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This documentation does not claim to cover all of the BVR techniques that can be used with the F-15. It does not in any way replace the Lockon
manual, but attempts to provide purely tactical additions by analyzing the different phases of BVR combat. The spirit sought is that of a measured realism
adapted to the limitations of the LockOn flight simulator (1.12a) and of the virtual world. The primary goal is to allow beginners to acquire both technical
know-how, sometimes unsuspected, and bases for tactical thinking, without which all aerial combat is ultimately reduced to the sole factor of luck ... This
tutorial may be of interest also experienced pilots. They can either confirm their technique or discover new approaches. It is not only for "Eagle Drivers" and
any "check" can hopefully pick up here and there some news worthy of interest. Don't we say that knowledge is the first weapon? ... The "chibans" of
LockOn will find many references to tactics discussed on the web. In part, this tutorial is a summary of several posts on the subject, developed in a disparate
way on many sites (Checksix, 3rd-wing, simHQ mainly). The idea is to bring together on a single documentation part of the subjects having appeal to the
BVR in order to propose combat tactics more particularly adapted to the specificities of the F-15. LockOn's "chibanes" will find many references to tactics
discussed on the web. In part, this tutorial is a summary of several posts on the subject, developed in a disparate way on many sites (Checksix, 3rd-wing,
simHQ mainly). The idea is to bring together on a single documentation part of the subjects having appeal to the BVR in order to propose combat tactics
more particularly adapted to the specificities of the F-15. LockOn's "chibanes" will find many references to tactics discussed on the web. In part, this tutorial
is a summary of several posts on the subject, developed in a disparate way on many sites (Checksix, 3rd-wing, simHQ mainly). The idea is to bring together
on a single documentation part of the subjects having appeal to the BVR in order to propose combat tactics more particularly adapted to the specificities of
the F-15.

In addition I echo a certain style of combat, an approach which is specific to me, free to each to take what will interest him.

Finally, I do not pretend to hold the "truth", I am not the author in full of any of these tactics. These do not belong to anyone and are more
generally the transcription of tactics borrowed from the real world as much as the fruit of experiences stored during tens of hours of flight. They
also reflect many reflections and discussions shared with other players wishing to exchange their experiences to benefit the greatest number.

Page 1 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 TNOT
III NOT
NOT T
RRR
OT O
O
DDUU TVST
VSVS I TIOIOONOT
NOTNOT

If the techniques of the BVR were repeatedly the subject of bitter discussions on many forums, they were mostly conversations
between pilots of Su-27/33 (the most "stolen" plane in Lockon) . The BVR on a Russian fighter is often considered to be sharper, compared to
the supposedly more basic and easier technique attributed to the F-15. The experience of HvsH shows in fact that the F-15 does not have only
advantages in BVR and that the Su-27/33 comes out more often victorious in the duel with long range… For the beginner, the more reduced
range of American missiles can divert and make him prefer his "enemy brother" the Su-27. On F-15, many are wondering how to fire their
missiles before being "shot" like pigeons by the Flanker, which always seems to evolve beyond reach. On the other hand, Russian fighter pilots
often mock their F-15 opponents by observing them "Pumper" at all costs after having fired all their AMRAAM at maximum distance ...
Appearances are however misleading and the chances are more balanced than they appear. On the one hand, Fox-1 / Fox-2 long or even
Fox-3 (Mig-29), SPO-15 and Datalink; Fox-1 / Fox- 3, TEWS, and TWS on the other…

Each aircraft has its "preferred distance", that at which it is able to dominate all the others ... For the F-15, the window could not be shorter and
is between 15 and 8nm. Beyond and below, the Russian fighters are clearly more dangerous than the F-15…

Knowing the capabilities of each aircraft is imperative, both in terms of pure performance and in terms of avionics and weaponry. Hence the
importance of delving into the documentation in order to understand how each aircraft operates. Lockon is not Falcon4, certainly, but the degree
of realism is sufficiently advanced and thanks to its advanced graphics, the immersion is particularly successful. Learning can require many
hours of flight time for any pilot wishing to survive and overcome, especially in HvsH.

Air combat is not frozen and multiple scenarios exist. It is an art with variable geometry in which the tactical situation (sitac in French or SA for
Situation Awareness) is essential for the development of an effective combat tactic. The key words are reactivity and anticipation. To dominate
your opponent you must have a tactic of engagement, determine a plan of action. Improvisation is not required. The use of proven tactics is
essential to overcome your opponents. We simply cannot “rush into the heap” without having thought in advance about what we are going to do
and know what the bandit opposite is capable of, or even anticipate his actions if we know his doctrine of 'employs privileged! ... The different
phases of BVR combat can be broken down into 6 stages.

1) Detection
2) Sorting

3) Targeting
4) Interception
5) Commitment
6) Separation

We will then discuss certain specificities of the F-15, such as the choice of missiles, or the specific use of ECMs.

For practical reasons, we will consider as BVR (combat beyond the visual range) any shooting undertaken before the merge, which includes the
shooting carried out on sight, but before the engagement of a revolving combat.

Page 2 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 Nb: Throughout this tutorial, the Anglo-Saxon acronyms designating technical or tactical terms are used as such. Those in the
Brevity Code are written in italics. For more information see the links on the last page.

II I... D
DDEE
TT E
EE TVST
VSVS I TIOIOONOT
NOT:NOT
: :

Unlike Russian devices, we do not have a Datalink. We must therefore rely on our own radar to view the contacts, announced or not
by a possible AWACS, which makes us less discreet. The F-15C's APG-63 provides long-range detection using LRS (Long Range Search) and
TWS (Track While Scan) modes. In these modes, any bandit swept by the radar beam will only receive a Scan alert. The point here is not to go
into detail on the operation of these modes. For this it will be necessary to refer to the excellent doc referenced on the last page. However, we
will insist on certain technical aspects (opening, radar mode,…)

directly related to tactics

of engagement.
In LockOn, the LRS mode is not of great interest in terms of detection distance and even less in terms of information. It is preferable to go
directly to TWS to obtain a maximum of elements on the contacts, while remaining relatively discreet.

Once the TWS mode has been selected, switch to 120 ° scanning and adjust the antenna site so as to scan the desired portion of sky.

In a patrol, the leader will determine a radar search plan and if necessary will indicate to each of his wingers the portion of sky to be scanned
(up or down for example).

