Feeovdjfúe ke cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo

Feeovdjfúe ke cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo

[e eukvo projkso pdrd bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck
proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos

Jdrbos Guôoz 3Z

Joe bd jobdmordjfúe joesubtfvd ck8 Nrdejfsjo C. \kôd Akreäeckz - Fiedjfo Sorrks Xorrfbbd
 Çecfjk ck joetkefco

\ortdcfbbd
Bkidbks
\rkndjfo. Bo quk eo ks kstk bfmro
Fetrocujjfúe
\rfgkrd \drtk
Jdpçtubo 48 Jdgmfdeco kb nojo ck bd gfrdcd
Zkiuecd \drtk
Jdpçtubo =8 Bds judtro prkgfsds nuecdgketdbks
Skrjkrd \drtk
Jdpçtubo :8 Kb eukvo projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe
Jdpçtubo
Jdpçtu bo 38 ]kbkdre8
]kbkdre8 rkdprkeckr ckb gkrjdco
Jdpçtuboo ;8 ]ktafe`. Fckdjfúe jobdmordtfvd
Jdpçtub jobdmordtfvd - Kb gockbo Aobbywooc
Jdpçtuboo >8 ]kcknfek8 vdbfcdr kb proykjto
Jdpçtub proykjto detk gkrjdco
Joejbusfoeks
Joejbusfo eks
Mfmbfoirdnçdd
Mfmbfoirdnç
 Guôoz Gkecozd, Jdrbos
Feeovdjfúe ke cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo 8 ue eukvo projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe
joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos / Jdrbos Guôoz
Gkecozd. - 4d kc. - Jfucdc Dutúeogd ck Mukeos Dfrks 8 M]K - Mfkeks ]dçjks Kcfjfoeks, =<4;.
K-Moo`.
FZME 691-619-4>:<-=;-9
4. Cksdrrobbo ck Ekiojfos Fegomfbfdrfos. =. Gdr`ktfei. :. Jogkrjfdbfzdjfúe. F. Sçtubo.
JCC :::.::=

© M]K® - Mfkeks ]dçjks Kcfjfoeks, =<43 - fenoLmrkcfjfoeks.jog

]ooskvkbt =33;, :.¼D - J43=1MOH - Jfucdc Dutúeogd ck Mukeos Dfrks.

Cfrkjtorks8 Cdrço Zo`obows`f / Zfbvdeo Hosæ Ikbkr

Drtk ck tdpd8 Irupo 3Z
Cfdirdgdjfúe8 Gdtçds Cf Hubfo
Kcfjfúe y jorrkjjfúe8 Gdrfsob ]ky

\rfgkrd kcfjfúe ke norgdto cfiftdb8 hubfo ck =<4;

Cfiftdbfzdjfúe8
Cfiftdbfzdjfúe8 \roykjto3;4

Tukcd rfiurosdgketk proafmfcd, sfe bd dutorfzdjfúe ksjrftd ck bos tftubdrks ckb ‒Jopyrfiat‗, mdho bds sdejfoeks kstdmbkjfcds ke bds
bkyks, bd rkprocujjfúe pdrjfdb o totdb ck kstd omrd por judbqufkr gkcfo o pro jkcfgfketo, fejbufcos bd rkproirdnçd y kb trdtdgfketo
fenorgätfjo.

Fesjrfpjfúe bky 44.9=: ke trägftk

FZME kcfjfúe cfiftdb (k\um)8 691-619-4>:<-=;-9
 \drd \fed, Akbfo y Gfd.
Bos trks jordzoeks quk fgpubsde gf vfcd.
‒Bd øefjd drfstojrdjfd ks bd ckb pkesdgfketo‗.
Akbfo Jdrbos Gkecozd
\]KNDJFO
\]KNDJFO

Fetkesfvo ke fgdifedjfúe
Bd tkeckejfd ck urmdefzdjfúe d efvkb ibomdb ad provojdco ue jrkjfketk fgpubso db cksdrrobbo
fegomfbfdrfo. Kstd djtfvfcdc sk ad joevkrtfco ke kb gotor kvobutfvo ck bds jfucdcks y ke ue
ikekrdcor pronueco ck vdbor ke bd cfeägfjd sojfdb y ck jdbfcdc ck vfcd dsojfdcd d jdcd urmk.
Bd møsqukcd ck bd kxjkbkejfd y bos rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos ke proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos ade
cksdtdco cos nukrzds ck gkhord ke bd fecustrfd8

JOZSOZ8 por ue bdco, ued gdcurdjfúe proirksfvd ck bd jdcked ck provkkcurçd,

pkrnkjjfoedgfketo ck bos projkcfgfketos ck omrd y ued joevkrikejfd adjfd jostos
kstdecdrfzdcos ck joestrujjfúe.
FEI]KZOZ8 por kb otro, ue ketoreo jogpktftfvo jdcd vkz gäs jogpbkho y cfnçjfb, coeck
sfkgprk ady gøbtfpbks djtorks por skigketo. Cfjao ketoreo ikekrd irdecks idedcorks y
tdgmfæe irdecks pkrckcorks ckb gkrjdco.

Cksck kstd úptfjd, admrçd cos kspdjfos jbdvk pdrd ikekrdr vdbor db prksketdr ue eukvo projkso
pdrd joejkptudbfzdr proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos kxtrdorcfedrfos. [eo kenojdco ke júgo cfsgfeufr
bos jostos, y otro ke júgo fejrkgketdr y djkbkrdr bd bbkidcd ck bos feirksos. Kstk bfmro sk jketrd
ke kb skiueco ck kstos kenoquks.
Bd úptfjd ck eukstrd kgprksd –kenojdcd ke jrkdr proykjtos quk joequfstde gkrjdcos– pdrtk ck
bd prkgfsd ck quk ue proykjto kxftoso d efvkb jogkrjfdb ks bd prfgkrd pfkzd ck ue irde
kgprkecfgfketo. Bos projksos dcfjfoedbks quk fgpbfjde tkgds tæjefjos, joestrujtfvos y
nfedejfkros soe dmorcdcos d trdvæs ck bd gktocoboiçd quk cksdrrobbdgos, y su nfe ks boirdr ue
procujto kxtrdorcfedrfo ke bos ohos ck su jbfketk.

 Bd fgdifedjfúe (ckb bdtçe fgdifedtfo, -Ňefs) ks ue projkso supkrfor quk pkrgftk db fecfvfcuo
gdefpubdr fenorgdjfúe ikekrdcd fetrçeskjdgketk joe kb nfe ck jrkdr ued rkprksketdjfúe
 pkrjfmfcd por bos sketfcos
sketfcos ck bd gketk.
gketk.

Eukstrd gktocoboiçd, y kb nfe øbtfgo ck kstk bfmro, rdcfjd ke rkvobujfoedr bd fgdifedjfúe ckb
kqufpo cksdrrobbdcor por gkcfo ck ue projkso jketrdco ke bd feeovdjfúe knfjdz y ued rkjobkjjfúe
ck bkjjfoeks dprkecfcds ckb portdnobfo ck æxftos quk bd rkspdbcde.

Mfkevkefcos d bos tfkgpos ke quk eukstrd fecustrfd skrä fetkesfvd ke fgdifedjfúe.

Kstk bfmro prksketd ued gktocoboiçd quk ad sfco kxftosd ke bd ikekrdjfúe ck gäs ck ;<<
proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos. Ks bd rkspoesdmbk ck kgpuhdr d kstd fecustrfd adjfd kb nuturo y ck
sonfstfjdr bos procujtos quk sk bdezde db gkrjdco.
Bos skjrktos ck kstd tæjefjd ade cdco rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos ke gäs ck vkfetk jfucdcks,
cksck bos Kstdcos [efcos adstd Zucdgærfjd. Ks procujto ck dôos ck fevkstfidjfúe ckb kqufpo ck
Irupo 3Z, ued kgprksd fetkredjfoedb ck orfike gkxfjdeo.

Bo quk eo ks kstk bfmro

Kb cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo ks kb buidr ck kejuketro ck gujads kspkjfdbfcdcks. Kb prksketk bfmro
ckhd nukrd gujaos tkgds kspkjçnfjos ke toreo d tæjefjd ck jdcd kspkjfdbfcdc, dsugfkeco quk
kstos pdsos skräe jogpbkgketdrfos d bd gktocoboiçd quk propoekgos.
Kstk proykjto sk pkesú sfkgprk jogo ue tkxto dvdezdco pdrd qufkeks yd pdrtfjfpde ke kb projkso
ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo y joeojke bds ikekrdbfcdcks quk fgpbfjd. Ks ued gktocoboiçd quk
jogpbkgketd projksos prkkxfstketks. Eo ks ue tkxto fetrocujtorfo db jdgpo ckb cksdrrobbo
fegomfbfdrfo. Sdgpojo cktdbbd tocds bds ktdpds ck su projkso, su kenoquk sk jketrd ke bd ktdpd
ck pbdekdjfúe ck bos proykjtos ke bd quk sk bk cd norgd db gockbo ck ekiojfo y db procujto
quk sk bbkvdrä d gkrjdco.
Kb bfmro tdgpojo fetketd prksketdr ued rkjktd o irupo ck rkjktds ck procujtos kxftosos. Gäs quk
jrkkr ke bd rkpbfjdmfbfcdc ck ueo o vdrfos proykjtos kxftosos, jrkkgos ke kb pockr ck bd
gktocoboiçd jogo ikekrdcor ck sobujfoeks øefjds joe vdbor pdrd bos jbfketks quk qukrkgos
dtkeckr.
Bos fevftdgos d dcketrdrsk ke kstd gktocoboiçd pdrd quk pukcde ckhdr vobdr bd fgdifedjfúe ke
møsqukcd ck bd feeovdjfúe knfjdz.

\rksketdr ued gktocoboiçd eukvd ks ued bdmor jogpbkhd y dmstrdjtd. Ckhdgos ue jdedb dmfkrto
pdrd bd joguefjdjfúe joe eukstros bkjtorks, pdrd quk eos adide bbkidr judbqufkr jogketdrfo,
cucd o suikrkejfd joe rkspkjto d kstk bfmro y sus fgpbfjdjfoeks.

Jdrbos Guôoz 3Z
Zojfo ‚ Cfrkjtor ck Feeovdjfúe
Irupo 3Z ck Gæxfjo
jdrbosLirupo3s.jog
FES]OC[JJFÚE
FES]OC[JJFÚE
Eukstrds bdmorks ck joesubtorçd musjde dpoydr d fevkrsfoefstds y cksdrrobbdcorks ke bd
joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos. Irdjfds db jrkjfgfketo djkbkrdco ck eukstrd
kgprksd, akgos tkefco bd nortued ck pdrtfjfpdr ke bd pbdekdjfúe ck gäs ck ;<< proykjtos
fegomfbfdrfos ke skfs pdçsks. Kstd kxpkrfkejfd fetkredjfoedb ck jobdmordjfúe joe cksdrrobbdcorks
eos pkrgftfú rkuefr dprkecfzdhks, jdsos ck kstucfo, gockbos ck rknkrkejfd y gkhorks präjtfjds ck
eukstrd fecustrfd. Nukroe tocos kstos kbkgketos bos quk eos posfmfbftdroe nfedbgketk kstrujturdr
ue gockbo quk cfkrd vfcd d kstk bfmro.
Kstd omrd eo prktkeck skr ue gdeudb ck jogportdgfketos afstúrfjos. Db joetrdrfo, propoek ued
eukvd vfsfúe jogpbktd pdrd cksdrrobbdr proykjtos. Zfe cucd, bd tdrkd ck prksketdr ued
gktocoboiçd quk trdesnorgk bd norgd ck opkrdr ke eukstrd fecustrfd eo ks edcd näjfb, somrk toco
judeco joevfvke cfnkrketks vdrfdmbks y kspkjfdbfstds.
Kb bfmro prksketd ued gktocoboiçd rkvobujfoedrfd pdrd bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck proykjtos
kxtrdorcfedrfos. \drd ndjfbftdr su jogprkesfúe, akgos kstrujturdco kb bfmro ke trks irdecks pdrtks.
Ke bd prfgkrd pdrtk ckb bfmro sk cksdrrobbd kb joejkpto jketrdb, quk ks kb ckstfeo ck tocos bos
proykjtos jrkdcos mdho kstd gktocoboiçd. Kstk joejkpto ad dyucdco d trdesgftfr bd cfnkrkejfd
ketrk bos proykjtos progkcfo y dqukbbos quk boirde rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos.
Jogo skiuecd pdrtk kstdmbkjkgos bds judtro prkgfsds quk ckmke gocfnfjdr db projkso ck
cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo. Kstds prkgfsds feæcftds jogpoeke kb jdgmfo ck gketdbfcdc quk sk ckmk
knkjtudr detks ck bd dpbfjdjfúe ckb gætoco quk propoekgos. Kstds cos pdrtks fefjfdbks ckb bfmro
prksketde joejkptos dmstrdjtos quk kxfike ued djtftuc ck dpkrturd y pdjfkejfd por pdrtk bkjtor.
\or øbtfgo, ke bd tkrjkrd pdrtk, sk kejuketrd bd gktocoboiçd quk iuçd kb eukvo projkso ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe. Cfjad gktocoboiçd nuk kb skjrkto ck eukstro trdmdho curdetk gujaos dôos.
Aoy, nfedbgketk, sk adjk pømbfjd. Kb gætoco sk kxpbfjd ke cktdbbk joe jdpçtubos kspkjçnfjos pdrd
jdcd ued ck bds trks pdrtks ckb projkso.
\or bo tdeto, kstk bfmro ks ue rkjorrfco quk pbdetkd bds mdsks, kb projkso y kb ckstfeo nfedb ck bos
eukvos proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos.

Mfkevkefco d bd eukvd cfeägfjd ck bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd.

\D]SK F
Bd eukvd gktd ckb projkso ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo
JD\ÇS[BO
4
4.
JDGMFDECO KB NOJO CK BD GF]DCD
Ke ikekrdb, kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo ad pkrgdekjfco rkbdtfvdgketk kstätfjo ke bds
øbtfgds cæjdcds. Kb kenoquk prfejfpdb ck bd fecustrfd sk ad jketrdco ke gdetkekr bos djkbkrdcos
pdsos ck jrkjfgfketo urmdeo, ke nuejfúe ck bd procujjfúe gdsfvd y bos rktoreos nfedejfkros. Aoy
pkesdr ke procujfr ke ksos tærgfeos eo ks sunfjfketk pdrd boirdr proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos.
Db fefjfdr eukstrd bdmor ke bd fecustrfd y eotdr kstd sftudjfúe, eos cfgos juketd ck quk krd
ekjksdrfo rknorgubdr bd gdekrd ke quk sk joejkptudbfzdmde bos proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos. Adstd
ksk ketoejks, sk cfskôdmde d pdrtfr ck fenorgdjfúe rkjdmdcd joe bd nfedbfcdc ck joeojkr bos
progkcfos ckb gkrjdco, bo jogøegketk kspkrdco0 eo sk prktkecçd fr gäs dbbä, rogpkr bos
ksqukgds fegomfbfdrfos y joevkrtfr bo orcfedrfo ke kxtrdorcfedrfo.
Kstd cfstfejfúe ks nuecdgketdb, porquk bos rksubtdcos ck ue cksdrrobbo ckpkeckräe ck bd norgd ke
quk sk orfifek su pbdefnfjdjfúe.
Db skr joesjfketks ck kstd prombkgätfjd surifú kb akjao jbdvk quk sk joevfrtfú ckspuæs ke khk
jketrdb ck eukstro kenoquk y quk eos dnfrgú jogo joesubtord bçckr ke kb ägmfto ck bd
joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck cksdrrobbos fegomfbfdrfos8

¿Júgo jrkdr proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfdgketk kxftosos quk skde bçckrks ke su gkrjdco?

Eukstrd gktd sk joevfrtfú ke sdmkr juäb krd bd ‒núrgubd gäifjd‗ quk orfifedmd rksubtdcos
kxtrdorcfedrfos. \drd ksto jogkezdgos d kstucfdr bd jorrkbdjfúe ck dbiueds vdrfdmbks trdtdeco ck
omtkekr ued rkbdjfúe gdtkgätfjd quk kxpbfjdrd kstos jdsos. Ckspuæs ck gujaos ksnukrzos ck
fevkstfidjfúe, eos cfgos juketd ck quk kb æxfto jogkrjfdb ck bos proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos eo
pocçd kxpbfjdrsk joe jorrkbdjfoeks sfgpbks. Ketoejks, skiufgos musjdeco bds vdrfdmbks quk eos
dportdrde ued vfsfúe ck noeco.

[rikejfd kgojfoedb8 trdesnorgdr kb rdgo fegomfbfdrfo

Jogo gkejfoedgos, nufgos joesjfketks ck quk pdrd omtkekr rksubtdcos cfnkrketks krd ekjksdrfo
jdgmfdr bd norgd ck joejkptudbfzdr bos proykjtos cksck sus orçikeks. Zk trdtdmd ck jukstfoedr bo
kstdmbkjfco y rkjoestrufr bos projksos ck pbdekdjfúe, trdesirkcfkeco ck norgd posftfvd bd gdekrd
ck jrkdr kspdjfos.
\drd kstk propúsfto bbkvdgos d jdmo ued fevkstfidjfúe (4)
(4) ke
 ke bd quk sk cktkjtdroe bos proykjtos
outbfkrs  joe bos gkhorks rksubtdcos nfedejfkros ke kb gkrjdco. Jdmk djbdrdr quk kb joejkpto ck
‒proykjto outbfkr‗  sk rknfkrk d ue kbkgketo quk sdbk kstdcçstfjdgketk ck bd gukstrd.
Bos kstucfos drrohdroe quk ck jdcd == proykjtos, sobdgketk ueo ks kxftoso, ue outbfkr . Cfjao
proykjto kxtrdorcfedrfo omtfkek por bo gkeos trks vkjks gäs quk bd dmsorjfúe progkcfo ck su
gkrjdco jogpdrdmbk.
Kstos proykjtos outbfkrs  tkeçde ue ndjtor jogøe8 krde bos jbfketks bos quk fgpubsdmde bos
rksubtdcos jogkrjfdbks. Ks ckjfr, bos jbfketks dpdrkjçde sfe irdecks fevkrsfoeks ck gdr`ktfei y
kbbos gfsgos provojdmde ue nkeúgkeo ck rknkrkejfdjfúe  quk joetfeudmd fejrkgketdeco bd
dtrdjjfúe adjfd kb proykjto. Bos vkeckcorks krde gäs ue dpoyo pdrd kb projkso quk bos quk
ikekrdmde y joejrktdmde bd vketd. Kb jbfketk kstdmd joevkejfco ck ekjksftdr kb procujto y ck quk
kstk krd supkrfor d judbqufkr otro ckb gkrjdco. Skrgfedgos kegdrjdeco kstk nkeúgkeo cketro
ckb prfejfpfo ck urikejfd kgojfoedb.

 Ktfgobúifjdgketk,
 Ktfgobúifjdgketk, kb tærgfeo
tærgfeo ‒kgojfúe‗
‒kgojfúe‗ vfkek ckb
ckb bdtçe kgotfo,
kgotfo, quk sfiefnfjd
sfiefnfjd ‒govfgfketo‗
‒govfgfketo‗
o ‒fgpubso‗, o ‒dqukbbo quk tk gukvk adjfd‗. Zfe cucd, kb nkeúgkeo quk kstämdgos
cksjumrfkeco tkeçd ksd kskejfd.

\drd kxpoekr kb cksdrrobbo ck eukstro gockbo, ks ekjksdrfo prksketdr ued eojfúe quk iufdrä bd
gktd ckb projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe8

Bd urikejfd kgojfoedb ks ue jogportdgfketo fejoesjfketk ckb joesugfcor. Db fetkrdjtudr joe ue procujto, bo dsojfd
joe ued trdesnorgdjfúe nuecdgketdb ke su vfcd, yd skd pkrsoedb o pronksfoedb, y, por tdeto, bk rksubtd fgpkrfoso
dcukôdrsk ckb procujto. Ke ksk projkso, kb joesugfcor edturdbgketk cksdrrobbd driugketos rdjfoedbks pdrd
dutojoevkejkrsk ck quk su ckjfsfúe kgojfoedb ks, dckgäs, fetkbfiketk.

[e joejkptudbfzdcor ck proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos pronksfoedb ks dqukb quk dprkeck d jrkdr

urikejfd ke bos joesugfcorks, due judeco kb gkrjdco eo sk kejuketrd ndvordmbk. Bd urikejfd
provojd bd ckjfsfúe ck dcqufrfr ue procujto kspkjçnfjo, kbfifæecobo ketrk gujaos otros.

Mfkevkefcos d bos tfkgpos ke quk eukstrd fecustrfd kstdrä kevukbtd ke kgojfúe.

