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Diseño de Concreto Postensado

SAFE®
DESIGN OF SLABS, BEAMS AND FOUNDATIONIS
REINFORCED AND POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE

Post-Tensioned Concrete
Design Manual

Barcelona Noviembre 2014


Copyright

Copyright  Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2014


All rights reserved.

The CSI Logo® and SAFE® are registered trademarks of Computers & Structures, Inc.
Watch & LearnTM is a trademark of Computers & Structures, Inc. Adobe and Acrobat are
registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorported. AutoCAD is a registered trademark
of Autodesk, Inc.

The computer program SAFE® and all associated documentation are proprietary and
copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers & Structures,
Inc. Unlicensed use of this program or reproduction of documentation in any form,
without prior written authorization from Computers & Structures, Inc., is explicitly
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No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any


means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior explicit written
permission of the publisher.

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers & Structures, Inc.


www.csiamerica.com

info@csiamerica.com (for general information)


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DISCLAIMER

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE


DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THIS SOFTWARE. HOWEVER, THE USER
ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY
OR THE RELIABILITY OF THIS PRODUCT.
THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL
DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
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INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.
Contents

Part I Post-Tensioning Concrete Design Theory and


Methodology

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview 1-1

1.2 Post Tensioning System in SAFE 1-1

1.3 Definition of Terms 1-2

1.4 Analysis and Design Procedure 1-3

Chapter 2 The Tendon Object in SAFE


2.1 Overview 2-1

2.2 Tendon Geometry 2-1

2.3 Tendon Discretization 2-2

2.4 Tendon Material Property 2-3

2.5 Tendon Property 2-3


2.6 Tendon Loads 2-4

i
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Chapter 3 Computing Prestress Losses


3.1 Overview 3-1
3.2 Computation of Short-Term Losses 3-3
3.2.1 Stress Loss Due to Friction (Curvature
and Wobble) 3-3
3.2.2 Anchorage Set Slip Losses 3-4
3.2.3 Elastic Shortening of Concrete 3-6

3.3 Computation of Long-Term Losses 3-6

Chapter 4 Loads Due to Post-Tensioning


4.1 Overview 4-1

4.2 Dead Load-Balancing 4-2

4.3 Primary Moments 4-3

4.4 Secondary (Hyperstatic) Moments 4-4

Chapter 5 Automated Tendon Layout


5.1 Overview 5-1

5.2 Adding Tendons to a SAFE Model 5-2

5.3 Procedures Used in Automated Tendon Layout 5-4

Part II Post-Tensioning Concrete Design Codes

Chapter 6 Design for ACI 318-08


6.1 Notations 6-1

6.2 Design Load Combinations 6-5


6.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 6-5
6.2.2 Service Load Combination 6-5
6.2.3 Long-Term Service Load Combination 6-6
6.2.4 Strength Design Load Combination 6-6

6.3 Limits on Material Strength 6-7

6.4 Strength Reduction Factors 6-7

ii
Contents

6.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete 6-8

6.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 6-10
6.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 6-10
6.6.2 Serviceability Checks at Service Load 6-10
6.6.3 Serviceability Checks at Long-Term
Service Load 6-11
6.6.4 Serviceability Checks of Prestressing
Steel 6-11

6.7 Beam Design 6-12


6.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 6-12
6.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 6-23
6.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 6-26

6.8 Slab Design 6-31


6.8.1 Design for Flexure 6-31
6.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 6-33
6.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 6-37

Chapter 7 Design for AS 3600-01


7.1 Notations 7-1

7.2 Design Load Combinations 7-4


7.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 7-5
7.2.2 Service Load Combination 7-5
7.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 7-5

7.3 Limits on Material Strength 7-6

7.4 Strength Reduction Factors 7-7


7.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed
Concrete Structures 7-7

7.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 7-8
7.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 7-8
7.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 7-9

iii
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

7.7 Beam Design 7-10


7.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 7-10
7.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 7-20
7.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 7-23

7.8 Slab Design 7-28


7.8.1 Design for Flexure 7-28
7.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 7-30
7.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 7-32

Chapter 8 Design for BS 8110-97


8.1 Notations 8-1

8.2 Design Load Combinations 8-4


8.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 8-4
8.2.2 Service Load Combination 8-5
8.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 8-5

8.3 Limits on Material Strength 8-6

8.4 Partial Safety Factors 8-6

8.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete Structures 8-7

8.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 8-9
8.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 8-9
8.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 8-9

8.7 Beam Design 8-10


8.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 8-11
8.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 8-21
8.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 8-24

8.8 Slab Design 8-27


8.8.1 Design for Flexure 8-27
8.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 8-30
8.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 8-33

iv
Contents

Chapter 9 Design for CSA A23.3-04


9.1 Notations 9-1
9.2 Design Load Combinations 9-4
9.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 9-5
9.2.2 Service Load Combinations 9-5
9.2.3 Long-Term Service Load Combination 9-5
9.2.4 Strength Design Load Combination 9-6

9.3 Limits on Material Strength 9-7


9.4 Strength Reduction Factors 9-8

9.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete 9-8

9.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 9-9
9.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 9-9
9.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 9-10
9.6.3 Serviceability Check at Long-Term
Service Load 9-10
9.7 Beam Design 9-11
9.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 9-11
9.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 9-21
9.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 9-28

9.8 Slab Design 9-33


9.8.1 Design for Flexure 9-33
9.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 9-35
9.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 9-38

Chapter 10 Design for Eurocode 2-2004


10.1 Notations 10-2

10.2 Design Load Combinations 10-5


10.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 10-6
10.2.2 Service Load Combination 10-6
10.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 10-6

10.3 Limits on Material Strength 10-9

v
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

10.4 Partial Safety Factors 10-10

10.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete


Structures 10-11

10.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 10-12
10.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 10-12
10.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 10-13

10.7 Beam Design 10-13


10.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 10-14
10.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 10-25
10.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 10-28

10.8 Slab Design 10-33


10.8.1 Design for Flexure 10-33
10.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 10-35
10.8.3 Design Punching Shear
Reinforcement 10-37
10.9 Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs) 10-40

Chapter 11 Design for Hong Kong CP-04


11.1 Notations 11-1

11.2 Design Load Combinations 11-4


11.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 11-4
11.2.2 Service Load Combination 11-5
11.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 11-5

11.3 Limits on Material Strength 11-5

11.4 Partial Safety Factors 11-6


11.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed
Concrete Structures 11-7

11.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 11-8
11.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 11-8
11.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 11-9

vi
Contents

11.7 Beam Design 11-10


11.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 11-10
11.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 11-21
11.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 11-24

11.8 Slab Design 11-27


11.8.1 Design for Flexure 11-28
11.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 11-30
11.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 11-33

Chapter 12 Design for IS 1343-1980


12.1 Notations 12-1

12.2 Design Load Combinations 12-4


12.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 12-5
12.2.2 Service Load Combination 12-5
12.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 12-5

12.3 Limits on Material Strength 12-6

12.4 Partial Safety Factors 12-7

12.5 Design Requirements of Prestressed Concrete


Structures 12-7
12.5.1 Limit State of Collapse 12-7
12.5.2 Limit State of Serviceability 12-8

12.6 Maximum Compression Check 12-9


12.6.1 Maximum Compressive Stress at
Transfer 12-9
12.6.2 Maximum Compressive Stress Under
Service Conditions 12-9

12.7 Beam Design 12-10


12.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 12-10
12.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
(Torsion Excluded) 12-20
12.7.3 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
(Torsion Included) 12-23

12.8 Slab Design 12-25


12.8.1 Design for Flexure 12-26

vii
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

12.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 12-27


12.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 12-29

Chapter 13 Design for NZ 3101:06


13.1 Notations 13-1

13.2 Design Load Combinations 13-5


13.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 13-5
13.2.2 Service Load Combination 13-5
13.2.3 Long-Term Service Load Combination 13-5
13.2.4 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 13-6

13.3 Limits on Material Strength 13-6

13.4 Strength Reductions Factors 13-7

13.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete Structures 13-8

13.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 13-9
13.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 13-9
13.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 13-10
13.6.3 Serviceability Checks at Long-Term
Service Load 13-11
13.6.4 Serviceability Checks of Prestressing
Steel 13-11

13.7 Beam Design 13-11


13.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 13-12
13.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 13-22
13.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 13-24

13.8 Slab Design 13-29


13.8.1 Design for Flexure 13-29
13.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 13-31
13.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 13-33

Chapter 14 Design for Singapore CP 65:99


14.1 Notations 14-1

viii
Contents

14.2 Design Load Combinations 14-4


14.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 14-4
14.2.2 Service Load Combination 14-5
14.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 14-5

14.3 Limit on Material Strength 14-6

14.4 Partial Safety Factors 14-6

14.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete Structures 14-7
14.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural
Members 14-8
14.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 14-8
14.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 14-9

14.7 Beam Design 14-10


14.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 14-10
14.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 14-21
14.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 14-24

14.8 Slab Design 14-28


14.8.1 Design for Flexure 14-28
14.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 14-30
14.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 14-34

Chapter 15 Design for AS 3600-09


15.1 Notations 15-1

15.2 Design Load Combinations 15-4


15.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 15-5
15.2.2 Service Load Combination 15-5
15.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 15-5

15.3 Limits on Material Strength 15-6

15.4 Strength Reduction Factors 15-7


15.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed
Concrete Structures 15-7

ix
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

15.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 15-8
15.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 15-8
15.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 15-9
15.7 Beam Design 15-10
15.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 15-10
15.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 15-20
15.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 15-23

15.8 Slab Design 15-28


15.8.1 Design for Flexure 15-28
15.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 15-31
15.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 15-33

Chapter 16 Design for ACI 318-11


16.1 Notations 16-1

16.2 Design Load Combinations 16-5


16.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 16-5
16.2.2 Service Load Combination 16-5
16.2.3 Long-Term Service Load Combination 16-6
16.2.4 Strength Design Load Combination 16-6

16.3 Limits on Material Strength 16-7

16.4 Strength Reduction Factors 16-7

16.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete 16-8

16.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 16-10
16.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 16-10
16.6.2 Serviceability Checks at Service Load 16-10
16.6.3 Serviceability Checks at Long-Term
Service Load 16-11
16.6.4 Serviceability Checks of Prestressing
Steel 16-11

x
Contents

16.7 Beam Design 16-12


16.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 16-12
16.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 16-23
16.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 16-26

16.8 Slab Design 16-31


16.8.1 Design for Flexure 16-31
16.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 16-33
16.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 16-37

Chapter 17 Design for TS 3233-1979


17.1 Notations 17-1

17.2 Design Load Combinations 17-4


17.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 17-5
17.2.2 Service Load Combination 17-5
17.2.3 Strength Design Load Combination 17-5

17.3 Limits on Material Strength 17-6

17.4 Partial Safety Factors 17-6

17.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete 17-7

17.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 17-8
17.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 17-8
17.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 17-9

17.7 Beam Design 17-9


17.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 17-10
17.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 17-20
17.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 17-23

17.8 Slab Design 17-27


17.8.1 Design for Flexure 17-28
17.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 17-29
17.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 17-31

xi
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Chapter 18 Design for Italian NTC 2008


18.1 Notations 18-1
18.2 Design Load Combinations 18-5
18.2.1 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 18-5
18.2.2 Initial Service Load Combination 18-6
18.2.3 Service Load Combination 18-6

18.3 Limits on Material Strength 18-7

18.4 Partial Safety Factors 18-8

18.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete Structures 18-9

18.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 18-10
18.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 18-10
18.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 18-11

18.7 Beam Design 18-12


18.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 18-12
18.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 18-23
18.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 18-27

18.8 Slab Design 18-31


18.8.1 Design for Flexure 18-31
18.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 18-33
18.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 18-36

Chapter 19 Design for Hong Kong CP 2013


19.1 Notations 19-1

19.2 Design Load Combinations 19-4


19.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination 19-4
19.2.2 Service Load Combination 19-5
19.2.3 Ultimate Limit State Load Combination 19-5

19.3 Limits on Material Strength 19-5

19.4 Partial Safety Factors 19-6

xii
Contents

19.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed


Concrete Structures 19-7

19.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural


Members 19-8
19.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service
Load 19-8
19.6.2 Serviceability Check at Service Load 19-9

19.7 Beam Design 19-10


19.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 19-10
19.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 19-21
19.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 19-24
19.8 Slab Design 19-27
19.8.1 Design for Flexure 19-28
19.8.2 Check for Punching Shear 19-30
19.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement 19-33

References

xiii
CAPITULO 1
Introducción

1.1 Caracteristicas
Parte I de este manual se describen los algoritmos de la metodología y diseño realizado
por SAFE para el análisis y diseño de losas y vigas estructurales postesadas. Presenta
los métodos utilizados por SAFE para modelar objetos del tendón, pérdidas de
pretensado, cargas de postensado, y la automatización de los diseños de los tendones.

Hay dos maneras posibles de aplicar tension al hormigón, como se sabe son: el
postensado y el pretensado. SAFE considera sólo el postensado de losas y
vigas. Los tendones de postensado pueden ser adheridos y no adheridos.

1.2 Sistema de Postensado en SAFE


En SAFE, elementos tipo tendón se utilizan para proporcionar el postensado.
Los tendones se pueden colocar en cualquier lugar y en cualquier dirección del
plano (véase el capítulo 5). Cada tendón consiste en un número determinado de
cables. La Figura 1-1 proporciona un esquema de los aspectos que intervienen
en la inclusión de post-tensado, desde la definición del material hasta la salida
detallada de respuestas.

Overview 1-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Tendon
Materials

Tendon
Properties

Tendon Load Calculo Perdidas


(Fuerza en gato) Parametros

Dibujo Tendons
Tendon Editar Tendons
Objects Disposicion Automatica
de Tendons
Fuerzas debido
Tendones

Otras cargas
Analysis
y parametros

Fuerza y Capacidad
Diseño

Diseño en Servicio
Output

Diseño en Resistencia
Output

Detalle Output

Figure 1-1 Esquema del sistema y proceso de postensado.

Los procedimientos de análisis y diseño específicos utilizados en SAFE están


destinados a cumplir con los códigos de diseño pertinentes , tal como se
presenta en la Parte II de este manual .

1.3 Definicion de Terminos


Los términos utilizados en este manual , en el contexto de hormigón
preesforzados , son los siguientes:

1-2 Definition of Terms


Chapter 1 - Introduction

Prestressed Concrete - Este término se refiere al concreto que ha sido pre -


comprimido , a menudo antes de la aplicación de otras cargas , y en este
manual se refiere a sólo postensado .

Post-Tensioning - Es un procedimiento en el que los tendones de acero


se tensan después de que el concreto haya sido colocado.

Tendon Object - Consta de una serie de alambres de acero de alta resistencia o


hebras envueltas por un conducto, colocada en cualquier lugar de la losa o viga.

Post-Tensioning Loads - Es las fuerzas que el tendón ejerce sobre la estructura .


Esto incluye tanto las cargas verticales debidas al perfil tendón y las finales debido
a las fuerzas de anclaje del tendón. La fuerza debida a la pérdida por fricción se
distribuye uniformemente a lo largo de la longitud del tendón.

Self Weight - Es el peso de la estructura debido a la gravedad , se calcula


automáticamente en SAFE de las dimensiones de los elmentos y la densidad de
los materiales especificados que la componen.

1.4 Procedimiento para Analisis y Diseño


Después que un modelo se ha completado en SAFE y todas las definiciones
de propiedad de material y sección de elementos se han especificado como
geometría del modelo ( incluyendo diseños de tendón , perfiles y asignacion de
fuerza en el gato), las asignaciones de miembros y los criterios de carga , el
análisis está listo para llevarse a cabo
Durante la fase de análisis , SAFE calculará reacciones , desplazamientos en
miembros, las fuerzas de vigas , losas , las fuerzas y tensiones en losa para todos
los patrones y combinaciones de carga especificados . SAFE luego realiza un
diseño de acuerdo con el código de diseño especificada y calcula la cantidad
requerida de refuerzo de acero pasivo y lleva a cabo los controles de punzonado
adecuados .
SAFE automatiza el diseño de losas y plateas, especificamente se integra
momentos de diseño a través de la losa usando franjas de diseño (Strip) y diseña el
refuerzo requerido; comprueba punzonamiento en la losa alrededor de los soportes
de columna y de cargas concentradas; y diseña las vigas por flexión, por corte y
torsión colocando el refuerzos requerido. Los procedimientos de diseño se
describen en el capítulo titulado "SAFE Características de diseño" en las
características y terminología manual. Los algoritmos de diseño reales varían
basado en el código de diseño específico elegido por el usuario. Parte II de este
manual se describen los algoritmos utilizados por los distintos códigos.

Analysis and Design Procedure 1- 3


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Cabe señalar que el diseño de losas postensadas y reforzada de concreto es un


tema complejo y los códigos de diseño cubre muchos aspectos de este proceso.
SAFE es una herramienta para ayudar al usuario en este proceso. Sólo los
aspectos de diseño documentados en este manual están automatizadas por las
capacidades de diseño seguro. El usuario debe comprobar los resultados
producidos y abordar otros aspectos no cubiertos por la SAFE.

1-4 Analysis and Design Procedure


Capitulo 2
El Objeto Tendón en SAFE

2.1 Caracteristica
Los tendones son un tipo especial de objeto que puede ser embebido en elementos
de concreto para representar el efecto de post-tensado. Estos objetos de los
tendones pasan a través de los objetos de la losa y de la viga, se adhieren a ellos, e
imponen cargas sobre ellos. Los tendones son modelados como elementos
independientes.
Cualquier número de tendones puede ser definida. Cada tendón se dibuja o se
define como un tipo de objeto de línea entre dos nudos, i y j. Las dos nudos no
deben compartir el mismo lugar en el espacio. Los dos extremos del tendón se
denotan extremo I y extremo J, respectivamente. El tendón puede tener una forma
curvada o segmentado arbitraria en tres dimensiones entre esos puntos.

