mßg Aa¨vq
Zi½ I kã
(Waves and Sound)
†gix Kzwi
†gix Kzwi GKRb †cvwjk c`v_©weÁvbx Ges imvqbwe` wQ‡jb| Zuvi Lye
kL wbR †`‡k KvR Ki‡eb wKš‘ gwnjv e‡j wbR †`‡k †Kv‡bv KvR Lyu‡R
cvbwb ZvB d«v‡Ý Zvi ¯^vgx wcqv‡i Kzwii mv‡_ Kg©Rxeb KvwU‡q
w`‡q‡Qb| †ZR¯‹…qZvi Ici Zuvi KvR Zuv‡K c`v_©weÁvb Ges imvq‡b
`ywU †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi G‡b †`q| wZwb GKB mv‡_ wQ‡jb cÖ_g gwnjv
†bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi weRqx| Zvi Rxeb wQj NUbveûj Ges ag©vÜ gvby‡liv
Zv‡K bvw¯ÍK e‡jI bvbv fv‡e hš¿Yv w`‡qwQj| †ZR¯Œ„qZv wb‡q KvR
Kivi Kvi‡Y wZwb †ivMvμvšÍ n‡q g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

Marie Curie (1867‐1934) 
 
7.1 mij ¯ú›`b MwZ (Simple Harmonic Motion) 

GKUv w¯úªs‡qi wb‡P GKUv fi jvwM‡q †mUv †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j GUv Dc‡i wb‡P Ki‡Z _v‡K| (Z…Zxq
Ges PZz_© Aa¨v‡q Avgiv GB MwZwU e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ|) Avgiv †`‡LwQ Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ ev Ab¨vb¨fv‡e
kw³ÿq n‡q e‡j GUv GKmgq †_‡g hvqÑ Zv bv n‡j GUv AbšÍKvj Ici wbP Ki‡Z _vKZ|
Avgiv GUvI †`‡LwQ mij ¯ú›`b MwZ‡Z w¯úªs‡qi mv‡_ jvMv‡bv fiwUi kw³ MwZkw³ Ges wefe
kw³i gv‡S wewbgq K‡i Ges G me¸‡jv N‡U KviY w¯úªs‡qi ejwU ûK Gi m~Î †g‡b P‡j| û‡Ki
m~ÎwU Avevi g‡b Kwi‡q †`qv hvq, w¯úªs‡qi aªæe hw` nq , fi hw` nq Ges Ae¯’vb hw` nq
Zvn‡j Zvi Ici Av‡ivwcZ ej n‡”Q
152                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

û‡Ki m~‡Îi Kvi‡Y †h Qw›`Z ev ¯ú›`b MwZ nq †mUv‡K e‡j mej ¯ú›`b MwZ| c`v_©weÁv‡bi
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MwZ¸‡jvi GKwU n‡”Q GB MwZ|
‡Zvgv‡`i GB eB‡q GUv †ei K‡i †`Lv‡bvi my‡hvM †bB wKš‘ Rvwb‡q ivL‡Z ÿwZ Kx? hw`
GKUv w¯úªs‡qi aªæe nq Ges fi nq Zvn‡j fiwUi †`vjbKvj n‡e

2π

hw` GUv w¯úªs bv n‡q GKUv my‡Zvq Szjv‡bv †cÛzjvg n‡Zv Ges my‡Zvi ˆ`N©¨ n‡Z Avi
gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY n‡Zv Zvn‡j †`vjb Kvj n‡Zv :

2π

(bv †Kv‡bv fzj nqwb Zzwg GKUv nvjKv fiB †SvjvI Avi fvix fiB †SvjvI †`vjb Kvj GKB
_vK‡e GUv f‡ii Ici wbf©i K‡i bv|) Zvi †P‡q eo K_v GKUv myZvq GKUv fi Szwj‡q `ywj‡q
w`‡qwQ Zvi †`vjb Kv‡j Ab¨ me wKQz Avm‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ π †Kv_v †_‡K P‡j Gj? †Kb Gj?

D`vniY 5.1: 1 j¤^v GKUv myZv w`‡q 10 f‡ii GKUv cv_i Szwj‡q `vI| Zvi †`vjb
Kvj KZ?

DËi:
1
2π 2π 2.0
9.8

cv_iUvi IRb 10 bv n‡q Ab¨ wKQz n‡jI †`vjbKvj GKB _vKZ| B‡”Q Ki‡j Zzwg
GLbB †`vjb Kvj †g‡c Zzwg †mLvb †_‡K Gi gvb †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡eÑ †Póv K‡i †`‡Lv!

GKUv w¯úªs‡qi wb‡P GKUv fi jvwM‡q †i‡L w`‡j fiUv w¯úªsUv‡K †U‡b GKUz j¤^v K‡i †mB
Ae¯’v‡b w¯’i n‡q _v‡K| w¯úªs‡qi GB ˆ`N©¨Uv‡K ejv hvq mvg¨ Ae¯’v (Qwe 7.1‐ 0)|
GLb hw` fiUv‡K †U‡b GKUz wb‡P `~iZ¡ bvwg‡q G‡b †Q‡o w`B (Qwe 7.1‐1) Zvn‡j
fiUv Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Z _vK‡e, mvg¨ Ae¯’v cvi n‡q GUv Dc‡i `~iZ¡ D‡V hv‡e Zvici Avevi
wb‡P bvg‡Z _vK‡e mvg¨ Ae¯’v cvi n‡q wb‡P †b‡g hv‡e Ges GUv Pj‡ZB _vK‡e|
fiUv hLb 2 3 4 1 Ae¯’vb †kl K‡i †h Ae¯’vb ïiæ K‡iwQj wVK GKB
Ae¯’v‡b (2) GKBfv‡e (Dc‡ii w`‡K †e‡M MwZkxj) wd‡i Av‡m ZLb Avgiv ewj GKUv c~Y©
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  153 