Cksdrrobbdr mdho kb prfejfpfo ck urikejfd kgojfoedb

\drd quk bd urikejfd kstæ prksketk ke ue proykjto fegomfbfdrfo ks ekjksdrfo jrkdrbd. Ke kb
gkrjdco joevfvke cos tfpos ck urikejfds8 bd jfrjuestdejfdb y bd kgojfoedb.
Ke bd urikejfd jfrjuestdejfdb, kb jbfketk fcketfnfjd ue ndjtor kxtkreo quk provojd bd ckjfsfúe ck
jogprd. Ksto ks, ady ued jfrjuestdejfd kspkjçnfjd quk jdgmfdrä y, por bo tdeto, ckmk
dprovkjadrsk.
Kstk ndjtor pukck kstdr rkbdjfoedco joe su vfcd, yd skd joe kb gdtrfgoefo, kb jrkjfgfketo ck bd
ndgfbfd o, fejbuso, bd vketd ck su vfvfkecd djtudb. Sdgmfæe pukck skr gotfvdco por bd onkrtd,
jogo bo ks kb diotdgfketo ck fevketdrfos, bds progojfoeks tkgpordbks, bos cksjuketos o bos
fejrkgketos deuejfdcos ck prkjfos. Kstds sftudjfoeks dpbfjde pdrd judbqufkr tfpo ck fegukmbk y
tfkeke ued jdrdjtkrçstfjd ke jogøe8 bk jkcke db jbfketk bd fefjfdtfvd ck jogprd y ‒jogocftfzde‗
(=) kb
(=) kb ketoreo jogpktftfvo.
[ed ckgdecd gotfvdcd por urikejfd jfrjuestdejfdb tfkeck d nrkedr bd ckjfsfúe ck jogprd, yd quk
eo kxfstk ued joguefúe rkdb ketrk proykjto y joesugfcor. Bd fefjfdtfvd ck jogprd kstä
øefjdgketk ke kb jogprdcor, kb judb jotkhd bds cfstfetds onkrtds ck bd jogpktkejfd y, nfedbgketk,
ckjfck mdsdco ke kbkgketos kxtkreos d sus ckskos pkrsoedbks. Dbio guy cfstfeto ojurrk ke kb
jdso ck bd urikejfd kgojfoedb, juyo sfiefnfjdco ks bd jobuged vkrtkmrdb ckb prksketk jdpçtubo.
[ed norgd ck pronuecfzdr ke kstk joejkpto ks d trdvæs ck ued dedboiçd prksketdcd ke kb bfmro
Zwftja (:), ck Cde Akdta y Jafp Akdta, pumbfjdco ke =<4<. Ke kstd omrd, bos dutorks sk mdsde ke
ue joejkpto ck
Hoedtade Hdfct pdrd kxpbfjdr kb jogportdgfketo ckb jkrkmro augdeo, bo quk eos rksubtd dckjudco
pdrd jogprkeckr kb projkckr ck bd urikejfd kgojfoedb.
Kb jogportdgfketo cketro ckb jkrkmro augdeo sk ckskevukbvk ck norgd pdrdbkbd d bd rkbdjfúe
ketrk ue hfektk y ue kbkndetk. Jdcd ketk rkprksketd ued skjjfúe ckb jkrkmro8 kb sfstkgd bçgmfjo,
quk skrçd kb kbkndetk, fgpbfjd toco bo rkbdjfoedco d bds kgojfoeks, kb adgmrk y bd skxudbfcdc0 por
su pdrtk, kb hfektk rknfkrk bd skjjfúe rdjfoedb ck eukstro jkrkmro (ekojúrtkx).
Bos cos sfstkgds rfike eukstrd gketk y jogpftke por kb joetrob dmsobuto. Judeco kb kbkndetk
ckjfck togdr ue jdgfeo, ks guy cfnçjfb quk kb hfektk pukcd cktkekrbo. Kstd cfeägfjd sk bbkvd d
jdmo ke eukstro jkrkmro y gukstrd bd cfgkesfúe quk pukck dbjdezdr kb jogportdgfketo ckb
joesugfcor judeco ks kb kbkndetk kb quk gotfvd bds ckjfsfoeks. Zk joeojk d kstd nukrzd ck
jogprd jogo bd gäs pockrosd cketro ckb gkrjdco, yd quk ikekrd proykjtos cfsruptfvos ke æb.
Ketoejks, bd jukstfúe rksfck ke júgo gotfvdr db kbkndetk pdrd quk kb jogportdgfketo ckb
joesugfcor sk kejdgfek d ue ckstfeo kspkjçnfjo, ks ckjfr, eukstro proykjto. Ke kstk sketfco, bd
urikejfd kgojfoedb ks dqukbbd ckjfsfúe quk sujkck ck norgd fegkcfdtd ke kb joesugfcor, porquk
ad cksjumfkrto quk jfkrto fegukmbk provojdrä ued gkhord ke su vfcd. Bd urikejfd kgojfoedb eo
ks dbio gkrdgketk supkrnfjfdb y gdtkrfdbfstd, sfeo quk bbkid d bd nfmrd gäs skesfmbk ckb usudrfo.
Eo sk trdtd ck ue kspdjfo pdrd admftdr, sfeo ck ue ‒aoidr‗ coeck sk jrkde gkgorfds y
kxpkrfkejfds quk gdrjde bds vfcds.
Kstk projkso ck jogprd jrkd ue vçejubo ketrk usudrfo y procujto quk, d su vkz, ikekrd ue rdsio
cfnkrkejfdcor ke kb proykjto nrketk db rksto ck bd onkrtd jogpktftfvd, y kb projkso jogkrjfdb ks
sfgpbkgketk ue ksjdbúe pdrd bbkidr d ksd gktd pkrsoedb ck gkhord quk kb jbfketk pkrjfmfú. \or bo
tdeto, ke kstk jdso, bd ckjfsfúe ck jogprd rkjdk ke kb posfjfoedgfketo ckb fegukmbk y eo ke
ndjtorks kxtkreos d jdcd joesugfcor, jogo sujkck ke kb jdso ck bd urikejfd jfrjuestdejfdb.
Eo omstdetk, ued sftudjfúe dbdrgdetk ke kb pdeordgd ckb gkrjdco fegomfbfdrfo ks quk døe eo sk
boird pkektrdr joe kb joejkpto ck urikejfd kgojfoedb. Kstucfos rkjfketks quk akgos rkdbfzdco ke
Gæxfjo (3)
(3) gukstrde
 gukstrde quk kb 19% ck bos jfkrrks ke cfjao pdçs sfiuke sujkcfkeco por urikejfd
jfrjuestdejfdb. Bos vkeckcorks o diketks jogkrjfdbks joetfeøde trdtdeco ck gotfvdr db jbfketk
sfgpbkgketk por bd prksfúe ck quk bos prkjfos jdgmfdräe, sk diotdräe bos fevketdrfos. Døe eo sk
ad boirdco trdesnorgdr kb jogportdgfketo ckb joesugfcor, ckgosträecobk quk bo fgportdetk ks
togdr ued ckjfsfúe súbfcd quk fevobujrk bo kgojfoedb y bo rdjfoedb.
\or bo tdeto, eukstro propúsfto joe kstk bfmro ks kxpoekr bd fgportdejfd ck cksdrrobbdr proykjtos
fegomfbfdrfos mdsdcos ke urikejfd kgojfoedb quk boirke ikekrdr ckgdecd, trdesnorgdr gkrjdcos
y quk, por bo tdeto, procuzjde rksubtdcos nfedejfkros kxtrdorcfedrfos.
[e khkgpbo jbäsfjo ks kb ck bd guhkr ke bd jogprd ck ue mobso ck buho. Ke ued tfkecd, jogo
Boufs ^ufttoe o Nkecf, ue mobso pukck bbkidr d jostdr gäs ck ;<<< cúbdrks. Judeco bd guhkr
fetkrdjtød joe æb, festdetäekdgketk sk joevkejk ck quk bo ekjksftd y ck quk, dckgäs, ks ued
ckjfsfúe fetkbfiketk. Edcd fiudbd bd skesdjfúe ck sdbfr d bd jdbbk d prksugfr por prfgkrd vkz ue
procujto ck kstk tfpo. Kb mkeknfjfo kgojfoedb jogpkesd, por gujao, kb josto pdidco por kb
procujto. Kstk gfsgo jogportdgfketo sk cd ke judbqufkr efvkb sojfokjoeúgfjo, yd quk ke tocos
ady ued tfkecd juyos procujtos mrfecde ue jfkrto kstdtus d qufke bo poskk.
Bd urikejfd kgojfoedb jogo gockbo ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck
proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos
\or gkcfo ckb kstucfo ck jdsos ck æxfto quk akgos rkdbfzdco, jrkdgos ue gockbo joejkptudb quk
pkrgftk vfsudbfzdr bos jogpoeketks pdrd quk ue proykjto skd kxtrdorcfedrfdgketk kxftoso. Kstk
gockbo tfkek jogo jketro fgpubsdr bd urikejfd kgojfoedb ke kb jbfketk. Zoe trks bos feirkcfketks
nuecdgketdbks quk bo jogpoeke8 cfnkrkejfdjfúe, vdbor eukvo y rknbkxfvfcdc. Jdcd ueo ks ue
joejkpto dfsbdco, ks ckjfr, eo kxfstk fetkrckpkeckejfd ketrk kbbos. \kro detks ekjksftdgos
kxpbfjdr quk kstos trks pfbdrks tfkeke fgpbfjdjfúe, d su vkz, ke bos trks efvkbks ck procujto ke kb
rumro fegomfbfdrfo8

4. \rocujto eujbkdr8 sk cknfek mäsfjdgketk jogo bos gktros judcrdcos quk rkjfmk kb jbfketk
ke bd ksjrfturd.

=. \rocujto dgpbfdco8 kstä rkbdjfoedco joe bos dgkeftfks y bds ärkds jogueks, gäs dbbä ck bo
ksjrfturdco somrk bd propfd uefcdc. Ks bo quk mrfecd kb jogpbkho cketro ckb joetkxto ke kb
judb sk umfjd kb procujto eujbkdr.

:. Gktdprocujto8 fgpbfjd toco bo fetdeifmbk, kb cfskôo drquftkjtúefjo, bd gdrjd ckträs ckb

proykjto, bos rkecfgfketos quk sk bks onrkjke d bos fevkrsfoefstds, ks ckjfr, bo quk vd gäs dbbä
ck bos gktros judcrdcos.

Admfkeco djbdrdco mrkvkgketk juäbks soe bos trks efvkbks ck procujto ke bos quk ckmke djtudr
bos trks pfbdrks ck bd urikejfd kgojfoedb, bbkiú kb gogketo ck jketrdreos ke kbbos.
Cfnkrkejfdjfúe

Kb joejkpto fegomfbfdrfo ckmk skr pkrjfmfco jogo øefjo por kb jbfketk. Ke bd vdbordjfúe ck
bos dtrfmutos ckb procujto ady ued cfstfejfúe jbdrd quk pkrgftk skpdrdr bd onkrtd ck sus
jogpktfcorks.
Ady quk cfstfeiufr ketrk ued cfnkrkejfdjfúe gkrdgketk joejkptudbfzdcd por kb cksdrrobbdcor
y ued cfnkrkejfdjfúe dprkjfdcd rkdbgketk por kb jbfketk. \krjdtdrsk ck kstd cfstfejfúe ks vftdb
ke bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck ue eukvo proykjto. \drd cojugketdr ksto akgos rkdbfzdco
kstucfos ke skfs gkrjdcos cfstfetos quk ade dportdco quk, ke kb 1<% ck bos jdsos, kb
cksdrrobbdcor jrkk quk sk kstä cdeco ued cfnkrkejfdjfúe, judeco ke rkdbfcdc sobo kb 6% ck bos
jbfketks boird pkrjfmfrbd.
Ke kb gogketo ke quk sk dedbfzde bos proykjtos, kb jbfketk poek ke hukio ued skrfk ck
vdrfdmbks o dtrfmutos. Kstos sk cktkrgfede ke gdyor gkcfcd por bd ksjdbd ckb proykjto, sus
dgkefcdcks y bd fetkrdjjfúe jogkrjfdb. Ks guy fetkrksdetk ketkeckr juäbks soe bos tkgds
jbdvk pdrd kb jbfketk, yd quk kstos ndjtorks pojo tkecräe quk vkr joe bos sfstkgds ck
joestrujjfúe o kb tfpo ck jfgketdjfúe quk vkeck kb proykjto (dtrfmutos quk kb joestrujtor
gujads vkjks joguefjd jogo nuecdgketdbks).
Ks fgportdetk tkekr ke juketd quk kb gockbo ck urikejfd kgojfoedb sk dpbfjd pdrd ue
skigketo kspkjçnfjo, eo sfrvk pdrd procujtos pdrd kb gkrjdco jogpbkto, joeojfcos jogo
jdtja dbb . Bdgketdmbkgketk, ue krror guy jogøe ke kb gkrjdco fegomfbfdrfo ks jrkkr quk kb
procujto, yd skd rksfckejfdb o jogkrjfdb, vd d bbkidr d judbqufkr jbfketk. Ady quk dprkeckr d
pkrnfbdr bos proykjtos, skigketdr bos gkrjdcos y cknfefr db jbfketk db quk sk cfrfike (tocos
kstos tkgds bos cksdrrobbdrkgos d bo bdrio ckb bfmro). [ed vkz quk sk adjk bd skigketdjfúe, ks
gäs näjfb ikekrdr bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe.
Ks ckjfr, cksdrrobbdr kb procujto y adjkrbo ckstdjdr ke nuejfúe ck bds ekjksfcdcks cktkjtdcds
ke kb jbfketk, quk vdrçde skiøe su efvkb sojfokjoeúgfjo, bd ktdpd ck bd vfcd ke bd quk sk
kejuketrd, bd skigketdjfúe psfjoiränfjd, ketrk otrds jukstfoeks quk trdtdrkgos gäs dckbdetk
ke kb dpdrtdco 3.:.4. Gdekho ck sftudjfoeks M=J.

^dbor eukvo

Bd gdekrd gäs näjfb ck kxpbfjdr kb joejkpto ck ‒vdbor eukvo‗ ks usdeco ued ksjked ckb
gkrjdco dutogotor. Judeco ued pkrsoed sk cfrfik d ued dikejfd ck dutos pdrd dedbfzdr bd
posfmfbfcdc ck dcqufrfr ueo, eo vd d rkvfsdr sf kb duto poskk bbdetds o gotor, ksto sk cd por
sketdco.
Kb jbfketk vfsftd bd dikejfd musjdeco bos kbkgketos eukvos quk mrfecdrä kb procujto d su vfcd.
Zoe vdborks dirkidcos quk rksukbvke ekjksfcdcks o prombkgds quk detks eo sk admçde
fcketfnfjdco, y, por keck, eo sk cdmde bds sobujfoeks.
\or bo tdeto, bd fetkirdjfúe ck vdbor eukvo prktkeck skr ue gotfvdcor ck jogprd y ue
ikekrdcor ck joekxfúe ckb procujto joe kb jbfketk. Jogo vfgos, soe feirkcfketks quk sugde
y rksukbvke prombkgds eo vfsfmbks adstd kb gogketo. Zf mfke eo kxfstk ued rkibd ke judeto db
gçefgo ck feirkcfketks quk sk ckmke fejbufr ke ue proykjto, ks fgportdetk quk kstos
sdtfsndide, ck gdekrd skejfbbd, jfkrtds ekjksfcdcks quk pukck tkekr kb jbfketk o, fejbuso, quk
døe eo adyd cktkjtdco.
Kb vdbor eukvo fgpubsd d judbqufkr procujto db nuturo. Ke gujaos gkrjdcos ck mfkeks ck
jdpftdb, ue procujto joevfvk joe sus vkrsfoeks afstúrfjds, por bo quk bd øefjd norgd ck
vkeckr ks dirkideco vdborks eukvos. Bos vkaçjubos ck aoy eos kedgorde joe pdetdbbds
täjtfbks, sfstkgds ck joekjtfvfcdc Mbuktoota, gøbtfpbks mobsds ck dfrk, adstd bbkide d
kstdjfoedrsk sobos. Bd prkiuetd ks júgo skräe bos dutos ck gdôded. Duequk bd rkspukstd
sfkgprk ifrd ke toreo d jdgmfos rdcfjdbks, bd rkdbfcdc ks quk bd kvobujfúe ks gäs promdmbk.
Kvobujfúe ke nuejfúe ck vdborks eukvos.

]knbkxfvfcdc

Judeco ueo jogprd ue procujto, sk jrkk quk sk jogprde ued skrfk ck judbfcdcks dsojfdcds d
bd jdbfcdc ck æb. Duedco d kso, ks ued rkdbfcdc quk jogprdgos dqukbbos procujtos quk por
ksos dtrfmutos sk dskgkhde d eukstrd pkrsoedbfcdc.
Zk joeojk jogo ‒rknbkxfvfcdc‗ d bd jdpdjfcdc quk tfkek kb proykjto ck provojdr ued
joekxfúe ketrk sus jdrdjtkrçstfjds y bds ckb jbfketk. Ks ued kspkjfk ck kspkho coeck kb jbfketk
sk vk rknbkhdco y sk fcketfnfjd joe ueo o vdrfos kbkgketos ckb proykjto.
 Ke bds gdrjds ck ropd, kb kbkgketo ck rknbkxfvfcdc ks ck bos gäs fgportdetks ck su kjudjfúe
ck procujto. Gdrjds jogo Aobbfstkr o Dmkrjrogmfk, por khkgpbo, musjde ue pkrnfb ck húvkeks
popubdrks joe kxjkbketk nçsfjo y ue kstfbo ck vfcd rkbdhdco. Judbqufkr vfsftd d kstds tfkecds
rkvkbd quk eo tocos bos jogprdcorks tfkeke kstds judbfcdcks, pkro por bo gkeos sk fcketfnfjde
joe dbiueds ck kbbds.

Ke cknfeftfvd, bd jbdvk ckb gockbo ck urikejfd kgojfoedb quk propoekgos pdrd dpbfjdr ke kb
gkrjdco fegomfbfdrfo ckmk jogkezdr cksck bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe gfsgd ckb proykjto, y, jogo
cfhfgos, bos trks pfbdrks (cfnkrkejfdjfúe, vdbor eukvo y rknbkxfvfcdc) ckmke pkrgkdr bos trks
efvkbks ckb procujto. Judeco ksto sujkck sk pukck kstdr skiuro ck quk kb proykjto sk djkrjd d bd
kxpkjtdtfvd ck omtkekr rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos.
Kstk eukvo gockbo poek bd gfrd ke posfjfoedr bos kbkgketos gäs súbfcos ck urikejfd kgojfoedb
yd promdcos ke kb gkrjdco. Bd uefúe ck bos trks pfbdrks ke bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ckb proykjto ks bd
mdsk pdrd jdgmfdr y trdesnorgdr por jogpbkto kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo.
Jrkkgos quk ks ekjksdrfo trdsjkeckr bd vfsfúe jogocftfzdcd ck bos fegukmbks, ks ckjfr, ady quk
pdsdr ck joesfckrdrbos sobo por sus gktros judcrdcos o prkjfos pdrd vdbordrbos jogo ued
oportuefcdc pdrd adjkr buidrks ckskdcos. Zk trdtd ck jrkdr kb buidr coeck bds pkrsoeds rkdbgketk
qufkrke fevkrtfr y kstdr. Ke ue nuturo, ksto gubtfpbfjdrä bos knkjtos ck pbusvdbçd y ikekrdjfúe ck
rfqukzd quk tfkek kb rdgo fegomfbfdrfo por sç gfsgo.
Ke bd sfiufketk jdpdrtk ckb bfmro admbdrkgos somrk bds judtro prkgfsds quk soe bos pfbdrks ke bd
ikekrdjfúe ck proykjtos joe urikejfd kgojfoedb.

4- [e kxtrdjto ck kstd fevkstfidjfúe sk pumbfjú ke bd rkvfstd  Fegomfbfdrk

 Fegomfbfdrk Bdtdg ke =<4:. Kb kstucfo sk kbdmorú ke skfs jfucdcks ck
Gæxfjo coeck kb Irupo 3Z tfkek mdsks ck c dtos jogpbktds somrk bos proykjtos quk sk kstäe jogkrjfdbfzdeco.
=- Kstk tærgfeo ckrfvd ck ‒joggocfty‗, quk sk rknfkrk d ue procu jto eo cfnkrkejfdco. \or bo tdeto, ke ue ketoreo ‒jogocftfzdco‗,
bos procujtos skrçde tocos fiudbks.
:- Cfspoefmbk ke kspdôob8 Jdgmfd kb jafp8 júgo dnroetdr jdgmfos quk pdrkjke fgposfmbks.  Mdrjkboed8 Ikstfúe =<<<, =<4<.
3- \drd dgpbfdr kstk tkgd, suikrfgos joesubtdr bos eøgkros ck =<4: ck bd rkvfstd Fegomfbfdrk
 Fegomfbfdrk Bdtdg.
\D]SK =
J[DS]O \]KGFZDZ N[ECDGKESDBKZ \D]D [E
E[K^O \]OJKZO CK JOEJK\S[DBFXDJFÚE
JD\ÇS[BO
=
=.
BDZ J[DS]O \]KGFZDZ N[ECDGKESDBKZ
Ketkecfkeco bd nukrzd ck bd urikejfd kgojfoedb ke ue proykjto fegomfbfdrfo, eos togú gäs ck 4<
dôos y ;<< jdsos ck rknfedgfketo jrkdr ued gktocoboiçd puetudb ke bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck
proykjtos. Detks ck kbbo, rkqukrfgos trdesnorgdr kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo gkcfdetk
bd fejorpordjfúe ck bds sfiufketks judtro prkgfsds8

4. Zkigketdjfúe.
=. \rojkso ftkrdtfvo detk gkrjdco.
:. Kenoquk ke ckskdmfbfcdc.
3. Jubturd jobdmordtfvd y dmfkrtd db nrdjdso.