Hot contacts can be detected at several tens of nautical miles and automatically classified Friend or Foe (friend or foe) thanks to the IFF. The
F-15's NCTR system is capable of identifying any type of device that is hooked or “bugged” (selected but not hooked in TWS). This
identification should be effective at more or less long range depending on the size of the contact and its appearance, in Lockon, all Targets are
identified at 25nm ...

Page 3 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 NCTR (Non-Cooperative Target Recognition): Identification of a type
of aircraft thanks to a database of radar signatures of the compressor blades of the reactors.

II II II... TT T
RRR
I I I:::: :

This stage consists in separating the possible bogeys, ie knowing their number, their formation and their movement. At long
distances it can be difficult to separate devices operating in close patrol or in Trail. If you are yourself in a patrol, it may be advantageous to fly
temporarily in LineAbrest or any other formation allowing a radar scan from different angles in order to obtain a separation of the contacts. The
information on the bogeys can be transmitted to the other members of the patrol using the message BRAA (Bearing, Range, Altitude, Attitude).

At this stage, if you are sure to have contacts only in a well-defined portion of the sky, it becomes interesting to reduce the scanning to 60 ° to
obtain a better refresh rate, which will facilitate the sorting and tracking of bogeys.

This is a key step to get the clearest idea

of ​the enemy system.

II II III II... ATS

AT ATSS S
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The leader will assign the targets to each member of the patrol. Depending on the tactics used, you can still keep the TWS mode at
this stage. All contacts can be followed by all members of the patrol. It is possible to “bug” several bandits, for example for discrete multi-target
Fox-3 shots (without snap alert or missile departure).

Faced with a bandit using electronic countermeasures, it may be interesting not to lock the ECM trace too early because we would then lose the
possibility of detecting other hostiles (since the radar locks an ECM contact in STT). A classic method that can be used by bandits is a device
with ECM flying at high altitude serving as bait, while its wingman is at low altitude completely discreet (search in EOS / IRST mode: Infra Red
Search and Track).

In general, the prevailing rule is: "everyone has their target"!

II IVVV
.. . III NOT
TNOT
NOT T
EE R
RTR EVSP
VSVS EEP
TTI IOIOONOT
NOT:NOT
: :

You now know the number, altitude, course, speed, and all the information that your radar can give you on contacts. In addition, if
you yourself are enlightened by an enemy you can know, thanks to your TEWS, what type of radar it is (therefore what type of aircraft, knowing
however that the Mig-29 and

Page 4 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

Su-27/33 correspond to type "29"). Finally, the NCTR system will recognize the type of aircraft you have in front of you, which will allow you to
know which missiles could be launched against you.

All this information will allow you to develop your own interception tactics. Which trajectory to take (Head on, Pure, Lag,…) which altitude, which
speed?

For a patrol, what training will be used and the actual interception maneuver (Bracket, Pinch, Contrarotative, etc.).

A tactic having been stopped, the problem now is to manage to get close enough to fire its missiles, knowing that the opponent will do the
same…

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Elements: Altitude: 20,000ft

Approach speed ≈ 1000kt Arming SU-27: 4 R27-ER, 2 R27-ET 4 R73
Arming F-15: 5 AIM-120, 2 AIM-7, 1 AIM-9 The two devices are face to
face.

The BVR tactic best suited to firing a Fox-1 (Semi-Active Radar Homing missile) is a F-Pole maneuver, i.e. a shot made at the
longest effective range possible in order to optimize the distance at which we will be from its target when the missile which pursues it is
supposed to touch it, so as to be exposed to the minimum.

This technique prevails for a device like the Su-27 because the range of the R27ER missile allows it to fire with impunity up to distances of
nearly 40 nautical miles (on non-maneuvering target)! To do this, the Russian fighter will seek to launch as high as possible, knowing that a
missile doubles its range by 20000ft of altitude gain.

A first enemy fire could be made at more than 30nm. But more generally they are to be expected around 25nm (you are a maneuvering target).

Page 5 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

If you observe on your radar that the bandit is trying to gain altitude quickly, you can expect a distant shot. From this moment, the gain of a
higher altitude is no longer essential for the F-15. Anyway, at equal flight level, the Sukhoi will always fire first! It is even better to stay at
medium altitude to keep sufficient maneuverability. Of course, the performance of your own missiles will also be reduced, but it is not of major
gravity in this first phase of the combat, dominated by the head and shoulders by his majesty R27-ER.

How to stay safe from enemy missiles while getting closer? Suffice to say right away, handling the F-15, because of the weaker range of its
missiles, requires a relatively aggressive piloting style. We will have to expose ourselves, but in a thoughtful and controlled way. Conversely, a
pilot who leaves on pump at each missile departure will stay alive but will not touch much ... The mission of the F-15, let's not forget, it is air
superiority! Clearly, we will have to go "coal" ...

Obviously, one cannot hope to arrive within range by flying in a straight line, making a perfect target for enemy missiles! So how do you get
close?

Two techniques, among others, are possible: Snake and Notch.

I will not deal with techniques consisting of “blending” in the relief, these being too marginal, even if they can be somewhat effective, especially
in mountainous regions. An air superiority fighter only very exceptionally does very low altitude penetration, this is the job of muds (the F-15C is
not a Strike Eagle).

THE "SNAKE":

As its name suggests, this technique consists in evolving, like a snake, by making left and right turns of the imaginary axis between
its plane and the target, so as to "tire" a missile launched against you, by making it fly a much greater flight distance (we speak of "Dodger" a
missile). Indeed, it will have to constantly adjust its trajectory to that of its target, which will cost it a maximum of energy. FYI, the propeller of an
R27-ER has an operating time of 12 seconds ...

As can be seen from this recording, the missile is forced to permanently correct its trajectory. Under these conditions, its guidance is not
optimum since, like all Fox-1s, the R27-ER operates in “proportional” tracking. To intercept its target, it constantly anticipates its future
trajectory. Forced to turn

Page 6 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

several times, it will waste its kinetic energy. Its speed decreasing, its
maneuverability becomes less and he ends up missing his target.