¯ú›`b n‡q‡Q| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e 2 3 4 n‡jI wKš‘ †h Ae¯’vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i‡Q †mB
Ae¯’v‡b wd‡i Avm‡e wKš‘ GUv c~Y© ¯ú›`b bq KviY cÖ_g 2 wU‡Z Dc‡ii w`‡K hv‡”Q Ges c‡ii
4 wU‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K hv‡”Q, Kv‡RB GK Ae¯’v‡b GKBfv‡e wd‡i Avmv n‡jv bv|
mij ¯úw›`Z MwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i K‡qKUv ivwk e¨vL¨v K‡i †bqv fv‡jv|
cÖ_gwU n‡Z cv‡i ch©vq Kvj ev †`vjb Kvj | GKUv c~Y© ¯ú›`b n‡Z †h mgq †bq †mUv n‡”Q
ch©vqKvj ev †`vjb Kvj | K¤úv¼ n‡”Q cÖwZ †m‡KÛ c~Y© ¯ú›`‡bi msL¨v A_©vr

Qwe 7.1: (0) n‡”Q mvg¨ Ae¯’v| †U‡b (1) Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q †Q‡o †`evi ci w¯úswU mij ¯úw›`Z †e‡M `yj‡Q|

ch©vqKvj hw` †m‡KÛ cÖKvk Kwi Zvn‡j Gi GKK n‡”Q nvU©R ( )

mij ¯úw›`Z MwZ‡Z we¯Ívi n‡”Q mvg¨ve¯’v †_‡K me‡P‡q †ewk Dc‡i IVv (wKsev wb‡P
bvgv) `~iZ¡| 7.1 Qwe‡Z †hfv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b we¯Ívi n‡”Q .

Gi c‡ii ivwkwU n‡”Q `kv (Phase), w¯úªs‡q jMv‡bv fiwU hLb IVvbvgv Ki‡Q, ZLb
†Kv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© hw` fiwUi w`‡K ZvKvB Zvn‡j Avgiv †`Le †mwU mvg¨ve¯’v †_‡K †Kv‡bv GKwU
`~i‡Z¡ _vK‡e †mB Ae¯’vbwU n‡”Q Zvi `kv| mij ¯ú›`b MwZ‡Z fi Ges w¯úªs‡qi GB wbw`©ó
Ae¯’vwU ûeû GKBfv‡e wd‡i Avm‡e Avevi wVK GKch©vq Kvj c‡i| c`v_©weÁv‡bi fvlvq ejv
hvq mij ¯úw›`Z MwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© †h `kv nq GK †`vjb Kvj ci Avevi †mB `kv wd‡i
Av‡m|

 
154                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

7.2 Zi½ (Wave) 

Avgiv mevB Zi½ †`‡LwQ, GKUv cvwb‡Z wXj Qz‡o w`‡j †mB we›`y †_‡K cvwbi Zi½ Pvwiw`‡K
Qwo‡q c‡o| N‡i evwZ R¡vjv‡j †h Av‡jv N‡i Qwo‡q c‡o †mUvI Zi½| Avgiv hLb K_v ewj Avi
kãUv hLb GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq †cuŠ‡Q hvq †mUvI Zi½| GKUv w¯úªs‡K msKzwPZ K‡i
†Q‡o w`‡j Zvi †fZi w`‡q †h wePz¨wZwU Qz‡U hvq †mUvI Zi½, GKUv Uvb K‡i ivLv `woi gv‡S
SuvKzwb w`‡j †h wePz¨wZwU `wo w`‡q Qz‡U hvq †mUvI Zi½| GK K_vq ejv hvq Zi½wU Kx Avgiv
†mUv Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, wKš‘ hw` Zvi Rb¨ c`v_©weÁv‡bi fvlvq GKUv my›`i msÁv w`‡Z PvB
Zvn‡j Kx eje?
mnR fvlvq ejv hvq Zi½ n‡”Q, GKUv gva¨‡gi †fZi w`‡q GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨
RvqMvq kw³ cvVv‡bvi GKUv cÖwμqv, †hLv‡b gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z
cv‡iÑ wKš‘ †mLvb †_‡K m‡i hv‡e bv|
Avgiv Gev‡i hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z cvwi Avgv‡`i GB msÁvwU Avgv‡`i AwfÁZvi mv‡_
†g‡j wK bv| b`xi gvSLvb w`‡q GKUv j hvevi mgq †h †XD ˆZwi K‡i †mB †XD b`xi K~‡j
G‡m AvNvZ K‡i, Kv‡RB wbwðZfv‡e ejv hvq GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq kw³ cvVv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| †mB mg‡q b`xi cvwb‡Z fvmgvb †Kv‡bv KPzwi cvbvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv †`Le hLb
†XDwU hv‡”Q †mB gyn~‡Z© KPzwi cvbvwU Dc‡i D‡V‡Q Ges wb‡P †b‡g‡Q Ges †XD P‡j hvevi ci
Avevi Av‡Mi g‡Zv w¯’i n‡q †M‡Q Ges †gv‡UI †XD‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zx‡i G‡m AvQ‡o c‡owb|
mij ¯ú›`b MwZi mv‡_ Zi‡½i m¤úK©Uv GLb wbðqB †Zvgiv eyS‡Z cviQ| GKUv
gva¨‡gi †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó we›`yi w`‡K hw` Avgiv ZvwK‡q _vwK Zvn‡j hLb Zvi †fZi w`‡q
GKUv Zi½ †h‡Z _v‡K ZLb †mB we›`ywUi mij ¯ú›`b MwZ nq| KPzwi cvbvi †ejvq †hUv
N‡UwQj, hZÿY Zvi †fZi w`‡q cvwbi Zi½Uv wM‡q‡Q ZZÿY †mLv‡b mij ¯ú›`b MwZ n‡q‡Q|
mij ¯ú›`b MwZi gv‡S Zi½ †bB, wKš‘ Zi‡½i cÖ‡Z¨KUv we›`y GKUv GKUv mij ¯ú›`b MwZ|
Kv‡RB Zi‡½i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`qv msÁvwU mwVK| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Av‡iv A‡bK
ai‡bi Zi½ Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ GB msÁvwU cy‡ivcywi mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv Zi‡½ hvevi Rb¨
GKUv gva¨‡gi K_v e‡jwQ wKš‘ m~h© †_‡K Av‡jv hLb c„w_ex‡Z †cuŠQvq ZLb Zvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv
gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Av‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r †PŠ¤^Kxq Zi½Ñ †mUv wb‡q beg Aa¨v‡q Avgiv
Av‡jvPbv Kie| MÖ¨vwfwU I‡qf bv‡g GK ai‡bi Zi‡½i K_v weÁvbxiv ej‡Qb, †mwU GL‡bv †`Lv
m¤¢e nqwb wKš‘ Zvi Rb¨I †Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| c`v_©weÁv‡bi PgKcÖ` kvLv †Kvqv›Uvg
†gKvwb‡· I‡qf dvskb e‡j Ab¨ GK ai‡bi Zi‡½i K_v ejv nq †mwU Av‡iv wewPÎ, †mLv‡b
mivmwi Zi½wU †`Lv hvq bv ïay Zvi cÖwZwμqv Abyfe Kiv hvq|
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  155 