\rkgfsd 48 Zkigketdjfúe

Ke bd fecustrfd ck bos cksdrrobbos fegomfbfdrfos, ks jogøe kejoetrdrsk joe kb pdrdcfigd ck

quk sk jorrk gkeor rfksio jogkrjfdb judeco sk kenojd kb proykjto adjfd kb gkrjdco
jogpbkto. Ksto rksubtd joetrdcfjtorfo, yd quk, judeco ue proykjto trdtd ck skrvfr d tocos bos
skigketos, rksubtd feknfjdz pdrd proporjfoedr ued sdtfsndjjfúe totdb ke jdcd jbfketk. Jogo
dcvfkrtk bd afstorfd mçmbfjd8 eo sk pukck skrvfr d cos skôorks porquk o sk dmorrkjk db ueo y sk
dgd db otro, o sk kstfgd db ueo y sk gkeosprkjfd db otro. Ks ckjfr, db bdezdr ue procujto jdtja
dbb quk kstä cfrfifco db gkrjdco ke ikekrdb, sfe skigketdr, bo gäs promdmbk ks quk ndbbk ke
joevkejkr d ue pømbfjo tde vdrfdmbk ke su jogposfjfúe. Kstk ks ue krror quk jogøegketk sk
jogktk ke kb gkrjdco fegomfbfdrfo, yd quk, db eo cfrfifr bds djjfoeks d ue skigketo ke
kspkjçnfjo, bos procujtos pfkrcke bd nukrzd ck vketd pdrd gdetkekrsk ke kb gkrjdco y sk
dbkhde ck pockr dbjdezdr rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos.
\or ksto jrkkgos quk bd skigketdjfúe ck gkrjdcos ks kb eukvo pdrdcfigd ck bos ekiojfos.
Ke rkbdjfúe joe kstk tkgd, Jarfs Deckrsoe kxpoek ued eukvd norgd ck vkr bos gkrjdcos ke
su omrd Sak Boei Sdfb  (bd jobd bdrid), pumbfjdcd por bd rkvfstd ck tkjeoboiçd gäs fgportdetk
ke bos Kstdcos [efcos, Yfrkc.  Zkiøe Deckrsoe, bds fecustrfds ck bd gøsfjd y kb bfmro sk ade
jketrdco ke bd jogkrjfdbfzdjfúe ck bos procujtos ck efjao. Detkrforgketk, kstds fecustrfds sk
kenojdmde ke bos procujtos afts cfrfifcos d toco kb gkrjdco, porquk jrkçde quk ck kstk goco
omtkeçde gdyorks vketds. Irdjfds d bd fejorpordjfúe ck Fetkrekt pdrd bd jogkrjfdbfzdjfúe ck
procujtos, sk puco jogpromdr quk bd sugd ck bds vketds ck gujaos procujtos cfrfifcos d
skigketos kspkjçnfjos ckb gkrjdco pukck skr gdyor quk bd vketd ck bos procujtos afts, ks
ckjfr, pojos procujtos cfrfifcos d ue irde eøgkro ck pkrsoeds.
Deckrsoe kxpoek bd kvobujfúe ke vketds ke kgprksds vfrtudbks jogo ]adpsocy, quk ad
fetkirdco procujtos efjaos ke sus jdtäboios gusfjdbks y ad dugketdco kxpoekejfdbgketk sus
idedejfds. Ck ue fevketdrfo ck ;<<.<<< jdejfoeks db fefjfdr, daord poskk 4,: gfbboeks, ck bos
judbks sobo bd judrtd pdrtk ck bds idedejfds jorrkspoeck d procujtos afts. Ksto ks guy
cfnkrketk ck bo quk sujkck ke kgprksds jogo Ydbgdrt, quk sk kenojde ke pojos procujtos
kxftosos pdrd bd gdyor ckgdecd. ‒Cksck bd pkrspkjtfvd ck ued tfkecd jogo Ydbgdrt, kb
eøgkro ck tkgds gusfjdbks ke vketd eo bbkid d ><.<<<. Zfe kgmdrio, pdrd bds tfkecds
vfrtudbks jogo ]adpsocy, kb gkrjdco ks dpdrketkgketk fenfefto‗ ((Deckrsoe, =<<98 :;).
Dckgäs ck ]adpsocy, kgprksds vfrtudbks jogo Dgdzoe, Ektnbfx y fSueks kenrketde ue
gkrjdco dpdrketkgketk fenfefto porquk ade ckhdco ck nojdbfzdr kb ekiojfo ke pojos
procujtos cfrfifcos d ued irde ckgdecd. Daord onrkjke procujtos cfstfetos, joe bo judb
jumrke ued kxtkesd idgd ck iustos k fetkrksks, yd quk bd sugd ck tocds kstds pkqukôds
vketds fiudbd o supkrd d bds vketds ckb gkrjdco ck gdsds. Ck kstd norgd, bds vketds ck bos
procujtos ck efjao provojde kstd bdrid jobd y procujke rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos.

Ksto fgpbfjd ue jdgmfo trdsjkecketk8 gujaos procujtos joe ued ckgdecd ck gkeor tdgdôo
soe ue gkrjdco gäs fetkrksdetk quk trdtdr ck jrkdr ue procujto pdrd tocos. Ke kb cksdrrobbo
fegomfbfdrfo ksto sk trdcujk ke quk ks prknkrfmbk kenojdrsk ke ue skigketo y rksobvkr ke
pronuecfcdc sus ekjksfcdcks.
Ke kstk supuksto ckb eukvo gkrjdco sk rkqufkrk bd prkskejfd ck bos gkcfos kbkjtrúefjos pdrd
kejoetrdr eukvds dbtkredtfvds ke æb. Kstk nkeúgkeo ck bd jobd bdrid eo sk pocrçd admkr
pkesdco ke otro joetkxto. \or kstd rdzúe, kb eukvo projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe surik ke
dôos rkjfketks jogo joeskjukejfd ck bd obd ck feeovdjfoeks ke Fetkrekt.

\rkgfsd =8 \rojkso ftkrdtfvo detk gkrjdco

Ke kb gueco ckb cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo y bd drquftkjturd sk djostugmrd kgpbkdr ue projkso
bfekdb ck trdmdho, ke kb quk sk sfiuk ue orcke8 sk rkjfmk fenorgdjfúe ck gkrjdco, kb drquftkjto
cfskôd ue proykjto, sk joesfiuke bos pkrgfsos, sk cksdrrobbde bos pbdeks khkjutfvos y kb
proykjto sk bbkvd d joestrujjfúe. Kstk sfstkgd nuejfoed jogo ued jdcked ck kbkgketos coeck
jdcd ndsk ks cksdrrobbdcd por ue diketk cfstfeto, sfe posfmfbfcdc ck rkirksdr d bds ndsks
detkrforks ckmfco d quk eo kxfstk ued fetkrdjjfúe dpropfdcd ketrk bos diketks ck trdmdho.
Ke otrds fecustrfds jogo bd ck bd tkjeoboiçd, sk ade vfsto gkhorks rksubtdcos db usdr ue
projkso ck gøbtfpbks prototfpos quk sk pkrnkjjfoede db fetkrdjtudr joe kb gkrjdco. [e
projkso ck kstd jbdsk pkrgftk adjkr jorrkjjfoeks y gkhords db procujto joe gdyor
nrkjukejfd, yd quk bds ckjfsfoeks sk togde joe mdsk ke bds prknkrkejfds y bos jrftkrfos ckb
gkrjdco, ke buidr ck rkdbfzdrsk d pukrtd jkrrdcd por bos tæjefjos.
Duequk cketro ckb projkso ck cfskôo ke drquftkjturd sk rkdbfzde joestdetks ftkrdjfoeks, kstds
sujkcke mdho ue bketk tæjefjo y øefjdgketk joe kb kqufpo ck drquftkjtos. Bds ftkrdjfoeks quk
kxfik kb projkso quk cksdrrobbdgos fgpbfjde skr kxpukstds db gkrjdco pdrd omtkekr
rktrodbfgketdjfúe.
Ke bd djtudbfcdc, kstds ftkrdjfoeks pukcke prksketdrsk db gkrjdco joe gdyor ndjfbfcdc ke
jogpdrdjfúe joe kb pdsdco, irdjfds d bds tkjeoboiçds ck gockbdco ke :C. Dckgäs ck ksto,
tuvfgos quk cksdrrobbdr ue projkcfgfketo quk pkrgftfkrd djkrjdrsk db gkrjdco sfe tkekr quk
dvdezdr ke tkgds ck omrd. Ke bos jdpçtubos postkrforks vkrkgos joe gdyor cktkefgfketo kb
projkso pdrd boirdr ftkrdjfoeks detk gkrjdco.
\rkgfsd :8 Kenoquk ke ckskdmfbfcdc

\drd kxpbfjdr kstd prkgfsd rksubtd dpropfdco jogketdr kb trdmdho quk rkdbfzdgos ke joehueto
joe bd kgprksd FCKO rkspkjto d bds norgds, bds akrrdgfketds y kb gdekho quk utfbfzde pdrd
ikekrdr projksos ck feeovdjfúe.
FCKO djuôú ued tkorçd joeojfcd jogo ‒cfskôo jketrdco ke bds pkrsoeds‗ (ke feibæs augde-
jketkrkc cksfie),  quk ad fenbufco gdyorgketk ke bd vfsfúe ckb cfskôo ck procujtos. Kstd
tkorçd propoek quk kb cfskôo ck ue procujto ckmk rkspoeckr db sfiufketk orcke8
ckskdmfbfcdc-ndjtfmfbfcdc-vfdmfbfcdc.

Zk ckmk dvkrfiudr, ke prfgkr buidr, quæ ks bo quk kb jbfketk qufkrk (ckskdmfbfcdc). [ed vkz
fcketfnfjdco y jrkdco kstk eukvo sukôo pdrd kb gkrjdco, sk pdsd db tkgd ck ndjtfmfbfcdc. Kstk
sk rknfkrk d bo quk ks tæjefjd y oridefzdjfoedbgketk posfmbk. Nfedbgketk, ke bd vfdmfbfcdc sk
poeckrde bos dspkjtos nfedejfkros quk fetkrvfkeke ke kb projkso ck jrkdjfúe.
Ke kb gueco fegomfbfdrfo sujkck dbio guy cfstfeto. Bo usudb ks fefjfdr joe bo ndjtfmbk,
ckspuæs bo vfdmbk y, nfedbgketk, sk pfck db drquftkjto quk musquk joekjtdrbo joe bo ckskdmbk.
Kstk projkso provojd quk bos proykjtos cksdrrobbdcos sk vukbvde joggocftfks nrços, dbkhdcos
ck su gkrjdco, quk sk pkrjfmke jogo sfgpbks rkspukstds nfedejfkrds d ued oportuefcdc ck
tfkrrd.
Ke kb gockbo quk propoekgos, bo ckskdmbk iuçd toco kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo. Bo ckskdmbk ks
bd gktd. Bo ckskdmbk ks kb toco.
Kb propúsfto ck kstk bfmro eo ks prksketdr akrrdgfketds pdrd dedbfzdr bo vfdmbk o ndjtfmbk. Ks
ue bfmro pdrd ketkeckr bo ckskdmbk jogo bd bbdvk pdrd bd pukrtd ck bos æxftos kxtrdorcfed
\rkgfsd 38 Jubturd jobdmordtfvd y dmfkrtd db nrdjdso

Kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo ks ued rkuefúe ck kspkjfdbfstds. Gdetkekrbos dfsbdcos

ad sfco ue krror ck bd fecustrfd quk fgpfck quk sk cke sfekrifds gkcfdetk bd fetkirdjfúe ck
cfnkrketks pronksfoeks ke bos kqufpos ck trdmdho.
Dsfgfsgo, kstos eukvos kqufpos ck trdmdho ckmke kstdr dmfkrtos db nrdjdso. Kb nrdjdso ckmk
ketkeckrsk jogo ue dprkecfzdhk y eo jogo ue cksjdbdmro. Ke knkjto, joe bds gktocoboiçds
 dckjudcds sk pukck nrdjdsdr pdrd skiufr dckbdetk y gkhordr.

Kstds judtro prkgfsds pukcke, por sç sobds, ikekrdr trdesnorgdjfoeks pronuecds ke bos proykjtos
fegomfbfdrfos. Due dsç, dckgäs ck bds prkgfsds, propoekgos ue projkso eukvo quk cktdbbd pdso d
pdso kstd ndsk ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe quk kxpbfjdrkgos ke kb rksto ckb bfmro.

 Bd pdbdmrd
pdbdmrd ‒kqufpos‗
‒kqufpos‗ y sus vdrfos
vdrfos ckrfvdcos
ckrfvdcos nukroe dcdptdcos
dcdptdcos ckb nrdejæs
nrdejæs ‒kqufpk‗.
‒kqufpk‗. Skeçde
ke bd Kcdc Gkcfd ued rkbdjfúe joe bds djtfvfcdcks gdrçtfgds. ‒Kqufpkr‗ krd kgmdrjdr y
bukio provkkr d ued edvk ck toco bo ekjksdrfo detks ck zdrpdr ckb pukrto.

 Bbkiú kb gogketo
gogketo ck kgprkeckr
kgprkeckr kb vfdhk
vfdhk adjfd ued
ued eukvd norgd
norgd ck joejkptudbfz
joejkptudbfzdr
dr bos
 proykjtos
 proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos
fegomfbfdrfos pdrd bbkidr
bbkidr d eukstro
eukstro ckstfeo8
ckstfeo8 bos rksubtdcos
rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrf
kxtrdorcfedrfos.
os.

Mfkevkefcos d bos tfkgpos ke quk skr kxtrdorcfedrfo ks kb øefjo ckstfeo.

Admfkeco akjao tocds bds djbdrdjfoeks pkrtfeketks, bbkiú kb gogketo ck dcketrdreos ke kb

projkso propfdgketk cfjao.
\D]SK :
KB E[K^O \]OJKZO CK JOEJK\S[DBFXDJFÚE
JD\ÇS[BO
:
:.
KB E[K^O \]OJKZO CK JOEJK\S[DBFXDJFÚE
Ke kb jdpçtubo 4 akgos admbdco ck bd pbdefnfjdjfúe ck ue proykjto pdrd quk iojk ck bos
rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos ikekrdcos por bos trks pfbdrks ck bd urikejfd kgojfoedb8
cfnkrkejfdjfúe, vdbor eukvo y rknbkxfvfcdc. \or kstd rdzúe, daord ks kb tureo ck cksdrrobbdr kb
projkso pdrd bbkvdr d jdmo cfjad pbdefnfjdjfúe, quk kstä jogpuksto por trks ktdpds.
Bds trks ktdpds ke bds quk sk cfvfck kb eukvo projkso pdrd joejkptudbfzdr proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos
soe8 rkbkdre , rktafe` , rkcknfek . Zu prfejfpdb jdrdjtkrçstfjd ks quk ad ckhdco ck skr ue projkso
bfekdb. D cfnkrkejfd ck bos gætocos trdcfjfoedbks, ke kstk sk pkrgftk bd ftkrdjfúe adstd boirdr ue
proykjto quk skd vdbfcdco por kb gkrjdco jogo kxtrdorcfedrfo. Ksto rkprksketd ue jdgmfo ck
pdrdcfigd ke kb ägmfto ckb cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo.

Mfkevkefcos d bd krd ck bd joetfeufcdc, bd kekgfid ck bd

skjukejfd kstätfjd.

 ]kbkdre (rkdprkeckr)
Ke kstd prfgkrd ktdpd, bd gktd ks ketkeckr kb gkrjdco, gäs quk sobo joeojkrbo. Kb pueto ck
pdrtfcd ks musjdr bo quk ks ckskdmbk pdrd kb skigketo db judb rkspoeck kb proykjto. Zk pdsd ck
bd prkiuetd ‒¿\ukck joestrufrsk?‗ d bd prkiuetd ‒¿Ckmk joestrufrsk?‗, puks bo quk nfedbgketk
pkrgdekjk ks bo quk sdtfsndjk d bd ckgdecd.
\or bo tdeto, bd prforfcdc ks cknfefr kb skigketo db quk sk qufkrk bbkidr, y ckspuæs sk
pronuecfzd ke su ketkecfgfketo pdrd skrvfrbo gkhor. Judeco sk joeojk gkhor kb efjao ck
gkrjdco, sk cksjumrke eukvos prombkgds quk bo dqukhde y quk soe rkbkvdetks pdrd kb
proykjto cfskôdco.
Kstd festdejfd cksjrfmk kb projkso ck rkdprkeckr somrk kb gkrjdco.

 ]ktafe` (rkpkesdr)

Ke kstd ktdpd sk propoeke prototfpos quk rkspoecde d bos ckskos y bds ekjksfcdcks ckb
jbfketk. Kstos sk cfskôde joe bd fenorgdjfúe rkjdmdcd ke bd prfgkrd ktdpd. Jogøegketk ke
bos projksos ck cksdrrobbo sk pbdetkde y dedbfzde ued o cos opjfoeks ckb proykjto. Zfe
kgmdrio, dbiueds jorrfketks ckb gueco ckb cfskôo propoeke quk, ke ue projkso ftkrdtfvo ck
kstk tfpo, ketrk gäs prototfpos sk ikekrke, sk dedbfjke y sk rktrodbfgketke joe kb kqufpo y kb
gkrjdco, gäs nukrtk skrä kb joejkpto fegomfbfdrfo db nfedb.
Ke rkbdjfúe joe ksto, Krfj ]fks kxpoek ued eukvd norgd ck adjkr ekiojfos ke su omrd Sak
Ztdrtup (;). Zf mfke kb kstucfo sk jketrd ke bos ekiojfos stdrtup , bd tkorçd dpbfjd pdrd
 Bkde Ztdrtup
eukstro projkso. ]fks kxpbfjd quk sk ckmke jrkdr prototfpos pdrd bbkvdrbos d joesubtdr joe kb
gkrjdco bo detks posfmbk y rknfedrbos ck djukrco d sus prknkrkejfds.
\drd kbbo propoek bd kxfstkejfd ck ue procujto vfdmbk gçefgo (sus sfibds ke feibæs, G^\
(>)),
(>) ), quk dyucd d rkjdmdr bd gäxfgd jdetfcdc ck joeojfgfketo vdbfcdco detk kb gkrjdco joe
kb gkeor ksnukrzo posfmbk.
Kstk procujto vfdmbk gçefgo pkrgftk tkekr ue prototfpo fegkcfdto pdrd fr db gkrjdco,
rktrodbfgketdr y adjkr bds gocfnfjdjfoeks ekjksdrfds, ftkrdeco kb projkso ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe.
Ck kstd norgd, sk kvftd joestrufr ue proykjto quk jorrd kb rfksio ck skr rkjadzdco por bd
ckgdecd. ]fks keibomd su gotor ck jrkjfgfketo ke8 dprkeckr-gkcfr-joestrufr. Jdcd
ftkrdjfúe sk joevfkrtk ke ue fetketo ck drrdejdr ksk gotor.
Gäs dckbdetk pronuecfzdrkgos ke bd gdekrd ke quk sk ckmk gdekhdr kb projkso ck
prototfpdco.
Ke tdeto, ke kstd ktdpd ckb projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe ks ekjksdrfo joeojkr kb fgpdjto quk
tfkek kb procujto ke bos jbfketks potkejfdbks. Ke kstk pueto kenrketdgos dbio nuecdgketdb8
¿júgo sk pukck bbkvdr d jdmo kstk projkso ftkrdtfvo judeco sk trdtd ck dbio tdeifmbk y jostoso
jogo ks ue proykjto fegomfbfdrfo? Ks jbdro quk eo sk pukck vobvkr d joestrufr ue kcfnfjfo
cksck bos jfgfketos ckspuæs ck omtkekr ued rktrodbfgketdjfúe cksndvordmbk. \or kstd rdzúe, bd
rkspukstd kstä ke bd tkrjkrd ktdpd ck bd vdbfcdjfúe.

 ]kcknfek (vdbfcdjfúe)

Jogo pdrtk ck bd jdrdjtkrçstfjd ftkrdtfvd ck kstk projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe, bd ndsk ck

vdbfcdjfúe sk kejuketrd ke ue joestdetk fr y vkefr joe bd ndsk ck rktafe`.  Kb uso ck
akrrdgfketds tkjeobúifjds ks fgprksjfecfmbk ke kstd ktdpd pdrd ikekrdr prototfpos ke tkrjkrd
cfgkesfúe k fr db gkrjdco y omtkekr su opfefúe.
 Ke nuejfúe ck ksto, akgos cksdrrobbdco bd akrrdgfketd quk bbkvd por eogmrk ‒\rkvketd
Zfgubdcd®‗, quk rkpbfjd bds joecfjfoeks vkrcdckrds ck gkrjdco. Joe kstk projkso, quk
pukck skr kgpbkdco ke gøbtfpbks ftkrdjfoeks, bos kqufpos ck drquftkjturd y cksdrrobbo
fegomfbfdrfo pukcke vdbfcdr sus jrkdjfoeks detks ck jorrkr bos rfksios propfos ckb
bdezdgfketo db gkrjdco.
Vd vkrkgos ke cktdbbk kstd akrrdgfketd dsç jogo bd vdbfcdjfúe ck proykjtos detk kb gkrjdco.
D cfnkrkejfd ck bo quk jogøegketk adjke bos cksdrrobbdcorks, joe ue projkso bfekdb y rçifco,
eukstrd propukstd ks rdcfjdb, yd quk prktkeck ued joejkptudbfzdjfúe nbufcd, quk kstæ ke
joestdetk govfgfketo, joe bd posfmfbfcdc ck jdgmfo joenorgk kvobujfoed kb projkso. Ke kstk
gockbo ftkrdtfvo, kb procujto fegomfbfdrfo sk gocfnfjd gøbtfpbks vkjks joe mdsk ke adbbdzios
ke kb gkrjdco y sk vdbfcd hueto joe kb projkso ck drquftkjturd.
Kb projkso quk propoekgos sk jketrd ke bd fckd ck jrkdr sukôos dbtdgketk ckskdmbks quk
ikekrke ckgdecd irdjfds d su pronueco y rkeovdco fetkræs ke kb gkrjdco.
Ke kb =<<9 surifú ue cfsposftfvo ke bd afstorfd ck bd tkjeoboiçd quk cksck su edjfgfketo nuk
tdhdetkgketk rkjadzdco por bos bçckrks ck bd fecustrfd. Zk bk vdtfjfeú ue nuturo keckmbk d
jdusd ck bos dbtos jostos ck procujjfúe y ck vketd. Zu ndbtd ck prkjkcketks ke kb gkrjdco,
ckmfco d bds jdrdjtkrçstfjds feeovdcords ckb procujto, adjçd pkesdr quk jdrkjkrçd ck ue
kstdmbk efjao ck gkrjdco. Nuk tdetd bd dcvkrsfcdc joe quk sk rkjfmfú kb cfsposftfvo por pdrtk
ck bd fecustrfd quk sk kstfgú su nrdjdso fegfeketk pdrd ue dôo ckspuæs ck su bdezdgfketo.
Aoy ke cçd sk joeojk d kstk cfsposftfvo jogo ‒f\aoek‗, y sk prkvæ quk ke =<43 sk vkeckräe
>=3 gfbboeks ck uefcdcks. Kstk khkgpbo joejrkto ckgukstrd júgo sf sk kenojd ke bd
ckskdmfbfcdc ckb procujto, ksto pukck skr cktkrgfedetk pdrd su æxfto due tkefkeco ke joetrd d
bd propfd fecustrfd0 kb quk kbfik ks kb jbfketk.

Daord trdtdrkgos ke pronuecfcdc jdcd ued ck bds trks ktdpds ke bds quk sk cfvfck kb projkso ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos quk propoekgos.