2.2 Geometria del Tendon


El perfil vertical de un tendón se puede definir o modificar mediante la forma
que se muestra en la Figura 2-1.

Overview 2-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Figure 2-1 Tendon Vertical Profile form, use to define or modify the tendon profile

Si no se especifica un perfil vertical, SAFE proporcionará un perfil predeterminado


usando las cortinas máximos permitidos por las condiciones de liquidación
especificadas para la losa superior e inferior. Las capacidades de diseño del tendón
automatizados también automatizan el perfil del tendón, tal como se describe en el
Capítulo 5.

2.3 Discretizacion del Tendon


Un tendón puede ser un objeto largo con geometría complicada, pero internamente, se
discretiza automáticamente en segmentos más cortos para los fines de análisis. La
longitud máxima de estos segmentos se especifica como el tamaño máximo de malla
utilizando el menú Run menu > Mesh Options de malla. Estas longitudes pueden
afectar a cómo los tendones carga la estructura y la exactitud de los resultados del
análisis. Se recomienda que las longitudes más cortas pueden ser usadas para tendones
con geometría altamente curvada o de tendones que pasan a través de partes de la
estructura con geometría complicada o cambios en las propiedades. Si no está seguro
qué valor debe utilizar, probar varias longitudes diferentes para evaluar el efecto sobre
los resultados.

2-2 Tendon Discretization


Chapter 2 - The Tendon Object in SAFE

2.4 Propiedades del Material


Las propiedades de los materiales para los tendones se definen en términos
de la densidad de peso, módulo de elasticidad (E), límite fluencia mínimo
(fy), y el minimo esfuerzo en tension (fu). Usa el comendo Define menu >
Materials, y presionar el boton Add New Material, y se mostrara el recuadro de
la Figure 2-2 para especificar las propiedades del material del tendón. Propiedades
pueden especificar múltiples si es necesario.

Figure 2-2 Material Property Data form

2.5 Propiedades del Tendon


La propiedad de tendón contiene el area del toron o area del cable que forma el
tendon asi como del material de tendón. Ya que los tendones pueden ser
representados por un solo cable o multiples torones, el área de un cable solo
debería ser especificado en la forma de Datos de Tendon Property Data form,
shown in Figure 2-3, que se accede usando el comando Define menu >
Tendon Properties y presionanado el boton de Add Property. El número de
cables es especificado asignando propiedades de tendón o editing un tendón
(refer to the respective Assign or Edit menu command).

Tendon Material Property 2 - 3


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Figure 2-3 Tendon Property Data form

2.6 Cargas
Después de que los tendones se han añadido al modelo SAFE, las cargas de los
tendones se pueden especificar. Las cargas se pueden asignar a un único
tendón o tendones múltiples por primera selección de los tendones para ser
cargados, seleccionando el menú Assign menu > Load Data >Tendon Loads,
y luego modificar los datos en la forma que se muestra en la Figura 2-4.

Figure 2-4 Tendon Load form

2-4 Tendon Loads


Chapter 2 - The Tendon Object in SAFE

Los nombres de los patrones de carga, ubicacion de gatos y el la tension en el


jack del tendón son definidos de esta forma. La carga de tendón (jacking la
tensión) es la carga total aplicada al incio, al final o ambos extremos. La fuerza
de tendón real variará a lo largo del tendón , gobernado por la friccion y otros
parámetros de pérdida.

Las pérdidas de tendón pueden ser asignadas a un simple tendon o multiples tendones
con solo seleccionar el primer tendon, usando el comendo Assign menu > Load
Data > Tendon Losses y modificar los datos como se muestra en la Figure 2-5.

Figure 2-5 Tendon Losses form

Tendon Loads 2 - 5
Capitulo 3
Cálculo de Pérdidas de Postensionado

3.1 Caracteristicas
La carga de tendón para un caso de carga dado se refiere a la fuerza en el jacking que
definio el Usuario. La carga real que es aplicada a losas y vigas será menos que la
fuerza de jacking debido a pérdidas de pretensión. Las pérdidas de pretensión son
clasificadas en SAFE como pérdidas a corto plazo y pérdidas a largo plazo, así:

Short-term or Stressing losses - Estos son las pérdidas que ocurren durante e
inmediatamente después de las operaciones de post-tensionado y son causadas por la
fricción entre los tendones y el ducto, el acortamiento elastico, y en los asientos de
anclajes.

Long-term losses - Estos tipos de pérdidas suceden en el tiempo y también pueden


ser referidos como las pérdidas dependientes del tiempo e incluyen la fluencia, la
contracción y la relajación de acero. (creep, shrinkage and steel relaxation)

Using the Assign menu > Load Data > Tendon Losses el comando muestra
la forma de entrada de datos; (Figura 3-1) y permite que las pérdidas de
pretensado que se especifiquen mediante uno de tres métodos.

Overview 3-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Figure 3-1 Tendon Load form

Los dos primeros métodos de cálculo de las Pérdidas se puede especificar como un
porcentaje de la fuerza de postensado o como un valor fijo para perdidas a corto o
largo plazo. La tercera opción permite un cálculo más detallado de las pérdidas de
pretensado sobre la base de una serie de valores de entrada para pérdidas tanto a corto
plazo y largo plazo. A corto plazo: Pérdidas por fricción se calculan internamente y
de forma explícita por SAFE basada en el coeficiente de curvatura y wobble (Pérdidas
producidas por el rozamiento de las armaduras activas postesas en sus cambios de
trayectoria dentro de los conductos); en el Anchorage Set Slip que es la Pérdidas de
fuerza por deslizamiento de las armaduras activas en sus anclajes debido a penetración
de cuñas y en el acortamiento elastico. A largo plazo: fluencia, la contracción y la
relajación de acero. (creep, shrinkage and steel relaxation).

Otros factores, como los cambios en la temperatura y la flexión de la estructura bajo


carga, no reducen significativamente el nivel de tensión previa y no se consideran
explícitamente.

Entender la distribución de tensiones a lo largo de la longitud de un miembro con


respecto a los efectos a corto plazo o de largo plazo es importante para analizar
correctamente y la interpretación de los resultados. Las pérdidas de pretensado son
evidentes en términos de la distribución de tensiones a lo largo de la longitud como

3-2 Overview
Chapter 3 - Computing Prestress Losses

se muestra en la Figure 3-2. La variación en la tensión real varía exponen-


cialmente de acuerdo con la Ecuación 3.1 en la siguiente sección.
TENDO N
P P
cgc line

Figure 3-2 Prestress load variation along tendon length

La tension en el gato se especifica comunmente como 0.80fpu, donde fpu is la


resistencia ultima especificada en el cable que integra un tendon. La Figure 3-2
muestra una representación de la variación de la fuerza del tendón desde el gato
(jack) hasta el anclaje (anchorage) extremo izquierdo. Si el tendón tiene el gato en
el extremo derecho, la Figura 3-2 se invertiría. Si el tendón tiene ambos extremos
el gato, la fuerza de pretensado inicial máxima (fuerza en el gato) existiría en cada
extremo y podría variar a un valor mínimo (valor medio del anterior) a lo largo de
la longitud del tendón. Las fuerzas de pretensado iniciales se reducen a las fuerzas
finales pre-tensión de acuerdo con las pérdidas a largo plazo especificados y se
muestran esquemáticamente como el pretensado final en la Figura 3-2.

3.2 Cálculo de Perdidas a Corto Tiempo

3.2.1 Pérdida debido a la fricción (Curvatura y Wobble)


Cuando usamos "Based on Detailed Calculations" como método de cálculo
para contabilizar las Pérdida, entonces las pérdidas por fricción se calcularan
utilizando los coeficientes de la curvatura y de las oscilaciones (wobble)
especificados por el usuario. La pérdida por fricción debido a la curvatura se
calcula en SAFE como:
Computation of Short-Term Losses 3 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

P( X ) = P0 e − ( µα + Kx ) , donde (Ecuacion 3.1)

µ = coeficinete de friccion por curvature

α = suma de la variación angular del tendón desde el extremo de elevación tendón


a distancia x

K = coeficiente de fricción de oscilación (wobble) (rad/unit length2 )

P(X) = Post-tensioning force at a distance x

P0 = Post-tensioning force at stressing


Las pérdidas post-tensado debido a la fricción resultado en una distribución de la fuerza a lo
largo de la longitud del tendón es exponencialmente decreciente desde el punto de ajuste .

En el coeficiente empírico, K es el efecto acumulativo de la rigidez de la


envoltura, el diámetro de la envoltura, el espaciado de los soportes de la vaina
(Figura 3-3), el tipo de tendón, y el tipo de funda, incluyendo la forma de
construcción .
Perfil real debido
al wobble
perfil previsto

el apoyo del ducto

a = cambio de ángulo deseado

Figure 3-3 Pérdida por fricción por Wobble

3.2.2 Perdida por corrimiento en el Anclaje


En la última etapa de la operación de tesado (aplicacion fuerza), los tendones
generalmente están anclados con cuñas de dos piezas cónicas. Estas operaciones en el
anclaje normalmente resultan con una pérdida de pretensado adicional debido al
corrimiento de los asientos en las cuñas, teniendo en cuenta que el cable o toron que
forma el tendon se retrae cuando se libera y saca las cuñas en el dispositivo de anclaje.

3-4 Computation of Short-Term Losses


Chapter 3 - Computing Prestress Losses
El cálculo de las pérdidas en el postensado se realiza típicamente de
manera iterativa. Como se muestra en la Figura 3-4, la distancia "c" se
refiere a la longitud de influencia del sistema de anclaje. El procedimiento
es: escoger el sistema de anclaje (por lo general aproximadamente 0,25 a
0,375 pulg o de 6 a 8 mm), entonces la distancia "c" es conocida, y,
finalmente, la tensión correspondiente se calcula, con la suposición de que
las tensiones varían linealmente desde la aplicacion de la fuerza en el gato.

Jacking Force, P j

Lock off Force

c
Force

dx Tendon
Force

Pj Px
Pa

x
a
c
Anchor Set of Influence

Figure 3-4 diagrama de la longitud de influencia del anclaje

La pérdida debido al corrimiento del anclaje se calcula utilizando la siguiente ecuación :

SL ≈ a =

(σ j − σ x )dx
(Ecuacion 3.2)
Es

Computation of Short-Term Losses 3 - 5


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

El proceso de iteración se detiene cuando la pérdida en el anclaje calculado es


casi igual a la del conjunto de anclaje "a" ; la tensión máxima , sera:

σ max = σ j − (σ j − σ x ) (Ecua. 3.3)

Además , el alargamiento se calculará de la siguiente manera:

∆a =
∫ (Px − Pa )dx
(Ecua. 3.4)
AE s

donde Δa es la elongación asociada con el conjunto de anclaje asumido


distancia "a" ; Px es la fuerza del tendón a una distancia x desde el punto
de anclaje (gato); Pa es la fuerza en el tendon despues de las perdidas en el
gato asumiendo un corrimiento de “a”; dx s la longitud de los elementos a lo
largo del tendón; A es el area de la seccion del tendon y Es es el Modulo de
Elasticidad del material que conforma el tendon.

3.2.3 El acortamiento elástico del Concreto


Acortamiento elástico se refiere al acortamiento del concreto cuando se aplica
la fuerza de post-tensado. Como el concreto se acorta , la longitud del
tendón también acorta, lo que resulta en una pérdida de pretensado. Si se
usan los pasos secuenciales de ajuste en el gato , el primer tendón se ajustara y
anclara la cual sufrirá la cantidad máxima de pérdida de acortamiento elástico. Por
el contrario, no habrá pérdida a causa de acortamiento elástico para el último
tendón en esta secuencia o en un solo tendón porque el acortamiento elástico se
llevará a cabo antes de que el tendón se acuñe en el dispositivo de anclaje. La
cantidad especificada por el usuario de la pérdida de pretensado debido al
acortamiento elástico se aplica uniformemente en toda la longitud del tendón.

3.3 Cálculo de pérdidas a largo plazo


Las pérdidas de pretensado a largo plazo de un elemento incluyen la
fluencia , la contracción , y los efectos de relajación de acero .

Varios métodos pueden ser utilizados para determinar las pérdidas a largo
tiempo; Sin embargo , SAFE se basa en los valores de entrada definido por el
usuario en el formulario de Pérdidas tendón que se muestra en la Figura 3-1 .
La suma global en SAFE debe reflejar las condiciones apropiadas que existen
para la estructura que se está modelando. Creep, shrinkage, y

3-6 Computation of Long-Term Losses


Chapter 3 - Computing Prestress Losses

efectos de steel relaxation, que se rigen por las propiedades del material y ,
en algunos casos , otras condiciones ambientales que deben tenerse en cuenta
para la hora de especificar los valores de pérdida a largo plazo . Cada pérdida
de esfuerzo se trata por separado y, a continuación resume , como sigue:

TL = CR + SH + RE (Ecua. 3.7)

donde TL es la pérdida total de la tensión ; CR es la pérdida de tensión debido


a la fluencia del concreto ; SH es la pérdida de tensión debido a la contracción
del concreto; y RE es la pérdida de tensión debido a la relajación en el acero
del tendón . La suma de estas pérdidas se aplica a la ( gato ) carga inicial del
tendón , tal como se representa en la Figura 3-2 . Todas las pérdidas a largo
plazo se aplican de manera uniforme en toda la longitud del tendón .

Computation of Long-Term Losses 3 - 7


Capitulo 4
Cargas Debido al Postensado

4.1 Caracteristicas
SAFE no se basa en un método aproximado "de carga equivalente" para el
cálculo de las respuestas de elementos sometidos a cargas de postensado
SAFE utiliza el método de elementos finitos, que incluye los efectos de los
tendones como una carga. Cuando se especifica el tipo de geometria
parabólica para el tendón , SAFE realiza una integración numérica a través
del elemento finito utilizando la función de esa forma parabólica real que
define la geometría del tendón. Este enfoque es más precisa, especialmente
cuando los elementos tienen mucha profundad, (espesor).

Una de las consecuencias de la aplicación de una carga de post- tensado a un


elemento es la introducción de fuerzas secundarias ( hiperestáticas ). Estos
efectos y casos de carga se discuten en este capítulo .

SAFE utiliza el método de balanceo de carga muerta como procedimiento


principal para la determinación de los perfiles de los tendones cuando se
solicitan estos de manera automatica ( véase el capítulo 5 ). Este capítulo
también proporciona información sobre el método utilizado para llevar a
cabo un diseño balanceado de carga.

Overview 4-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

4.2 Carga Muerta - Balanceada


El método de equilibrio de carga muerta se utiliza en SAFE para
determinar un diseño incial del tendón ( incluyendo el perfil ̀ el nmero ̀ de
hebras - cables o torones ̀ y la fuerza en el gato) solo aplica cuando se
utiliza la característica de diseño automatizado. El concepto básico de
equilibrio de carga muerta es que la tensión previa esfuerzos de flexión ̀
f ̀ Pe / S, son igual pero opuesta a la carga muerta sobre esfuerzos de fleión ̀
f ̀ Mc / I. Cuando existe un set de carga.
El atio ̀ Equilibrio y el ivel ̀ de precompresión en forma rápida usando
en comando ̀ Quick endon ̀ Layout, se muestra en la Figura 4-1, en
SAFE se debe especificar la posición del tendón ̀ necesario para encontrar
la excentricidad, "e", que equilibra las tensiones de carga muerta.

Figure 4-1 Quick Tendon Layout form


Los diagramas de esfuerzo; Figura 4-2 ilustran el concepto de equilibrio de
carga muerta. (a) La tensión límite de precompresión especificado se aplica en
primer lugar . (b) A continuación, las tensiones de carga muertas son
calculadas, (c) seguido por iteración la ubicación del tendón para equilibrar las
tensiones de carga muerta, (d) que finalmente resulta en el estado de
precompresión.
La distribución final de esfuerzos es el resultado de esta tensión de
precompresión combinado con las tensiones resultantes de la aplicación de
todas las cargas restantes y combinaciones de diseño. Si la distribución
final de esfuerzo contiene tensiones de tracción que excedan el límite
permisible de diseño , SAFE calcula la cantidad necesaria de acero de
refuerzo.

4-2 Dead Load-Balancing


Chapter 4 - Loads Due to Post-Tensioning

Capítulo 5 detalla los pasos utilizados por SAFE en la automatización de la


distribución del tendón ..

Figure 4-2 Precompresión y balanceo de esfuerzo por carga muerta

4.3 Momentos Primarios


Si una sección de corte sobre una viga cargada uniformemente, las acciones en
las secciones de corte incluirán la fuerza Px concéntrica, un momento primario
Mp , y una fuerza de corte Vx . El momento principal en esta sección necesario
para mantener el equilibrio de la carga, se puede expresar como :

M p = ∫ ( wdx ) x + PL a (Ecua 4.1)

donde , w, es la intensidad de la carga a una distancia " x ", PL es la componente


vertical de la fuerza del tendón en el anclaje a la izquierda, y "a" es la distancia
a la sección de corte medido desde el anclaje izquierdo.

Del mismo modo, un diagrama de cuerpo libre del tendón mostraría la


fuerza Px concéntrica y un cortante Vx en una seccion de corte , junto con la
carga "w". De la misma manera , la fuerza Px tomando momentos alrededor

Primary Moments 4 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

de la línea CGC de una excentricidad "e' " o la distancia desde el centroide del
tendón al eje neutro de los elementos en fluencia:

Px e' = ∫ ( wdx) x + PL a (Ecua. 4.2)

Los lados derechos de las ecuaciones 4.1 y 4.2 son idénticas, por lo tanto, el
momento primaria se puede definir como :

M p = Px e' (Ecua. 4.3)

4.4 Momentos Secundarios (Hiperestaticos)


Las reacciones causadas por las fuerzas de postensado en losas o vigas
continuas se denominan reacciones secundarias y son reacciones
hiperestáticas. The two-span beam se muestra en la Figura 4-3 ilustra las
reacciones y momentos debido a las fuerzas de postesado excéntricas.