However, even when fired at more than 25nm, it will keep enough inertia to cover the distance… The risk that it will still manage to meet its
target in the zig when it leaves the zag is not zero!…

We can estimate that the Snake used from the beginning of the engagement is 95% effective against a missile fired at 25nm, and close to
100% against a missile fired at 30nm. However, this remains “blind” missile avoidance…

The parameters of a good snake: Dice

missile launch alert, he is
better to lock the target in STT so as not to lose it (due to changes in amplitude
limit, the TWS would be most complicated to keep).

Engage downhill turns around 500kt and bring the target to a stop on the left
then on the right on your VSD.

When the distance is great there is no need to rush, slow turns are enough. The fact of descending while making course changes with an
amplitude of 120 ° will considerably tire the enemy missile by forcing it to carry out significant trajectory corrections. The closer you get, the
more it will be necessary to accelerate the rate so that the enemy missile misses you, become incapable of taking the G necessary to intercept
correctly.

However, be careful not to go too far around the corners, otherwise you will lose the lock on the bandit, which would ruin your SA.

As you get closer to the bandit, increase the cadence of turns and launch chaffs with each change of trajectory to further scramble the SER
(Radar Equivalent Surface) of your device, which will complicate the life of the enemy missile even more. Be careful not to take too much G not
to tire your pilot or risk a black veil, this is really not the time!

Well, you are still alive and you no longer have a missile alert on the TEWS ... The R27ER missed you! Do not cry victory too early, a Sukhoï-27
can take 4 of these charming machines…

111)) ) LLL
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notnot I IAT
not IATAT : Behavior is predictable

After the first shot, it will most likely have kept a collision course on you and will not have descended much. At a dozen nautical
miles a second missile should be launched while you have escaped the first. At this moment, you are probably not yet in effective range (you
are now operating at low altitude). It takes a few seconds longer in Snake to glean from the distance. Around 9nm, drop a Sparrow, followed by
a handful of seconds after an AMRAAM (to ensure) while continuing the turns with as many G as possible and the chaffs / flares on AUTO. The
purpose of the maneuver is now to prevent the bandit from keeping a stable lock on you by forcing him to go on defense!

Why a Sparrow and not an AMRAAM, you say? It's a question of probability!

In Lockon, AMRAAM is modeled to balance duels with Russian planes. To avoid repeated kills at Fox-3 "made in USA", the performances of
the AIM-120 have been reduced. As a result, its success rate is close to 33% (on average) on an aircraft maneuvering beyond 10nm. Even at
the E-Pole (distance at which a target can no longer hope to escape a missile, including by performing a 180 °) we painfully reach 50%…

Page 7 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

The Sparrow, like any good self-respecting Fox-1, has a much better PK (Probability of Kill) and a range slightly greater than that of AMRAAM.
Of course, the target must be illuminated until impact, that's the problem ... That's why, doubling with an AIM-120 will in any case occupy the
bandit, if you were forced despite everything to the defensive …

Very quickly after your double shot, you should see on your HUD the angle of appearance of the bandit deviate from you. Your attack alerted
the AI ​who will try to counter you by diving to the ground, looking for the Beam. Clearly it goes defensive!

At this precise moment you have won the long-range battle and the second R27-ER on the way should leave with strawberries, following the
loss of the lock by the bandit, now busy defending himself ...

You can stop the Snaking and go to Lag Poursuit (to avoid possible unexpected encounters with IR missiles), while remaining scrupulously
below the bandit so as not to risk a loss of lock.

If everything has gone normally the Sukhoi should turn into heat and light in the coming seconds!

When your TTI indicator reaches 0 and the bandit has

obviously not been hit, this does not mean that you missed it
(at least not necessarily).

The countdown begins at the start of the move for a target that
does not change parameters; however the bandit evolved to
avoid your missile so that the TTI became false.

You have to wait a few seconds to be really sure that the

missile failed (sometimes it is difficult and
the

great temptation to shoot again)…

With an AI, as long as it maintains a trajectory in beam it is that

your missile
East again phase
interception.

If you see it evolving again towards you (on the HUD or in

visual), it's a safe bet that the missile overshooted…

Page 8 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 …or not !…

222)) ) LLL
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greatly from one pilot to another, however, effective "basics" from real techniques will be used by the most experienced.

If he knows his stuff, he will certainly have left for Cranck on the first shot and will try to descend to an altitude lower than yours so as
not to lose the lock.

The Cranck consists in placing the target at the limit of 60 ° (55 °) on the HUD (beyond, we do not
can keep the lock) and aims to slow down the
speed of
reconciliation for
optimize the F-Pole while continuing
to guide a
missile.
To do this, it is also essential to descend below
the target so that its echo does not merge with
the ground if it moves 90 ° from your trajectory
(Beam), the performance of a radar being lower in
Lookdown.

If the missile was fired at maximum range, there is a reasonable chance that it will quickly exhaust itself, but an experienced pilot will most likely
have expected to be 80% or even 50% of the maximum range indicated if the F -15 is much lower than him.

Small important aside concerning the range of the missiles indicated on the HUD or the VSD:

Elements taken into account by the calculator:

- Altitude of the launcher only, not that of the target!
- Angle of appearance of the target, more than its speed
- Distance (max or mini)
However, in the lower layers, friction in the denser air will considerably slow down the missile, especially if it is no longer in the propulsion
phase. Whether the target is at the same altitude as the shooter or much lower, the range indicated will be identical, which is of course wrong.

Thus, we can define a rough estimate of PK optimized according to the difference in altitude between the shooter and his target:

- Lower target (around 20,000ft): 50% of maximum range indicated

- Target at the same altitude: 80% of maximum range indicated (maneuvering target)
- Higher target (around 20,000ft): shooting upon authorization

Page 9 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 This does not mean that you will necessarily hit your targets by adopting these parameters, or that you have no chance of hitting anything
by shooting at maximum range. Air combat cannot be resolved with equations. It is just a question of knowing the probabilities of your actions
according to the constraints linked to the pure performance of missiles under certain circumstances.

Faced with a human, the Snake technique remains effective, but it

becomes even more random because there is a good chance that
enemy missiles will succeed one another at a more sustained rate…

For a first firing carried out around 35nm you can expect 3 R27-ER
missiles launched against you (before going to R27-ET); and at least
2 during an engagement started at 25nm. With

good launch timing the chances of being hit are not negligible and it will not be necessary to be stingy on the chaffs to get out! A human pilot will
certainly fire a second, then a third missile if necessary, faster than an AI.