Kv‡RB Avgiv AvcvZZ Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv mxgve× ivLe ïay †mB me Zi‡½i gv‡S hvi
Rb¨ KwVb Zij ev M¨v‡mi g‡Zv gva¨‡gi `iKvi nq| GB ai‡bi Zi‡½i bvg hvwš¿K Zi½|

7.2.1 Zi‡½i ˆewkó¨

Zi½ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi mgq Zvi K‡qK ai‡bi ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v D‡V G‡m‡Q, GLv‡b Avgiv
Zi‡½i, we‡kl K‡i hvwš¿K Zi½i me ˆewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

(i) hvwš¿K Zi‡½i Rb¨ gva¨‡gi `iKvi nq| cvwb‡Z †XD nq, GKUv w¯úªs‡q Zi½ cvVv‡bv hvq,
GKUv `wo‡Z Zi½ m„wó Kiv hvq| Avgiv †h kã ïwb †mUvI GKUv Zi½ Ges Zvi gva¨g n‡”Q
evZvm|

(ii) GKUv gva¨‡gi †fZi w`‡q hLb Zi½ †h‡Z

_v‡K ZLb KYv¸‡jv wbR Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K ¯úw›`Z
nq (Kvu‡c wKsev Ici-bx‡P hvq) wKš‘ KYv¸‡jv
wb‡R Zi‡½i mv‡_ mv‡_ m‡i hvq bv|

(iii) Zi‡½i †fZi w`‡q kw³ GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨

¯’v‡b †h‡Z cv‡i| kw³ hZ †ewk nq Zi‡½i we¯Ívi
Qwe 7.2: wfbœ cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i Zv‡ii †fZi GKwU
ZZ †ewk nq| kw³ Zi‡½i we¯Ív‡ii e‡M©i Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ Ges cÖwZmwiZ n‡”Q| miæ Zvi
mgvbycvwZKÑ A_©vr we¯Ívi hw` wظY nq kw³ nq †_‡K †gvUv Zv‡i †M‡j GK ai‡bi cÖwZdjb nq
Pvi ¸Y| (a) Avevi †gvUv Zvi †_‡K miæ Zv‡i †M‡j Ab¨
ai‡bi cÖwZdjb nq (b)
(iv) me Zi‡½B GKUv †eM _v‡K †mB †eM Zvi
gva¨‡gi cÖK„wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i| evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM 330 / cvwb‡Z GB †eM 1439 / !
wX‡j GKUv `wo‡Z GKUv Zi‡½i hZ †eM n‡e Uvb Uvb K‡i ivLv `wo‡Z n‡e Zvi †_‡K †ewk|

(v) Zi‡½i cÖwZdjb wKsev cÖwZmiY nq, c‡ii Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvi Rb¨ GwU A‡bK eo K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡QÑ AvcvZZ †R‡b ivL GK gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Zi‡½i
LvwbKUv hw` cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m †mUv n‡”Q cÖwZdjb| (Qwe 7.2) Zi½ hLb cÖ_g gva¨g
†_‡K wØZxq gva¨‡g hvq †mUv n‡”Q cÖwZmiY| Avgiv hLb k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ïwb †mUv n‡”Q k‡ãi
cÖwdjb| cvwb‡Z Wz‡e _vKv Ae¯’vq hw` evB‡ii kã ïwb †mUv n‡”Q cÖwZmiY|

 
156                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

(vi) Zi‡½i hZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q, Zvi gv‡S me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q DcwicvZb, hw`I
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †mUv Avgv‡`i Lye †ewk †Pv‡L c‡obv| aiv hvK `ywU wfbœ wfbœ RvqMv

Qwe 7.3: `ywU Zi½ †hvM n‡q Av‡iv eo Zi½ n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi GKwU Ab¨wU‡K wbt‡klI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