Si el soporte central se elimina para una viga de dos vanos como se muestra en
la Figura 4-3 , la aplicación de la post-tensado se traduciría en una viga con
desplazamiento hacia arriba ∆. (b) La aplicación de la fuerza necesaria para
desplazar la viga una la cantidad, −∆, puede ser representada como, Ri. De la
Figura 4-3 ( d ) y ( e) , las reacciones hiperestáticas en la cantidad Ri/2 se
producen en cada extremo de la viga y el momento hiperestática M se produce
sobre el apoyo central. En cualquier sección a lo largo de la viga, las
reacciones hiperestáticas inducen un momento hiperestática Mhyp y un corte
hiperestatico Vhyp.

Los resultados del análisis hiperestáticas pueden ser revisados m


​ ediante la
definición de un caso de carga hiperestática mediante Define menu > Load
Cases para agregar un nuevo caso de carga del Tipo Hiperestática, como se
muestra en la Figura 4-4 .

4-4 Secondary (Hyperstatic) Moments


Chapter 4 - Loads Due to Post-Tensioning

TENDON
P P
cgc line

(a) Viga postensada de dos tramos

Px Px


(b) Fuerza en el tendon al quitar el apoyo intermedio Px
con una deflexion positiva Δ

Px Px

Ri
Ri/2 Ri/2
(c) Reacciones hiperestáticas adicionales se desarrollan en los extremos debido a la
aplicación de la fuerza , Ri, que es necesaria para evitar que la viga no se levante.

Ri

Ri/2 Ri/2
(d) Aparece reacciones secundarias (hyperstatic) Ri en la
viga, asumiendo un comportamiento simple apoyada.

(e) Diagrama de Momento Secundario (hyperstatic) debido a la carga Ri

Figure 4-3 Acciones Secundarias (hyperstatic) debidas al post-tensioning

Secondary (Hyperstatic) Moments 4 - 5


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Figure 4-4 Datos de ingreso a casos Hyperstatic Load Case

En el proceso de diseño , se supone que el momento secundario sera resistido a


través de un bloque de compresión y una fuerza de tracción; de forma que:

C =T (Ecua. 4.4)

M sec = Tz = Cz (Ecua. 4.7)

Donde C es la Fuerza Total de compresion, T es la combinacion de fuerza de


tension debido a la aplicacion del postensado en los tendones y del refuerzo,
Z es la distancia a entre estas dos resultantes (C y T)

Concrete Compression
PL C

Px Z

T
Tendon Force

R
Ri

Figure 4-5 acciones debido a la post-tensado y la


distribución interna de las fuerzas hiperestáticas

Así, la combinación para las fuerzas estipulado en la mayoría de los códigos de


diseño para condiciones de gravedad simplemente se considera la adición del
efecto hiperestático a las combinaciones utilizadas para los casos de concreto
no postensados.

4-6 Secondary (Hyperstatic) Moments


Capitulo 5
Tendon Automatico

5.1 Caracteristicas
En el pasado, el análisis y el diseño de las losas post-tensados ​ha sido difícil
debido al alto grado de indeterminación de la estructura, al gran número de
requisitos de diseño, y la necesidad de proporcionar un diseño económico.
Algunos programas de análisis se basan en aproximaciones simplificadas en el
análisis y el diseño. SAFE elimina la necesidad al ingeniero para simplificar
un modelo de análisis y proporciona las herramientas para automatizar el
trazado del tendón, el perfil, y jacking (fuerzas en los gatos).

En este capítulo se describen los distintos métodos para agregar los tendones a
un modelo SAFE y la metodología utilizada para automatizar la entrada de
datos del tendón . No todos los métodos utilizados para añadir tendones a un
modelo SAFE son adecuados para la automatización como se explica en este
documento .

La automatización de tendón, perfiles, y las fuerzas de apoyo para el gato sirve


como punto de partida en el proceso de análisis y diseño. Si es necesario
realizar ajustes adicionales a las fuerzas de diseño del tendón, perfiles, o apoyo
para el gato, se deben hacer manualmente. SAFE no realiza ninguna revisión
de la forma automatica inicial del tendón . Los parámetros relacionados con los
tendones pueden ser fácilmente modificados, luego se vuelve a analizar y
rediseñar la estructura según sea necesario.

5-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

5.2 Adición de tendones a un modelo en SAFE


Cuatro métodos están disponibles para agregar tendones a un modelo en SAFE

1.-Template modeling – Si un modelo SAFE se inicializa utilizando el


comando File menu > New Model y en el modelo inicial se selecciona la
opción agregar P/T, y los datos de postensado se pueden definir en esta
ventana, post-tensioning data can be defined. Quick Tendon Layout, la forma
rápida de Tendon mostrados en la Figura 5-1 permite especificar la distribución
del tendón por capa A y B, así como los niveles de precompresión y relaciones
de equilibrio de auto-carga. Los tendones con los parámetros de diseño
definidos son incluidos luego en el modelo de plantilla. Esto puede ser un
método rápido y fácil de colocar un gran número de tendones en un modelo en
SAFE. Los perfiles de los tendones satisfacen las holguras especificadas.

Figure 5-1 Quick Tendon Layout form


Figura 5-2 muestra dos de varias opciones de diseño tendón utilizando tipos de
disposición tendón en bandas y uniformes distribuidas.

5-2 Adding Tendons to a SAFE Model


Chapter 5 - Automated Tendon Layout

Figure 5-2 Template models with tendon layout options

2.-Tendon Draw commands – Usando el comando Draw menu > Draw


Tendons, cualquier número de puntos puede ser el inicio para colocar tendones
en un modelo en SAFE. Se proporciona por defecto los datos del perfil del
tendón; sin embargo, se espera que el usuario edite esto para proporcionar el
perfil del tendón adecuado y otros datos de tendón según se requiera para
satisfacer los requisitos de diseño. Múltiples tendones con el mismo diseño se
pueden generar fácilmente utilizando el comando Edit menu > Replicate .
Cuando se utiliza esta opción, SAFE replica el perfil tendón del tendón de
origen.

Nota: No se realiza automatización en la distribución del tendón, el perfil, el


número de hebras-cables o torones, o fuerza en el jacking si en SAFE se usa el
comando Draw menu > Draw Tendons para colocar tendones a un modelo.

3.-Add Tendons in Strips – usando el comando Edit menu > Add/Edit


Tendons > Add Ten-dons in Strips se puede añadir tendones a un modelo
SAFE existente. Los diseños de los tendones, perfiles, número de hebras-
cables, y las fuerzas en los gatos, están automatizados cuando se añaden los
tendones de esta manera, basándose en la entrada desde Quick Tendon Layout
esquemas mostrados en la Figura 5-3. El modelo SAFE se puede modificar
mediante la adición de los tendones adicionales como sea necesario.

4.-Add Tendons in Beams – usando el comando Edit menu > Add/Edit


Tendons > Add Ten-dons in Beams se puede agregar un tendón a una viga,
con un perfil predeterminado. El perfil del tendón, el número de hebras, y las
fuerzas de apoyo para el gato deben luego ser editados como sea necesario.

Adding Tendons to a SAFE Model 5 - 3


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Figure 5-3 Quick Tendon Layout form

5.3 Procedimientos Utilizados para Tendón Automatico


Los diseños de los tendones automatizados (incluyendo perfiles, número de
hebras, y las fuerzas de apoyo para el gato) se generan en base a las
definiciones de la franja de diseño. Diseños automatizados tendón se
desarrollan sólo en los tendones que se han añadido para ser diseñados por
franjas. Cada franja se modela como una viga continua equivalente con la
sección transversal derivado de los objetos que se encuentran dentro de la losa
en un ancho de franja definida. Las cargas de peso propio se calculan para
obtener la carga y ser usado en el cálculo de equilibrio de carga. Sólo las cargas
que se aplican dentro de la zona de frontera de una franja concreta se incluyen
en la determinación del trazado del tendón automatico. Ejemplo, si una franja
tipo columna se define como 60 pulgadas de ancho, sólo en este ancho de 60
pulgadas se utiliza para determinar la carga y ser usado en el equilibrio auto
cálculo para determinar la disposición tendón.
Un tendón representativo se coloca en la viga equivalente, centrada en la franja
de diseño. Los soportes de franja se derivan de la intersección con las franjas
de diseño perpendiculares y por cualquier columna dentro del ancho de la
franja.
Nota: SAFE no considera automáticamente las intersecciones de las franjas y
vigas como puntos de apoyo de las franjas. Si se desea considerar una viga
particular como punto de apoyo para una franja, entonces una franja debe ser
definida en la ubicación de la viga.
5-4 Procedures Used in Automated Tendon Layout
Chapter 5 - Automated Tendon Layout
Las ubicaciones de apoyo se utilizan para determinar los tramos. Para cada
tramo, el perfil de tendón está automatizado basado en el tipo de perfil
especificado para el tendón (parábola o parábola inversa). Es un procedimiento
iterativo y utiliza entonces para determinar la fuerza en el gato efectiva
necesaria para satisfacer el intervalo de carga muerta a ser equilibrada y la
tensión media de precompresión necesaria. La fuerza en el gato se calcula
inicialmente para satisfacer el mínimo del ratio requerido de carga automatica a
equilibrar y el nivel de compresión previa mínima para el tramo más largo de la
franja. Los perfiles de los tendones en otros tramos se ajustaron de manera que
no exceda los ratios máximos de balanceo de carga muerta.
Un valor de 60 a 80 por ciento se utiliza generalmente como las relaciones de
equilibrio de carga automatica. Normalmente los niveles precompresión
oscilan entre 0.125 to 0.275 ksi.
Nota: Es importante señalar que es posible que un diseño automatizado tendón
no puede satisfacer las relaciones de equilibrio de carga muerta especificados y
los niveles de precompresión. En tales casos, SAFE genera una advertencia
para que los ajustes manuales necesarios en el diseño del tendón y el perfil se
pueden hacer, u otras modificaciones en el modelo SAFE puede aplicar cuando
sea necesario.

Nota: Si la adición de tendones parciales está activo, SAFE puede agregar


tendones adicionales en tramos largos o en tramos exteriores para satisfacer el
equilibrio y precompresión limitaciones de carga automatica.

Después de que la fuerza total en el gato y el perfil se han determinado para el


tendón equivalente, el número real y el espaciamiento de los tendones se
determina con base en los siguientes criterios:
Para un diseño de tendón en bandas, el número de tendones se determina
inicialmente con base en el tendón de la propiedad especificada (propiedad del
material y el área del cable o toron), Nivel de Precompresión, y Dead Ratios de
equilibrio de carga. Las pérdidas de pretensado se estiman utilizando los valores de
tensión fijos de las asignaciones de carga del tendón. Si el número de tendones es
demasiado grande para caber dentro del ancho de banda con una separación
mínima de 12" (300 mm), un tamaño más grande de tendón se selecciona
automáticamente por el aumento del número de hebras-cables. Del mismo modo, si
el espaciamiento de los tendones es demasiado grande (mayor que 60" o 1,5 m) o
16 veces el espesor de la losa, se selecciona un tendón más pequeña, con menos
hebras o cables.
Para una distribución uniforme del tendón, se utiliza un procedimiento similar
al descrito anteriormente para el diseño de bandas tendón

Procedures Used in Automated Tendon Layout 5 - 5


Capitulo 6
Diseño ACI 318-08

En este capítulo se describe en detalle los diversos aspectos del procedimiento de


diseño de hormigón post-tensado que es utilizado por SAFE cuando el usuario
selecciona el código americano ACI 318-08 [ACI 2008]. Varias anotaciones
utilizadas en este capítulo se enumeran en la Tabla 6-1. Para hacer referencia a las
secciones pertinentes del Código ACI en este capítulo, se utiliza un prefijo "ACI",
seguida del número de la sección.

El diseño se basa en combinaciones de carga especificados por el usuario. El


programa ofrece un conjunto de combinaciones de carga por defecto que deben
satisfacer los requisitos para el diseño de la mayoría de estructuras de tipo edificio.
Inglés, así como SI y MKS unidades métricas se pueden utilizar para la entrada. El
código se basa en unidades pulgada-libra-segundo. Para simplificar, todas las
ecuaciones y descripciones que se presentan en este capítulo corresponden a
pulgada-libra-segundo unidades a menos que se indique lo contrario. diseño se
basa en combinaciones de carga especificados por el usuario. El programa ofrece
un conjunto de combinaciones de carga por defecto que deben satisfacer los
requisitos para el diseño de la mayoría de estructuras de tipo edificio.

6.1 Anotaciones
La siguiente tabla identifica las diversas notaciones utilizadas en este capítulo.

6-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Table 6-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-08 Code


Acp Area delimitada por el perímetro exterior de la sección, in2
Ag Área bruta del concreto, in2
Al El área total de refuerzo longitudinal para resistir la torsión, in2
Ao Área encerrada por el flujo de corte, sq-in
Aoh Area delimitada por el centerline y el refuerzo extremo
transversal a torsion, sq-in
Aps Area de acero pretensado en zona de tensión a la flexión, in2
As Area de refuerzo a tension, in2
A's Area refuerzo a compresion, in2
As(required) Area de acero a tension requerido como refuerzo, in2
At /s Area de refuerzo a corte por unidad de longitud del elemento
por torsion, sq-in/in
Av Area del refuerzo por corte, in2
Av /s Area de refuerzo por corte por unidad de longitud, in2/in
a Profundidad del bloque a compresion, in
ab Profundidad del bloque a compresion en condiciones balanceadas, in
amax Profundidad maxima permitida para el bloque de compression, in

b Ancho del elemento, in


bf Ancho efectivo del ala (seccion viga-T), in
bw Alcho del alma (seccion viga-T), in
b0 Perímetro de la sección crítica por punzonado, in
b1 Ancho de la seccion critica por punzonado en direccion de la flexion, in

b2 Ancho de la seccion critica por punzonado perpendicular en la direccion


de flexion, in
c Profundidad del eje neutro, in
cb Profundidad del eje neutro en condiciones balanceadas, in

6-2 Notations
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

Table 6-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-08 Code


d Distancia desde la cara a compresion hasta el refuerzo por traccion, in
d' Recubrimiento del concreto al centro del refuerzo, in
de Profundidad efectiva de la cara a compresion al centriode
del refuerzo a traccion, in
ds Espesor de losa (seccion viga-T), in
dp Distancia desde la fibra extrema a compresion hasta el
centroide del acero de pre-stressing, in
Ec Modulo de Elasticidad del concreto, psi
Es Modulo de Elasticidad del acero, asumido como:
29,000,000 psi (ACI 8.5.2)
f'c Resistencia del concreto a compresion, psi
f'ci Resistencia del concreto al inicio del preesfuerzo, psi

fpe Esfuerzo de compresion del concrete devido a la fuerza de


preesfuerzo (after allowance of all prestress losses), psi
fps Esfuerzo en el acero de preesforzado nominal a tension, psi
fpu Esfuerzo ultimo del acero de preesfuerzo, psi
fpy Fluencia del acero de pre esfuerzo, psi
ft Fibra extrema en tension en la zona de tracción precomprimido
utilizando las propiedades brutas sección, psi
fy Specified yield strength of flexural reinforcement, psi
fys Specified yield strength of shear reinforcement, psi
h Profundidad total de la seccion, in
hf Altura de ala, in
φMn0 Momento de Diseño (reducido) de una seccion con tendones
solamente, N-mm

Notations 6 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Table 6-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-08 Code


φMnbal 'LVHxR0RPHQWRGHXQDVHFFLyQFRQWHQGRQHV\HOUHIXHU]R
OHYHQHFHVDULRSDUDDOFDQ]DUHOHVWDGRGHHTXLOLEULR, N-mm

Mu 0RPHQWR)DFWRUDGRHQODVHFFLRn, lb-in
Nc )XHU]DGHWHQVLRQHQHOFRQFUHWRGHELGRDODVFDUJDV
PXHUWDVPDVFDUJDYLYDVLQIDFWRUDU, lb
Pu )XH]DD[LDOIDFWRUDGD, lb
s Sepacion del refuerzo a corte a lo largo de la viga, in

Tu Momento torsional factorado de la seccion, lb-in


Vc Esfuerzo cortante resistido por el concreto, lb
Vmax Maxima fuerza de corte factorada permitida en la seccion, lb
Vu Fuerza de corte factorada en la seccion, lb
Vs Esfuerzo de corte que resiste el acero, lb
β1 Factor para obtener la profundidad del bloque a compresion en el concreto
βc Relación de distancias entre el máximo y mínimo de la sección crítica de
punzonado
εc Deformacion unitaria en el concreto
εc, max Máxima deformación por compresión utilizable permitido en
el concreto en la fibras extrema (0.003 in/in)
εps Deformacion en el acero de preesforzado
εs Deformacion en el acero de refuerzo
εs,min La tensión mínima a la tracción permitida en el refuerzo de acero en resistencia
nominal de un comportamiento controlado de tensión (0.005 in / in)
ϕ Factor de reducción de la fuerza
γf Fracción de momento desequilibrado transferido por flexión
γv Fracción de momento desequilibrado transferido por la
excentricidad del corte

6-4 Notations
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

Table 6-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-08 Code


λ Factor de reducción de resistencia al corte para concretos ligero
θ Angulo de compresion diagonal en grados

6.2 Design Load Combinations


Las combinaciones de carga de diseño son las diferentes combinaciones de los
casos de carga para la cual la estructura debe ser diseñada. Para ACI 318-08, si
la estructura esta sujeto a carga muerta (D), live (L), patron live (PL), snow
(S), wind (W), y earthquake (E) loads, y teniendo en cuenta que el viento y la
fuerzas sísmicas son reversibles, pueden necesitar ser examinado las
combinaciones de carga en las siguientes secciones (ACI 9.2.1).

Para el diseño de concreto postensado, el usuario puede especificar la carga de


pretensado (PT), proporcionando el perfil tendón o mediante el uso de las
opciones de equilibrio de carga en el programa. Las combinaciones de carga
por defecto para postensado se definen en los apartados siguientes.