Despite everything, the technique works and you can hope to arrive in range to release your own birds.

You will understand, the Snake from the beginning of an engagement, implies a significant risk taking to counter missiles that you cannot see,
by hoping that they do not cross you too closely…

Fortunately, there is a safer and less “nagging” technique…

Page 10 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 THE “NOTCH”:

The best way to avoid a missile is to become invisible to the radar that guides it! It is not a question of turning into an F-117 but of
taking a trajectory which, under certain conditions, will make you undetectable on enemy radar.

If during a Snake, you take all the risks to get closer, with the Notch, you will force your opponent to come towards you, while forbidding him the
possibility of keeping the lock!

As soon as you perceive the missile alert, quickly memorize the elements of the bandit (especially his altitude) as well as your current heading
and initiate a turn of 90 ° in free descent so as to place the icon symbolizing the enemy hunter on your TEWS in your 9/15 hours. Once the
wings are flat (TEWS loses all contacts for inclinations greater than 60 ° ) check the end of the missile alert; otherwise continue to descend.

Ok, you should have only the enemy radar witness in Scan or Lock mode… And a lost R27-ER!

After having previously adjusted your radar antenna completely to the left or to the right (depending on the relative position of the bandit) start a
turn towards him and "Bugezle" / lock it again as soon as the contact is found. As soon as he can, the bandit will launch a second missile. Again
repeat the Notch maneuver ...

Like the Russian fighters, the antenna of the F-15's APG-63 has the ability to be oriented in azimuth for an opening of 60 ° (Shift-! And Shift-;)
The vast majority of the The Eagle pilot community skipped this function, almost systematically preferring 120 ° scanning.

However, the "wide angle" scan offers a lower refresh rate and in the case of a target re-acquisition, this induces a very detrimental loss
of time to quickly resume a correct SA.

Page 11 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

Once at a good distance, fire your missiles at the exit of a Notch to force it on the defensive.

This tactic is very easy to perform against an AI because it never goes down far enough after its shots and therefore is "Notcher" easily. On the
other hand, it rarely goes into Drag (on the other hand it will try to counter your attacks with beams…).

Against a human, the fight is likely to end at very low altitude if he reacts quickly by trying to pass below your altitude during the Cranck (which
he will try to do for sure). Make sure you're always lower than him in the Notch and he just won't be able to hit you with his Fox-1s! Most pilots
may not take the risk of approaching within range of your Fox-3 and choose to retreat in a careful drag (quite likely in multi) however several
scenarios are to be expected if the Sukhoi continues the fight despite your repeated Notch.

- If during the last Notch you noted that the bandit had gone down very low, as low as you (the range of his missiles is then reduced),
you can try to switch roles…

After having locked it “in the corner” veer again

towards it and carry out a rapid climb (Gate) until
authorization to fire, dropping chaffs in case…
(given your angle of climb, you risk not to record a
missile departure)…

… Drop two missiles 7 seconds apart with

a barrel roll (1 AIM-7 and 1 AIM-120)…

… Then fully descend

Crank.

This aggressive maneuver may have surprised him and you should have fired before him (since you temporarily climbed up to increase your
range). Be careful, go down quickly otherwise you would find yourself in a position to make yourself a “Beamer” since higher than him… You
should never underestimate his

Page 12 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

adversary, but your aggressiveness could destabilize him and lead him to go on the defensive (it takes solid nerves to pilot a Russian fighter
because the SPO-15 does not allow to keep a good SA; therefore it is natural to favor the defensive when the situation becomes confused and
the missile alarms are heard).

- You can choose to keep a Notch

until the bandit is close enough to have it
visible. The Sukhoï27 is an imposing device
and can be seen on a dozen nautical, if we
know where to look. Then switch to VISUAL
mode, veer towards him and shoot 2 to 3
AMRAAM (don't be ashamed, the guy
opposite may have already sent you his 2
R27ETs without warning), then Pump / Notch
depending on the threat. !

The big advantage of VISUAL mode is that the radar is on standby, so it does not transmit. Your presence is therefore not betrayed (the
SPO-15, will not be able to detect you), until the activation of the missile (Pitbull). You also have no fire authorization since the target does not is
neither illuminated nor designated. The ASE circle acts as a viewfinder corresponding to the area that your missile will scan. Be careful
however, your AIM-120 are released in Maddog, so avoid if there are friends around! ...

Much more tense, the use of Sparrow in FLOOD mode. In this mode, the missile is fired without latching and guided towards the first target
encountered in the perimeter of the ASE circle (this materializing the emission cone of your radar). If there are several potential targets, the
missile will choose the one which has the most important SER (without discrimination Friend / Enemy…). The advantage of this mode is that it is
almost impossible for the bandit to manage to beam you. On the other hand, a 10 / 12nm FLOOD shot (at sight) in 1vs1 on a Russian hunter has
two major drawbacks:

1) Any Cranck / Pump / Notch after firing means losing the missile.
2) The plume of smoke left behind the Sparrow makes it very easy to detect at
this distance.
In these conditions, it is advisable to use this mode only in the case where the Bandit is unable to fight back (he is already defending himself) or
when you have managed to get behind him (but there, we are already starting to talk about CAC…)

Page 13 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

The advantage with Notch is that you keep the possibility of a Pump all the time in case ... On the other hand, you hope to remain invisible so
above all do not unmask yourself by dropping preventive flares at all costs. Look for possible missiles on sight only! ... Where it becomes
"tense" is that you absolutely must have a Tally before re-engaging, while your opponent can track you using his radar or worse at EOS…

- If you detect new missile shots while you are Hot on the Bandit within 8 nautical miles, drop the Notch (you have no time) and go to
Snake (or Pump if you choose to be careful).

At this distance the fatal danger is R27-ET. If the opposing pilot

keeps his cool, it is a safe bet that one or two R27-ET missiles will be
fired against you a few seconds after your own shots (the practical
range of the R27-ET is slightly less than that of the 'AIM-120)
perhaps even during a defensive maneuver when you no longer
detect a radar lock on your TEWS, thanks to the helmet viewfinder
mode (SHLEM) allowing remote shooting.