†_‡K GK RvqMvq `ywU Zi½ G‡m nvwRi n‡q‡QÑ GKwU Zi½ hLb gva¨gwU‡K Dc‡i Zzj‡Z †Póv
Ki‡Q Ab¨wU ZLb Zv‡K bvgv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q, ZLb Kx n‡e? GB ¸‡jv n‡”Q DcwicvZ‡bi welq,
hLb Zi‡½i Av‡iv Mfx‡i hv‡e ZLb welq¸‡jv Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e †R‡b hv‡e, AvcvZZ ïaygvÎ
mnR `ywU welq Qwe 7.3 G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| `y‡Uv Zi½ GKwU Av‡iKwU‡K aŸsmI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i
Avevi GKwU Av‡iKwU‡K Av‡iv eoI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

7.2.2 Zi‡½i cÖKvi †f`

GKUv w¯úªs‡qi †fZi w`‡q GKUv
Zi½ hvevi mgq Zi½wU w¯úªs‡K
msKzwPZ Ges cÖmvwiZ K‡i GwM‡q
hvq| Avevi GKUv `woi GK cªv‡šÍ
GKUv SuvKzwb w`‡q GKUv Zi½ ˆZwi
K‡i `woi gv‡S w`‡q cvVv‡bv hvq|
`ywU Zi‡½i gv‡S wKš‘ GKUv
Qwe 7.4: kã n‡”Q evZv‡mi Pv‡ci Kvi‡ ms‡KvPb Ges cÖmvi‡Yi
†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| w¯úªs‡q GKwU Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½| GLv‡b λ n‡”Q Zi½ ˆ`N©¨|
Zi½wU wQj ms‡KvPb Ges
cÖmvi‡Yi, w¯úªswUi ms‡KvPb Ges cÖmvi‡Yi w`K Ges Zi‡½i †eM GKB w`‡KÑ GB ai‡bi Zi‡½i
bvg Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½| kã n‡”Q G iKg Aby‰`N©¨ Zi½ (longitudinal wave)| (Qwe 7.4)
`woi †ejvq Avgiv hLb `wowU‡Z SuvKzwb w`‡q Zi½ ˆZwi K‡iwQ †mLv‡b `woi K¤úbwU
wKš‘ Zi‡½i †e‡Mi w`‡K N‡U bv| K¤ú‡bi w`K A_©vr `woi IVv Ges bvgv Zi‡½i †e‡Mi mv‡_
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  157 

j¤^| GiKg Zi‡½i bvg AbycÖ¯’ Zi½ (transverse  wave)| cvwbi †XD n‡”Q Gi GKwU
D`vniY|

7.2.3 Zi½ mswkøó ivwk

mij ¯úw›`Z MwZ‡Z Avgiv †h mKj ivwki K_v e‡jwQ Zvi me¸‡jvB Avm‡j Zi‡½i †ejvq
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvie| GKUv Zi‡½iI c~Y© ¯ú›`b nq, Zvi ch©vqKvj Av‡Q, K¤úv¼ Av‡Q Ges
we¯Ívi Av‡Q| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †Kv‡bv GKUv Zi½ hvevi mgq Avgiv hw` gva¨‡gi †Kv‡bv GKUv
KYvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vwK Zvn‡j †`Le †mB KYvwUi mij ¯úw›`Z K¤úb n‡”Q! Zi‡½i †ejvq
Avgiv b~Zb `ywU ivwki K_v ej‡Z cvwi hvi GKUv n‡”Q Zi½ ˆ`N©¨| Zi‡½i †h †Kv‡bv GKwU `kv
†_‡K Zvi cieZ©x GKB `kvi gv‡S `~iZ¡ n‡”Q Zi½ ˆ`N©¨| (Qwe 7.4) A_©vr GKch©vq Kv‡j GKUv
Zi½ †hUzKz `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i †mUvB n‡”Q Zi½ ˆ`N©¨|
Zi‡½i gv‡S wØZxq Av‡iv GKwU ivwk i‡q‡Q †hUv mij ¯úw›`Z K¤ú‡b †bB, †mwU n‡”Q
Zi‡½i †eM| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û GKUv Zi½ †hUzKz `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i †mUvB n‡”Q Zi‡½i †eM| cÖwZ
†m‡K‡Û †h KqwU ch©vq Kvj _v‡K †mwU n‡”Q K¤úvsK, K¤úv¼ hw` Ges Zi½ ‰`N©¨ hw` λ nq
Zvn‡j †eM

GKUv Zi½ hLb GKUv gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ gva¨‡g

hvq ZLb Zvi †e‡Mi cwieZ©b nq †h‡nZz K¤úv¼
me mgq mgvb _v‡K ZvB Zi½ hLb GK gva¨g
†_‡K Ab¨ gva¨‡g hvq ZLb Zvi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
cwieZ©b nq| A_©vr Zi½ wewfbœ gva¨‡gi †fZi
w`‡q hvevi mgq Zvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wKsev †e‡Mi
 
cwieZ©b nq wKš‘ K¤úv‡¼i ev ch©vqKv‡ji KL‡bv
cwieZ©b nq bv| Qwe 7.5: Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU Zi½|

D`vniY 7.2: Qwe 7.5 G GKwU Zi½

†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Gi we¯Ívi, Zi½ ‰`N©¨ †`vjb Kvj K¤úb Ges †eM †ei K‡iv|

DËi: Zi½wUi we¯Ívi 0.1 Ges Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ 2 GB Qwe‡Z †h Z_¨ †`qv Av‡Q †mLvb †_‡K
ch©vq Kvj, K¤úb ev †eM †ei Kiv m¤¢e bq! Dc‡ii Zi½wU A‡bKUv GKUv Zi‡½i Av‡jvK
wP‡Îi g‡Zv GLvb †_‡K Avi Ab¨ wKQz †ei Kiv m¤¢e bqÑGwU GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Zi‡½i
Ae¯’v| mg‡qi mv‡_ Ae¯’v‡bi wKfv‡e cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q GLv‡b †m m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv Z_¨ †bB!