6.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination


La siguiente combinación de carga se utiliza para comprobar los requisitos en
la transferencia de las fuerzas de pretensado, de conformidad con ACI 318-08
cláusula 18.4.1. Las fuerzas de pretensado se consideran sin ningún largo plazo
pierde para la comprobación inicial combinación de carga de servicio.

1.0D + 1.0PT (ACI 18.4.1)

6.2.2 Service Load Combination


Las siguientes combinaciones de carga se utilizan para el control de los
requisitos de pretensado para facilidad de servicio de acuerdo con ACI 318-08
Cláusulas 18.3.3, 18.4.2 (b), y 18.9.3.2. Se supone que todas las pérdidas a
largo plazo ya se han producido en la etapa de servicio.

1.0D + 1.0PT
(ACI 18.4.2(b))
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT

Design Load Combinations 6 - 5


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

6.2.3 Long-Term Service Load Combination


Las siguientes combinaciones de carga se utilizan para el control de los
requisitos de pretensado de acuerdo con ACI 318-08 cláusula 18.4.2 (a). La
carga permanente para esta combinación de carga se toma como 50 por ciento
de la carga viva. Se supone que todas las pérdidas a largo plazo ya se han
producido en la etapa de servicio.
1.0D + 1.0PT (ACI 18.4.2(b))
1.0D + 0.5L + 1.0PT

6.2.4 Strength Design Load Combination


Las siguientes combinaciones de carga se utilizan para el control de los requisitos
de pretensado por resistencia de conformidad con ACI 318-08, los capítulos 9 y 18.

Las combinaciones de diseño por resistencia requeridos para el diseño por corte de
vigas y punzonamiento en losas requieren las fuerzas completas del PT (primaria y
secundaria). El Diseño a flexión requiere sólo las fuerzas hiperestáticas (secundarios).
Las fuerzas hiperestáticas (secundarios) son determinados automáticamente por SAFE
restando los momentos principales del PT cuando el diseño a flexión se realiza.

1.4D + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)


1.2D + 1.6L + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.6(0.75 PL) + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1, 13.7.6.3)
0.9D ± 1.6W +1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L ± 1.6W + 1.0PT*
0.9D ± 1.0E + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L ± 1.0E + 1.0PT*
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6S + 1.0PT*
1.2D + 1.6S ± 0.8W + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5S ± 1.6W + 1.0PT*
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S ± 1.0E + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
*
— Reemplaza PT por H para el diseño a flexion unicamente

6-6 Design Load Combinations


Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

Las combinaciones de carga básicas IBC 2006 (Sección 01.02.1605) son los
mismos. Estas son también las combinaciones de carga de diseño por defecto
en SAFE cuando se usa el código ACI 318- 08. El usuario debe utilizar otras
combinaciones de carga apropiadas si roof live carga viva se trata por separado,
o si otros tipos de cargas están presentes.

6.3 Limits on Material Strength


La resistencia a la compresión de hormigón, f'c, no debe ser inferior a 2500 psi
(ACI 5.1.1). El límite superior de la resistencia a la fluencia de refuerzo, fy, se
toma como 80 ksi (ACI 9,4) y el límite superior de la resistencia al corte de
refuerzo, fyt, se toma como 60 ksi (ACI 11.5.2).

SAFE hace cumplir los límites de resistencia del material superior para la
flexión y cortante de cálculo de vigas y losas o para el diseño de torsión de
vigas. Las resistencias de los materiales de entrada se toman como los límites
superiores si se definen en las propiedades del material como siendo superior a
los límites. El usuario es responsable de asegurar que la fuerza-min imo es
satisfecho.

6.4 Strength Reduction Factors


Los factores de reducción de resistencia, φ , se aplican sobre la resistencia
especificada para obtener la resistencia de diseño proporcionada por un
miembro. Los factores φ para flexión, corte, y la torsión son los siguientes:

φt = 0.90 for flexure (tension controlled) (ACI 9.3.2.1)

φc = 0.65 for flexure (compression controlled) (ACI 9.3.2.2(b))

φ = 0.75 for shear and torsion. (ACI 9.3.2.3)

El valor de φ varía de compresión controlada para controlar de tensión basada


en la tensión máxima de tracción en el refuerzo en el borde extremo, ε t(ACI
9.3.2.2).

Secciones se consideran compresión controlada cuando la deformación por


tracción en el refuerzo tensión extrema es igual o menor que el límite de
deformación por compresión controlada en el momento del hormigón en
compresión alcanza su límite de deformación supuesta de εc.max, que es 0.003.
La fuerza de compresión controlada

Limits on Material Strength 6 - 7


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

límite es la deformación por tracción en el refuerzo en la condición equilibrada,


que se toma como el esfuerzo de la fluencia de la armadura, (fy/E) (ACI 10.3.3).

Cuando la seccion es controlada por la deformacion por tension en el extremo


del refuerzo a tension es igual o mayor a 0.005, al igual que el hormigón en
compresion alcanza su límite de deformación supuesta de 0.003(ACI 10.3.4).

Cuando las Secciones con ε t entre estos dos limites se consideran en una
región de transición entre la compresión controlada y la tensión controlado
(ACI 10.3.4).

Cuando la seccion es por tension-controlled, φ t es tomado encuenta. Cuando la


seccion es por compresion controlada, φ c es tomado encuenta. Cuando la
seccion esta en la region de transicion φ resulta de la interpolacion lineal entre
estos dos valores (ACI 9.3.2).
Se permite al usuario sobrescribir estos valores. Sin embargo, debe tener precaución.

6.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete


Diseño de la fuerza de los miembros de pretensado para flexión y CARGAS
axiales se basará en los supuestos indicados en ACI 10.2.

 La deformacion en el refuerzo y el hormigón se supondrá directamente


proporcional a la distancia desde el eje neutro (ACI 10.2.2).

 La deformación máxima utilizable en la fibra extrema de compresión de


hormigón se supondrá igual a 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3).

 La resistencia a la tracción del hormigón no sera tomado en cuenta en los


cálculos axiales y de flexión(ACI 10.2.5).

 Se supondrá la relación entre la distribución de tensiones a compresión del


hormigón y la deformacion del concreto sera rectangular por una distribución
de la tensión de hormigón rectangular equivalente(ACI 10.2.7).

 El esfuerzo del concreto de0.85f'c será asumido como una distribucion


uniformemente sobre una zona equivalente de compresión delimitada por
bordes de la sección transversal y una línea recta situada en paralelo al eje
neutro a una distancia a = β1c de la fibra de máxima tensión de compresión
(ACI 10.2.7.1).

6-8 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete


Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

 La distancia desde la fibra de deformación máxima al eje neutro, c se medirá


en una dirección perpendicular al eje neutro (ACI 10.2.7.2).

La teoría elástica se puede utilizar con los siguientes dos supuestos:

 Las deformaciones varía linealmente con la profundidad a través de todo el rango de carga
(ACI 18.3.2.1).

 En las secciones agrietadas, el hormigón no resiste tensión (ACI 18.3.2.1).

Miembros de hormigón pretensado se investigan en las tres etapas siguientes


(ACI 18.3.2):

 En la transferencia de fuerzas de pretensado

 En la carga del servicio

 En resistencia nominal

Los miembros flexionados pretensado se clasifican como Clase T (no


fisurado), Clase T (transición), y Clase C (fisurado) basan en ft, la tensión de la
fibra extrema computado en la tensión en la zona de tracción precomprimido
en las cargas de servicio (ACI 18.3.3).

La zona de tracción precomprimido es la parte de un miembro de pretensado


donde la tensión de flexión, calculado mediante las propiedades brutas sección,
se produciría bajo cargas vivas y muertas sin ponderar si la fuerza de
pretensado no estaba presente. Hormigón pretensado es generalmente diseñado
de modo que la fuerza de pretensado de compresión introduce en esta zona, por
lo tanto reduciendo efectivamente la magnitud de la tensión de tracción.

Para los miembros de flexión Clase U y de Clase T, hace hincapié en la carga


de trabajo se disuadir-minada utilizando propiedades de la sección no
agrietados, mientras que para los miembros de flexión Clase C, subraya en
carga de servicio se calculan sobre la base de la sección agrietada (ACI 18.3.4).

Un sistema de losa de dos vías pretensado está diseñado como Clase U sólo con
f t ≤ 6 f 'c (ACI R18.3.3); de lo contrario, se informa de un (O/S) condición
sobre-estresado

Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete 6 - 9


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

La siguiente tabla proporciona un resumen de las condiciones consideradas


para las distintas clases de sección.

Prestressed

Class U Class T Class C Nonprestressed


Comportamiento Asumido
Transition between
Uncracked Cracked Cracked
uncracked and cracked

Propiedades de sección para el cálculo Gross section Gross section Cracked section
No requirement
de tensión bajo cargas de servicio 18.3.4 18.3.4 18.3.4
La tensión admisible en la transferenciar 18.4.1 18.4.1 18.4.1 No requirement
Esfuerzo de compresión admisible basada
en propiedades de sección no agrietados 18.4.2 18.4.2 No requirement No requirement

Esfuerzo de tracción para cargas de servicio 7.5 f c′ < ft ≤ 12 f c′


≤ 7.5 f c′ No requirement No requirement
18.3.3

6.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural Members

6.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service Load


Las tensiones en el hormigón inmediatamente después de la transferencia de
la fuerza de pretensado (antes de las pérdidas de pretensado dependientes del
tiempo) se comparan con los siguientes límites:
 El esfuerzo de fibra extrema en compresión:: 0.60 f ci' (ACI 18.4.1(a))

 El esfuerzo en fibra extrema en tensión: 3 f ci' (ACI 18.4.1(b))

 El esfuerzo de fibra extrema de la tensión en los extremos


de los miembros simplemente apoyadas '
6 f ci (ACI 18.4.1(c))

La tensión de la fibra extrema de la tensión en los extremos de los miembros


simplemente apoyadas actualmente no está comprobado por SAFE.

6.6.2 Serviceability Checks at Service Load


Las tensiones en el hormigón para la Clase T y Clase T pretensadas miembros
flexionados en cargas de servicio, y después de que sucedan todas las pérdidas
de pretensado, se comparan con los siguientes límites:

6 - 10 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural Members


Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

 El esfuerzo de fibra extrema en compresión


debido a la tensión previa, más carga total: 0.60 f c' (ACI 18.4.2(b))

 El esfuerzo de fibra extrema de la tensión en la zona de tracción


precomprimido con cargas de servicios:

– Class U beams and one-way slabs: f t ≤ 7.5 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

– Class U two-way slabs: f t ≤ 6 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

– Class T beams: 7.5 f 'c < f t ≤ 12 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

– Class C beams: f t ≥ 12 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

Para la Clase C miembros flexionados pretensado, los controles en las cargas


de servicio no son re-requerido por el código. Sin embargo, para la Clase C
miembros flexionados pretensado que no están sujetos a la fatiga oa la
exposición agresiva, el espaciamiento de reforzar unido unificación más
cercano a la cara extrema tensión no será superior a la dada por ACI 10.6.4
(ACI 18.4.4). Se supone que el usuario ha comprobado los requisitos de ACI
10.6.4 y 18.4.4 a ACI 18.4.4.1 forma independiente, ya que estas secciones no
son comprobados por el programa.

6.6.3 Serviceability Checks at Long-Term Service Load


Las tensiones en el hormigón para la clase U y Clase T flexión pretensado
miembros de cargas de servicio a largo plazo, y después de todo pretensado
pérdidas ocurren, se comparan con los mismos límites que para la carga de
servicio normal, excepto por lo siguiente:
 El esfuerzo en fibra extrema en compresión debido a la tensión previa, más carga total:

0.45 f c' (ACI 18.4.2(a))

6.6.4 Serviceability Checks of Prestressing Steel


El programa también realiza comprobaciones sobre los esfuerzos de tracción
en el acero pretensado (ACI 18.5.1). Los tracción permisibles subrayan los
controles, en todos los tipos de pretensado

Serviceability Requirements of Flexural Members 6 - 11


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

acero, en términos del mínimo fpu esfuerzo de tracción especificada, y el


límite elástico min-imo, fy, se resumen como sigue:

 Debido a la fuerza tendón jacking: min(0.94fpy, 0.80fpu) (ACI 18.5.1(a))


Inmediatamente después de la
 min(0.82fpy, 0.74fpu) (ACI 18.5.1(b))
transferencia de la fuerza:
 En los anclajes y acopladores
después de la transferencia de fuerza: 0.70fpu (ACI 18.5.1(c))

6.7 Beam Design


En el diseño de vigas de hormigón pretensado, calcula SAFE y los informes de
las áreas necesarias de refuerzo de flexión, cortante y torsión en función de los
momentos de viga, fuerzas de cizallamiento, torsión, factores de combinación
de carga y otros Crite-ria que se describen en los apartados siguientes . Los
requisitos de refuerzo se calculan en cada estación a lo largo de la longitud de
la viga.
Las vigas están diseñados para mayor flexión dirección, cizalla y torsión
solamente. Efectos resultantes de cualesquiera fuerzas axiales y de menor
importancia dirección de flexión que puedan existir en las vigas deben ser
investigadas de forma independiente por el usuario.
El procedimiento de diseño haz implica los siguientes pasos:

 Diseño refuerzo a flexión

 Diseño refuerzo de cortante

 Refuerzo Diseño de torsión

6.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement


La parte superior de la viga y el refuerzo de flexión inferior está diseñado en
cada estación a lo largo de la viga. En el diseño de la armadura de flexión para
el gran momento de una viga de concreto para una estación en particular, los
siguientes pasos están involucrados:
 Determinar momentos factorizadas

 Determinar refuerzo a flexión requerida

6 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

6.7.1.1 Determine Factored Moments


En el diseño de refuerzo de flexión de vigas de hormigón pretensado, los
momentos factorizadas para cada combinación de carga en una estación de la
viga particular, se obtienen mediante la factorización los momentos
correspondientes para diferentes casos de carga, con los factores de carga
correspondientes.
La viga está diseñado entonces para los momentos factorizadas máximos
positivos y negativos máximos obtenidos a partir de todas las combinaciones
de carga. Momentos de la viga positivas pueden ser usados para calcular
refuerzo inferior. En tales casos, la viga puede ser diseñado como un
rectangular o un flanged beam. Momentos de la viga negativas pueden ser
usados para calcular la parte superior de refuerzo. En tales casos, la viga puede
ser diseñado como un rectangular o invertida flanged beam.
6.7.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
En el proceso de diseño de refuerzo a la flexión, el programa calcula tanto la
tensión y el refuerzo de compresión. Refuerzo de compresión se añade cuando
el momento del diseño aplicado excede la capacidad máxima momento de una
sección por separado reforzada. El usuario tiene la opción de evitar la
armadura de compresión mediante el aumento de la profundidad efectiva, la
anchura, o la fuerza del hormigón.

El procedimiento de diseño se basa en el bloque rectangular de tensiones


simplificado, como se muestra en la Figura 6-1 (ACI 10.2). Además, se supone
que la cepa neta de tracción en el refuerzo no deberá ser inferior a 0.005
(tensión controlada) (ACI 10.3.4). Cuando el momento aplicado excede la
capacidad de momento en esta condición de diseño, el área de la armadura de
compresión se calcula sobre la suposición de que el momento adicional será
llevada por armadura de compresión y armadura de tracción adicional.

El procedimiento de diseño utilizado por SAFE, tanto para secciones


rectangulares y con bridas (L y T-vigas), se resume en los apartados
siguientes. Se supone que la fuerza axial máxima de diseño no exceda
φ(0.1f'cAg) (ACI 10.3.5); por lo tanto, todas las vigas están diseñados para
mayor flexión dirección, corte y torsión solamente.

Beam Design 6 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

6.7.1.2.1 Design of Rectangular Beams


SAFE primero determina si la capacidad de momento proporcionada por los tendones de
postesado por sí sola es suficiente. En el cálculo de la capacidad, se supone que As = 0.
En ese caso, la capacidad de momento φ Mn0 es determinado como:

ε =0.003 0.85 f ′c
b

A′s Cs
d′ c a = β1c

dp
ds
Aps
ε ps
Tcps
Ts Tcs
εs
As

BEAM STRAIN STRESS


SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

Figure 6-1 Rectangular Beam Design

La profundidad máxima de la zona de compresión, cmax, se calcula sobre la


base de la limitación de que la cepa armadura de tracción no deberá ser
inferior a εs min, que es igual a 0,005 para el comportamiento tensión controlada
(ACI 10.3.4):
 ε c max 
cmax =  d (ACI 10.2.2)
 ε c max + ε s min 

where,

εcmax = 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)

εsmin = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)

Por lo tanto, el límite c ≤ cmax está programado para las secciones de

tensión controlado.
6 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

La profundidad máxima permitida del bloque de compresión rectangular, amax,


es dado por:

amax = β1cmax (ACI 10.2.7.1)

Donde β1 is calculated:

 f ' − 4000 
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05  c  , 0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
 1000 

SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilibri-
um, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel.

Based on the calculated fps, the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps
is further updated. After this iteration process has converged, the depth of the
rectangular compression block is determined as follows:

a = β1c

 If c ≤ cmax (ACI 10.3.4), the moment capacity of the section, provided by


post-tensioning steel only, is computed as:

 a
=φ M n0 φ Aps f ps  d p − 
 2

 If c > cmax (ACI 10.3.4), a failure condition is declared.

If M u > φ M n0 , SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at


the balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal tension
controlled case. In that case, it is assumed that the depth of the neutral axis, c is
equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps is then calculated and
the area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by imposing force
equilibrium, i.e., C = T.

C = 0.85 f c' amax b

Beam Design 6 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

=T Aps f psbal + Asbal f sbal

bal
0.85 f c′amax b − Aps f psbal
A s =
f sbal

After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:

 amax  bal bal  amax 


φ=
M nbal φ Aps f psbal  d p −  + φ As f s  d s − 2 
 2   

In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.