;- Cfspoefmbk ke kspdôob8 Kb gætoco

gætoco ck Bkde Ztdrtup. Júgo jrkdr kgprksds kxftosds utfbfzdeco bd feeovdjfúe joetfeud.
Mdrjkboed8 Ckusto Z.D. Kcfjfoeks, =<4=.
>- Gfefgug vfdmbk procujt.
JD\ÇS[BO
3
 3.
 ]KBKD]E 8 ]KD\]KECK] CKB GK]JDCO

Vd akgos jogketdco quk kb pueto ck pdrtfcd ck bos proykjtos cotdcos ck urikejfd kgojfoedb ks
bd ckskdmfbfcdc ckb gkrjdco. Ke eukstros proykjtos, musjdgos fr gäs dbbä ck bo quk kb gkrjdco
qufkrk, bo quk cd jogo rksubtdco ued gdyor djkbkrdjfúe ck bd ckgdecd potkejfdb.
\drd dbjdezdr kstk efvkb ck ckskdmfbfcdc ks nuecdgketdb ketrkidr vdbor eukvo, cfnkrkejfdco y
rknbkxfvo. Ckmkgos vobvkr d dprkeckr ckb gkrjdco joe ued vfsfúe quk pkrgftd ketkeckr ke
pronuecfcdc quæ kstä musjdeco y quk ndvorkzjd bd cktkjjfúe ck ekjksfcdcks ojubtds ke eukstros
jbfketks. Socos joeojkgos kb gkrjdco, pkro kb bketk mdho kb judb sk gfrd pukck bbkvdreos d
joejbusfoeks cfnkrketks. \or ksto, bd prfgkrd pdrtk ckb eukvo projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe kxfik
skr rfiuroso db kstucfdr bds ekjksfcdcks ckb gkrjdco db quk sk cfrfik kb proykjto.

 Bkkr pokgds
pokgds ks vobvkr d dprkeckr
dprkeckr d bkkr. Dsç jogo
jogo bd poksçd prktkeck rktdr
rktdr eukstros
eukstros
joeojfgfketos prkjoejkmfcos ck bkeiudhk, ks gogketo ck quk adidgos bo gfsgo joe
eukstros jbfketks. ^obvdgos d dprkeckr ckb gkrjdco.

Mfkevkefcos d bos tfkgpos ke quk eukstrd f ecustrfd kstdrä fespfrdcd ke dprkecfzdhk.

3.4. Ck bos dbiorftgos d bd akurçstfjd

Ke bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd ck aoy sk cfnfjubtd omtkekr kstk tfpo ck joeojfgfketo cktdbbdco

somrk kb gkrjdco ckmfco d bd bfgftdcd fenorgdjfúe quk sk rkjoik. Judeco ue cksdrrobbdcor
fefjfd ue eukvo proykjto, sus ckjfsfoeks ck gkrjdco sk hustfnfjde ke bo quk omskrvd ke bos
dbrkckcorks ckb prkcfo. Bd sçetksfs ck fenorgdjfúe ck bo quk yd kxfstk ke kb gkrjdco (tdeto
joestrufco jogo ke joestrujjfúe) sk joeojk jogo ‒kstucfos ck onkrtd‗. D bo bdrio ck
eukstros dôos ck kxpkrfkejfd akgos omskrvdco quk bd gdyor pdrtk ck bos cksdrrobbdcorks
mdsde sus ckjfsfoeks sobo ke fenorgdjfúe ikekrdcd d trdvæs ck kstk tfpo ck akrrdgfketds.
[e kstucfo ck onkrtd pukck fgpbfjdr ued o vdrfds ck bds sfiufketks djjfoeks8

3. ]kvfsdr bos dbrkckcorks ckb sftfo pdrd fcketfnfjdr ue pdtrúe ck jogportdgfketo.

;. Cktkjtdr proykjtos sfgfbdrks quk kstæe jogkrjfdbgketk djtfvos pdrd dedbfzdr bos
rksubtdcos y musjdr dqukbbos gäs kxftosos.
>. Gdpkdr kbkgketos ck vdbor jogo kqufpdgfketo urmdeo y ikekrdr fecfjdcorks ck
umfjdjfúe.
9. ]kvfsdr fecfjdcorks ck ojupdjfúe y ck uso ck cfnkrketks fegukmbks jkrjdeos db
prkcfo.
1. Adjkr proykjjfoeks ikekrdbks somrk kb nuturo ck ued zoed ke nuejfúe ck su
jogportdgfketo afstúrfjo.
Kstds akrrdgfketds jogpdrtke ue gfsgo nfe8 cktkjtdr ue pdtrúe o dbiorftgo rkpktftfvo pdrd
rkpbfjdrbo ke ue eukvo proykjto. D su vkz, jogpdrtke ued ckmfbfcdc8 sf kb proykjto fefjfdb ck
bd zoed (gockbo pdrd bd jboedjfúe) eo ketrkid vdbor d su gkrjdco, jogfkezd ued obd ck
jboeks sfe sketfco ck kxfstkejfd. Socos sk cde vukbtd pdrd vkr bos rksubtdcos ckb vkjfeo y sk
joevfkrtke ke ue hukio ck sugd jkro (9) (9).. \drkjk dmsurco, pkro kstd sftudjfúe djtudbgketk
djosd d gøbtfpbks gkrjdcos bdtfeodgkrfjdeos.
Dtrfmufgos kstk nkeúgkeo ck jogocftfzdjfúe ck bos gkrjdcos fegomfbfdrfos d bd cfeägfjd ck
bos ekiojfos ckb sfibo QQ. Ke ksd æpojd, bd dcgfefstrdjfúe jfketçnfjd sk kenojú ke musjdr
projksos quk sk pucfkrde joevkrtfr ke núrgubds o dbiorftgos pdrd ndjfbftdr su fgpbkgketdjfúe
d irde ksjdbd y dbjdejk. [e khkgpbo jbdro ks GjCoedbc³s, juyo gfstkrfo nuk dvkrfiudr quæ
krd bo quk bos jdbfnorefdeos qukrçde jogkr. ]dy @roj jogprú kb rkstdurdetk ck bos akrgdeos
GjCoedbc y dvkrfiuú júgo procujfr irdecks jdetfcdcks ck jogfcd räpfcd ke ue tfkgpo
cktkrgfedco y ke cfstfetds sujursdbks d bo bdrio ckb pdçs.
Bds oridefzdjfoeks trdmdhdmde mdho bd vfsfúe ckb tdyborfsgo, coeck bd jogpdôçd krd ued
ketfcdc jketrdbfzdcd, joe cfstfetds tdrkds cfvfcfcds ke kb projkso ck procujjfúe. Bd rfqukzd sk
ikekrdmd db rkdbfzdr bd gfsgd josd joetfeudgketk y jdcd vkz joe ued gdyor knfjfkejfd.
Zfe kgmdrio, ke pbkeo sfibo QQF, bd vfsfúe ck bos ekiojfos sk vd trdesnorgdeco. Bd
‒dbiorftgfzdjfúe‗ y jocfnfjdjfúe ckb gueco quk sk akrkcú ckb sfibo pdsdco kstä sfkeco
rkjadzdcd y, ke su buidr, sk kstäe jrkdeco procujtos y skrvfjfos kbkidetks y rknfedcos. Kb
vdbor ck jrkdjfúe ad dmdecoedco bos dbiorftgos y sk ad kstdmbkjfco ke bd joevkrsfúe ck
gfstkrfos d akurçstfjd (1)
(1).. Daord bos kgprkeckcorks sk fetkrksde por jrkdr procujtos
sorprkecketks, quk ckbkftke d bos usudrfos por su utfbfcdc y rkecfgfketo, pkro, somrk toco, quk
fejketfvke d bd ckgdecd quk ckskde djdpdrdr.
Bd sojfkcdc djtudb kenrketd eukvds sftudjfoeks quk cfnçjfbgketk pocräe skr rksukbtds joe
dbiorftgos o jocfnfjdjfoeks gäifjds. ]oikr Gdrtfe ueo ck bos irdecks vojkros ckb cksfie
tafe`fei–  driugketd
 driugketd quk bds kgprksds ck aoy kstäe rkdjjfoedeco d kstds sftudjfoeks
gkcfdetk bd nusfúe ck admfbfcdcks ck fevkstfidjfúe, cfskôo y kstrdtkifd(6)
kstrdtkifd (6)..

tafe`fei (4<)
 3.=. Cksfie tafe`fei (4<),, tkorçd ckb eukvo projkso

Duequk kb tærgfeo ‒cksfie tafe`fei‗ sk jogkezú d utfbfzdr cksck gkcfdcos ck bd cæjdcd

pdsdcd, su joejkptudbfzdjfúe y gdsfnfjdjfúe sk dtrfmuyk d Sfg Mrowe, pronksor ck bd Ksjukbd
ck Feikefkrçd ck bd [efvkrsfcdc ck Ztdenorc y jrkdcor ck bd fgportdetk joesubtord FCKO.
Mrowe dsketú bd cknfefjfúe ck ‒cksfie tafe`fei‗ ke ue drtçjubo pumbfjdco por Adrvdrc
Mussfekss ]kvfkw  ke kb =<<1.
Jftdeco d kstk dutor, cksfie tafe`fei  ks ued cfsjfpbfed ‒quk usd bd skesfmfbfcdc y bos gætocos
ck omskrvdjfúe ck bos cfskôdcorks pdrd adjkr jofejfcfr bds ekjksfcdcks ck bds pkrsoeds joe bo
quk ks tkjeobúifjdgketk ndjtfmbk y joe bo quk ued kstrdtkifd vfdmbk ck ekiojfos pukck
joevkrtfr ke vdbor pdrd kb jbfketk y ke ued oportuefcdc pdrd kb gkrjdco‗.
Ke kstk sketfco, bos cksdrrobbdcorks ckmke skr gäs cfskôdcorks quk dcgfefstrdcorks ck
dbiorftgos. Ks fgportdetk ckstdjdr quk kstd vfsfúe, quk fetkird fevkstfidjfúe, cfskôo y
kstrdtkifd, eo sobo sk sftød ke kb cksdrrobbo ck bd drquftkjturd, sfeo tdgmfæe ke kb projkso ck
ikekrdjfúe ck vdbor fetkirdb ck bd kgprksd fegomfbfdrfd.
Kstd eukvd vfsfúe ck cksfie tafe`fei  sk kxpbfjd por gkcfo ckb sfiufketk judcro.
 Kvobujfúe ck bds kgprksds adjfd bd pkrspkjtfvd ckb cfskôo
Dspkjto Nfrgds trdcfjfoedbks Gætoco ke cfskôo

]ftgo ck -Sdrkds joetfeuds -\roykjtos

trdmdho -Dsfiedjfoeks pkrgdeketks -\krçocos cknfefcos

Kskejfd ckb -Ikstfoedr irdecks prksupukstos y

-]ksobvkr ‒wfj`kc prombkgs *‗
puksto gujao pkrsoedb

-]obks cknfefcos
Kstfbo ck -Jobdmordtfvo
-Kspkrdr adstd quk dbio kstæ
trdmdho -Ftkrdtfvo
‒bfsto‗ y jboedrbo

-Ckcujtfvo
\rojkso ck -Ckcujtfvo
-Fecujtfvo
pkesdgfketo -Fecujtfvo
-Dmcujtfvo

-]kdbfzdgos øefjdgketk bo quk sk -Eo ady edcd quk eo sk pukcd

Djtftuc eos dsfieú adjkr
cogfedetk -Bds prksfoeks soe eukstros -Bds prksfoeks fejrkgketde kb
kekgfios cksdnço y bd kgojfúe

*Yfj`kc prombkg  (ke kspdôob, ‒prombkgds rktorjfcos‗) ks ue tærgfeo djuôdco por Aorst ]fttkb ke ue trdtdco pumbfjdco ke 469:
pdrd kxpbfjdr su joetrdstk joe prombkgds rkbdtfvdgketk ‒joetrobdmbks‗
‒joetrobdmbks‗ y joe sobujfúe. ]fttkb, Aorst y Gkbvfe Ykmmkr. ‒Cfbkggds
fe d Ikekrdb Sakory on \bdeefei‗, \obfjy Zjfkejks, Eøg. 3, 469:, p äi. 4;;- 4>6. ]oikr Gdrtfe, ke kb jdpçtubo ‒Kgmkccfei
Cksfie feto Musfekss‗, ke  ]otgde oe Cksfie, cknfek d bos ‒wfj`kc prombkgs‗ jogo prombkgds sfe ued norgubdjfúe cknfeftfvd o
sobujfúe juyd cknfefjfúe kstä dmfkrtd d gøbtfpbks fetkrprktdjfoeks.
fetkrprktdjfoeks.

Cksck bd pkrspkjtfvd ck cksfie tafe`fei,  bd fenorgdjfúe somrk bd onkrtd eo ks sunfjfketk pdrd bd
togd ck ckjfsfoeks. Ks ekjksdrfd ued vfsfúe jbdrd y pronuecd ck bd ckgdecd pdrd cksjumrfr júgo
gotfvdrbd y pockr jrkdr, por bo tdeto, procujtos y skrvfjfos joe vdbor kgojfoedb pdrd bos
joesugfcorks. \or kbbo ks vftdb sdmkr joehuidr bos mkeknfjfos ckb cksfie tafe`fei  ke bd
pbdefnfjdjfúe ck proykjtos kxftosos, puks rkprksketd ued vketdhd nrketk d bd jogpktkejfd. Kstd
pkrspkjtfvd poek kb nojo ke bds prknkrkejfds ckb jbfketk, ke bo quk bo fgpubsd d ckjfcfrsk por ue
procujto y eo por otro. ]kjfæe ued vkz quk joetkgos joe ksd fenorgdjfúe, pocrkgos pbdefnfjdr
ueo d bd gkcfcd ck sus ckskos (dquç rktogdgos kb tkgd ck ckskdmfbfcdc quk vfgos ke kb jdpçtubo
=) y dbkhdreos ck bd joejkpjfúe ck onrkjkrbk otrd ræpbfjd ck bo quk yd ady ke kb gkrjdco. Ks jbdro,
eo sk trdtd ck mrfecdr gäs ck bo gfsgo, sfeo ck cksdrrobbdr ke nuejfúe ck sdmkr quæ ks bo quk kb
jbfketk musjd y døe eo kejuketrd porquk eo kstä cfspoefmbk ke kb gkrjdco.

Jdso8 Aospftdrfd
 ]kbkdre8 [e cksdrrobbdcor eos sobfjftú kbdmordr ue kstucfo ck gkrjdco pdrd ue tkrrkeo quk æb
joesfckrdmd skrçd fckdb pdrd edvks fecustrfdbks. Zk bbkiú d kstd joejbusfúe prfejfpdbgketk
porquk sk qukrçd jboedr ue proykjto quk admçd ke ue tkrrkeo vkjfeo (quk dpdrketdmd kstdr
ojupdco y nuejfoedeco dpropfdcdgketk). [e kstucfo ck ckgdecd ck bd zoed rksubtú ke ue
ifro crästfjo pdrd kb proykjto db cktkjtdr quk admçd ued ekjksfcdc dmrugdetk ck ue jogpbkho
ck skrvfjfos gæcfjos. Kb cksdrrobbdcor, sorprkecfco, eo sdmçd júgo fefjfdr ue proykjto
aospftdbdrfo cdco quk euejd admçd pdrtfjfpdco ke ue kgprkecfgfketo ckb tfpo.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 \drd gftfidr bos rfksios opkrdtfvos, musjdgos ue opkrdcor aospftdbdrfo
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
norgdb, quk jofejfcfú ke bd vfsfúe quk drrohú kb kstucfo ck gkrjdco. Joe nfedejfdgfketo ckb
Mdejo Guecfdb y ue kqufpo gubtfcfsjfpbfedrfo ck trdmdho, kb proykjto ad rksubtdco ke toco ue
æxfto y aoy kstä jrkjfkeco jogo nrdequfjfd d otrds jfucdcks ck Gæxfjo.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bd vfsfúe ck bd ckgdecd pukck trdesnorgdr pronuecdgketk bd vfsfúe ck
bos rkqukrfgfketos ck ue prkcfo. Eo kbdmordr ue kstucfo ck ckgdecd ks pkrckr bd oportuefcdc
ck jdpftdbfzdr ke bds ekjksfcdcks gäs nukrtks quk rkqufkrk ued zoed.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Aospftdb y jogpbkho ck joesubtorfos ke rketd.

Bd kbdmordjfúe ck procujtos jketrdcos ke kb joesugfcor sk dbjdezd d trdvæs ck bd skesfmfbfcdc

y omskrvdjfúe ckb cfskôdcor pdrd jogpdifedr bds ekjksfcdcks ckb jbfketk joe bo quk ks
gdtkrfdbgketk ndjtfmbk y kjoeúgfjdgketk vfdmbk, pkrgftfkeco quk skde mkeknfjfdcos tdeto kb
jbfketk jogo kb gkrjdco fegomfbfdrfo.
Ke eukstro projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck proykjtos, kb kstucfo ck bd ckgdecd kstä cfvfcfco
ke cos irdecks ktdpds quk eos pkrgftke dcdptdr bds akrrdgfketds kxfstketks ck cksfie
tafe`fei  ke protojobos ck deäbfsfs pdrd proykjtos kspkjçnfjos. Kstds cos ktdpds soe bds
sfiufketks8

4. Cknfefr d quæ skigketo sk qufkrk dtkeckr8

Bos proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos (sfe fgportdr su ksjdbd) eo ckmke dspfrdr d dtkeckr
gkrjdcos jogpbktos. Ckmke cktkjtdr efjaos ck djtudjfúe ke coeck skräe
protdioefstds y cdräe sketfco d bd umfjdjfúe quk sk musjd cksdrrobbdr.
=. Kstucfo ke pronuecfcdc8
[ed vkz cknfefco quæ skigketo sk vd d dtkeckr, dpdrkjke bds akrrdgfketds ckb cksfie
tafe`fei  pdrd cksjumrfr eukvds posfmfbfcdcks ck vdbor ke kb gkrjdco. Ke ksto rksfck bd
gdifd ckb cksjumrfgfketo ck vdbor.

3.:. Cknfefr d quæ skigketo sk qufkrk dtkeckr

Ckmfco d quk kstk bfmro musjd skr ue cojugketo ck joesubtd pdrd judbqufkr tfpo ck proykjtos,
ks nuecdgketdb djbdrdr bo sfiufketk8 bd ckbfgftdjfúe ckb skigketo sk trdmdhd ck gdekrd
cfnkrketk sf sk kstä cksdrrobbdeco ue procujto pdrd kb joesugfcor (M=J) o sf sk kstä
trdmdhdeco pdrd ue ekiojfo (M=M) (44)
(44).. Judeco sk adjk rknkrkejfd d ue procujto M=J pdrd kb
rdgo fegomfbfdrfo, sk fejbuyk vfvfkecd, jogkrjfo y aotkbkrçd, gfketrds quk bos procujtos
M=M dmdrjde onfjfeds y proykjtos fecustrfdbks.
Duequk ke kb jdso ck bd aotkbkrçd y ckb jogkrjfo ady ue pømbfjo fetkrgkcfo, kb gkrjdco nfedb
sfkgprk ks kb joesugfcor fecfvfcudb, gfketrds quk ke bds onfjfeds y bds edvks fecustrfdbks kb
usudrfo nfedb ks ued kgprksd.
Ke bos cksdrrobbos ck tfkrrd (bdec ckvkbopgkets ), bos tkrrkeos pdrd uso rksfckejfdb soe
jbdrdgketk pdrd kb gkrjdco M=J, gfketrds quk kb cksdrrobbo ck gdjrobotks sk cfrfik db
gkrjdco M=M.
Ke kb jdso ck bos proykjtos gfxtos quk fejbuyke dgmos procujtos (M=M, M=J), sk ckmke
jorrkr projksos feckpkecfketks pdrd jdcd uso jogo sf sk trdtdrd ck proykjtos cfnkrketks.

3.:.4. Gdekho ck sftudjfoeks M=J

Ke bos gkrjdcos jogpukstos por ued dgpbfd idgd ck pkrsoeds, kb rkto kstä ke
kejoetrdr ue skigketo ck gkrjdco bo sunfjfketkgketk pkqukôo quk pkrgftd bd
cktkjjfúe ck ue pdtrúe aogoiæeko ck prknkrkejfds, pkro d bd vkz bo
sunfjfketkgketk pronueco pdrd ikekrdr ued ckgdecd djkbkrdcd ck eukstro
proykjto. \drd ksto ekjksftdgos cfvfcfr kb gkrjdco por gkcfo ck vdrfdmbks tdetds
vkjks jogo skd ekjksdrfo adstd quk kb cksdrrobbdcor kstæ joevkejfco ckb skigketo
fcketfnfjdco.
Bds prfejfpdbks vdrfdmbks quk eos dyucde d nrdigketdr kb gkrjdco sk joeojke jogo
‒vdrfdmbks kstrujturdbks‗. [ed vdrfdmbk kstrujturdb ks bd norgd gäs skejfbbd y
kbkgketdb ck skigketdrbo. Bd gäs joeojfcd ck kstds vdrfdmbks ks bd ck efvkb
sojfokjoeúgfjo. Ikekrdbgketk, sk usd pdrd djotdr ue gkrjdco ikoiränfjo
cktkrgfedco (jfucdcks, zoeds) ke ued skrfk ck skigketos quk prksketde
jogportdgfketos ck joesugo aogoiæekos ckmfco d su efvkb ck feirkso.

Ke kb projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe trdcfjfoedb, akgos omskrvdco quk usudbgketk bds

cknfefjfoeks ck gkrjdco sk kenojde ke dedbfzdr sobo bd vdrfdmbk ckb efvkb
sojfokjoeúgfjo. Zf mfke pdrd eukstro rdgo kstd ks ued vdrfdmbk guy fgportdetk cdco
quk fcketfnfjd jdpdjfcdc ck jogprd, eo ks sunfjfketk pdrd ckbfgftdr skigketos
kstrdtæifjos.
[e kstrdtkid fegomfbfdrfo ckmk musjdr ke toco gogketo vdrfdmbks gäs knkjtfvds y
prkjfsds pdrd dedbfzdr su gkrjdco y pdrd adjkr gäs joetuecketks sus proykjtos. Bds
vdrfdmbks dcfjfoedbks pukcke skr ckgoiränfjds o psfjoiränfjds.
Ke eukstros proykjtos akgos jogpromdco quk bd vdrfdmbk ck ktdpd ck vfcd rksubtd skr
gäs øtfb pdrd eukstrd fecustrfd quk bd ck kcdc. ¿\or quæ? Ke pojds pdbdmrds, ue hovke
sobtkro ck =: dôos tfkek bds gfsgds ekjksfcdcks kspdjfdbks quk ue dcubto ck 3< dôos
quk tdgmfæe vfvk sobo. Dsfgfsgo, ue gdtrfgoefo ck 3< dôos joe cos afhos pkqukôos
sk jogportd ck gdekrd sfgfbdr quk ueo ck =; dôos joe cos afhos tdgmfæe pkqukôos.
Bd ktdpd ck vfcd ckgukstrd skr ued vdrfdmbk quk keibomd gujads ck bds djtfvfcdcks
ck bd vfcd ckb jbfketk, fejbuykeco sus ekjksfcdcks kspdjfdbks.