 
158                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

D`vniY 7.3:  Qwe‡Z Ab¨ GKwU Zi½ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Gi we¯Ívi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ ch©vq Kvj K¤úb
Ges †eM †ei K‡iv|

DËi: GB Zi‡½i we¯Ívi 0.1 , ch©vq

Kvj 2 , GB Qwe †_‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Z_¨
†ei Kiv m¤¢e bv| GB QwewU‡Z GKUv
wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zi½wU
Kxfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q †mwU †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q Kv‡RB GLvb †_‡K Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ KZ
ejv m¤¢e bq|

Qwe 7.6: mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU Zi½ D`vniY 7.4: 7.7 Qwe‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó
mg‡q wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b Ges GKwU wbw`©ó
Ae¯’v‡b wewfbœ mg‡q GKwU Zi‡½i wewfbœ Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi we¯Ívi, Zi½ ˆ`N©¨,
†`vjbKvj K¤úb Ges †eM †ei K‡iv|

DËi: cª_g Qwe †_‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q Zi½wUi

we¯Ívi 1 Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ λ 1

wØZxq Qwe †_‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q Zi½wUi

we¯Ívi 1
‡`vjb Kvj 0.2
‡`vjb Kvj †_‡K K¤úb †ei Ki‡Z cvwi

Qwe 7.7: Ae¯’vb Ges mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU Zi½

1
5 5

Kv‡RB `ywU Qwei Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi

Zi½wUi †eM
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  159 

λ 1 5 /

D`vniY 7.5: Qwe 7.8 G GKwU

Zi‡½i wewfbœ Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q,
†Kvb †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b `kv GK?

DËi: Ges †Z `kv GK

Ges †Z Zi‡½i gvb mgvb
n‡jI `kv wecixZ  
Ges †Z gvb mgvb n‡jI `kv
GK bq| Qwe 7.8: wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b GKwU Zi‡½i `kv

7.3 kã Zi½ (Sound Wave) 

kã Zi½ ˆZwi Ki‡Z Zvi GKUv Dr‡mi `iKvi, †mUv‡K cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ GKUv gva¨‡gi `iKvi
Ges †mB kã MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv GK ai‡bi wiwmfvi `iKvi| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k AmsL¨
k‡ãi Drm i‡q‡Q| Aek¨B me‡P‡q cwiwPZ Drm Avgv‡`i KÚ, †mLv‡b †h †fvKvj KW© Av‡Q
Avgiv Zvi †fZi w`‡q evZvm †ei Kivi mgq †mLv‡b †h K¤úb nq †mUv w`‡q kã ˆZwi nq| K_v
ejvi mgq Avgiv hw` Mjvq ¯úk© Kwi Zvn‡j Avgiv †mB K¤úbUv Abyfe Ki‡Z cvie| Avgv‡`i
KÚ QvovI w¯úKvi k‡ãi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, †mLv‡b †h cvZjv Wvqvd«vg i‡q‡Q †mwU‡K
mywbw`©ófv‡e Kvuwc‡q kã ˆZwi Kiv nq| ¯‹z‡ji NÈvi gv‡S AvNvZ Ki‡j †mwU Kvuc‡Z ïiæ K‡i
kã ˆZwi K‡i Ges ZLb nvZ w`‡q †mUv‡K †P‡c a‡i K¤úb eÜ K‡i †djv hvq mv‡_ mv‡_ kãI
eÜ n‡q hv‡e| wMUv‡ii Zv‡i †VvKv w`‡j †mwU Kvuc‡Z _v‡K Ges kã ˆZwi K‡i| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z myi
kjvKv w`‡q wbw`©ó K¤ú‡b kã ‰Zwi Kiv hvq|
K¤úb w`‡q kã ‰Zwi Kivi ci †mwU‡K GK RvqMvq †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq cvVv‡bvi Rb¨
GKUv gva¨‡gi `iKvi nq| kã Zij wKsev KwVb c`v‡_©i †fZi w`‡qI cvVv‡bv hvq wKš‘ Avgiv
evZvm‡K gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡iB kã ï‡b Af¨¯Í| gva¨g Qvov †h kã †h‡Z cv‡i bv †mwU
†`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z 7.9 Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv Dcv‡q GKUv Kwjs †ej †i‡L †mUv‡K evB‡i
†_‡K we`y¨r mieivn K‡i evRv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvici GKUv cv¤ú w`‡q ax‡i ax‡i evqyk~b¨ Kiv
ïiæ Ki‡j Kwjs †e‡ji kã g„`y n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| †ejRviwU cy‡ivcywi evqyk~b¨ Kiv n‡j †fZ‡i
Kwjs †ejwU evR‡Z _vK‡jI evB‡i †_‡K gvb n‡e †mwU †Kv‡bv kã ˆZwi Ki‡Q bv|