6.7.1.2.1.1 Case 1: Post-tensioning steel is adequate


When M u < φ M n0 , the amount of post-tensioning steel is adequate to resist the
design moment Mu. Minimum reinforcement is provided to satisfy ductility re-
quirements (ACI 18.9.3.2 and 18.9.3.3), i.e., M u < φ M n0 .

6.7.1.2.1.2 Case 2: Post-tensioning steel plus tension reinforcement


In this case, the amount of post-tensioning steel, Aps, alone is not sufficient to
resist Mu, and therefore the required area of tension reinforcement is computed
to supplement the post-tensioning steel. The combination of post-tensioning
steel and tension reinforcement should result in a < amax.

When φ M n0 < M u < φ M nbal , SAFE determines the required area of tension re-
inforcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment Mu and reports this re-
quired area of tension reinforcement. Since Mu is bounded by φ M n0 at the low-
er end and φ M nbal at the upper end, and φ M n0 is associated with As = 0 and
φ M nbal is associated with As = Asbal , the required area will fall within the range
of 0 to Asbal.

6 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

The tension reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if Mu is positive, or at


the top if Mu is negative.

6.7.1.2.1.3 Case 3: Post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement are not ad-
equate
When M u > φ M nbal , compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.5). In
this case SAFE assumes that the depth of the neutral axis, c, is equal to cmax.
The values of fps and fs reach their respective balanced condition values, f psbal
and f sbal . The area of compression reinforcement, As' , is then determined as
follows:

The moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement and tension


reinforcement is:

M=
us M u − φ M nbal

The required compression reinforcement is given by:

M us
A' s = , where
( f 's − 0.85 f 'c )(d e − d ')φ
c − d '
f ' s = Es ε c max  max  ≤ fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4)
 cmax 

The tension reinforcement for balancing the compression reinforcement is giv-


en by:

M us
Ascom =
f y ( d s − d ') φ

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.

Beam Design 6 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

6.7.1.2.2 Design of Flanged Beams

6.7.1.2.2.1 Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment


In designing for a factored negative moment, Mu (i.e., designing top reinforce-
ment), the calculation of the reinforcement area is exactly the same as above,
i.e., no flanged beam data is used.

6.7.1.2.2.2 Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment


SAFE first determines if the moment capacity provided by the post-tensioning
tendons alone is enough. In calculating the capacity, it is assumed that As = 0.
In that case, the moment capacity φ M n0 is determined as follows:

The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than εsmin,
which is equal to 0.005 for tension-controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):

 ε c max 
cmax =  d (ACI 10.2.2)
 ε c max + ε s min 

where,

εcmax = 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)

εsmin = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)

Therefore, the limit c ≤ cmax is set for tension-controlled section:

The maximum allowable depth of the rectangular compression block, amax, is


given by:

amax =β1cmax (ACI 10.2.7.1)

where β1 is calculated as:

 f 'c − 4000 
β1 =0.85 − 0.05  , 0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
 1000 

6 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

hf ε =0.003 0.85 f ′c 0.85 f ′c


bf

d′ f ′s Cs Cf
A′s
c
dp ds
Cw
Aps
ε ps
Tw Tf

As εs Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

Figure 6-2 T-Beam Design

SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilibri-
um, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fps,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps is further updated. After this
iteration process has converged, the depth of the rectangular compression block
is determined as follows:

a = β1c

 If c ≤ cmax (ACI 10.3.4), the moment capacity of the section, provided by


post-tensioning steel only, is computed as:

 a
=φ M n0 φ Aps f ps  d p − 
 2

 If c > cmax (ACI 10.3.4), a failure condition is declared.

If M u > φ M n0 , SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at


the balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal ten-
sion-controlled case. In that case, it is assumed that the depth of the neutral ax-

Beam Design 6 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

is c is equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is then calculated
and the area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by imposing
force equilibrium, i.e., C = T.

 If a ≤ hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in that case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required if a > amax.

 If a > hf, the calculation for As is given by:

C = 0.85 f 'c Accomp

where Accom is the area of concrete in compression, i.e.,

b f h f + bw ( amax − h f
Accom = )
=T Aps f psbal + Asbal f sbal

bal
0.85 f 'c Accom − Aps f psbal
A s =
f sbal

In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.

Case 1: Post-tensioning steel is adequate


When M u < φ M n0 the amount of post-tensioning steel is adequate to resist the
design moment Mu. Minimum reinforcement is provided to satisfy ductility re-
quirements (ACI 18.9.3.2 and 18.9.3.3), i.e., M u < φ M n0 .

Case 2: Post-tensioning steel plus tension reinforcement


In this case, the amount of post-tensioning steel, Aps, alone is not sufficient to
resist Mu, and therefore the required area of tension reinforcement is computed

6 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

to supplement the post-tensioning steel. The combination of post-tensioning


steel and tension reinforcement should result in a < amax.

When φ M n0 < M u < φ M nbal , SAFE determines the required area of tension re-
inforcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment Mu and reports this re-
quired area of tension reinforcement. Since Mu is bounded by φ M n0 at the low-
er end and φ M nbal at the upper end, and φ M n0 is associated with As = 0
and φ M nbal is associated with As = Asbal , the required area will fall within the
range of 0 to As.

The tension reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if Mu is positive, or at


the top if Mu is negative.

Case 3: Post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement are not adequate


When M u > φ M nbal , compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.5). In
that case, SAFE assumes that the depth of the neutral axis, c, is equal to cmax.
The value of fps and fs reach their respective balanced condition values, f psbal
and f sbal . The area of compression reinforcement, As' , is then determined as
follows:

The moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement and tension


reinforcement is:
M=
us M u − φ M nbal

The required compression reinforcement is given by:

M us
A 's = , where
( f 's − 0.85 f 'c )( d s − d ') φ
c − d '
f ' s = Es ε c max  max  ≤ fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, and 10.2.4)
c
 max 

The tension reinforcement for balancing the compression reinforcement is giv-


en by:

Beam Design 6 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

M us
Ascom =
f y ( d s − d ') φ

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.

6.7.1.2.3 Ductility Requirements


SAFE also checks the following condition by considering the post-tensioning
steel and tension reinforcement to avoid abrupt failure.

φ M n ≥ 1.2M cr (ACI 18.8.2)

The preceding condition is permitted to be waived for the following:

(a) Two-way, unbonded post-tensioned slabs

(b) Flexural members with shear and flexural strength at least twice that re-
quired by ACI 9.2.

These exceptions currently are NOT handled by SAFE.

6.7.1.2.4 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement


The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required in a beam section is giv-
en by the following limit:

As ≥ 0.004 Act (ACI 18.9.2)

where, Act is the area of the cross-section between the flexural tension face and
the center of gravity of the gross section.

An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:

6 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

0.4bd Rectangular beam


As ≤ 
0.4bw d Flanged beam
0.04bd Rectangular beam
A′s ≤ 
0.04bw d Flanged beam

6.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement


The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination at each station
along the length of the beam. In designing the shear reinforcement for a partic-
ular beam, for a particular loading combination, at a particular station due to
the beam major shear, the following steps are involved:

 Determine the factored shear force, Vu.

 Determine the shear force, Vc that can be resisted by the concrete.

 Determine the shear reinforcement required to carry the balance.

The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.

6.7.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force


In the design of the beam shear reinforcement, the shear forces for each load
combination at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the corre-
sponding shear forces for different load cases, with the corresponding load
combination factors.

6.7.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity


The shear force carried by the concrete, Vc, is calculated as:

Vc = min(Vci , Vcw) (ACI 11.3.3)

where,

Vi M cre
Vci = 0.6λ f ' c bw d p + Vd + ≥ 1.7 λ f ' c b w d (ACI 11.3.3.1)
M max

Beam Design 6 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

( )
Vcw = 3.5λ f ' c + 0.3 f pc bw d p + V p (ACI 11.3.3.2)

d p ≥ 0.80h (ACI 11.3.3.1)

 I 
(
M cre =   6λ f ' c + f pe − f d ) (ACI 11.3.3.1)
 yt 

where,

fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at the extreme fiber of the sec-
tion where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads, psi

fpe = compress stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only


(after allowance for all prestress losses) at the extreme fiber of the
section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads,
psi

Vd = shear force at the section due to unfactored dead load, lbs

Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at the section, lbs

Vci = nominal shear strength provided by the concrete when diagonal


cracking results from combined shear and moment

Mcre = moment causing flexural cracking at the section because of exter-


nally applied loads

Mmax = maximum factored moment at section because of externally ap-


plied loads

Vi = factored shear force at the section because of externally applied


loads occurring simultaneously with Mmax

Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by the concrete when diagonal


cracking results from high principal tensile stress in the web

For light-weight concrete, the f 'c term is multiplied by the shear strength
reduction factor λ.

6 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

6.7.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement


The shear force is limited to a maximum of:

( )
Vmax = Vc + 8 f ' c bw d (ACI 11.4.7.9)

Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows where, φ, the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).

 If Vu ≤ 0.5φVc

Av
=0 (ACI 11.4.6.1)
s

 If 0.5φVc < Vu ≤ φVmax

Av (Vu − φ Vc )
= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s φ f yt d

Av  0.75λ f ' c 50bw 


≥ max bw , (ACI 11.4.6.3)
s 
 f yt f yt 

 If Vu > φVmax, a failure condition is declared (ACI 11.4.7.9).

For members with an effective prestress force not less than 40 percent of the
tensile strength of the flexural reinforcement, the required shear reinforcement
is computed as follows (ACI 11.5.6.3, 11.5.6.4):

  0.75λ f 'c 50 
max bw , bw 
Av   fy f y 
≥ min  
s  Aps f pu d
 80 f yt d bw

 If Vu exceeds the maximum permitted value of φVmax, the concrete section


should be increased in size (ACI 11.5.7.9).

Beam Design 6 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Note that if torsion design is considered and torsion reinforcement is needed,


the equation given in ACI 11.5.6.3 does not need to be satisfied independently.
See the next section Design of Beam Torsion Reinforcement for details.

If the beam depth h is less than the minimum of 10 in, 2.5hf, and 0.5bw, the
minimum shear reinforcement given by ACI 11.5.6.3 is not enforced (ACI
11.5.6.1(c)).

The maximum of all of the calculated Av /s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.

The beam shear reinforcement requirements considered by the program are


based purely on shear strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup require-
ments to satisfy spacing and volumetric considerations must be investigated in-
dependently of the program by the user.

6.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement


The torsion reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at each
station along the length of the beam. The following steps are involved in de-
signing the shear reinforcement for a particular station due to the beam torsion:

 Determine the factored torsion, Tu.

 Determine special section properties.

 Determine critical torsion capacity.

 Determine the torsion reinforcement required.

6.7.3.1 Determine Factored Torsion


In the design of beam torsion reinforcement, the torsions for each load combi-
nation at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the corresponding
torsions for different load cases with the corresponding load combination fac-
tors (ACI 11.6.2).

In a statically indeterminate structure where redistribution of the torsion in a


member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces upon cracking, the

6 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

design Tu is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code


(ACI 11.6.2.2). However, the program does not automatically redistribute the
internal forces and reduce Tu. If redistribution is desired, the user should re-
lease the torsional degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.

6.7.3.2 Determine Special Section Properties


For torsion design, special section properties, such as Acp, Aoh, Ao, pcp, and ph
are calculated. These properties are described in the following (ACI 2.1).

Acp = Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section

Aoh = Area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse


torsional reinforcement

Ao = Gross area enclosed by shear flow path

pcp = Outside perimeter of concrete cross-section

ph = Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsion-


al reinforcement

In calculating the section properties involving reinforcement, such as Aoh, Ao,


and ph, it is assumed that the distance between the centerline of the outermost
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 1.75 inches. This is equiva-
lent to 1.5 inches clear cover and a #4 stirrup. For torsion design of flanged
beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange ar-
ea is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion rein-
forcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during Tcr calcula-
tion. With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangular beam sec-
tion are given as:

Acp = bh (ACI 11.6.1, 2.1)

Aoh = (b − 2c)(h − 2c) (ACI 11.6.3.1, 2.1, R11.6.3.6(b))

Ao = 0.85 Aoh (ACI 11.6.3.6, 2.1)

pcp = 2b + 2h (ACI 11.6.1, 2.1)

ph = 2(b − 2c) + 2(h − 2c) (ACI 11.6.3.1, 2.1)

Beam Design 6 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

where, the section dimensions b, h, and c are shown in Figure 6-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:

Acp = bwh + (bf − bw)hf (ACI 11.6.1, 2.1)

Aoh = (bw – 2c)(h – 2c) (ACI 11.6.3.1, 2.1, R11.6.3.6(b))

Ao = 0.85 Aoh (ACI 11.6.3.6, 2.1)

pcp = 2bf + 2h (ACI11.6.1, 2.1)

ph = 2(h – 2c) + 2(bw – 2c) (ACI 11.6.3.1, 2.1)

where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, hf, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 6-3. Note that the flange width on either side of the beam web is lim-
ited to the smaller of 4hf or (h – hf) (ACI 13.2.4).

6.7.3.3 Determine Critical Torsion Capacity


The critical torsion capacity, Tcr, for which the torsion in the section can be ig-
nored is calculated as:

 Acp2  f pc
Tcr = φλ f 'c   1+ (ACI 11.6.1(b))
p  4 f 'c
 cp 

where Acp and pcp are the area and perimeter of the concrete cross-section as
described in detail in the previous section; fpc is the concrete compressive stress
at the centroid of the section; φ is the strength reduction factor for torsion,
which is equal to 0.75 by default (ACI 9.3.2.3); and f′c is the specified concrete
compressive strength.

6.7.3.4 Determine Torsion Reinforcement


If the factored torsion Tu is less than the threshold limit, Tcr, torsion can be
safely ignored (ACI 11.6.1). In that case, the program reports that no torsion
reinforcement is required. However, if Tu exceeds the threshold limit, Tcr, it is
assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups, longitudi-
nal bars, and compression diagonal (ACI R11.6.3.6).

6 - 28 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

If Tu > Tcr the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, At /s, is calculated
as:

At Tu tan θ
= (ACI 11.6.3.6)
s φ 2 Ao f yt

and the required longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as:

Tu p h
Al = (ACI 11.6.3.7, 11.6.3.6)
φ 2 Ao f y tan θ

c b − 2c c bf
c c
h
dfs

h − 2c h h h − 2c

c c
b bw − 2c
bw

Closed Stirrup in Closed Stirrup in


Rectangular Beam T-Beam Section

Figure 6-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design

where, the minimum value of At /s is taken as:

At 25
= bw (ACI 11.6.5.3)
s f yt

and the minimum value of Al is taken as follows:

Beam Design 6 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

5λ f c′ Acp  A   f yt 
Al = −  t  ph  (ACI 11.6.5.3)
fy  s   f y 

In the preceding expressions, θ is taken as 45 degrees for prestressed members


with an effective prestress force less than 40 percent of the tensile strength of
the longitudinal reinforcement; otherwise θ is taken as 37.5 degrees.

An upper limit of the combination of Vu and Tu that can be carried by the sec-
tion is also checked using the equation:

2 2
 Vu   Tu p h   Vc 
  +  2
 ≤ φ  + 8 f c′  (ACI 11.6.3.1)
 bw d   1.7 Aoh   bw d 

For rectangular sections, bw is replaced with b. If the combination of Vu and Tu


exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete sec-
tion should be increased in size.

When torsional reinforcement is required (Tu > Tcr), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups must satisfy the following
limit.

 Av A   f c′ 50bw 
 + 2 t  ≥ max 0.75λ bw ,  (ACI 11.6.5.2)
 s s   f yt f y 

If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Av /s and At /s, Av /s
is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, Av /s does not need to satisfy
the ACI Section 11.5.6.3 independently.

The maximum of all of the calculated Al and At /s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.

The beam torsion reinforcement requirements considered by the program are


based purely on strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements
and longitudinal reinforcement requirements to satisfy spacing considerations
must be investigated independently of the program by the user.

6 - 30 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

6.8 Slab Design


Similar to conventional design, the SAFE slab design procedure involves
defining sets of strips in two mutually perpendicular directions. The locations
of the strips are usually governed by the locations of the slab supports. The
moments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis and a flexural
design is completed using the ultimate strength design method (ACI 318-08)
for prestressed reinforced concrete as described in the following sections. To
learn more about the design strips, refer to the section entitled "SAFE
Design Features" in the Key Features and Terminology manual.

6.8.1 Design for Flexure


SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the
design of the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are obtained
by multiplying the slab element stiffness matrices by the element nodal dis-
placement vectors. Those moments will always be in static equilibrium with
the applied loads, irrespective of the refinement of the finite element mesh.

The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is completed at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:

 Determine factored moments for each slab strip.

 Determine the capacity of post-tensioned sections.

 Design flexural reinforcement for the strip.

These three steps are described in the subsection that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.

Slab Design 6 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

6.8.1.1 Determine Factored Moments for the Strip


For each element within the design strip, for each load combination, the pro-
gram calculates the nodal reactive moments. The nodal moments are then add-
ed to get the strip moments.

6.8.1.2 Determine Capacity of Post-Tensioned Sections


Calculation of the post-tensioned section capacity is identical to that described
earlier for rectangular beam sections.

6.8.1.3 Design Flexural Reinforcement for the Strip


The reinforcement computation for each slab design strip, given the bending
moment, is identical to the design of rectangular beam sections described
earlier (or to the flanged beam if the slab is ribbed). In some cases, at a given
design section in a design strip, there may be two or more slab properties
across the width of the design strip. In that case, the program automatically de-
signs the tributary width associated with each of the slab properties separately
using its tributary bending moment. The reinforcement obtained for each of the
tributary widths is summed to obtain the total reinforcement for the full width
of the design strip at the considered design section. This method is used when
drop panels are included. Where openings occur, the slab width is adjusted ac-
cordingly.

