimedia experiences lets this information be better Ingrained in their minds.

*in this article students can make their projects and ideas that relevant to their lessons

through text, images, videos, audios and animations. This multimedia help them be

better in grained in their minds.

THE IMPACT OF ICT TO THE FILIPINO TCK IDENTITY

The gathered literature in this part give various themes and experiences that

comprise the life of third culture kid (TCK). This section introduces who the targeted

participants are in this study, as well as it gives a glimpse of what that participants have

experienced, currently experiencing, and will be experiencing in the TCK life.

*in this article technology is more important to the third culture kids. And what will they

experience while they are in this new technological society. And what kind of life they

have in this society.

FOREIGN STUDY

THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENTS

In conducting research on whether or not technology has a positive impact on

students achievements, three main categories were addressed: technology’s impact on

public education, its impact on Students motivation and learning, and its impact on

teaching. Each section examines the positive and negative aspects of technology as it

relates to the specific category and seeks to understand different subjects that arise as

a result of technological integration.

*in this article technology has a positive impact the student. If every are having their

own computer laptops on their home and be taken after school days, they easily

achieve their goals and understand each of their lesson.

THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY SNTRUCTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS

Were researchers who have sought sound empirical data to determine the

effects of technological instruction on students academic performance. One of the most

used methods of instruction was the use of power point. Several researchers studied

the impact of the use of power point on student academic performance.

*the researchers are prove that the academic performance of students and technology

help students to understand their lessons trough the help of power point presentations.

EFFECT OF TECNOLOGICAL DEVICES ON STUDENT’S ACADEMIC SUCCESS

The development of new technologies such as cell phone, the internet and

computer, has raised a new question. Does the use of new technologies have any effect

on student’s academic success? This question is not easy to answer because these

new technologies interact with students in several ways this developing field of

educational economics is growing day by day.

*this article is questioning if the technologies have any effect on students academic

perfomances. If technology help the students to achieve their goals and help them to

their academic success.

THE EFFECT OG TECHNOLOGY INSTRUCTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS

 The research has not kept pace with swiftly changing technological innovations

of interactive Web 2.0 tools. These educational; researchers have compared the use of

traditional methods of instruction to the technological methods of instruction.

*the researchers recognized the technological innovations and the virtual lecture

invironment. And the researchers compared this research to the traditional methods of

instruction to the technological methods of instruction.

THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENTS

By analysing technology’s impact on education, student motivation and learning,

and teaching, the objectives was to establish how it positively affects students

achievements through each of those facets. Education as a whole, and the evolving

nature of how schools “do schools”, influences students achievements as well as

motivation and how students learn in the 21 st century.

*in this article technology help students motivation and learning and teaching. And this

research examine the positive and negative effects of the technologies the every

students.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Joy anne Puazo (august 2011), bataan peninsula state university balanga

campus.

Dave E. Marcial (2012),

Cororaton Caesar B. PIDS discussion paper (2002)

Martin Carnoy (1997)

Ms. A.F. Samchez (2013), Oquias (2011)

Fredrik sjoholm. Pages 53-73 (accepted: jan 1999), (published: nov 2007)

Magnus blomstrom, Fredrik Sjoholm volume 43 Issues4-6 pages 915-923 (april

1999)

Lucanselin, Attilavarga, Zoltanacs volume 42 issues 3 pages 422-448 (nov 1997).

(oct 2010), (Feb 2013).

The phillipine star (july 2014)

Virgia Carbonilla gorra surigao state college of technology (oct 2008)

Ceasar B. Cororaton (Sept 2002)

Erika Mae L. Valencia OECD. (2011)

Tanya appling, Sauers & mcleod (2012)

Yesiyurt M.E., bastruk R., yesilurt F., & Kara I. IUYD (2014)
Karen cornita davis (2009)

OTHERS

Bartsch and cobern (2003), leonard (2007), ricer (2005),

Apperson (2004), Sugahara and boland (2006), burke and james (2005),

parette(2008), clark (2008), Yu (2010) and Wijekumar (2009).

Ward (2009), Cramer, Collins, Snider, and Fawcett (2007).

Hansen and Williams (2008), D’Angelo and Wooley (2007).Slykhuis, Wiebe, Len

(2005), Wiley (2009), Pucel and Stertz (2005).