 
160                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

Avgiv Avgv‡`i Kvb w`‡q kã ïb‡Z cvB| k‡ãi

K¤úb hw` 20 †_‡K 20,000 Gi gvSLv‡b
_v‡K Zvn‡j †mB kã †kvbv hvq| (Z‡e Kv‡b †nW‡dvb
jvwM‡q AweiZ Mvb ï‡b wKsev cÖPÊ kã `~l‡Y _vK‡j
A‡bK mgq †kvbvi ÿgZv K‡g hvq|) k‡ãi K¤úb
20 †_‡K Kg n‡j †mUv‡K Bbd«v mvDÛ Ges 20
†_‡K †ewk n‡j AvjUªv mvDÛ e‡j| 20 †_‡K Kg
wKsev 20,000 †_‡K †ewk K¤úb ˆZwi Kiv n‡j
†mwU evZv‡m †h Av‡jvob m„wó Ki‡e Avgiv †mwU ïb‡Z
cvie bv| Z‡e G ai‡bi k‡ãi Aw¯ÍZ¡ eyS‡Z n‡j Avgiv
we‡kl ai‡bi gvB‡μv‡dvb ev wiwmfvi e¨envi Ki‡Z
cvwi| A‡bK ckycvwL Kg K¤úv‡¼i kã ïb‡Z cvq|  
f~wgK‡¤úi Av‡M Av‡M G ai‡bi Kg K¤úv‡¼i kã ˆZwi Qwe 7.9: †ejRvi †_‡K evZvm cv¤ú
nq Ges A‡bK mgq cïcvwL †mB kã ï‡b AvZs‡K K‡i mwi‡q wb‡j Kwjs †e‡j kãwU
†QvUvQzwU K‡i‡Q †m ai‡bi NUbv N‡U‡Q e‡j Rvbv †M‡Q| Avi †kvbv hv‡e bv

D`vniY 7.6: 1 K¤ú‡bi GKwU myi kjvKv ev wUDwbs dK© w`‡q kã ˆZwi K‡i †mwU
evZv‡m cvwb‡Z Ges †jvnvi †fZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡Z w`‡q Zvi †eM wbY©q K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q
k‡ãi †eM evZv‡m 334 / , cvwb‡Z 1493 / Ges †jvnvi †fZ‡i 5130 / †Kvb
gva¨‡g Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ KZ?

DËi: Zi‡½i †eM λ †hLv‡b λ Zi‡½i ˆ`N©¨ Ges K¤úb| GLv‡b K¤úb 1 ev
1000 . Kv‡RB
λ
evZv‡m
334
λ 0.3
10
cvwb‡Z
1493
λ 1.49
10
‡jvnvq
5130
λ 5.13
10
 
 
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  161 

7.3.1 cÖwZaŸwb
kã †h‡nZz GK ai‡bi Zi½ ZvB Zvi cÖwZdjb n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ eo duvKv `vjv‡bi †fZi
K_v ej‡j GK ai‡bi MgMg AvIqvR nq †mwU cÖwZdjb Qvov Avi wKQz bq| `vjv‡bi †fZi `~iZ¡
†ewk bq e‡j kãUv Avjv`vfv‡e ïb‡Z cvB bv| Avgiv hLb wKQz ïwb Zvi Abyf~wZUv 0.1 ch©šÍ
†_‡K hvq ZvB `ywU kã Avjv`vfv‡e ïb‡Z n‡j `ywU k‡ãi gv‡S Kgc‡ÿ 0.1 Gi GKUv e¨eavb
_vKv `iKvi| k‡ãi †eM 330 / Kv‡R 0.1 Gi e¨eavb ˆZwi Ki‡Z kã‡K Kgc‡ÿ
33 `~iZ¡ AwZμg Ki‡Z nq| GKwU eo †`qvj, `vjvb wKsev Lvov cvnv‡oi mvg‡b Kgc‡ÿ
GB `~i‡Z¡i A‡a©K `~i‡Z¡ (16.5 ) `uvov‡j kãwU wM‡q cÖwZdwjZ n‡q wd‡i Avm‡Z 0.1 mgq
jvM‡e Ges Avgiv k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ïb‡Z cve|
ev`y‡ii †PvL Av‡Q Ges †mB †Pv‡L †ek fv‡jv †`L‡Z cvq ZviciI Zviv Iovi mgq
k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb e¨envi K‡i| ev`yi Iovi mgq Zvi KÚ †_‡K kã ˆZwi K‡i, mvg‡b †Kv‡bv wKQz
_vK‡j kãwU †mLv‡b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q wd‡i Av‡m, KZÿY ci kãwU wd‡i Gm‡Q †mLvb †_‡K ev`yi
`~iZ¡Uv Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ AÜKv‡iI ev`yi †Kv_vI av°v bv †L‡q D‡o †h‡Z cv‡i|
ev`y‡ii ˆZwi GB kã Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB bv KviY kãwU AvjUªv-mvDÛ A_©vr Avgv‡`i †kvbvi
evB‡ii K¤úv‡¼i kã|

7.3.2 k‡ãi †e‡Mi cv_©K¨ :

evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM ZvcgvÎvi eM©g~‡ji e¨¯Í ‡Uwej 7.1 wewfbœ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM
AvbycvwZK| A_©vr gva¨g m/s 
√ evZvm 330
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 1,284
GLv‡b ZvcgvÎv wKš‘ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv bqÑ cvi` 1,450
†Kjwfb †¯‹‡j ZvcgvÎv| cvwb 1,493
k‡ãi †eM evZv‡mi Pv‡ci Ici wbf©i K‡i ‡jvnv 5,130
bv Z‡e evZv‡mi Nb‡Z¡i eM©g~‡ji Ici nxiv 12,000
e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK fv‡e wbf©i K‡i| ZvB evZv‡m Rjxq
ev®ú _vK‡j evZv‡mi NbZ¡ K‡g hvq †m Rb¨ k‡ãi
†eM †e‡o hvq|
kã GKwU hvwš¿K Zi½| GwU gva¨‡gi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i| Zij Ges KwVb
c`v‡_©i cªK…wZ evZvm †_‡K wfbœ Ges ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡YB k‡ãi †eM †mLv‡b wfbœ| Zi‡j k‡ãi †eM

 
162                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

evZvm †_‡K †ewk Ges KwVb c`v‡_© k‡ãi †eM Zij †_‡KI †ewk| †Uwej 5.1 G wewfbœ gva¨‡g
k‡ãi †eM †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

D`vniY 7.7: †Kv‡bv RvqMvq kxZKv‡j ZvcgvÎv 10° Ges k‡ãi †eM 332 / ,
MÖx®§Kv‡j ZvcgvÎv †e‡o 30° n‡j k‡ãi †eM KZ?