6.8.1.3.1 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement


The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required for each direction of a
slab is given by the following limits (ACI 7.12.2):

As,min = 0.0020 bh for fy = 40 ksi or 50 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(a))

As,min = 0.0018 bh for fy = 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(b))

0.0018 × 60000
As,min = bh for fy > 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(c))
fy

6 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

Reinforcement is not required in positive moment areas where ft, the extreme
fiber stress in tension in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads (after
all prestress losses occurs) does not exceed 2 f c' (ACI 18.9.3.1).

In positive moment areas where the computed tensile stress in the concrete at
service loads exceeds 2 f c' , the minimum area of bonded reinforcement is
computed as:

Nc
As ,min = , where fy ≤ 60 ksi (ACI 18.9.3.2)
0.5 f y

In negative moment areas at column supports, the minimum area of bonded


reinforcement in the top of slab in each direction is computed as:

As ,min = 0.00075 Acf (ACI 18.9.3.3)

where Acf is the larger gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam strip in the
two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting a column in a two-way slab
system.

When spacing of tendons exceed 54 inches, additional bonded shrinkage and


temperature reinforcement (as computed above, ACI 7.12.2.1) is required be-
tween the tendons at slab edges, extending from the slab edge for a distance
equal to the tendon spacing (ACI 7.12.3.3)

In addition, an upper limit on both the tension reinforcement and compression


reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area.
Note that the requirements when fy > 60 ksi currently are not handled.

6.8.2 Check for Punching Shear


The algorithm for checking punching shear is detailed in the section entitled
“Slab Punching Shear Check” in the Key Features and Terminology manual.
Only the code specific items are described in the following sections.

Slab Design 6 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

6.8.2.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear


The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from the
face of the support (ACI 11.11.1.2). For rectangular columns and concentrated
loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to
the sides of the columns or the point loads (ACI 11.11.1.3). Figure 6-4 shows
the auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the various column
shapes. The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and the punching
perimeter may be overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.

d 2

d 2 d 2

Interior Column Edge Column Edge Column

d 2
d 2 d 2

Circular Column T-Shape Column L-Shape Column

Figure 6-4 Punching Shear Perimeters

6.8.2.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment


The fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure is taken to be γ f Mu
and the fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of shear is
taken to be γ v Mu.

1
γf = (ACI 13.5.3.2)
1 + (2 3) b1 b2

6 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

γv = 1 − γf (ACI 13.5.3.1)

For flat plates, γv is determined from the following equations taken from ACI
421.2R-07 [ACI 2007] Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in
Flat Plates.

For interior columns,

1
γ vx = 1 − (ACI 421.2 C-11)
1 + ( 2 3) l y lx

1
γ vy = 1 − (ACI 421.2 C-12)
1 + ( 2 3) lx l y

For edge columns,

γvx = same as for interior columns (ACI 421.2 C-13)

1
γ vy = 1 − (ACI 421.2 C-14)
1 + (2 3) l x l y − 0.2

γvy = 0 when lx/ly ≤ 0.2

For corner columns,

γvx = 0.4 (ACI 421.2 C-15)

γvy = same as for edge columns (ACI 421.2 C-16)

where b1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span and b2 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction per-
pendicular to the span. The values lx and ly are the projections of the shear-
critical section onto its principal axes, x and y, respectively.

6.8.2.3 Determine Concrete Capacity


The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is
taken as:

Slab Design 6 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

(
vc = φ β p )
f 'c + 0.3 f pc + v p (ACI 11.11.2.2)

  αsd 
β p = min 3.5,  + 1.5   (ACI 11.11.2.2)
  bo 

where, βp is the factor used to compute vc in prestressed slab; bo is the perimeter


of the critical section; fpc is the average value of fpc in the two directions; vp is
the vertical component of all effective prestress stresses crossing the critical
section; and αs is a scale factor based on the location of the critical section.

40 for interior columns,



α s =30 for edge columns, and (ACI 11.11.2.1)
20 for corner columns.

The concrete capacity vc computed from ACI 11.12.2.2 is permitted only when
the following conditions are satisfied:

 The column is farther than four times the slab thickness away from any dis-
continuous slab edges.

 The value of f ' c is taken no greater than 70 psi.


 In each direction, the value of fpc is within the range:

125 ≤ fpc ≤ 500 psi

In thin slabs, the slope of the tendon profile is hard to control and special care
should be exercised in computing vp. In case of uncertainty between the design
and as-built profile, a reduced or zero value for vp should be used.

If the preceding three conditions are not satisfied, the concrete punching shear
stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits:

6 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

  4 
φ  2 + λ f 'c
  βc 

  α d
ν c = min φ  2 + s λ f 'c (ACI 11.11.2.1)
  bc 

φ 4λ f '
 c



where, βc is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b0 is the perimeter of the critical section, and αs is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section (ACI 11.12.2.1).

A limit is imposed on the value of f ' c as:

f ' c ≤ 100 (ACI 11.1.2)

6.8.2.4 Determine Capacity Ratio


Given the punching shear force and the fractions of moments transferred by ec-
centricity of shear about the two axes, the shear stress is computed assuming
linear variation along the perimeter of the critical section. The ratio of the max-
imum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress capacity is reported
as the punching shear capacity ratio by SAFE.

6.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement


The use of shear studs as shear reinforcement in slabs is permitted, provided
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 6 inches, and not
less than 16 times the shear reinforcement bar diameter (ACI 11.11.3). If the
slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punching shear reinforce-
ment is not designed and the slab thickness should be increased by the user.

The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the earli-

Slab Design 6 - 37
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

er sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is


carried out as described in the subsections that follow.

6.8.3.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity


The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section
with punching shear reinforcement is as previously determined, but limited to:

vc ≤ φ 2λ f 'c for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.1)

vc ≤ φ 3λ f ' c for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)

6.8.3.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement


The shear force is limited to a maximum of:

Vmax = 6 f 'c bod for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.2)

Vmax = 8 f 'c bod for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)

Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows, where, φ, the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).

Av (Vu − φVc )
= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s φ f ys d
'
Av f
≥ 2 c bo for shear studs
s fy

 If Vu > φVmax, a failure condition is declared. (ACI 11.11.3.2)

 If Vu exceeds the maximum permitted value of φVmax, the concrete section


should be increased in size.

6.8.3.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement


Punching shear reinforcement in the vicinity of rectangular columns should be
arranged on peripheral lines, i.e., lines running parallel to and at constant dis-

6 - 38 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08

de los lados de la columna. Figura 6-5 muestra una disposición típica de


refuerzo de corte en la proximidad de un interior, borde, y la columna de
esquina rectangular.

La distancia entre la cara de la columna y la primera línea de refuerzo de corte no


deberá exceder de d/2 (ACI R11.3.3, 11.11.5.2). La separación entre armadura de
cortante adyacente en la primera línea de refuerzo de cortante no excederá 2d
medido en una dirección paralela a la cara de la columna (ACI 11.11.3.3).

Refuerzo a punzonamiento es esquinas de las columnas cerca más efectivas


donde hay concentraciones de esfuerzo de corte. Por lo tanto, el número
mínimo de líneas de refuerzo de corte es 4, 6, y 8, de esquina, borde, y
columnas interiores, respectivamente.

Typical Studrail Outermost Outermost


(only first and last peripheral line peripheral line
studs shown) of studs of studs Free
edge
d 2 d 2 Iy
gy
gx
s0 s0 s0
Iy x x gx
Iy
Critical d 2
section
centroid Free
edge y x
Free edge Ix Critical section
y
centroid
Ix
Ix

Interior Column Edge Column Corner Column

Figure 6-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside
shear-reinforced zone

6.8.3.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing


La armadura de punzonamiento es más eficaz cuando el anclaje está cerca de
las superficies superior e inferior de la losa. La cubierta de los anclajes no debe
ser menor que el mínimo especificado en la cubierta ACI 7,7 más la mitad del
diámetro de la armadura de flexión.

Refuerzo a punzonamiento en forma de conectores de corte está generalmente


disponible en 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8-, y 3/4-inch diametro.

Slab Design 6 - 39
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Al especificar conectores de corte, la distancia, por lo que, entre la cara de la


columna y la primera línea periférica de conectores de cortante no debe ser menor
que 0.35d. los límites of so and the spacing, s, entre las líneas periféricas se
especifican como:

so ≤ 0.5d (ACI 11.11.5.2)


 0.75d for ν u ≤ 6φλ f 'c
s≤ (ACI 11.11.5.2)
0.50 d for ν u > 6φλ f 'c
g ≤ 2d (ACI 11.11.5.3)

los limites so y espaciamiento, s, entre los links se especifica como:

so ≤ 0.5d (ACI 11.11.3)

s ≤ 0.50d (ACI 11.11.3)

6 - 40 Slab Design
Chapter 16
Design for ACI 318-11

This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Ameri-
can code ACI 318-11 [ACI 2011]. Various notations used in this chapter are
listed in Table 6-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the ACI code in
this chapter, a prefix “ACI” followed by the section number is used.

The design is based on user-specified load combinations. The program pro-


vides a set of default load combinations that should satisfy the requirements for
the design of most building type structures.

English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on inch-pound-second units. For simplicity, all equations and descrip-
tions presented in this chapter correspond to inch-pound-second units unless
otherwise noted.

16.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.

Notations 16 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Table 16-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-11 Code


Acp Area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the section, in2
Ag Gross area of concrete, in2
Al Total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, in2
Ao Area enclosed by the shear flow path, sq-in
Aoh Area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed
transverse torsional reinforcement, sq-in
Aps Area of prestressing steel in flexural tension zone, in2
As Area of tension reinforcement, in2
A's Area of compression reinforcement, in2
As(required Area of steel required for tension reinforcement, in2
)

At /s Area of closed shear reinforcement per unit length of member


for torsion, sq-in/in
Av Area of shear reinforcement, in2
Av /s Area of shear reinforcement per unit length of member, in2/in
a Depth of compression block, in
ab Depth of compression block at balanced condition, in
amax Maximum allowed depth of compression block, in
b Width of member, in
bf Effective width of flange (T-beam section), in
bw Width of web (T-beam section), in
b0 Perimeter of the punching critical section, in
b1 Width of the punching critical section in the direction of
bending, in
b2 Width of the punching critical section perpendicular to the
direction of bending, in
c Depth to neutral axis, in

16 - 2 Notations
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

Table 16-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-11 Code


cb Depth to neutral axis at balanced conditions, in
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, in
d' Concrete cover to center of reinforcing, in
de Effective depth from compression face to centroid of tension
reinforcement, in
ds Thickness of slab (T-beam section), in
dp Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of pre-
stressing steel, in
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, assumed as
29,000,000 psi (ACI 8.5.2)
f'c Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
f'ci Specified compressive strength of concrete at time of initial
prestress, psi
fpe Compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress
forces only (after allowance of all prestress losses), psi
fps Stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural strength, psi
fpu Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel, psi
fpy Specified yield strength of prestressing steel, psi
ft Extreme fiber stress in tension in the precompressed tensile
zone using gross section properties, psi
fy Specified yield strength of flexural reinforcement, psi
fys Specified yield strength of shear reinforcement, psi
h Overall depth of a section, in
hf Height of the flange, in
φMn0 Design moment resistance of a section with tendons only, N-
mm

Notations 16 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Table 16-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-11 Code


φMnbal Design moment resistance of a section with tendons and the
necessary mild reinforcement to reach the balanced condition,
N-mm
Mu Factored moment at section, lb-in
Nc Tension force in concrete due to unfactored dead load plus
live load, lb
Pu Factored axial load at section, lb
s Spacing of the shear reinforcement along the length of the
beam, in
Tu Factored torsional moment at section, lb-in
Vc Shear force resisted by concrete, lb
Vmax Maximum permitted total factored shear force at a section, lb
Vu Factored shear force at a section, lb
Vs Shear force resisted by steel, lb
β1 Factor for obtaining depth of compression block in concrete
βc Ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the
punching critical section
εc Strain in concrete
εc, max Maximum usable compression strain allowed in extreme con-
crete fiber (0.003 in/in)
εps Strain in prestressing steel
εs Strain in reinforcing steel
εs,min Minimum tensile strain allowed in steel reinforcement at
nominal strength for tension controlled behavior (0.005 in/in)
ϕ Strength reduction factor
γf Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure
γv Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of
shear

16 - 4 Notations
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

Table 16-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-11 Code


λ Shear strength reduction factor for light-weight concrete
θ Angle of compression diagonals, degrees

16.2 Design Load Combinations


The design load combinations are the various combinations of the load cases
for which the structure needs to be designed. For ACI 318-11, if a structure is
subjected to dead (D), live (L), pattern live (PL), snow (S), wind (W), and
earthquake (E) loads, and considering that wind and earthquake forces are
reversible, the load combinations in the following sections may need to be con-
sidered (ACI 9.2.1).

For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.

16.2.1 Initial Service Load Combination


The following load combination is used for checking the requirements at trans-
fer of prestress forces, in accordance with ACI 318-11 clause 18.4.1. The pre-
stressing forces are considered without any long-term loses for the initial ser-
vice load combination check.

1.0D + 1.0PT (ACI 18.4.1)

16.2.2 Service Load Combination


The following load combinations are used for checking the requirements of
prestress for serviceability in accordance with ACI 318-11 clauses 18.3.3,
18.4.2(b), and 18.9.3.2. It is assumed that all long-term losses have already oc-
curred at the service stage.

1.0D + 1.0PT
(ACI 18.4.2(b))
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT

Design Load Combinations 16 - 5


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

16.2.3 Long-Term Service Load Combination


The following load combinations are used for checking the requirements of
prestress in accordance with ACI 318-11 clause 18.4.2(a). The permanent load
for this load combination is taken as 50 percent of the live load. It is assumed
that all long-term losses have already occurred at the service stage.

1.0D + 1.0PT
(ACI 18.4.2(a))
1.0D + 0.5L + 1.0PT

16.2.4 Strength Design Load Combination


The following load combinations are used for checking the requirements of
prestress for strength in accordance with ACI 318-11, Chapters 9 and 18.

The strength design combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (second-
ary) forces are automatically determined by SAFE by subtracting out the pri-
mary PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.

1.4D + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)


1.2D + 1.6L + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.6(0.75 PL) + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1, 13.7.6.3)
0.9D ± 1.0W +1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L ± 1.0W + 1.0PT*
0.9D ± 1.0E + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L ± 1.0E + 1.0PT*
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6S + 1.0PT*
1.2D + 1.6S ± 0.5W + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5S ± 1.0W + 1.0PT*
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S ± 1.0E + 1.0PT* (ACI 9.2.1)
*
— Replace PT by H for flexural design only

16 - 6 Design Load Combinations


Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

The IBC 2012 basic load combinations (Section 1605.2.1) are the same. These
also are the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the ACI 318-
11 code is used. The user should use other appropriate load combinations if
roof live load is treated separately, or if other types of loads are present.

16.3 Limits on Material Strength


The concrete compressive strength, f'c, should not be less than 2500 psi (ACI
5.1.1). The upper limit of the reinforcement yield strength, fy, is taken as 80 ksi
(ACI 9.4) and the upper limit of the reinforcement shear strength, fyt, is taken as
60 ksi (ACI 11.5.2).

SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as
being greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the min-
imum strength is satisfied.

16.4 Strength Reduction Factors


The strength reduction factors, φ, are applied on the specified strength to obtain
the design strength provided by a member. The φ factors for flexure, shear, and
torsion are as follows:

φt = 0.90 for flexure (tension controlled) (ACI 9.3.2.1)

φc = 0.65 for flexure (compression controlled) (ACI 9.3.2.2(b))

φ = 0.75 for shear and torsion. (ACI 9.3.2.3)

The value of φ varies from compression-controlled to tension-controlled based


on the maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement at the extreme edge, εt
(ACI 9.3.2.2).

Sections are considered compression-controlled when the tensile strain in the


extreme tension reinforcement is equal to or less than the compression-
controlled strain limit at the time the concrete in compression reaches its as-
sumed strain limit of εc.max, which is 0.003. The compression-controlled strain

Limits on Material Strength 16 - 7


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

limit is the tensile strain in the reinforcement at the balanced strain condition,
which is taken as the yield strain of the reinforcement, (fy/E) (ACI 10.3.3).

Sections are tension-controlled when the tensile strain in the extreme tension
reinforcement is equal to or greater than 0.005, just as the concrete in compres-
sion reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003 (ACI 10.3.4).

Sections with εt between the two limits are considered to be in a transition re-
gion between compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections (ACI
10.3.4).

When the section is tension-controlled, φt is used. When the section is com-


pression-controlled, φc is used. When the section is in the transition region, φ is
linearly interpolated between the two values (ACI 9.3.2).

The user is allowed to overwrite these values. However, caution is advised.

16.5 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete


Strength design of prestressed members for flexure and axial loads shall be
based on assumptions given in ACI 10.2.

 The strain in the reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly pro-
portional to the distance from the neutral axis (ACI 10.2.2).

 The maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall
be assumed equal to 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3).

 The tensile strength of the concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural
calculations (ACI 10.2.5).

 The relationship between the concrete compressive stress distribution and the
concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular by an equivalent rectangu-
lar concrete stress distribution (ACI 10.2.7).

 The concrete stress of 0.85f'c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an


equivalent-compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a = β1c from the
fiber of maximum compressive strain (ACI 10.2.7.1).

16 - 8 Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete


Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

 The distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c shall be
measured in a direction perpendicular to the neutral axis (ACI 10.2.7.2).

Elastic theory shall be used with the following two assumptions:

 The strains shall vary linearly with depth through the entire load range (ACI
18.3.2.1).

 At cracked sections, the concrete resists no tension (ACI 18.3.2.2).

Prestressed concrete members are investigated at the following three stages


(ACI 18.3.2):

 At transfer of prestress force

 At service loading

 At nominal strength

The prestressed flexural members are classified as Class U (uncracked), Class


T (transition), and Class C (cracked) based on ft, the computed extreme fiber
stress in tension in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads (ACI
18.3.3).