Ktdpds ck vfcd
Zk cknfek jogo bd sftudjfúe admftdjfoedb quk cksjrfmk gkhor bd vfcd ck ued pkrsoed
skiøe kb gogketo ke kb quk sk kejuketrk8

Aoidrks ck ued d cos pkrsoeds8

• Kb sobtkro hovke (ZH)
Kstd pombdjfúe fgpubsd ued gdyor gfirdjfúe tdeto kstucfdetfb jogo bdmordb. Bd
prfejfpdb jdrdjtkrçstfjd ks quk ckskde quk bks rksukbvde su vfcd. Bd umfjdjfúe y bd
joguefcdc ckmke fejbufr skrvfjfos quk gfefgfjke bd jdrid bdmordb (cksck dbfgketos
adstd bfgpfkzd).
• CFE@Z
Zoe bds pdrkhds sfe afhos (coumbk fejogk, eo `fcs ). Zu jdpdjfcdc ck jogprd y su
cfspoefmfbfcdc ck tfkgpo bos joevfkrtke ke ue skigketo guy fetkrksdetk. Cketro ck
sus crfvkrs ck jogprd gäs rkbkvdetks sk kejuketrde bd proykjjfúe ck bd vfvfkecd d
nuturo, su nbkxfmfbfcdc y su jdpdjfcdc ck fetkirdjfúe sojfdb.
• \dcrks sobtkros
Bos fejrkgketos ke bd tdsd ck cfvorjfos ade jdusdco ue dugketo ck kstk skigketo.
Bd jdrid quk fgpbfjd pdrd kb bçckr ckb aoidr provojd quk sus crfvkrs kstæe ke nuejfúe
ck bd djjksfmfbfcdc ke prkjfo y bd skiurfcdc.
• Dcubtos sobtkros
Zoe bos gdyorks ck :; dôos quk admftde ke ue aoidr uefpkrsoedb. Kstk skigketo
tfkek rkbdjfúe cfrkjtd joe bos tkgds ck cfvorjfos, ue dpbdzdgfketo gdyor ckb
gdtrfgoefo, ketrk otros.
• Efco vdjço
Ck bos eukvos skigketos, kb ck bos aoidrks ke bos quk bos afhos yd sdbfkroe ck jdsd
tfkek bd gdyorçd rkbdtfvd. Zfe kgmdrio, døe pojds jfucdcks ade boirdco jrkdr
procujtos joe sunfjfketk vdbor d jrftkrfo ckb skigketo pdrd skpdrdrbos ck sus jdsds ck
tocd bd vfcd. Ke bos Kstdcos [efcos, rkprksketde ueo ck bos skigketos fegomfbfdrfos
ck gdyor potkejfdb. \drd Dgærfjd Bdtfed ks qufzäs ueo ck bos gdyorks rktos quk døe
musjd ue cksdrrobbdcor quk qufkrd dsugfrbo.

Ndgfbfds eujbkdrks8
Ke kb kstucfo ck bds ndgfbfds trdcfjfoedbks ade surifco jdtkiorçds quk sk cfskôde ck
djukrco d bd kcdc ckb afho gäs pkqukôo.

• Ztdrtkr ndgfbfks
Joe efôos gkeorks d > dôos, kstk tfpo ck ndgfbfds sk jdrdjtkrfzde por jketrdr su vfcd
ke sus afhos y sus ekjksfcdcks. Bd skiurfcdc fetkrfor ks prfgorcfdb dsç jogo bds
jogocfcdcks pdrd bos pkqukôos.
• Vouta ndgfbfks
Joe efôos gdyorks d bos > y adstd bos 4> dôos, kstds ndgfbfds kstäe kspkjfdbgketk
prkojupdcds por kb tfkgpo quk pdsde sus afhos cketro ck bd jdsd. Ady irde fetkræs ke
tkekr kspdjfos ck kstucfo y ck rkjrkdjfúe dckjudcos.
• Vouei dcubt ndgfbfks
Bos afhos jrkjke y sk kgdejfpde, pkro pkrgdekjke ke bd jdsd. Bd feckpkeckejfd ck
bos afhos rkprksketd su govfbfcdc nukrd ck bd jdsd y bd ekjksfcdc ck kspdjfos prfvdcos
pdrd tocos bos gfkgmros ck bd ndgfbfd. Gfketrds quk ke kb skigketo youta sk dspfrdmd
 db kspdjfo ck joevfvkejfd, bd feckpkeckejfd rkqufkrk tdgmfæe gdyor kspdjfo prfvdco.
• Otrds ndgfbfds
Bds ndgfbfds fetkrikekrdjfoedbks o quk tkeide joadmftdetks rkprksketde kb skigketo
gäs pkqukôo. \ojo sk ad boirdco pdrd sdjdr d kstk skigketo ck bd dutojoestrujjfúe,
juyds ekjksfcdcks soe aktkroiæekds fejbuso cketro ckb gfsgo irupo.
\drd jogprkeckr bd fgportdejfd quk kstos aoidrks tfkeke, d joetfeudjfúe mrfecdgos,
d goco ck khkgpbo, bos porjketdhks quk jdcd ueo rkprksketd ke kb gkrjdco urmdeo ck
Gæxfjo d pdrtfr ckb efvkb sojfokjoeúgfjo J8

Ktdpds ck bd vfcd

Aoidrks ck ued d cos pkrsoeds

Zobtkros húvkeks (ZH) 44%
CFE@Z 9%
\dcrks sobtkros 9%
Dcubtos sobtkros ;%
Efco vdjço 4:%

Ndgfbfds eujbkdrks
Ztdrtkr ndgfbfks  4:%
Vouta ndgfbks  46%
Vouei dec dcubts ndgfbfks  =4%
Otrds ndgfbfds 3%

Ke dbiueos gkrjdcos mdstdrä joe cknfefr kb skigketo por gkcfo ck kstds cos
vdrfdmbks jbdvks (efvkb sojfokjoeúgfjo y ktdpd ck vfcd). Otros gkrjdcos gäs
pronuecos y jogpbkhos mrfecde bd posfmfbfcdc ck fejbufr ued vdrfdmbk dcfjfoedb. \or
otrd pdrtk, bds trks prfejfpdbks jfucdcks ck Gæxfjo (4=)
(4=) y
 y dbiueds jdpftdbks
jketrodgkrfjdeds (4:)
(4:) pkrgftke
 pkrgftke dbjdezdr ue tkrjkr efvkb ck skigketdjfúe. Ke bos
gkrjdcos gäs sonfstfjdcos ckb gueco, jogo Eukvd Vor`, Boecrks, So`fo y Aoei
@oei, sk rkqufkrke døe gäs vdrfdmbks. Zf mfke ke eukstro projkso ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe eo ady ue eøgkro kspkjçnfjo ck vdrfdmbks, d gkcfcd quk bds
jfucdcks dugketke su pombdjfúe, sk ckmkrä joetdr joe bd jdpdjfcdc kstrdtæifjd pdrd
skigketdr ck norgd ‒gäs nfed‗.
Judeco sk musjd ued tkrjkrd vdrfdmbk kstrujturdb pdrd ued skigketdjfúe døe gäs
djotdcd, ikekrdbgketk sk fetkird bd vdrfdmbk psfjoiränfjd. Ksto qukcd d joesfckrdjfúe
y jrftkrfo ckb cksdrrobbdcor, qufke pukck optdr por cdr prknkrkejfd d ued tkrjkrd
vdrfdmbk ckgoiränfjd.
Bd skigketdjfúe psfjoiränfjd sk omtfkek db cfvfcfr d bos jbfketks por gkcfo ck ue
gockbo joejkptudb ck pkesdgfketo. Jogo khkgpbo ck kstk tfpo ck vdrfdmbks
pkeskgos ke kb gkrjdco rksfckejfdb. Kstucfos ck omskrvdjfúe eos gostrdroe kb
fetkræs djketudco quk kxfstk ke bos jbfketks por ued cktkrgfedcd ärkd cketro ck bd
vfvfkecd.
D joetfeudjfúe prksketdgos ue ksqukgd ck skigketdjfúe norgubdco d pdrtfr ck
kxpkrfkejfds prkvfds ke eukstrds fevkstfidjfoeks. Jdmk djbdrdr quk eukstro projkso ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe eo nfhd d kstk ksqukgd jogo ombfidtorfo, sfeo quk bo prksketd
 jogo khkgpbo ck bd vdrfdmbk psfjoiränfjd.

ZKIGKESDJFÚE \ZFJOI]ÄNFJD8
jketro irdvftdjfoedb ck bd vfvfkecd

Kb jakn  Kb tkjeúnfbo Kb skesudbfstd

Jbfketk juyd vfcd sujkck Kstk jbfketk musjd kspdjfos ck Bos jbfketks skesudbfstds
ke bd jojfed, skd dgdetk kstdejfd ndgfbfdr o sdbd. Ke kstk dsojfde bd rkbdhdjfúe d su
ck kbbd o eo bo skd. Bd buidr sk kejuketrd bd admftdjfúe pkrsoedb. Ks kb
jojfed sk vukbvk kb pueto tkbkvfsfúe, d bd judb sk bk kspdjfo ke kb quk cksjdesde
ck rkuefúe ndgfbfdr y ck dôdcke jogpoeketks ck bds prksfoeks ckb cçd, y,
joevfvkejfd. Dbbç sk tkjeobúifjos. Ikekrdbgketk por bo tdeto, vdborde su
rksukbvke bos prombkgds ady sfstkgds ck ducfo y fbugfedjfúe, kspdjfo y
ndgfbfdrks y sk adjke bds vfckohukios. Db bbkidr d bd jogocfcdc. \or bo ikekrdb,
rkuefoeks cfdrfds. Zk jdsd, ks kb prfgkr buidr coeck musjde mdôos dgpbfos joe
kstucfd, sk bkk y, ke sk ckskd kstdr. Ke bd eojak, bd tfed y rkvfsde d noeco kb
ikekrdb, sk vfvk daç. Bos sdbd ck tkbk sk joevfkrtk ke kb kspdjfo ck jbúskt. Kb
jakns sukbke bbkidr d su buidr ck rkuefúe ndgfbfdr o skesudbfstd qufkrk jrkdr ue
jdsd y pdsdr por bd jojfed sojfdb. [sudbgketk bos spd ke su admftdjfúe, cdco
d vkr quæ o d qufæe sk tkjeúnfbos musjde gukmbks gäs quk daç rkeukvd bds kekriçds
kejuketrd. júgocos quk kstætfjos. ck su vfcd.

Bd skigketdjfúe psfjoiränfjd pukck kstdr mdsdcd ke judbqufkr gockbo sustketdco ke

bd omskrvdjfúe. Zkta Iocfe, ueo ck bos irdecks gkrjdcúboios ck eukstrd æpojd, fejftd
d bos kgprkeckcorks d fcketfnfjdr bds ‒trfmus‗ quk ade tkefco ue dbto fgpdjto ke kb
gkrjdco curdetk bds øbtfgds cæjdcds (43)(43)..
Db fiudb quk bds trfmus quk pombdroe bos prfgkros dsketdgfketos augdeos, bds eukvds
trfmus ckb gkrjdco sk jdrdjtkrfzde por skr ‒ue irupo ck pkrsoeds joekjtdcds ketrk sç,
joekjtdcds d ue bçckr y joekjtdcds d ued fckd‗ (Iocfe, =<<68 9).
\drd fcketfnfjdr bd cfgkesfúe ck bos skigketos, sk rkqufkrk tkekr fenorgdjfúe
dirkidcd ckb gkrjdco. Cksdnortuedcdgketk, eo ady kstucfos pømbfjos pkrfúcfjos quk
eos ketrkiuke kstd fenorgdjfúe. \or bo gfsgo, sf ue cksdrrobbdcor ckskd ikekrdrbd,
ckmkrä bbkvdr d jdmo ue kstucfo judetftdtfvo (4;)
(4;)..
Kb kstucfo joesfstk ke kejukstds quk soe dpbfjdcds dbkdtorfdgketk db skigketo
ikoiränfjo quk dtfkeck kb proykjto. Ckpkecfkeco ck bds jdrdjtkrçstfjds ckb proykjto,
sk dpbfjde nfbtros pdrd kejoetrdr bd fenorgdjfúe kxdjtd ckb prfgkr jortk kstrujturdb. Ke
bd gdyor pdrtk ck bds ojdsfoeks, bds kejukstds sk nfbtrde por gkcfo ckb efvkb
sojfokjoeúgfjo db quk sk cfrfik kb proykjto dsç jogo por bds prknkrkejfds ckb tfpo ck
fegukmbk.
Bds jukstfoeks quk fetkirde kstk kstucfo fejbuyke kb tfpo ck jogprdcor (admftdetk o
fevkrsor), kb tfpo ck fegukmbk (prfgkro o skiueco, prfgkrd o skiuecd fevkrsfúe, ktj.),
kb eøgkro ck fequfbfeos y ck admftdjfoeks, kb prksupuksto joetkgpbdco, kb ärkd ckb
fegukmbk gäs fgportdetk (psfjoirdnçd), ketrk otros.
\ostkrforgketk, bd fenorgdjfúe rkjdmdcd sk projksd pdrd su deäbfsfs, sk bbkvd d jdmo bd
prksketdjfúe ck rksubtdcos y sk kxpoeke bds joejbusfoeks y rkjogkecdjfoeks pdrd kb
 cksdrrobbo.

Bd fgportdejfd ckb skigketo gktd

Jogo akgos kxpbfjdco, bd jbdvk ck bd skigketdjfúe sk kejuketrd ke mdbdejkdr cos

dspkjtos8 dmdrjdr ue gkrjdco bo sunfjfketkgketk dgpbfo pdrd tkekr pronuecfcdc, pkro
bo sunfjfketkgketk kspkjçnfjo pdrd jrkdr kbkgketos ck vdbor puetudb quk sk trdcuzjde
ke prknkrkejfds aogoiæekds.
\drd skbkjjfoedr bos skigketos cketro ck jdcd vdrfdmbk kstrujturdb sk rkqufkrk ued
pronuecd rknbkxfúe d jdcd pdso. \or bo ikekrdb, sk cd por sketdco kb uso ck bd vdrfdmbk
ck efvkb sojfokjoeúgfjo ke judbqufkr proykjto, ckmfco d quk jdcd zoed cktkrgfed
quæ pockr dcqufsftfvo ckmke tkekr bos jbfketks pdrd djjkckr d æb. Eo omstdetk, ksto eo
sujkck joe kb rksto ck bds vdrfdmbks, bds judbks pkrgftke skr kbkifcds somrk bd mdsk ck
bd kstrdtkifd, ke buidr ck skr ued ombfidjfúe.
Ke bo quk sk rknfkrk d ktdpd ck vfcd, bds ckjfsfoeks somrk kb skigketo por kbkifr soe
togdcds joe mdsk ke dbiueds ck bds sfiufketks sftudjfoeks8

• Kb cksdrrobbdcor sk ad kspkjfdbfzdco ke ued ktdpd kspkjçnfjd.

• Kb tfpo ck fegukmbk por cksdrrobbdr kejdhd gkhor joe ued ktdpd cktkrgfedcd (por
khkgpbo, bos ckpdrtdgketos pkqukôos pdrd sobtkros).
• Ke bd zoed ady gdyor prkpoeckrdejfd ck ued ktdpd ck vfcd somrk bds ckgäs.
• Bd gdyor pdrtk ck bos jogprdcorks provfkeke ck ued ktdpd kspkjçnfjd.
• Otrds.

Jdso8 Aogks nor adppy `fcs

 ]kbkdre8 Kb proykjto sk cfrfifú db skigketo ck stdrtkr ndgfbfks  (afhos <-; dôos). Bos kstucfos
fcketfnfjdroe bd somrkfgportdejfd ckb mkmæ ke bd vfcd cfdrfd ck bd ndgfbfd. Ke ksd ktdpd ck
vfcd, toco ifrd dbrkckcor ck æb -quæ afzo, quæ bk iustd, júgo cdrbk nkbfjfcdc-.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Zk cfskôú ued jdsd pkesdcd pdrd bos mkmæs ke buidr ck pdrd bds ndgfbfds. Zk
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
dirkiú ue keorgk rksmdbdckro ke bds ksjdbkrds ck bd jdsd quk mdhd ckb skiueco pfso db ärkd
sojfdb, bos dpdidcorks sk jobojdroe d ue efvkb mdho pdrd quk bos efôos pucfkrde prkeckr y
dpdidr bds bujks, gfketrds quk bos kejaunks sk festdbdroe d jfkrtd dbturd pdrd kvftdr djjfcketks.
Zk dirkiú ue tdpdejo** ke bd rkjägdrd skjuecdrfd pdrd jrkdr ued ‒jdsd ke kb ärmob‗ fetkrfor.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Kb procujto sk vobvfú vfrdb ke su gkrjdco y ikekrú rksubtdcos
kxtrdorcfedrfos ck vketd. Kenojdrsk ke
ke ue sobo sumskigketo
sumskigketo ck ndgfbfds rksubtú
rksubtú gäs rketdmbk
rketdmbk
quk musjdr ikekrdr ue procujto pdrd tocos .

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Aoidrks sumurmdeos, vfvfkecd efvkb rksfckejfdb ([ZC =<<.<<< prkjfo

progkcfo).

** ‒Sdpdejo‗ sk rknfkrk d ued pkqukôd ärkd quk sk boird db jrkdr ued cfvfsfúe aorfzoetdb gkcfdetk bd judb sk ikekrd ue ketrkpfso
ck mdhd dbturd.
Ke bd vdrfdmbk psfjoiränfjd, bd skbkjjfúe ck skigketos sk bbkvd d jdmo mdho kb
jrftkrfo kstrdtæifjo ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo. Ke ojdsfoeks, bos kstucfos
judetftdtfvos, quk cktkrgfede bd cfgkesfúe ck bos skigketos, drrohde fenorgdjfúe
vdbfosd somrk juäbks soe dqukbbos cksdtkecfcos ke kb gkrjdco. Bd bdmor ckb
cksdrrobbdcor kstä ke boirdr ue mdbdejk ketrk bos skigketos gäs fgportdetks y bos
kspdjfos cksdtkecfcos.
\drd dgpbfdr kstk tkgd, suikrfgos bkkr kb dekxo tæjefjo db nfedb ckb jdpçtubo.

Gkrjdcos jogkrjfdbks

Ke bos skigketos jogkrjfdbks, bo prfgkro quk ady quk joesfckrdr ks bd kxfstkejfd

ck gkrjdcos fetkrgkcfos. Zk trdtd ck ued jdcked quk poskk vdrfos ksbdmoeks adstd
bbkidr db usudrfo nfedb, quk ks kb vfsftdetk. Bos fevkrsfoefstds jogprde bojdbks quk
ckspuæs rketde d bos bojdtdrfos, qufkeks drrkecde y, nfedbgketk, dtfkecke db
joesugfcor nfedb.
[eo ck bos prfejfpdbks krrorks ke bos kstucfos jogkrjfdbks ks pkesdr quk bos
gkrjdcos fetkrgkcfos soe kb omhktfvo ck bd fevkstfidjfúe. Ke kstk tfpo ck gkrjdco,
jogøegketk, kb jbfketk db quk sk bk vkeck eo ks kb usudrfo nfedb. Ksto ojdsfoed ued
skrfd omstrujjfúe ke bd vfsfmfbfcdc ck bos usudrfos nfedbks. Ke bd cknfefjfúe ck bos
skigketos tkekgos quk kenojdreos ke bos usudrfos nfedbks, puks skräe kbbos bos quk
gotfvdräe tocd bd jdcked kjoeúgfjd.
 [e sdbto ck nk

\drd pockr fefjfdr joe bd sfiufketk ndsk ckb projkso, ks nuecdgketdb tkekr
fcketfnfjdco kb skigketo ck gkrjdco. Ketrdr ke kstd prúxfgd ktdpd joe ue
skigketo ckgdsfdco irdeck jogprogktk bds posfmfbfcdcks ck æxfto ck bds
akrrdgfketds ck fevkstfidjfúe. \or otro bdco, feirksdr joe ue skigketo ckgdsfdco
pkqukôo poek ke rfksio bd dmsorjfúe jogpbktd ckb proykjto. Ke øbtfgd festdejfd, bd
skbkjjfúe ckb skigketo ks ued ckjfsfúe kstrdtæifjd. Ks nuecdgketdb quk sk togk ke
joeskeso joe bos djtorks prfejfpdbks ckb cksdrrobbo y sk dedbfjke bos cfnkrketks
ksjkedrfos.
Ke kb tdrikt  eo
 eo vkecks, tk jogprde.