Page 14 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

With an AI, it is rather rare because it goes almost systematically in defense (Beam) "forgetting" momentarily its medium range IR shooting
capacity! The R27-ET is an extremely effective weapon, especially when fired without warning. Thanks to its exceptional range for an IR missile
and its ability to acquire its target in a completely discreet manner, systematically expect it to be fired (also in Maddog) and therefore prepare to
lure it.

When in doubt, arriving around 8 nautical miles, drop flares / chaff in AUTO, and fly with 100% max dry gas (PC prohibited)!

- You haven't seen a new missile start and the Bandit has gone defensive (Beam). Look for a chase in Lag in order to place you on a
trajectory bringing you to the minimum in its 4/8 hours to prohibit it from shot shots.

- The 120 being Pitbull, a careful Pump

can also become beneficial to avoid a possible
dog always extremely random, especially against
a Su27…

- You have seen streaks, and you

think it is too late for a Pump: Place the incoming
missiles in your 10/14 hours and perform a barrel
barrel

at the right time (rely on the smoke or condensation trails visible when the missile is in a turn) by releasing a maximum of flares / chaffs (you
are never sure what type of missile it is) and the gases on idle. Suffice to say, you will not be entitled to two tries ...

EE xE xe
x eemmmp pl e
ll ee222 :: : F -F
- 11
- 15 55 vv ve eer rsr ssu us s M
MMig
i igg-- 2-2 29 99S SS

--- PP P
lu
l luus s pppe eet tit ti t………
at
atuatususs si i id dat at
at gnotgegeer rer eeu ux x-- -
notnot

Elements: same
Arming Mig-29S: 2 R77, 2 R27-ET, 2 R73

The special feature of the Fulcrum is that it can fire the R77 missile (AA-12 Adder in the NATO nomenclature) also nicknamed
AMRAAMSKI by analogy to its operating mode similar to that of AMRAAM. It is a Fire and Forget Fox-3 missile. Its range is a little weaker than
that of AMRAAM (in the game) but it goes into active mode at the same distance from 8.5 nm.

Although it is also capable of carrying R27-ERs, the N-019 radar of the Mig29S does not allow it to hang from as far as that of the Sukhoï-27.
He therefore finds himself totally upgraded by the American hunter in this area. However, because of

Page 15 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

its smaller size, its detection as well as its attachment by the radar of the F-15 will however be at a shorter distance than for the Flanker.

Because of its very low SER, it is more difficult to hit a Fulcrum with AMRAAMs shot in loockdown in HvsH! The bandit will generally have no
difficulty in escaping them, through the use of a few chaffs…

Facing the Mig-29, the F-15 in theory takes the initiative for the first shot! Far shot followed by a Cranck remains the basic solution: a shot (or
more) of AIM-120 in TWS, followed by a Cranck with radar set to an opening of 60 ° and placed "in the corner". The guidance of the missile is
thus ensured in good conditions until it goes into active mode, while optimizing the F-Pole (the longer the missile is supported by the guidance
of the radar of the launching device, the better the PK, even after the Pitbull). In practice, and unlike Su-27, the use of ECM by Migs, in a
systematic way for AI and likely in HvsH, risks most of the time making it more difficult for you to shoot at medium range…

Be careful, even if you manage to fire the first one, this will not prevent the Mig from fighting back when it also arrives within range a few
seconds later!

Not having a real TWS firing capacity, he will have to go to

STT to fire his Fox-3, unless you drop them in Maddog…
You should therefore have a missile launch alarm in

the

mostly of case but not

systematically! ...
Once his Fox-3 left, he can then engage in a defensive
maneuver to counter your missiles (Drag, Beam,
avoidance).

It is understandable that under these conditions maintaining the Cranck alone is no longer enough. Unlike the Flanker, the Mig defense does
not protect you from its autonomous radar guided missiles!

At best, your own missiles will have destroyed the Bandit, but you will still have to escape their own when they have hooked you!

- You can try an avoidance maneuver: When the R77 passes active, your TEWS
will detect the radar of the missile and an M in a diamond will appear on the screen of the
RWR. The distance at which your sensors locate the radar of the missile is approximately
5.5nm which leaves you less than 18 seconds to react (if you fly around 450kt). Place the
missile symbol in your 10/14 hours and at the "opportune moment" carry out a barrel barrel
accompanied by a generous drop of chaffs. It is more efficient to perform displays in two
directions (barrel) than to simply "pull the handle". Yes

the

maneuver worked, the M will "slide" behind you and disappear, if not, it's simple, you're
dead! ...
The "opportune moment" can be estimated relatively precisely by carefully scrutinizing the TEWS screen: When the missile symbol arrives in
the circle marked by the cross, it is high time to start the avoidance maneuver!

Page 16 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

It should be noted that if the Fox-3 become active around 8.5nm (15km), they are only detectable around 5.5nm (10km). The difference is no
doubt due to the time it takes for the system to process the missile's radar signal and identify it as a threat ...

- The Notch offers another possibility of defense against the Fox-3: This time, it is no longer the launcher that you need "Beamer"
but the radar of the missile itself. The principle remains the same, place the enemy missile symbol at 90 ° on the TEWS while dropping chaffs.
Please note, missile radars are more difficult to “Notcher”… If the symbol of the missile remains visible on your TEWS it is because it still hangs
on you, it is then necessary to carry out ascents / descents at very low altitude , always at 90 °, in the hope of forcing it to strike the ground
while trying to intercept you.

The Notch, although more "tense"

face at a
fighter with Fox-3 ability, can keep an offensive
posture and in fact,

facilitate a possible re-engagement.

However, it is a risky maneuver in the event
that the Mig remained offensive. You would find
yourself

in a
very uncomfortable position, in front of both “Notcher” the Bandit and his missiles (which are no longer necessarily on the same axis)…

In addition, if you can not "re-lock" the Bandit out of the Notch and unlike a fight against a Su-27, it will be difficult for you to get a Tally (visual)
on a Mig-29 at because of its small size!

A Mig-29 is therefore extremely dangerous when approaching within range of long Fox-2!

- A wise solution is to leave in Pump immediately after your AMRAAM are Pitbull (missile radar in active mode):

The F-15 has a big advantage in this area compared to its opponents thanks to the indication TTI / TTA (Time To Interception / Time To
Activation) visible on both the HUD and the VSD (even if it is not not properly implemented in the game). You can tell when the last missile left
becomes active and therefore no longer requires the support of your radar. The Pump triggered around 8 nm from the Bandit ensures you
escape the R77 but it ruins your SA. An experienced Mig-29 pilot who successfully dodged your missiles could

very good grab

the opportunity to chase you off radar with its EOS /
IRST and swing your long Fox-2 at

the slightest attempt to "blind" Recommit on your part ...