The precompressed tensile zone is that portion of a prestressed member where


flexural tension, calculated using gross section properties, would occur under
unfactored dead and live loads if the prestress force was not present. Pre-
stressed concrete is usually designed so that the prestress force introduces
compression into this zone, thus effectively reducing the magnitude of the ten-
sile stress.

For Class U and Class T flexural members, stresses at service load are deter-
mined using uncracked section properties, while for Class C flexural members,
stresses at service load are calculated based on the cracked section (ACI
18.3.4).

A prestressed two-way slab system is designed as Class U only with


f t ≤ 6 f 'c (ACI R18.3.3); otherwise, an over-stressed (O/S) condition is re-
ported.

Design Assumptions for Prestressed Concrete 16 - 9


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

The following table provides a summary of the conditions considered for the
various section classes.

Prestressed

Class U Class T Class C Nonprestressed

Transition between
Assumed behavior Uncracked Cracked Cracked
uncracked and cracked

Section properties for stress Gross section Gross section Cracked section
No requirement
calculation at service loads 18.3.4 18.3.4 18.3.4

Allowable stress at transfer 18.4.1 18.4.1 18.4.1 No requirement

Allowable compressive stress based


18.4.2 18.4.2 No requirement No requirement
on uncracked section properties

Tensile stress at service loads 7.5 f c′ < ft ≤ 12 f c′


≤ 7.5 f c′ No requirement No requirement
18.3.3

16.6 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural Members

16.6.1 Serviceability Check at Initial Service Load


The stresses in the concrete immediately after prestress force transfer (before
time dependent prestress losses) are checked against the following limits:

 Extreme fiber stress in compression: 0.60 f ci' (ACI 18.4.1(a))

 Extreme fiber stress in tension: 3 f ci' (ACI 18.4.1(c))

 Extreme fiber stress in tension at ends of


simply supported members: 6 f ci' (ACI 18.4.1(c))

The extreme fiber stress in tension at the ends of simply supported members is
currently NOT checked by SAFE.

16.6.2 Serviceability Checks at Service Load


The stresses in the concrete for Class U and Class T prestressed flexural mem-
bers at service loads, and after all prestress losses occur, are checked against
the following limits:

16 - 10 Serviceability Requirements of Flexural Members


Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

 Extreme fiber stress in compression due


to prestress plus total load: 0.60 f c' (ACI 18.4.2(b))

 Extreme fiber stress in tension in the precompressed tensile zone at service


loads:

– Class U beams and one-way slabs: f t ≤ 7.5 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

– Class U two-way slabs: f t ≤ 6 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

– Class T beams: 7.5 f 'c < f t ≤ 12 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

– Class C beams: f t ≥ 12 f 'c (ACI 18.3.3)

For Class C prestressed flexural members, checks at service loads are not re-
quired by the code. However, for Class C prestressed flexural members not
subject to fatigue or to aggressive exposure, the spacing of bonded reinforce-
ment nearest the extreme tension face shall not exceed that given by ACI
10.6.4 (ACI 18.4.4). It is assumed that the user has checked the requirements of
ACI 10.6.4 and ACI 18.4.4.1 to 18.4.4 independently, as these sections are not
checked by the program.

16.6.3 Serviceability Checks at Long-Term Service Load


The stresses in the concrete for Class U and Class T prestressed flexural mem-
bers at long-term service loads, and after all prestress losses occur, are checked
against the same limits as for the normal service load, except for the following:

 Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress plus total load:

0.45 f c' (ACI 18.4.2(a))

16.6.4 Serviceability Checks of Prestressing Steel


The program also performs checks on the tensile stresses in the prestressing
steel (ACI 18.5.1). The permissible tensile stress checks, in all types of pre-

Serviceability Requirements of Flexural Members 16 - 11


Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

stressing steel, in terms of the specified minimum tensile stress fpu, and the min-
imum yield stress, fy, are summarized as follows:

 Due to tendon jacking force: min(0.94fpy, 0.80fpu) (ACI 18.5.1(a))

 At anchors and couplers after force


transfer: 0.70fpu (ACI 18.5.1(b))

16.7 Beam Design


In the design of prestressed concrete beams, SAFE calculates and reports the
required areas of reinforcement for flexure, shear, and torsion based on the
beam moments, shear forces, torsion, load combination factors, and other crite-
ria described in the subsections that follow. The reinforcement requirements
are calculated at each station along the length of the beam.

Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.

The beam design procedure involves the following steps:

 Design flexural reinforcement

 Design shear reinforcement

 Design torsion reinforcement

16.7.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement


The beam top and bottom flexural reinforcement is designed at each station
along the beam. In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment
of a particular beam for a particular station, the following steps are involved:

 Determine factored moments

 Determine required flexural reinforcement

16 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

16.7.1.1 Determine Factored Moments


In the design of flexural reinforcement of prestressed concrete beams, the fac-
tored moments for each load combination at a particular beam station are ob-
tained by factoring the corresponding moments for different load cases, with
the corresponding load factors.

The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam
moments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases the beam
may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.

16.7.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement


In the flexural reinforcement design process, the program calculates both the
tension and compression reinforcement. Compression reinforcement is added
when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of a
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the compression
reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or the strength of
the concrete.

The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block, as


shown in Figure 16-1 (ACI 10.2). Furthermore, it is assumed that the net ten-
sile strain in the reinforcement shall not be less than 0.005 (tension controlled)
(ACI 10.3.4). When the applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at this
design condition, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated on the
assumption that the additional moment will be carried by compression rein-
forcement and additional tension reinforcement.

The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed φ (0.1f'cAg) (ACI 10.3.5);
hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion on-
ly.

Beam Design 16 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

16.7.1.2.1 Design of Rectangular Beams


SAFE first determines if the moment capacity provided by the post-tensioning
tendons alone is enough. In calculating the capacity, it is assumed that As = 0.
In that case, the moment capacity φ M n0 is determined as follows:

ε =0.003 0.85 f ′c
b

A′s Cs
d′ c a = β1c

dp
ds
Aps
ε ps
Tcps
Ts Tcs
εs
As

BEAM STRAIN STRESS


SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

Figure 16-1 Rectangular Beam Design

The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than εsmin,
which is equal to 0.005 for tension-controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):

 ε c max 
cmax =  d (ACI 10.2.2)
 ε c max + ε s min 

where,

εcmax = 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)

εsmin = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)

Therefore, the limit c ≤ cmax is set for tension-controlled sections.

16 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

The maximum allowable depth of the rectangular compression block, amax, is


given by:

amax = β1cmax (ACI 10.2.7.1)

where β1 is calculated as:

 f ' − 4000 
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05  c  , 0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
 1000 

SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilibri-
um, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel.

Based on the calculated fps, the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps
is further updated. After this iteration process has converged, the depth of the
rectangular compression block is determined as follows:

a = β1c

 If c ≤ cmax (ACI 10.3.4), the moment capacity of the section, provided by


post-tensioning steel only, is computed as:

 a
=φ M n0 φ Aps f ps  d p − 
 2

 If c > cmax (ACI 10.3.4), a failure condition is declared.

If M u > φ M n0 , SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at


the balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal tension
controlled case. In that case, it is assumed that the depth of the neutral axis, c is
equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps is then calculated and
the area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by imposing force
equilibrium, i.e., C = T.

C = 0.85 f c' amax b

Beam Design 16 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

=T Aps f psbal + Asbal f sbal

bal
0.85 f c′amax b − Aps f psbal
A s =
f sbal

After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:

 amax  bal bal  amax 


φ=
M nbal φ Aps f psbal  d p −  + φ As f s  d s − 2 
 2   

In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.

16.7.1.2.1.1 Case 1: Post-tensioning steel is adequate


When M u < φ M n0 , the amount of post-tensioning steel is adequate to resist the
design moment Mu. Minimum reinforcement is provided to satisfy ductility re-
quirements (ACI 18.9.3.2 and 18.9.3.3), i.e., M u < φ M n0 .

16.7.1.2.1.2 Case 2: Post-tensioning steel plus tension reinforcement


In this case, the amount of post-tensioning steel, Aps, alone is not sufficient to
resist Mu, and therefore the required area of tension reinforcement is computed
to supplement the post-tensioning steel. The combination of post-tensioning
steel and tension reinforcement should result in a < amax.

When φ M n0 < M u < φ M nbal , SAFE determines the required area of tension re-
inforcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment Mu and reports this re-
quired area of tension reinforcement. Since Mu is bounded by φ M n0 at the low-
er end and φ M nbal at the upper end, and φ M n0 is associated with As = 0 and
φ M nbal is associated with As = Asbal , the required area will fall within the range
of 0 to Asbal.

16 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

The tension reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if Mu is positive, or at


the top if Mu is negative.

16.7.1.2.1.3 Case 3: Post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement are not ad-
equate
When M u > φ M nbal , compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.5). In
this case SAFE assumes that the depth of the neutral axis, c, is equal to cmax.
The values of fps and fs reach their respective balanced condition values, f psbal
and f sbal . The area of compression reinforcement, As' , is then determined as
follows:

The moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement and tension


reinforcement is:

M=
us M u − φ M nbal

The required compression reinforcement is given by:

M us
A' s = , where
( f 's − 0.85 f 'c )(d e − d ')φ
c − d '
f ' s = Es ε c max  max  ≤ fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4)
 cmax 

The tension reinforcement for balancing the compression reinforcement is giv-


en by:

M us
Ascom =
f y ( d s − d ') φ

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.

Beam Design 16 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

16.7.1.2.2 Design of Flanged Beams

16.7.1.2.2.1 Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment


In designing for a factored negative moment, Mu (i.e., designing top reinforce-
ment), the calculation of the reinforcement area is exactly the same as above,
i.e., no flanged beam data is used.

16.7.1.2.2.2 Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment


SAFE first determines if the moment capacity provided by the post-tensioning
tendons alone is enough. In calculating the capacity, it is assumed that As = 0.
In that case, the moment capacity φ M n0 is determined as follows:

The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than εsmin,
which is equal to 0.005 for tension-controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):

 ε c max 
cmax =  d (ACI 10.2.2)
 ε c max + ε s min 

where,

εcmax = 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)

εsmin = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)

Therefore, the limit c ≤ cmax is set for tension-controlled section:

The maximum allowable depth of the rectangular compression block, amax, is


given by:

amax =β1cmax (ACI 10.2.7.1)

where β1 is calculated as:

 f 'c − 4000 
β1 =0.85 − 0.05  , 0.65 ≤ β1 ≤ 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
 1000 

16 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

hf ε =0.003 0.85 f ′c 0.85 f ′c


bf

d′ f ′s Cs Cf
A′s
c
dp ds
Cw
Aps
ε ps
Tw Tf

As εs Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

Figure 16-2 T-Beam Design

SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilibri-
um, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fps,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps is further updated. After this
iteration process has converged, the depth of the rectangular compression block
is determined as follows:

a = β1c

 If c ≤ cmax (ACI 10.3.4), the moment capacity of the section, provided by


post-tensioning steel only, is computed as:

 a
=φ M n0 φ Aps f ps  d p − 
 2

 If c > cmax (ACI 10.3.4), a failure condition is declared.

If M u > φ M n0 , SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at


the balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal ten-
sion-controlled case. In that case, it is assumed that the depth of the neutral ax-

Beam Design 16 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

is c is equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is then calculated
and the area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by imposing
force equilibrium, i.e., C = T.

 If a ≤ hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in that case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required if a > amax.

 If a > hf, the calculation for As is given by:

C = 0.85 f 'c Accomp

where Accom is the area of concrete in compression, i.e.,

b f h f + bw ( amax − h f
Accom = )
=T Aps f psbal + Asbal f sbal

bal
0.85 f 'c Accom − Aps f psbal
A s =
f sbal

In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.

Case 1: Post-tensioning steel is adequate


When M u < φ M n0 the amount of post-tensioning steel is adequate to resist the
design moment Mu. Minimum reinforcement is provided to satisfy ductility re-
quirements (ACI 18.9.3.2 and 18.9.3.3), i.e., M u < φ M n0 .

Case 2: Post-tensioning steel plus tension reinforcement


In this case, the amount of post-tensioning steel, Aps, alone is not sufficient to
resist Mu, and therefore the required area of tension reinforcement is computed

16 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

to supplement the post-tensioning steel. The combination of post-tensioning


steel and tension reinforcement should result in a < amax.

When φ M n0 < M u < φ M nbal , SAFE determines the required area of tension re-
inforcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment Mu and reports this re-
quired area of tension reinforcement. Since Mu is bounded by φ M n0 at the low-
er end and φ M nbal at the upper end, and φ M n0 is associated with As = 0
and φ M nbal is associated with As = Asbal , the required area will fall within the
range of 0 to As.

The tension reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if Mu is positive, or at


the top if Mu is negative.

Case 3: Post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement are not adequate


When M u > φ M nbal , compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.5). In
that case, SAFE assumes that the depth of the neutral axis, c, is equal to cmax.
The value of fps and fs reach their respective balanced condition values, f psbal
and f sbal . The area of compression reinforcement, As' , is then determined as
follows:

The moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement and tension


reinforcement is:
M=
us M u − φ M nbal

The required compression reinforcement is given by:

M us
A 's = , where
( f 's − 0.85 f 'c )( d s − d ') φ
c − d '
f ' s = Es ε c max  max  ≤ fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, and 10.2.4)
c
 max 

The tension reinforcement for balancing the compression reinforcement is giv-


en by:

Beam Design 16 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

M us
Ascom =
f y ( d s − d ') φ

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.

16.7.1.2.3 Ductility Requirements


SAFE also checks the following condition by considering the post-tensioning
steel and tension reinforcement to avoid abrupt failure.

φ M n ≥ 1.2M cr (ACI 18.8.2)

The preceding condition is permitted to be waived for the following:

(a) Two-way, unbonded post-tensioned slabs

(b) Flexural members with shear and flexural strength at least twice that re-
quired by ACI 9.2.

These exceptions currently are NOT handled by SAFE.

16.7.1.2.4 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement


The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required in a beam section is giv-
en by the following limit:

As ≥ 0.004 Act (ACI 18.9.2)

where, Act is the area of the cross-section between the flexural tension face and
the center of gravity of the gross section.

An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:

16 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

0.4bd Rectangular beam


As ≤ 
0.4bw d Flanged beam
0.04bd Rectangular beam
A′s ≤ 
0.04bw d Flanged beam

16.7.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement


The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination at each station
along the length of the beam. In designing the shear reinforcement for a partic-
ular beam, for a particular loading combination, at a particular station due to
the beam major shear, the following steps are involved:

 Determine the factored shear force, Vu.

 Determine the shear force, Vc that can be resisted by the concrete.

 Determine the shear reinforcement required to carry the balance.

The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.

16.7.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force


In the design of the beam shear reinforcement, the shear forces for each load
combination at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the corre-
sponding shear forces for different load cases, with the corresponding load
combination factors.

16.7.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity


The shear force carried by the concrete, Vc, is calculated as:

Vc = min(Vci , Vcw) (ACI 11.3.3)

where,

Vi M cre
Vci = 0.6λ f ' c bw d p + Vd + ≥ 1.7 λ f ' c b w d (ACI 11.3.3.1)
M max

Beam Design 16 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

( )
Vcw = 3.5λ f ' c + 0.3 f pc bw d p + V p (ACI 11.3.3.2)

d p ≥ 0.80h (ACI 11.3.3.1)

 I 
(
M cre =   6λ f ' c + f pe − f d ) (ACI 11.3.3.1)
 yt 

where,

fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at the extreme fiber of the sec-
tion where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads, psi

fpe = compress stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only


(after allowance for all prestress losses) at the extreme fiber of the
section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads,
psi

Vd = shear force at the section due to unfactored dead load, lbs

Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at the section, lbs

Vci = nominal shear strength provided by the concrete when diagonal


cracking results from combined shear and moment

Mcre = moment causing flexural cracking at the section because of exter-


nally applied loads

Mmax = maximum factored moment at section because of externally ap-


plied loads

Vi = factored shear force at the section because of externally applied


loads occurring simultaneously with Mmax

Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by the concrete when diagonal


cracking results from high principal tensile stress in the web

For light-weight concrete, the f 'c term is multiplied by the shear strength
reduction factor λ.

16 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

16.7.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement


The shear force is limited to a maximum of:

( )
Vmax = Vc + 8 f ' c bw d (ACI 11.4.7.9)

Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows where, φ, the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).

 If Vu ≤ 0.5φVc

Av
=0 (ACI 11.4.6.1)
s

 If 0.5φVc < Vu ≤ φVmax

Av (Vu − φ Vc )
= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s φ f yt d

Av  0.75λ f ' c 50bw 


≥ max bw , (ACI 11.4.6.3)
s 
 f yt f yt 

 If Vu > φVmax, a failure condition is declared (ACI 11.4.7.9).

For members with an effective prestress force not less than 40 percent of the
tensile strength of the flexural reinforcement, the required shear reinforcement
is computed as follows (ACI 11.4.6.3, 11.4.6.4):

  0.75λ f 'c 50 
max bw , bw 
Av   fy f y 
≥ min  
s  Aps f pu d
 80 f yt d bw

 If Vu exceeds the maximum permitted value of φVmax, the concrete section


should be increased in size (ACI 11.4.7.9).

Beam Design 16 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

Note that if torsion design is considered and torsion reinforcement is needed,


the equation given in ACI 11.5.6.3 does not need to be satisfied independently.
See the next section Design of Beam Torsion Reinforcement for details.

If the beam depth h is less than the minimum of 10 in, 2.5hf, and 0.5bw, the
minimum shear reinforcement given by ACI 11.5.6.3 is not enforced (ACI
11.5.6.1(c)).

The maximum of all of the calculated Av /s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.

The beam shear reinforcement requirements considered by the program are


based purely on shear strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup require-
ments to satisfy spacing and volumetric considerations must be investigated in-
dependently of the program by the user.