3.:.=. \rojksos ck proykjtos M=M

Bos ekiojfos M=M sk kenojde ke dtkeckr kb gkrjdco ck bds kgprksds, ke buidr ck d

bos joesugfcorks. Kb prfejfpdb prombkgd quk kenrketdgos ke kstos gkrjdcos ks bd
ksjdskz ck fenorgdjfúe ck cfgkesfoedgfketo ikekrdb. Gfketrds quk ke bos ck
joesugfcorks ady cdtos kstdcçstfjos kstdecdrfzdcos y jbdros, ksto eo sujkck ke bo quk
sk rknfkrk d fenorgdjfúe ck diketks kjoeúgfjos kgprksdrfdbks.
Bds dikejfds iumkredgketdbks kstucfde d bds kgprksds por eøgkro ck kgpbkdcos y
por rumro, pkro ke ojdsfoeks ksto eo cfjk gujao somrk sus prknkrkejfds kspdjfdbks, ck
oridefzdjfúe y ck kstrujturd nçsfjd. Bdgketdmbkgketk, ke ikekrdb, bd fenorgdjfúe joe
bd quk sk juketd somrk bds kgprksds eo ks bd fcúekd pdrd togdr ckjfsfoeks ke kb rdgo
fegomfbfdrfo. Zf mfke ke jdcd pdçs ks cfnkrketk bd fenorgdjfúe cfspoefmbk, kstd sk
utfbfzd ikekrdbgketk pdrd kb jäbjubo ck procujjfúe mrutd y eo pdrd kb nuejfoedgfketo
nçsfjo, por bo quk bd fenorgdjfúe pukck sksidr db deäbfsfs.
Detk ue pdeordgd ke kb quk bd fenorgdjfúe kstdcçstfjd somrk bd pronuecfcdc ckb
gkrjdco kstä fejoejbusd, ckmkgos cksjdrtdr bd skigketdjfúe por cfvfsfúe proirksfvd.
Ck gdekrd nfiurdtfvd, sf eo sk joeojk kb tdgdôo totdb ckb pdstkb (kb gkrjdco), skrä
cfnçjfb jortdr rkmdedcds por gkcfo ck bds vdrfdmbks kstrujturdbks quk cknfefgos ke kb
jdpçtubo ck M=J.
Ke buidr ck kbkifr ue skigketo ke kspkjçnfjo, ke kb gkrjdco M=M sk ckmk cknfefr ue
pkrnfb quk rkgftd db prototfpo ck jbfketk d qufke cfrfifgos kb proykjto. D su vkz, sk
togde vdrfdmbks cksjrfptfvds pdrd ikekrdr afpútksfs somrk cfnkrketks pkrnfbks ck
kgprksds kxfstketks ke kb gkrjdco.
Ketrk bds vdrfdmbks cksjrfptfvds quk sk utfbfzde jogøegketk ke kb gkrjdco ck onfjfed
ckstdjde bds sfiufketks8

Gotfvdcor ck bd ekjksfcdc8 kgprksds ke kxpdesfúe, ke rkumfjdjfúe o eukvds.

Sfpo ck festdbdjfúe8 jorpordtfvd jketrdb, skck rkifoedb, mdj` onnfjk , onfjfed ck
ckpdrtdgketo.
Eøgkro ck kgpbkdcos ke bd umfjdjfúe kspkjçnfjd.
Kstrujturd hkrärqufjd, efvkbks y cfgkesfúe ke bd umfjdjfúe kspkjçnfjd.
 Duequk kstds vdrfdmbks pkrgftke ketkeckr kb jogportdgfketo ck bd ckgdecd, eo
posfmfbftde cktkrgfedr bd jdetfcdc ck uefcdcks kjoeúgfjds quk kxfstke ke ksk pkrnfb
ke kspkjçnfjo.
\drd cdr sobujfúe akgos fetkirdco ke eukstros projksos ue soecko pdrd ketrkvfstdr d
bos togdcorks ck ckjfsfoeks ck kgprksds joe kb pkrnfb gktd. Joe ksto sk musjd
fcketfnfjdr ekjksfcdcks ke ued gukstrd ck kgprksds juyds ekjksfcdcks jorrkspoecde
por bo gkeos db ::% ckb ärkd ckb proykjto. Kstk fecfjdcor ks jogpbkgketdco joe
fenorgdjfúe afstúrfjd ck bd onkrtd ke tærgfeos ck bd dmsorjfúe kspkjçnfjd ckb pkrnfb
jogketdco. Bd kvfckejfd judetftdtfvd prkbfgfedr pkrgftk tkekr ue soportk fefjfdb pdrd
bd hustfnfjdjfúe ckb skigketo kstrdtæifjo.

Jdso8 Iudedhudto \ukrto Fetkrfor

 ]kbkdre8 Bds joecfjfoeks gdjrokjoeúgfjds postkrforks d bd jrfsfs guecfdb ckb =<<1 ckhdroe d
Gæxfjo ke ued posfjfúe gäs dtrdjtfvd quk Jafed pdrd gujads kgprksds gdeundjturkrds.
Detk kso sk fejrkgketú bd fevkrsfúe kxtrdehkrd cfrkjtd d Gæxfjo. [e kstucfo ck prknkrkejfds
fecustrfdbks rkvkbú quk ue irde nrkeo d bd bbkidcd ck gäs kgprksds krde bds fevkrsfoeks quk
tkeçde quk adjkr fecfvfcudbgketk kstds ke tkgds ck fenrdkstrujturd. Bbkidr d tkrrkeos
sumurmdeos dfsbdcos krd guy jostoso por bos vdborks dcfjfoedbks quk rkqukrçd.
Dcfjfoedbgketk, bos pdrquks fecustrfdbks eo ikekrdmde ue vdbor dirkidco, yd quk sobo krde
botks joe skrvfjfos ck gdyor prkjfo y sfe ued hustfnfjdjfúe ‒ke ohos ckb jbfketk‗.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Ke ue fgprksfoedetk ksnukrzo ck jobdmordjfúe pømbfjo-prfvdcd, kb
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
Iomfkreo ckb kstdco ck Iudedhudto hueto joe ue kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo jrkdroe Iudedhudto
\ukrto Fetkrfor, ue pdrquk coeck sk fetkirdmde ke ue sobo sftfo tocos bos rkqukrfgfketos ck
kgprksds gdeundjturkrds fecustrfdbks. Ke kb pdrquk sk cksdrrobbdroe jbçefjds ck dsfstkejfd
gæcfjd, kstdjfúe ck mogmkros, ue kcfnfjfo ck onfjfeds pdrd bd bbkidcd ck kqufpos ck trdmdho,
ued ksjukbd tæjefjd joe jdpdjfcdc pdrd gfbks ck kgpbkdcos, ketrk otros. Dcfjfoedb d kstos
vdborks fefjfdbks, dyucdgos d cktkrgfedr bds dgkefcdcks quk sk dirkidrçde ke bds ärkds ck
skrvfjfos prkvfstds pdrd kb pdrquk. Zk fetkirdroe mockids bfikrds pdrd provkkcorks, kspdjfos
pdrd aotkbkrçd musfekss jbdss , ärkds jogkrjfdbks pdrd tkgds ck joevkefkejfd y skrvfjfos, ue
kspdjfo pdrd ue G]O (provkkcor ck tkgds ck gdetkefgfketo y rkpdrdjfúe ck opkrdjfoeks),
dsç jogo ue jbum khkjutfvo quk cotdrä ck kspdjfos ck soportk pdrd bds onfjfeds.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Due bos proykjtos quk pdrkjke gäs kstätfjos ‒bos pdrquks fecustrfdbks‗ sk
kejuketrde suhktos d trdesnorgdjfúe. Kb rkto kstä ke nuejfúe ck joeojkr gkhor db jbfketk y sus
ekjksfcdcks.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Botks fecustrfdbks ke vketd.

Ks fecfspkesdmbk tkekr cknfefcd bd kgprksd pkrnfb pdrd pockr dvdezdr d bd sfiufketk

ktdpd ckb projkso ck rkdprkecfzdhk ck gkrjdco. Bd skbkjjfúe ckb skigketo gktd sk
joevfkrtk ke ued ck bds ckjfsfoeks gäs trdsjkecketks ke kb projkso ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe, porquk irde pdrtk ckb æxfto o nrdjdso ks rksubtdco ck admkr
rkspoecfco jorrkjtd o fejorrkjtdgketk db pømbfjo. \or kbbo ckmk skr ued ckjfsfúe
joeskesudcd ketrk bos djtorks, joe ued gkcftdjfúe pronuecd ck adjfd cúeck sk qufkrk
 bbkidr.

9- ‒Hukio ck sugd jkro‗ (ke feibæs, zkro sug idgk)

idgk) cksjrfmk ued sftudjfúe ke bd quk bd idedejfd ck ue pdrtfjfpdetk sk kqufbfmrd
joe kxdjtftuc joe bds pærcfcds o idedejfds ck bos otros p drtfjfpdetks.
1- Akurçstfjd ks bd jdpdjfcdc ck feeovdr ck norgd fegkcfdtd y posftfvd pdrd bd rksobujfúe ck prombkgds. Sdgmfæe ks kb
cksjumrfgfketo y bd fevkejfúe ck fckds pdrd dbjdezdr bos omhktfvos nfhdcos gkcfdetk bd jrkdtfvfcdc y kb pkesdgfketo bdtkrdb.
6- Gdrtfe, ]oikr. ‒Sak Cksfie on Musfekss‗, ke ]oikr Gdrtfe y @drke Jarfstkeske (jogp),  ]otgde oe Cksfie.  Jdedcä8
oe Cksfie.
[efvkrsfty on Soroeto \rkss, =<4:, päi. 4;-41.
4<-- Zk gdetfkek bd irdnçd ke feibæs pdrd joeskrvdr kb sfiefnfjdco orfifedb.
4<
44-- Ke vketds y gdr`ktfei, M=M (ckb feibæs musfekss to musfekss ) cd juketd ck bds opkrdjfoeks ketrk kgprksds. Kb joesugfcor ks
44
otrd kgprksd. Ke tdeto, M=J (ckb feibæs musfekss to joesugkr ) sk rknfkrk d bd rkbdjfúe ketrk kgprksd y joesugfcor fecfvfcudb.
4=-- Cfstrfto Nkckrdb, Goetkrrky, Iudcdbdhdrd.
4=
4:-- Iudtkgdbd, Kb Zdbvdcor y Jostd ]fjd.
4:
43-- Iocfe, Zkta. Srfmus . Mdrjkboed, Kspdôd8 Ikstfúe =<<<, =<<6.
43
4;-- \drd dgpbfdr kstk tkgd suikrfgos bkkr kb dekxo tæjefjo.
4; tæjefjo.
DEKQO SÆJEFJO

Fetrocujjfúe db dekxo tæjefjo

Ke dbiueos proykjtos sk bk cd norgdbfcdc gdtkgätfjd d bd skbkjjfúe ckb skigketo gktd. Kstd
norgdbfcdc sk boird joe ued skrfk ck núrgubds quk kgpbkde rknkrkejfds pdrdgætrfjds. Bos
fecfjdcorks soe procujto ck eukstrd fevkstfidjfúe y ckmke togdrsk jogo ued prfgkrd
dproxfgdjfúe pdrd skigketdr kb gkrjdco gktd. Zf sk qufkrk adjkr ued skigketdjfúe kxdjtd, sk
ckmkräe bbkvdr d jdmo bos deäbfsfs kxadustfvos.
[ed vkz quk sk jogpbktd kb projkso ck rknbkxfúe y sk togde bds ckjfsfoeks pkrtfeketks, bos
skigketos kbkifcos sk ckmke pockr kxprksdr näjfbgketk.
Jogo khkgpbo, togdrkgos ue proykjto ck rksfckejfds vkrtfjdbks quk cknfek su skigketo joe trks
vdrfdmbks cfnkrketks0 jdcd ued boird rkcujfr døe gäs eukstro gkrjdco8
^4- \ømbfjo ck EZK M, J+8 cdcd bd umfjdjfúe y bos efvkbks ck prkjfo dsojfdcos d bd omrd.
^=- Ktdpds ck vfcd8 sobtkro hovke y pdrkhds sfe afhos (CFE@Z), porquk bos ckpdrtdgketos
nuejfoede gkhor ke bds ktdpds ck sobo dcubtos –sfe efôos–.
^:- Jketro irdvftdjfoedb ck bd vfvfkecd8 skesudbfstds, cdco quk kb kstucfo rknbkhú quk cfjao
skigketo kstä cksdtkecfco.
\drd pockr poekr ke präjtfjd eukstrd núrgubd, usdrkgos jogo gukstrd bos porjketdhks ck bd
pombdjfúe ck Gæxfjo.

Sdgdôo ckb skigketo

Kstk vdbor sk omtfkek ck skigketdr eukstro gkrjdco. Sogdrkgos jogo khkgpbo quk eukstro
gkrjdco gktd8 pkrtkekjk db skigketo M, J+, d su vkz sk kejuketrd ke bd ktdpd ck bd vfcd ZH y
CFE@Z, y, d su vkz, cketro ckb skigketo psfjoiränfjo skesudbfstd (ZKEZ).
Joe kstos cdtos, frkgos djotdeco bd jdetfcdc ck eukstros jbfketks8

Joe bd ^4, eukstro skigketo qukcdrçd8

3.<<<.<<< * <,4; 7 ><<.<<<

Bukio sk skigketd joe bd ^=8

><<.<<< * <,41 7 4<1.<<<

V por øbtfgo, bd ^:8

4<1.<<< * <,=; 7 =9.<<<

[ed vkz fcketfnfjdco kb skigketo gktd, ckmkgos projkckr d vdbfcdr quk skd dckjudco pdrd
sostkekr kb proykjto. Eo ady ued núrgubd øefjd quk ndjfbftk bd vdbfcdjfúe ck skigketos kbkifcos
pdrd gøbtfpbks gkrjdcos. Zfe kgmdrio, ke bos projksos ck cksdrrobbo coeck eos akgos
fevobujrdco, kstfpubdgos ued vfsfúe quk pkrgftk cknfefr sf kb skigketo ksjoifco ks bo
sunfjfketkgketk irdeck pdrd rkjfmfr kb proykjto.

\drd pockr rkdbfzdr bd jogpromdjfúe, utfbfzdgos bd sfiufketk búifjd gdtkgätfjd8

[p ≣ \gc* (Kprdv) * S

[p 7 [efcdcks ckb proykjto

\gc 7 \drtfjfpdjfúe ckb gkrjdco ckskdcd
Kprdv 7 Kstfgdjfúe pdrdgætrfjd ck bos rkqukrfgfketos deudbks ck vfvfkecd. Jogo rkibd ikekrdb
togdgos quk su vdbor ks 4%
S 7 Sfkgpo ke dôos ckb proykjto

Khkgpbo fbustrdtfvo
Skefkeco ke juketd kb khkgpbo quk vkefgos utfbfzdeco, dpbfjdrkgos ued núrgubd pdrd jogpromdr
sf kb tdgdôo ck eukstro gkrjdco pkrgftfrä sostkekr eukstro proykjto. ]kpdskgos bos cdtos8
Jfucdc Q ‚ \roykjto dmdrjd d iketk ck tocd bd jfucdc
\ombdjfúe8 3.<<<.<<< ck admftdetks
^drfdmbk kstrujturdb 48 EZK 7 M, J+
^drfdmbk kstrujturdb =8 Ktdpd ck vfcd 7 sobtkros húvkeks, CFE@Z y ZKEZ
Sdgdôo ckb skigketo 7 sk rkcuho d =9.<<< pkrsoeds ke kb skigketo gktd

Daord ckmkrkgos jdbjubdr bos rkqukrfgfketos deudbks ck vfvfkecd pdrd ksk skigketo0 jogo rkibd
pdrdgætrfjd0 utfbfzdgos kb jrkjfgfketo pombdjfoedb ck bd jfucdc, pdrd kb jdso kb 4%. Tukcdrçd8
=9.<<< * <,<4 7 =9< uefcdcks db dôo sk vkeckräe ke ksk skigketo

[ed vkz jdbjubdco kb Kprdv, bbkid kb gogketo ck jdbjubdr bd jdetfcdc ck uefcdcks quk ckmkrä
tkekr kb proykjto ([p), y pdrd ksto ckmkrkgos tkekr ke juketd kstos cdtos8
\drtfjfpdjfúe ck gkrjdco ckskdcd (\gc) 7 4<%
Sfkgpo ckb proykjto (S) 7 = dôos

\or bo tdeto, skiøe bd fenorgdjfúe joe bd quk joetdgos, bd núrgubd qukcdrçd ck bd sfiufketk
gdekrd8
[p ≣ \gc * (Kprdv) * S
[p ≣ <.4< * =9< *=
[p ≣ ;3
Kb proykjto fckdb ks ck ;3 uefcdcks o gkeos pdrd ksk skigketo.
Fgpbfjdjfoeks ck bd núrgubd
[e proykjto gdyor d ;3 uefcdcks kstdrä ke rfksio ck kenrketdr d ue gkrjdco guy pkqukôo pdrd
ued räpfcd dmsorjfúe.
Kb skigketo ckgukstrd skr bo sunfjfketkgketk kspkjçnfjo pdrd jrkdr ue posfjfoedgfketo
protdiúefjo. Zf kb tdgdôo ckb proykjto quk drrohd bd núrgubd ks trks vkjks gdyor db eøgkro ck
uefcdcks quk prktkeck bdezdr db gkrjdco, ketoejks kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmkrä jukstfoedrsk sf
ckmkrä skigketdr gäs nfeo. Ks fgportdetk rkjorcdr quk bd rkibd ks8 qukrkgos ue skigketo ck
gkrjdco bo sunfjfketkgketk pkqukôo quk pkrgftd bd cktkjjfúe ck ue pdtrúe aogoiæeko ck
prknkrkejfds, pkro d bd vkz bo sunfjfketkgketk pronueco pdrd rkjfmfr eukstro proykjto. Bd ckjfsfúe
ckb skigketo quk sk dtkeckrä ke kb proykjto ks ue jrftkrfo kstrdtæifjo quk ckmkrä skr cknfefco por
kb cksdrrobbdcor y ck djukrco d su pkrnfb ck prknkrkejfds ke judeto d su propkesfúe db rfksio.

Eotd djbdrdtorfd8 kstk gætoco ck trdmdho eo joecfjfoed bds vketds ckb proykjto sobo adjfd ksk
skigketo. Zoe mfkevkefcos tocos bos fetkirdetks ck otros skigketos quk sk fcketfnfquke joe
dbiøe rdsio ck bd propukstd ck vdbor. Bo fgportdetk ks nfhdr bd gfrdcd ke ue skigketo jbdvk
curdetk kb projkso ck cktkjjfúe ck ekjksfcdcks, pdrd tkekr ued vfsfúe jbdrd ck adjfd cúeck sk
cfrfik kb proykjto.
3.3. Kstucfdr ke pronuecfcdc kb skigketo dtkecfco
Ke bds päifeds detkrforks rkvfsdgos kb gkjdefsgo kspkjçnfjo pdrd skbkjjfoedr kb skigketo gktd.
[ed vkz quk sk ad cknfefco y quk kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo vdbfcd bd ckjfsfúe, sk fefjfd kb projkso
pdrd fevkstfidr joe eukvos ohos bds ekjksfcdcks ck ksk skigketo.
Ke kstd ktdpd sk musjd rkdbfzdr ued fegkrsfúe pronuecd ke bds ekjksfcdcks ck eukstro jbfketk pdrd
fcketfnfjdr eukvos kbkgketos ck vdbor. Ke prfejfpfo, kstk keuejfdco pdrkjk fecfjdr quk kstdgos
fetrocujfkeco bd kbdmordjfúe ck kstucfos ck gkrjdco trdcfjfoedbks, bos judbks drrohde
fenorgdjfúe somrk kb pømbfjo gkcfdetk ued vfsfúe ikekrdb. Zfe kgmdrio, jogo yd akgos
keuejfdco, eukstro propúsfto ke kstk projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe ks cfstdejfdreos ck kstds
trdcfjfoed
trdcfjfoedbks gktocoboiçds.

¿Ck cúeck vfkeke bos adbbdzios?

[sudbgketk, ke kb jdeoe ck bos kstucfos ck gkrjdco, bds akrrdgfketds tfkeke jogo nfedbfcdc
fetkirdr ued sçetksfs ikekrdb somrk bds prknkrkejfds y rkjdmdr bds rkspukstds dpoydcds por bd
gdyorçd ck bd pombdjfúe. Kstds sk dskgkhde d bds kejukstds ke bds quk sk cktkrgfede bos
idedcorks ck ued joetfkecd pobçtfjd, coeck bds opfefoeks gäs rkjurrketks soe bds quk trfuende.
Due judeco bos kstucfos sk nojdbfzde adjfd ue gfsgo skigketo, kb omhktfvo ks rkuefr bos
rksubtdcos ke ued sobd vfsfúe quk keibomk d bd gdyorçd. Kstk jogportdgfketo fgpbfjd ued vfsfúe
bfekdb quk sk kenojd ke ued øefjd gfed ck joeojfgfketo (4>)
(4>)..
Ke jdgmfo, ke bd fegkrsfúe quk rkqufkrk eukstro projkso sk rkkgpbdzd bd vfsfúe bfekdb por ued
vfsfúe gubtfjdgfeos quk fejbuyk, jogo gçefgo, bd møsqukcd ck judtro promdmbks gfeds ck
joeojfgfketo.

4>-- Gfed ck joeojfgfketo ks ue sujkso o nkeúgkeo quk pukck dpdrkjkr d bo bdrio ckb projkso ck norgd sutfb o kvfcketk.
4>
]kprksketd ued nuketk ck fenorgdjfúe vdbfosd somrk bos fetkrksks eo joenksdcos ck bd ckgdecd. Zfe kgmdrio, db fiudb quk sujkck
ke ued gfed nçsfjd, sk rkqufkrke ksnukrzo y ckstrkzd pdrd su cksjumrfgfketo.
GFED CK JOEOJFGFKESO
D joetfeudjfúe, cksjrfmfgos judtro norgds ck omtkekr joejbusfoeks somrk bd ckgdecd quk
dtkeckgos. Bos pdrtfjfpdetks ke bos rkjursos ck fevkstfidjfúe ckmke cfrfifr bd gfrdcd adjfd bos
judtro jdgfeos sfgubtäekdgketk. Kstd admfbfcdc rkqufkrk präjtfjd. Bos judtro sujksos sk pukcke
kejoetrdr ke ued gfsgd akrrdgfketd ck fegkrsfúe, duequk dbiueos prksketde gdyor jogpbkhfcdc
pdrd skr cktkjtdcos. Bds skôdbks cæmfbks (wkd` sfiedbs ), por khkgpbo, duequk soe cfnçjfbks ck
bojdbfzdr, rkprksketde ue irde vdbor pdrd bd fevkstfidjfúe, yd quk dportde fenorgdjfúe
nuecdgketdb somrk bds nuturds tkeckejfds ckb gkrjdco

\rfejfpfo
Gfed Gkjdefsgo ^dbor
oridefzdcor

Kejoetrdr ue pdtrúe sfgfbdr ke bds

rkspukstds. [efnfjdr ue joejkpto db
\dtrúe \BDSD.
]kpktfjfúe ckb joejkpto ke bds kejoetrdr ue ‒pdtrúe‗.
akrrdgfketds ck fevkstfidjfúe.