DËi: √

273 30
332 / 343.5 /
273 10

7.3.3 k‡ãi e¨envi

AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd: k‡ãi cÖPwjZ e¨env‡ii K_v wbðqB Avi

KvD‡K Avjv`v K‡i ej‡Z n‡e bv, Avgiv K_v ewj, Mvb
ïwb, Wv³v‡iiv ý`¯ú›`b †kv‡bb, BwÄwbqviiv hš¿cvwZi
kã †kv‡bb BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw`| k‡ãi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi
Av‡Q, hvi K_v †Zvgiv nq‡Zv †kv‡bvwb| mšÍvbm¤¢ev gv‡qi
M‡f© †h beRvZKwU eo nq evB‡i †_‡K Zv‡K †`Lvi †Kv‡bv
Dcvq wQj bv, GLb AvjUªv m‡bvMÖvwd bv‡g GKwU cÖwμqvq
gv‡qi M‡f© AvjUªvmvDÛ cvVv‡bv nq, wkïi kixi †_‡K
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q †hUzKz wd‡i Av‡m †mUv‡K e¨envi K‡i wkïi
 
kix‡ii GKUv iƒc †ei K‡i Avbv nq| ïay mšÍvbm¤¢ev
gv‡q‡`i Rb¨ bq kix‡ii †fZ‡ii A½cÖZ¨½I GwU e¨envi Qwe 7.10: gv‡qi M‡f© wbLyZ
AvjUªvmvDÛ wÎgvwÎK Qwe 
K‡i †`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q| AvaywbK AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwdi A‡bK
DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Ges GKB mv‡_ wfbœ wfbœ w`K †_‡K AvjUªvmvDÛ cvwV‡q †mUv‡K aviY (Detect)
K‡i GKUv wbLuyZ wÎgvwÎK Qwe cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q(Qwe 7.10)|

wÎgvwÎK wmmwgK mv‡f©: gvwUi wb‡P M¨vm ev †Zj Av‡Q wK bv †`Lvi Rb¨ wmmwgK mv‡f© Kiv nq|
GwU Kivi Rb¨ gvwUi LvwbKUv wb‡P †QvU we‡ùviY Kiv nq, we‡ùvi‡Yi kã gvwUi wb‡Pi wewfbœ
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  163 

¯Í‡i AvNvZ K‡i cÖwZdwjZ n‡q Dc‡i wd‡i

Av‡m| wRI‡dvb (Geophone) bv‡g we‡kl
GK ai‡bi wiwmfv‡i †mB cÖwZdwjZ Zi½‡K
aviY (Detect) Kiv nq| mg¯Í Z_¨-we‡kølY
K‡i gvwUi wb‡Pi wbLyuZ wÎgvwÎK Qwe †ei K‡i
†Kv_vq M¨vm ev †Kv_vq †Zj Av‡Q †ei K‡i
†bqv nq| k‡ãi DrmwU †Kv_vq Av‡Q Ges
wRI‡dvb †Kv_vq Av‡Q `ywUB Rvbv _Kvi Kvi‡Y
Drm †_‡K wRI‡dv‡b kã Avm‡Z KZUzKz mgq
Qwe 7.11: kã Zi‡½ cÖwZdjb †_‡K f~c„‡ôi wfbœ wfbœ †j‡M‡Q Rvb‡Z cvi‡jB wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii `~iZ¡
¯Íi m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Rvbv hvq| wbLuyZfv‡e †ei Kiv hvq|

AvjUªvmvDÛ wK¬bvi: j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z hLb †QvULv‡Uv hš¿cvwZ wbLuyZfv‡e cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z nq ZLb
AvjUªvmvDÛ wK¬bvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv GKwU Zi‡j †QvULv‡Uv hš¿cvwZ Wzwe‡q †i‡L
Zvi †fZi AvëªvmvDÛ cvVv‡bv nq, Zvi K¤ú‡b hš¿cvwZi me gqjv †ei n‡q Av‡m|

7.3.4 myihy³ kã
Avgv‡`i Pvcv‡k bvbv ai‡bi kã i‡q‡Q
Zvi gv‡S wKQz wKQz kã ïb‡Z Avgv‡`i
fv‡jv jv‡M Avevi wKQz wKQz ïb‡Z
Avgv‡`i weiw³ nq| †h mKj kã ïb‡Z
Avgv‡`i fv‡jv jv‡M Zvi gv‡S me‡P‡q
cÖavb n‡”Q wewfbœ ev`¨h‡š¿i kã| 7.12
Qwe‡Z †ek K‡qKwU ev`¨h‡š¿i k‡ãi
Zi½ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Zvgiv †`L‡ZB
cv”Q Gi me¸‡jvB ch©ve„Ë K¤úb| Qwe 7.12: wfbœ wfbœ ev`¨h‡š¿i kã Zi½|
myikjvKv ev wUDwbsdK© †_‡K wbLuyZ GKwU
K¤ú‡bi kã †ei nqÑ wKš‘ myihy³ k‡ã
ïay GKwU Zi½ _v‡K bv GKvwaK Zi½ ci¯ú‡ii Ici Dc¯’vcb K‡i kãUv‡K myy‡ijv K‡i
†Zv‡j| my‡ijv kã‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡”Q:

 
164                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

†Uvb (Tone): Avjv`vfv‡e †kvbv m¤¢e †m iKg my‡ijv kã (mv †i Mv gv cv av wb mv)

wcP (Pitch): K¤úv¼
wi`g (Rhythm): Zvj
‡U‡¤úv (Tempo): KZ `ªæZ
KbUzi (Contour): my‡ii ZviZg¨
wU¤^vi (Timbre): wfbœ wfbœ ev`¨h‡š¿i †_‡K Avmv k‡ãi gv‡S cv_©K¨ †h ˆewkó¨ w`‡q
†evSv hvq †mwU n‡”Q my‡ii ¸Y ev RvZ
cÖvej¨ (Loudness): my‡ijv k‡ãi cÖvej¨ KZ †Rv‡i †kvbv hv‡”Q
Ae¯’vb (Spatial location): my‡ijv kã †Kv_v †_‡K Av‡m Zvi Ae¯’vb
wifvi‡eiv‡kb (Reverberation): cÖwZaŸvbi cwigvc

my‡ijv kã ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi ev`¨h‡š¿i e¨envi Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv‡K †gvUvgywU wZb fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq :

Zvi w`‡q ‰Zwi ev`¨hš¿: GKZviv, †envjv, †mZvi

evZv‡mi cÖevn w`‡q ‰Zwi ev`¨hš¿: evuwk, nvi‡gvwbqvgK
AvNvZ (Percussion) w`‡q kã ˆZwi Kivi ev`¨hš¿: †Xvj, Zejv

AvRKvj B‡j±ªwb· e¨envi K‡i m¤ú~Y©

wfbœ Dcv‡q my‡ijv kã ˆZwi Kiv nq| †Uwej 7.2: wewfbœ ai‡bi k‡ãi cwigvb
‡RU BwÄb 110 140
7.3.5 k‡ãi `~lY UªvwdK 80 90
kã Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi Lye cÖ‡qvRbxq Mvox 60 80
GKwU welq, wKš‘ Gi evovevwo Avgv‡`i ‡Uwjwfkb 50 60
Rxeb‡K Amnbxq K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| K_vevZ©v 40 60
Avgiv hviv kn‡i _vwK, we‡kl K‡i hviv wbtk¦vm 10
eo GKwU iv¯Ívi cv‡k _vwK Zviv wbðqB gkvi cvLvi kã 0
jÿ K‡iwQ iv¯Ívq evm, Mvwo Uªv‡Ki
Bwćbi kã Ges AbeiZ n‡b©i kã cÖvq
mg‡qB mnbkxj mn¨ mxgvi evB‡i P‡j hvq| `xN©w`b GB kã `~l‡Y _vK‡Z _vK‡Z Avgiv A‡bK
mgq Zv‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡q hvB ZLb hw` kã `~lY †bB †m iKg †Kv‡bv wbwiwewj RvqMvq hvIqvi
Zi½ I kã                                                                                                                                                  165 

†mŠfvM¨ nq ZLb nVvr K‡i kã `~lY Qvov Rxe‡bi A‡bKUzKzi ¸iæZ¡UzKz ai‡Z cvwi| wewfbœ
ai‡bi k‡ãi cwigvY 7.2 †Uwe‡j †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GwU ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv kã `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †kvbvi ÿgZvi A‡bK ÿwZ nq|
mgm¨vwwU‡K evwo‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i A‡b‡K AcÖ‡qvR‡bI Kv‡b †nW‡dvb jvwM‡q Mvb †kv‡b|

kã `~lY Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb †`‡k Gi weiæ‡× AvBb ˆZwi Kiv †hb †KD kã
`~lY Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Ges Kiv n‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvBwb e¨e¯’v †bqv hvq| Gi ci cÖ‡qvRb
Rbm‡PZbv| mevB‡K welqwU †evSv‡Z n‡e, h_vm¤¢e Kg nb© e¨envi K‡i PjvPj, KjKviLvbvq
kã †kvl‡Yi hš¿ Pvjy, gvB‡Ki e¨envi Kwg‡q Ksev eÜ K‡i †`qv, Kg k‡ãi hvbevnb e¨envi
BZ¨vw`| GKB mv‡_ kn‡ii dvuKv RvqMvq cÖPzi MvQ jvwM‡q kã‡K †kvlY Kivi g‡Zv e¨e¯’vI
†bqv DwPZ|

 
166                                                                                                                                                  Zi½ I kã 

Abykxjbx

cÖkœ:
1. †`LvI †h GKwU Zi½ kw³‡K GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq wb‡Z cv‡i|
2. kxl w`‡j kã nq †Kb?
3. ÒZi½ cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq gva¨g cÖevwnZ nq bv, wbR Ae¯’v‡b Zvi mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`b nqÓ
mZ¨ bv wg_¨v?
4. eRªcvZ n‡j kã nq †Kb?
5. Iovi mgq AvjUªv-mvDÛ kã ˆZwi bv K‡i Bbd«v-mvDÛ kã ˆZwi Ki‡j ev`y‡oi Kx mgm¨v
n‡Zv?

MvwYwZK mgm¨v:
1. 7.13 Qwe‡Z Ae¯’vb Ges mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU Zi½ †`Lvbv n‡q‡Q| Zi½wUi †eM KZ?

Qwe 7.13: Ae¯’vb Ges mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU Zi½|

2. †eM Ges k‡ãi †eM-Gi AbycvZ‡K e‡j| 9 hy×wegv‡bi MwZ‡eM KZ?

3. †Kv‡bv GKwU kn‡i MÖx®§Kv‡j k‡ãi †eM 0.05% †e‡o †M‡Q| kxZKv‡j ZvcgvÎv 10° n‡j
MÖx®§Kv‡j ZvcgvÎv KZ?
4. Avgiv 20 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ kã ïb‡Z cvwi| 20 Ges 20 k‡ãi Zi½
ˆ`N©¨ KZ?
5. 10 log , †RU Bwćbi kã Ges gkvi cvLvi kã n‡j, †RU Bwćbi kã
gkvi cvLvi kã †_‡K K‡Zv ¸Y †ewk?