16.7.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement


The torsion reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at each
station along the length of the beam. The following steps are involved in de-
signing the shear reinforcement for a particular station due to the beam torsion:

 Determine the factored torsion, Tu.

 Determine special section properties.

 Determine critical torsion capacity.

 Determine the torsion reinforcement required.

16.7.3.1 Determine Factored Torsion


In the design of beam torsion reinforcement, the torsions for each load combi-
nation at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the corresponding
torsions for different load cases with the corresponding load combination fac-
tors (ACI 11.6.2).

In a statically indeterminate structure where redistribution of the torsion in a


member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces upon cracking, the

16 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

design Tu is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code


(ACI 11.6.2.2). However, the program does not automatically redistribute the
internal forces and reduce Tu. If redistribution is desired, the user should re-
lease the torsional degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.

16.7.3.2 Determine Special Section Properties


For torsion design, special section properties, such as Acp, Aoh, Ao, pcp, and ph
are calculated. These properties are described in the following (ACI 2.1).

Acp = Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section

Aoh = Area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse


torsional reinforcement

Ao = Gross area enclosed by shear flow path

pcp = Outside perimeter of concrete cross-section

ph = Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsion-


al reinforcement

In calculating the section properties involving reinforcement, such as Aoh, Ao,


and ph, it is assumed that the distance between the centerline of the outermost
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 1.75 inches. This is equiva-
lent to 1.5 inches clear cover and a #4 stirrup. For torsion design of flanged
beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange ar-
ea is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion rein-
forcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during Tcr calcula-
tion. With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangular beam sec-
tion are given as:

Acp = bh (ACI 11.5.1, 2.1)

Aoh = (b − 2c)(h − 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1, R11.5.3.6(b))

Ao = 0.85 Aoh (ACI 11.5.3.6, 2.1)

pcp = 2b + 2h (ACI 11.5.1, 2.1)

ph = 2(b − 2c) + 2(h − 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1)

Beam Design 16 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

where, the section dimensions b, h, and c are shown in Figure 16-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:

Acp = bwh + (bf − bw)hf (ACI 11.5.1, 2.1)

Aoh = (bw – 2c)(h – 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1, R11.5.3.6(b))

Ao = 0.85 Aoh (ACI 11.5.3.6, 2.1)

pcp = 2bf + 2h (ACI11.5.1, 2.1)

ph = 2(h – 2c) + 2(bw – 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1)

where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, hf, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 16-3. Note that the flange width on either side of the beam web is
limited to the smaller of 4hf or (h – hf) (ACI 13.2.4).

16.7.3.3 Determine Critical Torsion Capacity


The critical torsion capacity, Tcr, for which the torsion in the section can be ig-
nored is calculated as:

 Acp2  f pc
=Tcr ϕλ f 'c   1+ (ACI 11.5.1(b))
p  4λ f 'c
 cp 

where Acp and pcp are the area and perimeter of the concrete cross-section as
described in detail in the previous section; fpc is the concrete compressive stress
at the centroid of the section; φ is the strength reduction factor for torsion,
which is equal to 0.75 by default (ACI 9.3.2.3); and f′c is the specified concrete
compressive strength.

16.7.3.4 Determine Torsion Reinforcement


If the factored torsion Tu is less than the threshold limit, Tcr, torsion can be
safely ignored (ACI 11.5.1). In that case, the program reports that no torsion
reinforcement is required. However, if Tu exceeds the threshold limit, Tcr, it is
assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups, longitudi-
nal bars, and compression diagonal (ACI R11.5.3.6).

16 - 28 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

If Tu > Tcr the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, At /s, is calculated
as:

At Tu tan θ
= (ACI 11.5.3.6)
s φ 2 Ao f yt

and the required longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as:

Tu p h
Al = (ACI 11.5.3.7, 11.5.3.6)
φ 2 Ao f y tan θ

c b − 2c c bf
c c
h
dfs

h − 2c h h h − 2c

c c
b bw − 2c
bw

Closed Stirrup in Closed Stirrup in


Rectangular Beam T-Beam Section

Figure 16-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design

where, the minimum value of At /s is taken as:

At 25
= bw (ACI 11.5.5.3)
s f yt

and the minimum value of Al is taken as follows:

Beam Design 16 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

5 f c′ Acp A   f yt 
=Al − t  ph   (ACI 11.5.5.3)
fy  s   f y 

In the preceding expressions, θ is taken as 45 degrees for prestressed members


with an effective prestress force less than 40 percent of the tensile strength of
the longitudinal reinforcement; otherwise θ is taken as 37.5 degrees.

An upper limit of the combination of Vu and Tu that can be carried by the sec-
tion is also checked using the equation:

2 2
 Vu   Tu p h   Vc 
  +  2
 ≤ φ  + 8 f c′  (ACI 11.5.3.1)
 bw d   1.7 Aoh   bw d 

For rectangular sections, bw is replaced with b. If the combination of Vu and Tu


exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete sec-
tion should be increased in size.

When torsional reinforcement is required (Tu > Tcr), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups must satisfy the following
limit.

 Av A   f c′ 50bw 
 + 2 t  ≥ max 0.75λ bw ,  (ACI 11.5.5.2)
 s s   f yt f y 

If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Av /s and At /s, Av /s
is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, Av /s does not need to satisfy
the ACI Section 11.5.6.3 independently.

The maximum of all of the calculated Al and At /s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.

The beam torsion reinforcement requirements considered by the program are


based purely on strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements
and longitudinal reinforcement requirements to satisfy spacing considerations
must be investigated independently of the program by the user.

16 - 30 Beam Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

16.8 Slab Design


Similar to conventional design, the SAFE slab design procedure involves
defining sets of strips in two mutually perpendicular directions. The locations
of the strips are usually governed by the locations of the slab supports. The
moments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis and a flexural
design is completed using the ultimate strength design method (ACI 318-11)
for prestressed reinforced concrete as described in the following sections. To
learn more about the design strips, refer to the section entitled "SAFE
Design Features" in the Key Features and Terminology manual.

16.8.1 Design for Flexure


SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the
design of the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are obtained
by multiplying the slab element stiffness matrices by the element nodal dis-
placement vectors. Those moments will always be in static equilibrium with
the applied loads, irrespective of the refinement of the finite element mesh.

The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is completed at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:

 Determine factored moments for each slab strip.

 Determine the capacity of post-tensioned sections.

 Design flexural reinforcement for the strip.

These three steps are described in the subsection that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.

Slab Design 16 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

16.8.1.1 Determine Factored Moments for the Strip


For each element within the design strip, for each load combination, the pro-
gram calculates the nodal reactive moments. The nodal moments are then add-
ed to get the strip moments.

16.8.1.2 Determine Capacity of Post-Tensioned Sections


Calculation of the post-tensioned section capacity is identical to that described
earlier for rectangular beam sections.

16.8.1.3 Design Flexural Reinforcement for the Strip


The reinforcement computation for each slab design strip, given the bending
moment, is identical to the design of rectangular beam sections described
earlier (or to the flanged beam if the slab is ribbed). In some cases, at a given
design section in a design strip, there may be two or more slab properties
across the width of the design strip. In that case, the program automatically de-
signs the tributary width associated with each of the slab properties separately
using its tributary bending moment. The reinforcement obtained for each of the
tributary widths is summed to obtain the total reinforcement for the full width
of the design strip at the considered design section. This method is used when
drop panels are included. Where openings occur, the slab width is adjusted ac-
cordingly.

16.8.1.3.1 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement


The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required for each direction of a
slab is given by the following limits (ACI 7.12.2, 13.3.1):

As,min = 0.0020 bh for fy = 40 ksi or 50 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(a))

As,min = 0.0018 bh for fy = 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(b))

0.0018 × 60000
As,min = bh for fy > 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(c))
fy

16 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

Reinforcement is not required in positive moment areas where ft, the extreme
fiber stress in tension in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads (after
all prestress losses occurs) does not exceed 2 f c' (ACI 18.9.3.1).

In positive moment areas where the computed tensile stress in the concrete at
service loads exceeds 2 f c' , the minimum area of bonded reinforcement is
computed as:

Nc
As ,min = , where fy ≤ 60 ksi (ACI 18.9.3.2)
0.5 f y

In negative moment areas at column supports, the minimum area of bonded


reinforcement in the top of slab in each direction is computed as:

As ,min = 0.00075 Acf (ACI 18.9.3.3)

where Acf is the larger gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam strip in the
two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting a column in a two-way slab
system.

When spacing of tendons exceed 54 inches, additional bonded shrinkage and


temperature reinforcement (as computed above, ACI 7.12.2.1) is required be-
tween the tendons at slab edges, extending from the slab edge for a distance
equal to the tendon spacing (ACI 7.12.3.3)

In addition, an upper limit on both the tension reinforcement and compression


reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area.
Note that the requirements when fy > 60 ksi currently are not handled.

16.8.2 Check for Punching Shear


The algorithm for checking punching shear is detailed in the section entitled
“Slab Punching Shear Check” in the Key Features and Terminology manual.
Only the code specific items are described in the following sections.

Slab Design 16 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

16.8.2.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear


The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from the
face of the support (ACI 11.11.1.2). For rectangular columns and concentrated
loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to
the sides of the columns or the point loads (ACI 11.11.1.3). Figure 16-4 shows
the auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the various column
shapes. The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and the punching
perimeter may be overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.

d 2

d 2 d 2

Interior Column Edge Column Edge Column

d 2
d 2 d 2

Circular Column T-Shape Column L-Shape Column

Figure 16-4 Punching Shear Perimeters

16.8.2.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment


The fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure is taken to be γ f Mu
and the fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of shear is
taken to be γ v Mu.

1
γf = (ACI 13.5.3.2)
1 + (2 3) b1 b2

16 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

γv = 1 − γf (ACI 13.5.3.1)

For flat plates, γv is determined from the following equations taken from ACI
421.2R-07 [ACI 2007] Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in
Flat Plates.

For interior columns,

1
γ vx = 1 − (ACI 421.2 C-11)
1 + ( 2 3) l y lx

1
γ vy = 1 − (ACI 421.2 C-12)
1 + ( 2 3) lx l y

For edge columns,

γvx = same as for interior columns (ACI 421.2 C-13)

1
γ vy = 1 − (ACI 421.2 C-14)
1 + (2 3) l x l y − 0.2

γvy = 0 when lx/ly ≤ 0.2

For corner columns,

γvx = 0.4 (ACI 421.2 C-15)

γvy = same as for edge columns (ACI 421.2 C-16)

where b1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span and b2 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction per-
pendicular to the span. The values lx and ly are the projections of the shear-
critical section onto its principal axes, x and y, respectively.

16.8.2.3 Determine Concrete Capacity


The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is
taken as:

Slab Design 16 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

v=
c (β λ
p )
f 'c + 0.3 f pc + v p (ACI 11.11.2.2)

  αsd 
β p = min 3.5,  + 1.5   (ACI 11.11.2.2)
  bo 

where, βp is the factor used to compute vc in prestressed slab; bo is the perimeter


of the critical section; fpc is the average value of fpc in the two directions; vp is
the vertical component of all effective prestress stresses crossing the critical
section; and αs is a scale factor based on the location of the critical section.

40 for interior columns,



α s =30 for edge columns, and (ACI 11.11.2.1)
20 for corner columns.

The concrete capacity vc computed from ACI 11.12.2.2 is permitted only when
the following conditions are satisfied:

 The column is farther than four times the slab thickness away from any dis-
continuous slab edges.

 The value of f ' c is taken no greater than 70 psi.


 In each direction, the value of fpc is within the range:

125 ≤ fpc ≤ 500 psi

In thin slabs, the slope of the tendon profile is hard to control and special care
should be exercised in computing vp. In case of uncertainty between the design
and as-built profile, a reduced or zero value for vp should be used.

If the preceding three conditions are not satisfied, the concrete punching shear
stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits:

16 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

 4 
 2 +  λ f 'c
 βc 

 αd
=ν c min  2 + s  λ f 'c (ACI 11.11.2.1)
 bc 

4λ f 'c


where, βc is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b0 is the perimeter of the critical section, and αs is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section (ACI 11.12.2.1).

A limit is imposed on the value of f ' c as:

f ' c ≤ 100 (ACI 11.1.2)

16.8.2.4 Determine Capacity Ratio


Given the punching shear force and the fractions of moments transferred by ec-
centricity of shear about the two axes, the shear stress is computed assuming
linear variation along the perimeter of the critical section. The ratio of the max-
imum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress capacity is reported
as the punching shear capacity ratio by SAFE.

16.8.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement


The use of shear studs as shear reinforcement in slabs is permitted, provided
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 6 inches, and not
less than 16 times the shear reinforcement bar diameter (ACI 11.11.3). If the
slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punching shear reinforce-
ment is not designed and the slab thickness should be increased by the user.

The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the earli-
er sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is
carried out as described in the subsections that follow.

Slab Design 16 - 37
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

16.8.3.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity


The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section
with punching shear reinforcement is as previously determined, but limited to:

vc ≤ 2λ f 'c for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.1)

vc ≤ 3λ f 'c for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)

16.8.3.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement


The shear force is limited to a maximum of:

Vmax = 6 f 'c bod for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.2)

Vmax = 8 f 'c bod for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)

Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows, where, φ, the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).

Av (Vu − φVc )
= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s φ f ys d
'
Av f
≥ 2 c bo for shear studs
s fy

 If Vu > φVmax, a failure condition is declared. (ACI 11.11.3.2)

 If Vu exceeds the maximum permitted value of φVmax, the concrete section


should be increased in size.

16.8.3.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement


Punching shear reinforcement in the vicinity of rectangular columns should be
arranged on peripheral lines, i.e., lines running parallel to and at constant dis-
tances from the sides of the column. Figure 16-5 shows a typical arrangement
of shear reinforcement in the vicinity of a rectangular interior, edge, and corner
column.

16 - 38 Slab Design
Chapter 16 - Design for ACI 318-11

The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d/2 (ACI R11.3.3, 11.11.5.2). The spacing between adjacent
shear reinforcement in the first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d
measured in a direction parallel to the column face (ACI 11.11.3.3).

Punching shear reinforcement is most effective near column corners where


there are concentrations of shear stress. Therefore, the minimum number of
lines of shear reinforcement is 4, 6, and 8, for corner, edge, and interior col-
umns respectively.

Typical Studrail Outermost Outermost


(only first and last peripheral line peripheral line
studs shown) of studs of studs Free
edge
d 2 d 2 Iy
gy
gx
s0 s0 s0
Iy x x gx
Iy
Critical d 2
section
centroid Free
edge y x
Free edge Ix Critical section
y
centroid
Ix
Ix

Interior Column Edge Column Corner Column

Figure 16-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside
shear-reinforced zone

16.8.3.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing


The punching shear reinforcement is most effective when the anchorage is
close to the top and bottom surfaces of the slab. The cover of anchors should
not be less than the minimum cover specified in ACI 7.7 plus half of the di-
ameter of the flexural reinforcement.

Punching shear reinforcement in the form of shear studs is generally available


in 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8-, and 3/4-inch diameters.

When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.35d. The limits
of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:

Slab Design 16 - 39
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

so ≤ 0.5d (ACI 11.11.5.2)


 0.75d for ν u ≤ 6φλ f 'c
s≤ (ACI 11.11.5.2)
0.50 d for ν u > 6φλ f 'c
g ≤ 2d (ACI 11.11.5.3)

The limits of so and the spacing, s, between the links are specified as:

so ≤ 0.5d (ACI 11.11.3)

s ≤ 0.50d (ACI 11.11.3)

16 - 40 Slab Design
References

ACI, 2007. Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in Flat


Plates (ACI 421.2R-07), American Concrete Institute, 38800
Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, Michigan.

ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI


318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete
Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.

ACI, 2011. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI


318-11) and Commentary (ACI 318R-11), American Concrete
Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.

AS, 2001. Australian Standard TM for Concrete Structure (AS 3600-2001)


incorporating Amendment No.1 and Amendment No. 2, Stand-
ards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW
2001, Australia.

AS, 2009. Australian Standard ® for Concrete Structure (AS 3600-2009),


Standards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 476, Sydney,
NSW 2001, Australia.

BC, 2008. BC 2:2008, Design Guide of High Strength Concrete to Sin-


gapore Standard CP65, February 2008, Building and Construc-
tion Authority, Singapore.

R-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design

BSI, 1997. BS 8110-1:1997 Incorporating Amendments Nos. 1, 2, and 3,


Structural Use of Concrete, Part 1, Code of Practice for Design
and Construction, British Standards Institution, London, UK,
2005.

BSI, 1985. BS 8110-2:1985 Reprinted, incorporating Amendments Nos.


1, 2, and 3, Structural Use of Concrete, Part 2, Code of Practice
for Special Circumstances, British Standards Institution, London,
UK, 2005.

CP, 1999. CP 65:Part 1:1999, Code of Practice for Structural Use of


Concrete Part 1: Design and Construction Incorporating Erratum
No. 1, September 2000, Singapore Productivity and Standards
Board, Singapore.

EN 1992-1-1, 2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1-1,


General Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for
Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

EN 1990:2002. Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design (includes Amend-


ment A1:2005), European Committee for Standardization, Brus-
sels, Belgium.

CSA, 2004. A23.3-04, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Stand-


ards Association, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada.

HK CP, 2013.

HK CP, 2004. Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004,


Buildings Department, 12/F-18/F Pioneer Centre, 750 Nathan
Road, Mongkok, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Italian NTC, 2008

IS, 1980. Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete, First Revision, In-
corporating Amendment No. 1, 1999. Bureau of Indian Stand-
ards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002, India.

IS, 2000. Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, Third Edi-
tion, Twentieth Reprint, March 2000, Bureau of Indian Stand-

R-2
References

ards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi


110002, India.

NZS, 2006. Concrete Structures Standard, Part 1 – Design of Concrete


Structures, Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Welling-
ton, New Zealand.

TS 500-2000/TS 3233-1979

R- 3

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