The Pump remains the valid option to return to a safety zone (an allied SAM site for example) or if you can count on the support of a wingman,
or even an AWACS to learn about threats and monitor your 6 hours ...

Page 17 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

VV V
I I.I.. SS S
EE P
PP RATR
ATAT TATT
RAT
AT I TIOIOONOT
NOT:NOT
: :

When should we break the fight? Based on what criteria? If precise answers are not provided to these questions before the
engagement, there is a great risk of getting carried away by the action and being in a dead end.

It is essential to consider in advance the different cases of exit from engagement in order not to be drawn into a situation without escape. Thus,
the attitude to be taken according to such or such probable event must be defined before the engagement.

For example, should we prosecute a bandit who has left in Drag at the risk of not seeing his wingman arrive, or of finding himself within range of
an enemy SAM?…
Should we push the fight to the ACC with all the uncertainties that this kind of fight conceals? ...

The elements of response can be given, on the one hand by the nature of the mission itself (SWEEP, CAP, escort, interception,…) on the other
hand by the geometry of the engagement (1vs1, 1vs2…) by your status (fuel, armaments, damage) and finally by the environment (AWACS,
SAM, support, etc.)

- The mission :
The missions of hunters are not simply reduced to shooting down enemy aircraft. Very often, it is simply a matter of prohibiting a portion of
airspace for a strategic purpose.

If your mission is a SWEEP preceding land strikes, you will have to sweep the sky in front of the muds. If you manage to clear the area of ​any
enemy air presence even if you have not fired a missile, you have fulfilled your mission. This implies that you should not be distracted by
lawsuits that would force you to leave the area that has been assigned to you. Conversely, any enemy fighter who tries to enter the airspace
that you must control must be aggressively engaged and shot or fled!

- The geometry of the engagement:

In general and voluntarily reductive, we will rarely accept a commitment in numerical inferiority. At the very least, if your mission requires it (in
the case of an escort mission for example), it would probably be better to "occupy" the attackers, to harass them with long shots if you have the
opportunity rather than to be fully committed. Admittedly, it is possible, especially against AI, to make engagements, for fun, against 3, 4 or even
5 enemy hunters; but if you are part of a complex device made up of patrols, each having a job to do, it is preferable in the first instance to stay
alive in order to hamper the operations of enemy aircraft as much as possible. It's up to you to see what is best for the success of your mission,

- The statute :
Fuel management is essential for any aircraft, but it is even more so for a sensible air superiority fighter who watches the sky while the muds do
their job. The carrying capacity of droppable drums is particularly appreciable for these long-term missions where you have to "hold" the sky!
Even when heavily loaded, the F-15 remains manoeuvrable enough to carry out all of the BVR combat maneuvers (Snake included) without any
problem. more favorable thrust / weight ratio. It is also useless to keep them once empty, it is always here to gain in drag…

It is obvious that the fight stop must be considered as soon as we are going to draw on its fuel reserves (full CP, this heads a max…). Careful
management of its consumption will avoid the urgent search for a lead, often the

Page 18 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

first come, for a “short petrol” pose. It would still be a shame to be had by a modest ZSU23-4 in the final on an enemy track!… The armament
status is also to be checked before any engagement. It is clear that we can hardly hope to work miracles in BVR if we find ourselves armed with
only Fox-2…

SS S
p patat
ratr rooowww vv vs s AT
ATMATM
MR
R ATM
ATAT
AT ATM
M: :

--- LL L
e e dddi liie
l eemmmmmme e ---

- In addition to a higher range, the Sparrow offers on the one hand a much better PK than that of the AIM-120 and on the other hand,
it can be an element of surprise, when used wisely…

Indeed, the SPO-15 which equips Mig and other Sukhoi allows, thanks to its signal intensity gauge, the determination of the arrival of a Fox-3.
This crucial indication authorizes the pilot flying on a Russian fighter to make very effective displays, with almost perfect timing, as if he "saw"
the missile coming! At the appropriate moment, this one will be able to start an avoidance maneuver, most of the time a barrel barrel or even a
simple abrupt rise by turning towards the missile under strong load factor, the whole while dropping many chaffs.

Now imagine that you get a shooting window on a bandit. You successively launch an AIM-7, then an AIM-120. The enemy fighter is
automatically notified of the two missile departures by his SPO-15, but of course he cannot know what type of missile it is. From experience, if
he knows he is dealing with an F-15, he will think "Fox-3"! He will then say that he still has time to wait before evolving, confident in his ability to
see arriving and avoid the AMRAAM ...

At around 8.5nm from its target, the AIM-120 will go active and around 5.5nm the SPO-15 gauge will start its countdown. The bandit will
prepare to counter it as on parade, placing the missile in its 10/14 hours and waiting for the moment when the gauge reaches almost its
maximum to trigger the avoidance ... Except that the Sparrow, invisible to the SPO-15, the will pick a few seconds before, when he does not
expect it! In this kind of attack, it is preferable to fire the Sparrow first followed by a Crank, then the AIM-120. On the one hand we optimize the
F-Pole thanks to the higher range of the AIM-7, and on the other hand the missile will arrive on its target before it begins its avoidance
maneuver (deceived by the gauge of the SPO-15 perceiving the plus approach

far from AMRAAM).

We can also choose another combination by first firing Fox-3 (in TWS)
to place the Bandit or his possible wingers on defense, then strike the
death blow at Fox-1 if we have the opportunity…

- AMRAAM (Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile) remains the F-15's favorite missile. It offers the immeasurable comfort of
Fire and Forget. However, its sometimes dubious performance, coupled with its lack of discretion in terminal guidance inherent in active guided
missiles, make it less efficient than the Sparrow. It should be seen more as a deterrent (its ability to be launched from

Page 19 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

discreetly in TWS always generates a certain stress among the opposing pilots), even diversion (to put the Bandits on the defensive).

For the "shooting to kill" it must be used as a weapon of saturation, that is to say by two or even three missiles fired at 5 second intervals
(minimum) to have a satisfactory PK against a bandit piloted by a human .