Jdso dtçpfjo quk ikekrd kgpdtçd

ketrk bos jbfketks db cksjumrfrsk.
Zkôdb
cæmfb Adbbdzio quk joetfkek Joejkpto øefjo ‒vfrdb‗. O]O.
fenorgdjfúe vftdb somrk bd
ckgdecd.

\rforfzdr bos cfnkrketks dtrfmutos. ^dbordjfúe por kb jbfketk. Ks

Joejkptos Kb jbfketk poskk kb joejkpto ke su sfiefnfjdtfvo judeco sk
jbdvk M]OEJK.
gketk, kb fevkstfidcor ckmk jogprkeck su fgportdejfd ke
cktkjtdrbo. kb kstucfo.

Fcketfnfjdr kb projkso
joejkptudb y dpbfjdrbo.
Zfstkgd Jrkdr ue gockbo ck ckjfsfúe
o gockbo Gukstrd júgo kb sfstkgd M]OEJK.
joejkptudb.
trdmdhd y prkcfjk su
jogportdgfketo.

Bds gfeds ck joeojfgfketo soe bos judtro omhktfvos quk ckmkgos tkekr ke gketk curdetk kb
projkso ck fegkrsfúe. Ks ue jdgmfo ck vfsfúe quk ckmk dcoptdr kb kqufpo kejdridco ck bds
akrrdgfketds pdrd gdxfgfzdr bd pronuecfcdc ck bos adbbdzios.
Ck kstds gfeds ck joeojfgfketo, bds skôdbks cæmfbks soe ck kspkjfdb fgportdejfd pdrd eukstro
projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe. [ed skôdb cæmfb ks ued fckd quk sk gdefnfkstd ke dbiued ck bds
akrrdgfketds ck fevkstfidjfúe y quk fgpdjtd ke bd gketk ckb ketrkvfstdcor. Db vobvkr d
jogketdr kstk adbbdzio rksubtd sorprksfvdgketk fetuftfvo. Bd admfbfcdc, kxpkrfkejfd y
jdpdjfcdc ckb fevkstfidcor ks bo quk bk pkrgftfrä cktkjtdr kstds skôdbks cæmfbks.
Judeco kstd fckd rkirksd d otros ketrkvfstdcos ckb skigketo gktd, due judeco kbbos eo bo
adyde gkejfoedco jogo tkgd fgportdetk, sç vke quk bo ks. Ks nuecdgketdb adjkr æendsfs ke
quk eo sk musjd ue jogportdgfketo ck bd gdyorçd ef ued fckd popubdr, sfeo quk skd ued fckd
øefjd quk tkeid kjo ke kb gkrjdco gktd.
Daord mfke, kb projkso ck fegkrsfúe quk propoekgos kstä kbdmordco somrk bd mdsk ck
joehuidr vdrfds akrrdgfketds. Dbiueds ck kbbds soe propukstds ck eukstro kqufpo ck trdmdho,
gfketrds quk otrds pkrtkekjke d houredbs y uefvkrsfcdcks ck feeovdjfúe. Zk ckstdjd kb jdso
ck C. Zjaoob ck Ztdenorc (49)
(49),, ke coeck edjfú irde pdrtk ck bd tkorçd gockred ck feeovdjfúe
quk sdjuck d vdrfds fecustrfds.
Ke kb projkso ck fegkrsfúe pronuecd, kb kqufpo ckmk kgpbkdr bds akrrdgfketds ekjksdrfds
adstd kstdr sdtfsnkjao joe bd fenorgdjfúe rkjdmdcd, sfe quk ksto fgpbfquk vfobdr bds
rkstrfjjfoeks tkgpordbks ckb proykjto. Kb nkeúgkeo ck kgpbkdr gäs ck ued akrrdgfketd sk
kxpbfjd gkhor joe bd tkorçd ckb pobçioeo. Zkiøe kstd tkorçd, joenorgk sk dirkide gäs
kbkgketos, sk omskrvd júgo bd fckd vd jdgmfdeco, adstd quk judeco tfkek gäs ck skfs bdcos,
bds cfnkrkejfds sk torede sutfbks y bukio dpkeds pkrjkptfmbks. Ks ckjfr, bbkid ue gogketo ke
coeck bd kbdmordjfúe ck ued akrrdgfketd gäs yd eo jdgmfd crdgätfjdgketk bd norgd ck bd
nfiurd.

Otrd fgportdetk jdrdjtkrçstfjd ck bd jdhd ck akrrdgfketds ke eukstro projkso ck fegkrsfúe ks

quk sk kejuketrd ke joestdetk cfedgfsgo. Eo sk trdtd ck dbio fegutdmbk, sfeo quk joenorgk
dvdezd kb tfkgpo, sk dirkide eukvds akrrdgfketds quk pkrgdekjke bfstds pdrd bos proykjtos.
Kstk gkjdefsgo ck jdgmfo ad sfco posfmbk irdjfds d bos kxpkrtos ke feeovdjfúe, bds
kxpkrfkejfds fetkredjfoedbks y bos jdsos ck æxfto.
D joetfeudjfúe, sk kxpoeke dbiueds ck bds akrrdgfketds gäs fgportdetks quk ade ikekrdco
gdyor vdbor ke eukstros proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos. Due dsç, rkftkrdgos quk eo sk trdtd ck ued
bfstd øefjd, sfeo ck ue pueto ck pdrtfcd quk pukck skr jogpbkgketdco por otrds akrrdgfketds
propukstds por kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo.
Bd kbdmordjfúe ck kstos kstucfos kstä ke gdeos ckb kqufpo ck fevkstfidjfúe, quk pukck kstdr
joenorgdco por kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo o skr kxtkreo d æb. Ck judbqufkr norgd, ks
nuecdgketdb quk pdrtfjfpk curdetk tocd bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe.

3.3.4. \dfestorg

Kb omhktfvo ck kstd akrrdgfketd ks joeojkr bds rdzoeks ck fesdtfsndjjfúe por bds quk
eo ade kbkifco ue fegukmbk ketrk bd jogpktkejfd dqukbbos quk yd ade kstdco ke kb
projkso ck jogprd curdetk ue pkrçoco cktkrgfedco. D trdvæs ckb deäbfsfs ck kstd
fenorgdjfúe sk fetketd cktkjtdr bds skôdbks cæmfbks (wkd` sfiedbs),  quk sk trdcujke
jogo dqukbbds ekjksfcdcks y ckskos quk bd ckgdecd eo ad joenksdco.
Kstd akrrdgfketd sk jdrdjtkrfzd por kstdr cfrfifcd d kstucfdr d ue skjtor kspkjçnfjo ck
jbfketks. Zk trdtd ckb skigketo ck bd ckgdecd quk ad tkefco joetdjto cfrkjto joe bd
onkrtd, porquk ad vfsftdco cfnkrketks proykjtos ke su fetkræs por dcqufrfr ue fegukmbk,
pkro døe eo sk ad ckjfcfco por ueo.
 \dfestorg kstä cfskôdco pdrd kstucfdr toco tfpo ck jogpbkho, cksck vfvfkecd, onfjfed
k fecustrfdb adstd jogkrjfdb. Bd gktocoboiçd pdrtk ck rkuefr ued gukstrd ck usudrfos
quk ade fco db gkrjdco y joeojfco bd onkrtd, pkro eo sk ade joevkejfco ke su
totdbfcdc. Ke nuejfúe ck ketkeckr bos ndjtorks ck jrçtfjd, sk cktkjtde bds skôdbks
cæmfbks.
Kb tdgdôo ck bd gukstrd ckpkeck búifjdgketk ckb tfpo ck procujto. Ke proykjtos
rksfckejfdbks, akgos tkefco gukstrds ck gäs ck jfke jbfketks surifcds ck bds bfstds ck
otros proykjtos. Ke bos jdsos fecustrfdbks, sukbk skr sunfjfketk rkdbfzdr judtro o jfejo
ketrkvfstds d kgprksds jbdvk. Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk dedbfzdr tdeto bd
cfspoefmfbfcdc ck fenorgdjfúe jogo bds posfmfbfcdcks pdrd ikekrdr kstos joetdjtos, bo
quk ke bd präjtfjd rkprksketd ued cfnçjfb tdrkd.
Ckpkecfkeco ck bd jdetfcdc ck ketrkvfstds pdrd kbdmordr y ck bd rkbdjfúe joe bos
jbfketks gkejfoedcos, sk trdmdhd ke kb cfskôo ck ued kejukstd o iuçd ck túpfjos. Bo
fckdb ks quk kstd iuçd ck túpfjos skd ue orcke skejfbbo ck puetos quk orfketk bd
joevkrsdjfúe joe kb jbfketk. Ke kstk cfäboio, kb pueto gäs fgportdetk ks cktkjtdr kb
gotfvo jruco ck su eo jogprd.
Ke kstd gktocoboiçd ckmkgos poekr kspkjfdb jufcdco ke dfsbdr kb ndjtor ‒prkjfo‗ ke
bd kjudjfúe. Ke bos prfgkros dôos ck eukstrd präjtfjd cksjumrfgos quk fetkirdr kstk
ndjtor provojd pærcfcd ck vdbor ke bd akrrdgfketd, puks sk joevfkrtk ke ued rkspukstd
joestdetk por pdrtk ckb jbfketk. Eukstrd rkjogkecdjfúe ks kejdgfedr bds prkiuetds
sfe joetkgpbdr bd cfgkesfúe goektdrfd8 ‒¿\or quæ eo sk ad ckjfcfco por dbiued ck bds
opjfoeks quk ady ke kb gkrjdco?‗, ‒¿Tuæ cktdbbks kspkjçnfjos (kxjkptudeco kb josto)
eo bk ade iustdco ck jdcd proykjto?‗.
Ks nuecdgketdb quk bds pkrsoeds o kgprksds quk sk ketrkvfstdräe jofejfcde joe kb
skigketo cknfefco fefjfdbgketk, yd quk ued gukstrd krrúekd pukck cksvfdr kb vdbor
ckb eukvo proykjto.
Jdso8 Joecojdsd (]oon Idrcke)
 ]kbkdre8 Db kbdmordr bd akrrdgfketd ck \dfestorg joe ue irupo ck jbfketks ck vfvfkecd gkcfd
([ZC ><.<<<-1<.<<<), surifú ue tkgd rkjurrketk. Bds jdsds ck bd djtudbfcdc sk admçde akjao
tde pkqukôds quk bds ärkds sojfdbks rksubtdmde pojo nuejfoedbks. \drtfjubdrgketk, bd skôdb
cæmfb quk cktkjtú eukstro kqufpo ck fevkstfidjfúe sk cojugketú tkxtudbgketk jogo ‒Eo
pukco tkekr ued rkuefúe ck cos o trks pdrkhds y quk kstæe júgocdgketk sketdcds ke bd sdbd,
¿quæ pfkesde bos joestrujtorks ck aoy? ¿Tuk yd eo tkekgos dgfios?‗.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Bds bfgftdetks ck prkjfo fgpkcçde quk sk fejrkgketdrde bos gktros
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
judcrdcos ck joestrujjfúe ck bds vfvfkecds, por bo quk sk rkqukrçd ued sobujfúe jrkdtfvd pdrd
jogmdtfr kb pdfe pofet 
pofet . Kb kqufpo ck jostos y kb ck drquftkjturd propusfkroe jogo opjfúe
admfbftdr bd dzotkd jogo ärkd sojfdb y jrkdr ue roon idrcke . Joe bd joestrujjfúe ckb jumo ck
ksjdbkrds db tkrjkr efvkb y gkcfo mdôo ck jogpbkgketo, sk fefjfú bd jogkrjfdbfzdjfúe ck
vfvfkecds ck efvkb gkcfo joe roon idrcke . Sde proeto sk bfmkrú kstk procujto db gkrjdco, bos
rksubtdcos jogkrjfdbks nukroe fgprksfoedetks. Db pojo tfkgpo, ke bd jfucdc ck Goetkrrky,
gäs ckb 3<% ckb procujto ck vfvfkecd gkcfd yd fejbuçd roon idrcke .
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bos puetos ck cobor gäs jrçtfjos pdrd bos jbfketks d vkjks pdrkjke eo
tkekr ued sobujfúe vfdmbk. [e krror jogøe ks cdr db jbfketk bo quk pfck y postkrforgketk
joetdr joe ue procujto quk ke prkjfo sk sdbk ck gkrjdco. Bd feeovdjfúe ke vdbor sujkck
judeco gkhordgos kb vdbor ckb jbfketk sfe fgpdjtdr kb josto.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 ^fvfkecd uefndgfbfdr ck fetkræs gkcfo ([ZC ;<.<<<-><.<<<).
3.3.=. [efjorefo fegomfbfdrfo

Kstd ks ued akrrdgfketd quk joejkptudbfzdgos kspkjçnfjdgketk pdrd kb rdgo

fegomfbfdrfo. Kstk ks ue rumro ke kb quk bd gdyor pdrtk ck sus jbfketks sobo rkdbfzde
opkrdjfoeks ke joetdcds ojdsfoeks d bo bdrio ck su vfcd, por bo quk poskke ue
joeojfgfketo ksjdso judeco nfedbgketk sk kenrketde d ue proykjto puetudb. Bo
admftudb ks quk bbkiuke joe ued fckd prkjoejkmfcd somrk júgo ckmk skr kb procujto.
Kstd fgdike kstä ikekrdbgketk guy cksjoekjtdcd ck bd rkdbfcdc, por bo quk dbiueos
vkeckcorks bd ckeogfede ‒kb uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo‗. Zk trdtd ck dqukb fegukmbk
pkrnkjto quk, dckgäs ck tkekr toco bo quk musjd kb jbfketk, sk dhustd db prkjfo gäs
mdho ckb gkrjdco. Ks ue skr gftobúifjo ke tocos bos sketfcos.
Ke ued ojdsfúe, ue dgfio jkrjdeo gk rkbdtú bd kxadustfvd møsqukcd quk admçd
rkdbfzdco pdrd kejoetrdr kb fegukmbk ck sus sukôos8
• Tufkro ued jdsd ck trks rkjägdrds, ck prknkrkejfd ke prfvdcd, joe dgkefcdcks, ke bd
gkhor zoed ck bd jfucdc, joe mukeos djdmdcos, jojfed buhosd...
•¿V juäb ks tu prksupuksto? Bk prkiuetæ.
• 4<<.<<< cúbdrks.
\or khkgpbo, ke ued jfucdc jogo Goetkrrky, bd posfmfbfcdc ck kejoetrdr ue fegukmbk
ck kstk tfpo pukck bbkidr d jostdr cksck [ZC 1<<.<<< adstd [ZC 4.<<<.<<<. Ketrk kb
pømbfjo kxfstk bd jrkkejfd ck quk ks posfmbk kejoetrdr bd jdsd quk musjde joe kb
prksupuksto quk poskke. Ksto, rkpktfgos, ks kb uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo.
 Kb prombkgd rksfck ke quk bd gdyorçd ck bos jbfketks eo ade ckhdco ck pkrskiufr d
kstk skr gftobúifjo. Ckmfco d ksto, ks fgportdetk quk bos fevkstfidcorks sk fetkrkske
por joeojkr y ketkeckr kb uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo ck sus jbfketks pdrd propoekr
procujtos quk pukcde jogpktfr joe æb.
Bd akrrdgfketd ckb uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo kxfik ketrkvfstdr d bos jbfketks ke drds ck
joeojkr d ksk skr gftobúifjo. Ks fgportdetk proporjfoedr bd bfmkrtdc sunfjfketk pdrd
quk kbbos kxprkske sus ckskos, sfe qukmrdetdr bd vdbfckz ck su sobfjftuc.
Kstd ks ued gktocoboiçd judbftdtfvd quk sk bbkvd d jdmo d trdvæs ck ued gukstrd
gçefgd ck ketrkvfstds, pkro joe gujad pronuecfcdc. Ketkeckr kb uefjorefo
fegomfbfdrfo ck eukstro skigketo pukck bbkidr d gdtkrfdbfzdrsk ke ue procujto quk
joetkeid bd gdyorçd ck bds jdrdjtkrçstfjds y quk kstæ db dbjdejk goektdrfo ck eukstros
jbfketks.
Ke kb projkso ck ketkeckr kb uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo akgos jrkdco procujtos quk, sf
mfke eo soe kb uefjorefo, trdtde ck dproxfgdrsk d æb.

Jdso8 Kb skgfbbkro
 ]kbkdre8 Bos kstucfos pronuecos fcketfnfjdroe quk ue gotfvo ck eo jogprd ck bos
ckpdrtdgketos ke jfucdcks gkcfdeds tfkek quk vkr joe su rfifckz k fejdpdjfcdc ck dgpbfdrsk.
Kstd skôdb cæmfb fgpdjtú bd vfsfúe ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb kqufpo ck cfskôo ikekrú kb afpkrjumo, ue ckpdrtdgketo ck ue corgftorfo
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
joe combk dbturd quk sk pukck dgpbfdr pdrd joevkrtfrsk ke ued jdsd ck trks rkjägdrds y bfvfei .
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Db skr ue procujto quk mrfecd nbkxfmfbfcdc pdrd dgpbfdrsk, Kb skgfbbkro sk
kstdmbkjfú jogo øefjo ke kb gkrjdco. Boirú ue posfjfoedgfketo ck vketd ck gktros jømfjos,
y, por bo tdeto, su cfnkrkejfdjfúe nuk guy näjfb ck pkrjfmfr. Boirú djkrjdrsk
djkrjdrsk db uefjorefo
uefjorefo
fegomfbfdrfo joe ued sobujfúe feeovdcord y joeiruketk joe bd eukvd rkdbfcdc urmded .

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Ckpdrtdgketos efvkb gkcfo (cksck [ZC 6<.<<<).

3.3.:. Kstucfos kteoiränfjos

Ke bos øbtfgos dôos sk ade fgpbkgketdco tæjefjds ck kstucfo ck detropoboiçd ke bos

ekiojfos. Bos kstucfos kteoiränfjos, quk orfifedbgketk sk ojupde ck dedbfzdr bds
jubturds bkhdeds o bos irupos gdrifedcos, aoy soe guy jftdcos ke bd bftkrdturd
djdcægfjd somrk feeovdjfúe.
Bd kteoirdnçd rkprksketd ued irde vketdhd pdrd joeojkr kb jogportdgfketo edturdb ck
eukstros jbfketks. Zk vfejubd d bds tæjefjds ck omskrvdjfúe quk, sfe dbtkrdr db gkrjdco,
dedbfzde bos sujksos ck bd vfcd cfdrfd ck ue irupo kspkjçnfjo (41)
(41).. Ke kbbd sk kstucfd d
bos usudrfos cksck ued pkrspkjtfvd joejkptudb y gktocobúifjd pdrtfjubdr.
Kstd gktocoboiçd fgpbfjd quk kb fevkstfidcor sk fevobujrk ke kb kspdjfo ck trdmdho y
ke bds djtfvfcdcks jotfcfdeds ck bos joesugfcorks. Ckpkecfkeco ckb tfpo ck proykjto,
sk musjd quk kb diketk ck kstucfo pdrtfjfpk jogo ueo gäs ke kstos dgmfketks pdrd
quk kxpkrfgketk ke su pkrsoed bds kxpkrfkejfds ck vfcd, dsç jogo bos ndjtorks quk
cktkrgfede bd pkrjkpjfúe posftfvd o ekidtfvd ckb procujto fegomfbfdrfo. ]kdbfzdeco
 ue kstucfo ‒cksck dcketro‗ sk cksjdrtde sksios y sk kvojd bd kxpkrfkejfd rkdb ckb
jbfketk ck norgd gäs joetuecketk quk ke otros kstucfos.
Ckmfco d quk ke kstd akrrdgfketd eo kxfstk bd prksfúe quk jogøegketk sk
kxpkrfgketd ke bds kejukstds, sk omtfkek ue gdyor ckskevobvfgfketo ckb usudrfo ke
su gkcfo. Kstd posfmfbfcdc ck deäbfsfs ndjfbftd bd cktkjjfúe ck pdtroeks rkpktftfvos o
skôdbks cæmfbks quk cfnçjfbgketk soe joenksdcos por bos joesugfcorks jogo
ekjksfcdcks o ckskos. Kb fevkstfidcor ckmk cksdrrobbdr bd skesfmfbfcdc y bd ckstrkzd
pdrd fetkrprktdr bos ndjtorks ck jdgmfo ke bd kvfckejfd eo vkrmdb ck bos joesugfcorks.
\drd bd kbdmordjfúe ck kstucfos kteoiränfjos, ikekrdbgketk sk fevftd d quk kb
fevkstfidcor pdrtfjfpk ke bd vfcd cfdrfd ckb jbfketk y bbkvk joesfio ued jägdrd ck
notos. Bd bdmor jogprkeck notoirdnfdr dqukbbo quk bbdgk bd dtkejfúe somrk kb
jogportdgfketo ckb jbfketk. Ketrk gäs cktdbbks jdpturk somrk su jdrrkrd cfdrfd, gkhor.
\drd kvftdr cfstrdjjfoeks ckb suhkto omskrvdco, sk djoeskhd opkrdr joe ued jägdrd ck
gkeor tdgdôo (por khkgpbo, ck tkbænoeo jkbubdr). Zf ks ue kstucfo ck onfjfeds, kb
fevkstfidcor ckmk togdr notoirdnçds ck bds bdmorks opkrdtfvds quk sujkcke ke bd
kgprksd, curdetk bds huetds, ke cfstfetos aordrfos y kspdjfos. Ke kb jdso ck ue
proykjto rksfckejfdb, sk ckmk dedbfzdr bd vfcd cketro ckb aoidr ckb skigketo gktd ke
bd djtudbfcdc.
[ed vkz quk sk fgprfgke bds notoirdnçds cknfeftfvds, sk jobojde ke ue guro pdrd
gostrdrbds db jbfketk. Kstk ckmk jogketdr quæ pdsú por su gketk curdetk bos
gogketos jbdvk quk jdptú jdcd notoirdnçd. Kstd sksfúe sk irdmd pdrd skr dedbfzdcd
joe cktkefgfketo por kb fevkstfidcor. Kb omhktfvo ks cktkjtdr bos jogketdrfos nfeos
ckb jbfketk quk cksjumrde ekjksfcdcks ojubtds o pdtroeks rkpktftfvos somrk sus
prknkrkejfds.
Bd kteoirdnçd ke bd djtudbfcdc ad fgpdjtdco bds cfnkrketks ärkds ckb kstucfo
fegomfbfdrfo, tdeto ke vfvfkecd jogo ke onfjfeds, fecustrfdb y jogkrjfdb. Ke kb cfskôo
ck onfjfeds ad provojdco ued skrfk ck feeovdjfoeks jogo rksubtdco ck omskrvdr kb
ckskevobvfgfketo bdmordb ckb kgpbkdco tdeto ke su ärkd ck trdmdho jogo ke su
fetkrdjjfúe joe bos ckgäs.

