Microwave Components and

Circuits
Course code: ECPC25
 What is a port?
Port: A pair of terminals is called as port

One port
network

Ex: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, etc. are

two terminal single port devices
 Two port network
A network that has only two access ports,
one for input and one for output

Transistors, Transformers, etc. can be

modeled as two port networks
 Network parameters
The following parameters are used to
characterize two port/multiport networks
 Z –Parameters(Impedance Parameters)
 Y –Parameters(Admittance Parameters)
 h –Parameters(Hybrid Parameters)
 ABCD –Parameters(Transmission
Parameters)
 S –Parameters(Scattering Parameters)
Z-Parameters
Y-Parameters
 H-Parameters

V1 Input impedance
h1 1 
I1

h1 2 
V1 Reverse voltage gain
V2
I2
h21 
I1 Forward current gain
I2
h22 
V2 Output admittance
Transmission parameters
Interconnecting networks
 Scattering parameters
The measurement of Z, Y, h and ABCD
parameters is difficult at microwave
frequencies due to following reasons.
Non availability of terminal voltage and
current measuring equipment
Short and Open circuits are not easily
achieved for a wide range of frequencies
Presence of active devices (Transistor, Gunn
diode) makes the circuit unstable for short
or open circuit
 S-Parameters
 S –parameters completely characterize a
microwave network
 S-parameters are defined based on the concept
of travelling waves with associated powers in
terms of incident and reflected waves.
 S-parameters make the use of short or open
completely unnecessary at microwave
frequencies
 S-parameters make use of matched loads for
terminations, since the loads absorb all the
incident energy, the possibility of serious
reflections back to the device or source is
eliminated
Formulation of S-Parameter
S-Parameter Contd….
 Properties of S Parameters
S-matrix is always a square matrix
For all reciprocal network S-matrix is
symmetrical
For any symmetrical passive N- port
network Sii = Sjj & Sij = Sji
Unitary property
Zero property