If the Sparrow is a more lethal "killer", its range, although greater than that of AMRAAM, remains less than that of R27-ER. Its use requiring
guidance until impact makes it more difficult to use and therefore also more marginal, in particular against other devices capable of firing Fox-3
like the Mig-29. On the other hand, the long smoke trail he leaves behind in the propulsion phase can make him visually detectable, unlike his
younger brother, whose rocket engine allows solid fuel to be burned without any smoke being produced.

However, he can avoid Friendly Kills when

used to free a wingman from an overly sticky Bandit, maneuver always risky to perform at Fox-3…

To answer the majority of the cases of a long range engagement, a carrying of 5 AIM-120, 2 AIM-7 for shots of opportunity and only one AIM-9
(in case or) seems coherent (to each duty).

In my opinion, and this engages only me, by carrying two Sidewinder we deprive ourselves of at least one missile with longer range much more
useful; especially since Sparrow and AMRAAM can also be used in CAC…

The Dogfight against human pilots armed with hyper-maneuvering R73 and helmet sights is to be avoided for all those who wish to return to
base other than in the hold of an MH-60 of the special forces!…

In view of its poor performance (range, military charge, easy to deceive) the Sidewinder is to be considered as a weapon of
self-defense, nothing more ...

D
DDe el l''l e'''' emmmp pl o
ll ooi iid de ees sEEEVSVS
M
VSM
M: :

--- ll e
l eem
mmi e
i ieeu ux x ee es st tt l ''l e'''' ee notenot
not
notnot ememmi i id du uu bb bi eii eenotnot
not -- -
not

A thorny subject if ever there was one (especially in HvsH), ECMs are a device to be used wisely because it presents as many
advantages as disadvantages.

Benefits :
- Unable to know the distance, type and even camp (no IFF response) of a device with ECM (unless its radar is on or presence of
an AWACS…).

- Ability to break a lock before Burn through (ECM toggle).

Disadvantages:
- Zero discretion
- Display of the altitude of the "locked" target
- No IFF response or risk of Friendly Kill

Page 20 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 - Masking the shots of Russian Fox-3 and Fox-1 (weirdly the AIM-120 triggers a missile alert when fired in HOJ)

- And finally acts as a magnet if not cut after a missile departure.

What there is to know :

- Your radar will “pierce” ECM jamming at 13.5nm (Burn through), this is also true for Russian fighters (25km).

- If you are ECM On and you leave in Notch it must be cut otherwise the Notch does not work, you remain a real flying beacon!

- When you are ECM On the Fox-3s fired against you only become detectable on your TEWS around 3nm! (Burn through missile
...)

What can be interesting:

- The possibility at the very beginning of an engagement to complicate the sorting and the designation of the
apparatuses of your patrol by the enemy (on condition of flying in close formation).

- The use of ECM, momentarily, to jam SAM.

- The ECM toggle, consisting of alternately switching On / Off after a missile alert to break the lock. This is unstoppable, of course,
provided you do so before the Burn through… (beware, however, may be considered “anti-game” on certain public servers…)

- It can also be used to hide a Notch maneuver:

1) Missile departure alert,

2) ECM toggle in the axis then hold

of the ECM (the enemy missile is lost even after the resumption of the lock)

3) In the process, turn downhill for Notch maneuver (the bandit perceives
at best only a slight deviation in azimuth from his target / ECM trail)

4) As soon as installed on the 90 ° path

pass ECM Off = disappearance of your contact on the enemy radar without
there is even a real opportunity to see the direction of your turn (at worst if
the missile had managed to re-acquire it has now definitively lost you).

It is always won here to complicate the task of your opponent!

Page 21 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

Home On Jam (Guidance to Jammer):
The SPO-15 still provides Russian fighters with the power emitted by the radar that illuminates them! So, provided you know the
type of enemy aircraft in front, F-16, F-14, F-15, etc. a pilot can fairly accurately estimate the distance from the target (tables have been edited
to give these values). HOJ shooting then becomes possible with a high PK, the top being to hit the target just after the Burn through (remember
that an R27-ER can be fired at more than 35nm at high altitude)…

Like the SPO-15, the TEWS measures the intensity of a radio wave sweeping through your device. Issuers are identified using an ultra-confidential database. Depending on the power

received, the system will place the symbols of the detected radars from most to least powerful (more or less near the cross). We can therefore estimate the proximity of a transmitter as

a function of its transmission power. We will not observe LEDs light up as the signal increases, but the approximation towards the cross of the symbol of the source (airplane or Fox-3).

To have a correct interpretation, we need to know the type of aircraft, but the Mig-29 and Su-27 both appear under the symbol "29". They share the same type of radar, but with very

different emission powers, the Flanker being of course the best equipped. Thus, at equal distance from you, a Su-27 will have a symbol "29" closer to the cross than a Mig-29. The

NCTR system will not be able to provide you with the type of device since it is hidden behind electronic “noise”… The problem is the same for the opposing camp… In these conditions,

only information on known threats of the mission could perhaps allow you not to confuse the two fighters (note that the situation is much worse for the Russian planes which cannot

make any difference between an enemy and one of their own planes (except recourse to an AWACS) , while Mig-29 and Su-27 are the only devices that you cannot discriminate, all the

others having a unique radar symbol…). a Su-27 will have a symbol "29" closer to the cross than a Mig-29. The NCTR system will not be able to provide you with the type of device

since it is hidden behind electronic “noise”… The problem is the same for the opposing camp… In these conditions, only information on known threats of the mission could perhaps

allow you not to confuse the two fighters (note that the situation is much worse for the Russian planes which cannot make any difference between an enemy and one of their own

planes (except recourse to an AWACS) , while Mig-29 and Su-27 are the only devices that you cannot discriminate, all the others having a unique radar symbol…). a Su-27 will have a

symbol "29" closer to the cross than a Mig-29. The NCTR system will not be able to provide you with the type of device since it is hidden behind electronic “noise”… The problem is the

same for the opposing camp… In these conditions, only information on known threats of the mission could perhaps allow you not to confuse the two fighters (note that the situation is

much worse for the Russian planes which cannot make any difference between an enemy and one of their own planes (except recourse to an AWACS) , while Mig-29 and Su-27 are

the only devices that you cannot discriminate, all the others having a unique radar symbol…).

If you know the Bandit device type, you can try a HOJ shot. In good conditions, such a shot can allow you to hit your Target almost at maximum
range, both with a Sparrow and with AMRAAM!…

To determine the distance of an ECM track, you

must know the type of device by referring to the type of speed
camera that you receive on the TEWS. The goal is to shoot
before the Burn through, it will have to be done as high as
possible, 20,000ft being the minimum and 30,000ft ideal.
Contrary to the SPO-15, with which it is quite easy to
determine the distance according to the number of lit diodes, it
is necessary to estimate the distance according to the position
of the symbol compared to the cross. Fortunately, the distance
that interests us for a shot in HOJ, between 20 and 25nm
perhaps

relatively easily found by using markers on the edges of the screen dial. Thus, the diamond representing a Mig-29 at 22nm will pass through a
line joining the 300 ° / 60 ° marks. The accuracy, depending on the reading that is made, is of the order of 2nm, which is acceptable.

Page 22 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 For a Su-27, the diamond will be closer for
the same
distance because of the greater power of the radar. It is
necessary to wait until the symbol has exceeded the

line joining the landmarks

300 ° / 60 °.

For another F-15 the position will be identical,

the powers of the radars being
noticeably the
same.

- A shot at AIM-7 with a high PK can be made at almost 24nm at 30,000ft, or 10nm before the Burn through! 10nm during which the
Bandit does not know that a missile is on the way on him at Mach3 ... Against a Mig29s IA, it is very effective because he is forced to wait to be
within range of R-77 (whose legs are shorter than those of your venerable Sparrow…). It will therefore not have changed course before this
time, which saves the energy of your missile and gives it a good chance of intercepting. Against a Su-27 IA, it's a little more tense because it will
shoot you in HOJ at about the same distance (if you also play ECM On), but since it does not start immediately in Cranck (this you have to do
it!) you can shoot him down before he gets you, even if he managed to shoot first,

- In HOJ, AMRAAM will trigger a missile alarm on the SPO-15 (bug?). Against an AI it does not matter, because it retains its course
to reach range. In HvsH, it's more boring…

However, it may be possible to confuse the issue by voluntarily breaking the lock immediately after firing your missile, or even temporarily cutting
off the radar (and for example leaving in Notch to prepare to disappear by cutting your ECM…). The Bandit will no longer have a hooking
warning, or even a scan and may think that you have abandoned it ... The AIM-120 has its own HOJ system and will continue the interception
without the support of your radar! If the enemy hunter does not cut his ECM, he will only have a few seconds before impact, especially since the
interception qualities of AMRAAM in Loockdown are much better in HOJ!… Under these conditions, even a shooting between 22 and 24nm at
30,000ft offers an interesting PK, something much more improbable without the presence of a jammer…

Everyone has their own idea, but as many Russian aircraft may have an interest in flying ECM On, in particular the Mig-29, in particular to erase
the difference in range of its radar in front of an F-15, as much as ECM does offer only occasional and occasional interests for Eagle pilots
(especially in HvsH).

On the other hand the use of ECM will considerably complicate the AS of everyone and it is very classic to hear on the frequency, from the start
of a commitment in a jamming environment, the tense messages from your wingers asking for your status ECM (Music On? ...) in the hope of
avoiding Friendly Kill…

Page 23 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

 VSOVS
VS ONOT
NOT
O LVSL
VSNOT ULVS
UU
S S
I IOIOONOT
NOTNOT

The F-15 in Lockon is paradoxically both easy and difficult to use, depending on how you "play the game" in BVR combat. If one is
satisfied to draw AIM-120 at maximum range and to release one does nothing but touch the capacities offered by the American fighter.

Although modeled in an imperfect and basic, even simplistic way, the avionics of the F-15, through the APG-63 radar and especially of the
TEWS, offers a certain advantage in matters of SA. This initial advantage is however undermined by the long-range capacity of its adversaries
and by their ability to thwart AMRAAM missiles whose behavior leaves one skeptical…

Because of its multi-target Fire-and-Forget capability, the F-15 BVR combat could almost have passed for "the arcade" in the eyes of some,
accusing the Eagle pilots of not "playing the game" by firing in bursts from the AMRAAM shells. Others would even like to see only Sparrow
under his wings, which would be nonsense! Which Mig-29 pilot would swap his R77s for R27-Rs? AND)… Let's not forget either that the
performance of the F-15 is undoubtedly very largely under-modeled (also in pure performance), with the laudable aim of balancing the
gameplay. An Eagle at the top of his game,

Finally, if aerial combat can be akin to a game of chess and you don't play with “white people”, you have to keep an aggressive posture as
much as you can to be able to gain the upper hand over your opponent !

It is of course obvious that any tactic can be countered. Depending on the conditions at the time, experienced pilots will be able to thwart
medium range shots and ultimately achieve “close combat”. Dogfight against handy and superiorly armed hunters for this exercise is a real
challenge for the F-15 in Lockon and alone deserves another tutorial…

Some essential links:

- Air combat glossary by HubMan

http://www.checksix-forums.com/showthread.php?t=122743

- TTI and TTA on F-15C by Doug

http://evacfr.free.fr/PUBLIC/LOCKON/BIBLIO/C2/TTI-TTA-F15-C.pdf

- VSD tutorial in RWS mode by Shocker

http://evacfr.free.fr/PUBLIC/LOCKON/BIBLIO/C2/Tuto_Radar_RWS_F15-C.pdf

- Simhq Air / Air corner

http://www.simhq.com/_air/air.html

- Radar and AA missiles of aircraft controllable by Doug

http://evacfr.free.fr/PUBLIC/LOCKON/BIBLIO/C2/Doc_Radars_et_Missiles.pdf

- Brevity code (official document)

http://evacfr.free.fr/PUBLIC/LOCKON/BIBLIO/C5/Us_Marine_Corps--Multi_Service_Brevity_Codes_Mcrp_3-25B.pdf

Page 24 of 25 BVR F-15/2007

Acknowledgments: HubMan, MajorBug, Doug for their advice and corrections to this tutorial. Doug for the authorization to use the badge of the
3rd-Wing virtual squadron and that of the 12th Fighter Squadron "Falcon". T3 for having served as a sparring partner…

Hats off to Postal2 and Beniti for the superb “la Douze” skin.

Page 25 of 25 BVR F-15/2007