Jdso8 Kgprksdbfd
 ]kbkdre8 Nukrd ck bds irdecks jdpftdbks, ady gujaos buidrks pdrd festdbdr fenorgdbgketk
kspdjfos ck trdmdho. Zfe kgmdrio, ady pojos fejketfvos pdrd fetkirdrsk d ue proykjto ck
onfjfeds, quk ks ikekrdbgketk gäs jostoso quk bd fenorgdbfcdc. Dckgäs, pdrd kgprksds
gkcfdeds ke jrkjfgfketo, bd fevkrsfúe ke kb kqufpdgfketo ck bd onfjfed sk joevfkrtk ke ue rkto
dcfjfoedb por bfmrdr. Ketoejks, ¿júgo joevkejkr d ue gkrjdco pdrd quk sk norgdbfjk?
Bos kstucfos kteoiränfjos rkvkbdroe kb crfvk ck bos kgprksdrfos y su dpkio d gkhorks
präjtfjds jorpordtfvds. [ed onfjfed rkprksketd vdborks kgprksdrfdbks, gäs quk kspdjfos
nçsfjos.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo musjú jrkdr ue kspdjfo kenojdco ke trks vdborks
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
kgprksdrfdbks8 jrkjfgfketo, jobdmordjfúe k feeovdjfúe. Bds dgkefcdcks ckb jdgpus ck
onfjfeds nukroe pkesdcds pdrd kstrkjadr bd jobdmordjfúe ketrk kgprksds y tkekr kspdjfos
dmfkrtos fejketfvdeco jrkdtfvfcdc y pkesdgfketo bdtkrdb. Zk dcfjfoedroe gøbtfpbks kbkgketos
ck gktdprocujto quk dpoydroe bd vfsfúe ckb jogpbkho. Kstk tkeçd ue cfrkjtor ck jobdmordjfúe
kgprksdrfdb, y sk cksdrrobbdroe gøbtfpbks djtfvfcdcks ck fetkrdjjfúe ketrk bds kgprksds.
Fejbuso sk ikekrde präjtfjds ck fetkrjdgmfo ck cfrkjtorks, coeck sk cde joeskhos ketrk
kgprksds.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bos cksdrrobbdcorks trdcfjfoedbks fesfstke ke quk vkeckgos gktros
judcrdcos. D vkjks ksos gktros soe gäs jdros y gkeos øtfbks quk bos quk yd kstäe
joestrufcos ke kb gkrjdco. Db dirkidr vdbor eukvo
eukvo d eukstros
eukstros fegukmbks,
fegukmbks, vkrkgos júgo
júgo
 pockgos trdesnorgdr
trdesnorgdr bd
bd ckgdecd y jrkdr kpfjketros
kpfjketros ck vdbor
vdbor fegomfbfdrfo.
fegomfbfdrfo.

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Jdgpus jorpordtfvo ck onfjfeds.

Jogo fevkstfidcorks, ckmkgos propoekr sobujfoeks quk rkspoecde d bos fetkrksks y

bds ekjksfcdcks ck jdcd skigketo pdrtfjubdr, d trdvæs ck bd omskrvdjfúe
porgkeorfzdcd ck bds skôdbks cæmfbks quk drrohde bos kstucfos. Jogo yd akgos
gkejfoedco, kstos procujtos dirkide gdyor vdbor db gkrjdco quk bos jdtja dbb .

3.3.3. Kdrby dcoptkrs
dcoptkrs

Ke nuejfúe ckb tfkgpo quk ckgord ued pkrsoed ke dcoptdr ue procujto, surik ued
jbdsfnfjdjfúe ck jbfketks. \or khkgpbo, d bos gäs dvketurdcos, quk ckskde skr bos
prfgkros ke promdr ue procujto tde proeto bbkiuk db gkrjdco, sk bos joeojk jogo
‒kdrby dcoptkrs‗. Kstds pkrsoeds jogøegketk adjke nfbd dnukrd ck bds tfkecds ck
tkjeoboiçd pdrd kspkrdr kb bdezdgfketo d bd vketd ck ue eukvo kqufpo o sk fesjrfmke
ke noros dutogotorks pdrd rkjfmfr fenorgdjfúe somrk bos prúxfgos procujtos.
Ckmfco db rfksio quk dsugke db idstdr ke dbio quk døe eo tfkek rknkrkejfds ke kb gkrjdco, kstos
usudrfos sk idede kb rkspkto ck bds irdecks gdsds y, joe nrkjukejfd, soe ued nuketk ck opfefúe
joenfdmbk pdrd joeojkr kb rkecfgfketo ckb procujto.
Ke kb rdgo fegomfbfdrfo, bos kdrby dcoptkrs  ikekrdbgketk soe dqukbbos fevkrsfoefstds
pronksfoedbks quk ade knkjtudco jogprds ke vdrfos proykjtos curdetk kb drrdequk fefjfdb, døe
judeco eo sk ade cknfefco gujaos cktdbbks. Kbbos rkprksketde bd oportuefcdc ck oro pdrd joeojkr
bos cktdbbks somrk bd pkrjkpjfúe ckb gkrjdco, yd quk soe, joe gdyor skiurfcdc, qufkeks ade
fetkrdjtudco jogkrjfdbgketk joe bos procujtos.
Bd djtudjfúe ckb kdrby dcoptkr  ke bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ckb proykjto fegomfbfdrfo mkeknfjfd ck
cos gdekrds8 cdeco ued rktrodbfgketdjfúe joesfstketk, ckmfco db mdidhk ck kxpkrfkejfds ke otros
proykjtos0 y sfkeco ue pockroso puketk ck joguefjdjfúe adjfd bos ckgäs pkrnfbks pdrd quk sk
sugke d æb.
Otro tkgd rkbkvdetk tfkek quk vkr joe kb fetkræs quk ckgukstrde kstos jbfketks por rktrodbfgketdr
kb procujto. Cdco quk vke ke kb rdgo ue kspdjfo ck posfmfbfcdcks, ikekrdbgketk kstäe dmfkrtos d
onrkjkr opfefoeks y rkjogkecdjfoeks. Kb kdrby dcoptkr  kstä cfspuksto d trdmdhdr ke joehueto pdrd
gkhordr kb procujto.

Jdso8 Jbouc Aotkbs

 ]kbkdre8 [e irupo cksdrrobbdcor eos sobfjftú cktkrgfedr juäb skrçd kb nuturo ck bd aotkbkrçd
musfekss jbdss  pdrd pockr cfskôdr ued eukvd gdrjd ck propfkcdcks. Kb kstucfo sk kenojú ke
ketkeckr d bos prfgkros ke dcoptdr kstds propfkcdcks8 bos vfdhkros fetkesos ck ekiojfo. \or
gkcfo ck djogpdôdgfketos kteoiränfjos sk dedbfzdroe ke pronuecfcdc sus jogportdgfketos
ck kstdejfd. Kb kstucfo ck kstos usudrfos rkvkbú vdrfds tkeckejfds fgportdetks. \or ue bdco, ue
uso djtfvo gçefgo ck bd admftdjfúe. Kb jakj`-fe  y kb jakj`-out  sk
 sk pkrjfmfkroe jogo ued
skesdjfúe ck pærcfcd ck tfkgpo. Nfedbgketk, ue pueto ck cobor guy rkbkvdetk8 bd
joekjtfvfcdc d Fetkrekt. Due bos aotkbks quk sk hdjtdmde ck poskkr bd gkhor tkjeoboiçd
gostrdmde jdpdjfcdcks guy bfgftdcds ck joekxfúe d Fetkrekt. Fetketdr tkekr ued
vfckobbdgdcd o vkr proirdgdjfúe vfsudb ke bçekd krd sfgpbkgketk fgposfmbk.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Zk rkcfskôú kb joejkpto aotkbkro y pdrd jogpkesdr bds eukvds dcfjfoeks sk
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
musjdroe daorros sustdejfdbks ck josto. Ckmfco db uso gçefgo ckb judrto, sk rkcuhkroe bds
admftdjfoeks d kspdjfos ck 1 g= y 4: g=, sk dutogdtfzú kb jakj`-fe  por gkcfo ck
sgdrtpaoeks  y sk cfskôú ue kcfnfjfo quk rkqufkrk nfmrd úptfjd pdrd onrkjkr ue dejao ck mdecd
sunfjfketk pdrd dmdstkjkr judbqufkr rkqukrfgfketo tkjeobúifjo. Kb joejkpto sk trdmdhú mdho kb
tærgfeo ‒aotkbks ke bd eumk‗ (jbouc aotkbs ).
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Ksjujadr d bos usudrfos nrkjuketks sfkgprk rksubtd ke ue ketkecfgfketo
gäs pronueco ck bos rkqukrfgfketos ckb gkrjdco. D vkjks ady quk
quk kenojdrsk
kenojdrsk ke ksjujadr
ksjujadr d
ue skigketo pdrtfjubdr ck jbfketks.

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Aotkbkrçd musfekss jbdss  (proykjto ke cksdrrobbo).

3.3.;. Otrds akrrdgfketds

FCKO ad fgpbkgketdco ued skrfk ck akrrdgfketds jogo pdrtk ck sus pumbfjdjfoeks

quk kstä mdho bd tkorçd ck cfskôo jketrdco ke bds pkrsoeds (augde-jketkrkc cksfie ).
Bd nfedbfcdc ck kstk kenoquk ks dyucdr d bos fevkstfidcorks d joeojkr bds ekjksfcdcks
ck bd ckgdecd joe eukvos gætocos, d jrkdr sobujfoeks feeovdcords quk pkrgftde cdr
rkspukstd d sus prombkgds y d gdekhdr sobujfoeks nfedejfkrdgketk sustketdmbks(46)
sustketdmbks (46)..

3.3.;.4. Gætoco ck dutocojugketdjfúe

Kstk gætoco pkrgftk omskrvdr projksos ke ue bdrio pkrçoco ck tfkgpo. Sdgmfæe

ndjfbftd kb ketkecfgfketo ck bos gdtfjks ck bd vfcd ke joguefcdc, fejbuso judeco kb
fevkstfidcor eo pukck kstdr prksketk. Bos rkifstros, tdbks jogo bds mftäjords,
pkrgftke jogprkeckr júgo bos pdrtfjfpdetks pkrjfmke sus vfcds, su joguefcdc y
sus rkbdjfoeks.
Gktocoboiçd8 rkjbutdr vdrfds pkrsoeds y proporjfoedrbks jägdrds notoiränfjds,
vfckojägdrds o irdmdcords ck soefco, joe festrujjfoeks. \kcfrbks quk cojugketke
sus kxpkrfkejfds ke ue pkrçoco ck vdrfos cçds o skgdeds.

3.3.;.=. Joejkptos ck ‒sdjrfnfjfo‗

Bds prkiuetds quk sk mdsde ke ksjkedrfos o joejkptos ck sdjrfnfjfo pukcke ndjfbftdr

 bds prkiuetds afpotætfjds o dmstrdjtds. Kb joejkpto ck ‒sdjrfnfjfo‗ ks ued fckd o
sobujfúe quk dyucd d ketkeckr ue tkgd quk vd gäs dbbä. Eo tfkek quk skr ndjtfmbk,
vfdmbk o posfmbk, yd quk su øefjo propúsfto ks gkhordr bd jogprkesfúe. [e muke
joejkpto ck ‒sdjrfnfjfo‗ cfspdrd ued joevkrsdjfúe, fecujk d bos pdrtfjfpdetks d skr
kspkjçnfjos ke sus afstorfds y dyucd d poekr d prukmd y cksdnfdr bds jrkkejfds. Bd
prkgfsd mäsfjd ks cdr ue khkgpbo db jbfketk pdrd sdmkr quæ kstä cfspuksto d
sdjrfnfjdr, y dsç joeojkr juäbks soe sus prforfcdcks o prknkrkejfds.

Gktocoboiçd8

4. ]kdbfzd ued prkiuetd somrk ue tkgd dmstrdjto juyd rkspukstd tk fetkrksk

joeojkr. \rkiuetd somrk kb tkgd dmstrdjto y togd eotd ck bd rkspukstd.
=. Srdsbdcd bd prkiuetd dmstrdjtd d ue ksjkedrfo joejrkto joe cos opjfoeks.
^ukbvk d prkiuetdr daord mdsdco ke ksjkedrfos.
:. Jdgmfd dbiueds vdrfdmbks ke bos ksjkedrfos y adz bds prkiuetds ck eukvo.
Dedbfzd bd fenorgdjfúe quk omtfkeks ck jdcd goco ck prkiuetdr cfnkrketk.

[ed vkz quk sk omtfkek bd fenorgdjfúe somrk bd ckgdecd, Bohdjoeo y Xdjjdf, ke kb

bfmro ]otgde oe Cksfie,
Cksfie, kxpoeke vdrfds akrrdgfketds quk dyucdräe d bos
fevkstfidcorks d fetkrprktdr y cktkjtdr bds ekjksfcdcks y dspfrdjfoeks ck bos jbfketks.

3.3.;.:. Drquktfpos ckb joesugfcor

\krsoefnfjdr db jbfketk tçpfjo pukck skr øtfb pdrd gdetkekr kb kenoquk ckb kqufpo ck
trdmdho ke bd joekxfúe kgojfoedb ckb joesugfcor.
Bds pkrsoeds quk pdrtfjfpde ke bds fevkstfidjfoeks sukbke skr bd fespfrdjfúe fckdb
pdrd jrkdr kstos drquktfpos. Kb kqufpo ck fevkstfidjfúe ckmkrä cktkrgfedr quæ jdsos
soe bos quk gäs dportke por su pkrsoedbfcdc, fecfvfcudbfcdc, sftudjfúe ck vfcd y
gotfvdjfúe.
Kb drquktfpo pukck skr ued pkrsoed rkdb o ued jrkdjfúe. DGN Mowbfei Yorbcwfck,
por khkgpbo, ad cksjumfkrto d trdvæs ck kstd akrrdgfketd quk, feckpkecfketkgketk
ckb gkrjdco, ks fgportdetk cfstfeiufr bds jdrdjtkrçstfjds ketrk bos usudrfos porquk
ksto cd fenorgdjfúe somrk juäb ks su gotfvdjfúe db huidr mobos8 por jogpktkejfd,
pdrd gkhordr sus admfbfcdcks, pdrd cfsnrutdr ue hukio o sobo pdrd pdsdr kb gogketo.
Kstos drquktfpos ade pkrgftfco quk DGN cksdrrobbk knfjfketkgketk ue sfstkgd ckb
procujto joe dpbfjdjfúe ibomdb (=<)
(=<)..

3.;. Kstucfos ck gkhorks präjtfjds

3.;.4 Mkejagdr`fei
 Mkejagdr`fei

Bds joecfjfoeks ck jogpktkejfd ck eukstrd æpojd provojde quk fekvftdmbkgketk eo

kstkgos sobos ke eukstro fetketo por skrvfr db gkrjdco gktd. Ke kstd eukvd cfeägfjd
jogpktftfvd ck bos ekiojfos, surik kb mkejagdr`fei  jogo akrrdgfketd ck
fevkstfidjfúe jogpdrdtfvd. Kb kstucfo prktkeck trdsjkeckr bd rfvdbfcdc jrucd pdrd
rkjupkrdr y potkejfdr bds gkhorks kstrdtkifds y präjtfjds ck bd jogpktkejfd.
Detkrforgketk admçdgos gkejfoedco quk eo sk ckmk jdkr ke kb krror ck omskrvdr d bd
jogpktkejfd cfrkjtd pdrd musjdr jboedr sus procujtos. Ke kstd ktdpd tkekgos quk rk-
kvdbudr bd gdekrd ke quk kbdmordgos bos kstucfos jogpdrdtfvos, dsç jogo su dbjdejk.
Ke ksk sketfco, rkjoeojkgos bd fgportdejfd ckb projkso quk pbdetkdroe @fg y
Gdumoriek ke su bfmro Bd kstrdtkifd ojædeo dzub . Cfjaos dutorks propoeke bd
kstrdtkifd ckb ojædeo
kbdmordjfúe ck ued iränfjd joeojfcd jogo jurvd ck vdbor, ke ojdsfoeks eogmrdcd
‒strdtkiy jdevds‗ o ‒jurvds ck jogpktkejfd‗ (=4)
(=4).. Zk trdtd ck ue gætoco quk
rkprksketd ck norgd iränfjd bds kstrdtkifds ck gkrjdco ck bd jogpktkejfd.
Kb skjrkto ck bd jurvd ck vdbor ks quk sk cfskôd cksck bd pkrspkjtfvd ck bo quk kb
jbfketk rkdbgketk vdbord ke bd jogpktkejfd. Gäs quk kxpoekr cdtos nrços somrk
kstdcçstfjds ckb gkrjdco, bo quk sk fetketd ks pbdsgdr ke ue gfsgo norgdto iränfjo
tocos bos ndjtorks quk fenbuyke ke bd prknkrkejfd ckb jbfketk por ue proykjto
fegomfbfdrfo.

Kstk gætoco pkrgftk rkuefr bd fenorgdjfúe somrk bd kstrdtkifd jogpktftfvd ke ue

gfsgo buidr, keibomdeco d bos prfejfpdbks djtorks ckb gkrjdco. Zk musjd rkspoeckr d
jukstfoeks somrk quæ kstä pdsdeco ke eukstro gkrjdco, quæ ks bo quk kb jbfketk vdbord
ke kb procujto, juäbks soe bos protdioefstds ck bd onkrtd djtudb y júgo ks quk skcujke
d bos jbfketks.
 [ed vkz dedbfzdcd bd iränfjd ck vdbor ck bd jogpktkejfd cfrkjtd (ke eukstrd zoed
ikoiränfjd), eukstro projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe kxfik quk sk bbkvk d jdmo ue
khkrjfjfo sfgfbdr joe proykjtos ck rknkrkejfd fetkredjfoedb. Bd møsqukcd sk dmrk d
otros proykjtos quk dtfkecke kb skigketo gktd sfe fgportdr sf sk bojdbfzde cketro ck
bd jfucdc, pdçs o joetfeketk.
Irdjfds d bd jogpdrdjfúe ck bd jogpktkejfd bojdb joetrd dbiueos jdsos ck rknkrkejfd
ibomdb, surike vdbfosds fetkrprktdjfoeks quk pukcke ikekrdr joejbusfoeks pronuecds
pdrd kb kqufpo.
Eo ckmkgos obvfcdr quk db kvdbudr bos proykjtos ckmkgos adjkrbo joe ohos ck jbfketk
y eo ck fevkstfidcor. Ke ksk sketfco, sf bds bfgftdjfoeks ck tfkgpo bo pkrgftke, sk
ckmk poskkr ue irupo ck jbfketks quk opfeke somrk bos proykjtos kejoetrdcos pdrd
cktkrgfedr ck gdekrd gäs prkjfsd sf bds jurvds ck vdbor dirkide ue kbkgketo ck
jkrtfcugmrk dcfjfoedb d bd gktocoboiçd.
Ke bd kbdmordjfúe ckb kstucfo sk projkck d fcketfnfjdr bd gdyor jdetfcdc ck
fenorgdjfúe posfmbk, ikekrdbgketk d trdvæs ck kstrdtkifds gfstkry saoppkr . Joetdgos
joe bd vketdhd ck quk tocd bd fenorgdjfúe jogkrjfdb ks pømbfjd. \drd eukstro
propúsfto, bd fenorgdjfúe gäs fgportdetk ks dqukbbd d bd quk tfkeke djjkso bos
jbfketks potkejfdbks, por bo quk eo sk rkqufkrk fecdidjfúe joenfckejfdb o skjrktd. [ed
vkz rkuefcos bos cdtos, sk projkck d sfetktfzdrbos y irdnfjdrbos.
Bos kbkgketos ck vdbor (prknkrkejfds) sk pbdsgde ke kb khk aorfzoetdb ck ue pbdeo
iränfjo. Ckmke jogpoekr bos prfejfpdbks dtrfmutos quk poskk kb procujto y quk
fenbuyke ke su vdbordjfúe. Jogøegketk soe bos ndjtorks ke quk fevfkrtk bd fecustrfd y
dbrkckcor ck bos judbks ifrd bd jogpktkejfd.
Ke kb khk vkrtfjdb sk gukstrd kb efvkb ck bo quk sk onrkjk joe rkbdjfúe d bds vdrfdmbks
jbdvk ck bd jogpktkejfd. Ksto pukck skr judetftdtfvo (ckb < db 4<) o judbftdtfvo (mdho,
gkcfo y dbto). [ed puetudjfúe dbtd sfiefnfjd quk bos joesugfcorks kstäe sdtfsnkjaos
joe bo quk rkjfmke, y por bo tdeto, bd kgprksd fevfkrtk gäs ke ksd vdrfdmbk. Bds
vdrfdmbks ckmke skr judetfnfjdmbks cksck bd pkrjkpjfúe ckb jbfketk, eo jogo ued
vdrfdmbk tæjefjd ckb ekiojfo.
[ed vkz quk sk cknfeke bos pdrägktros y bds puetudjfoeks, sk cfmuhd ued iränfjd joe
tdetds jurvds ck vdbor jogo kgprksds qukrdgos rkprksketdr.
Ke bd postkrfor fevkstfidjfúe ck gkrjdco quk sk bbkvd d jdmo jogo trdmdho ck jdgpo,
kb propúsfto ks rknutdr o joenfrgdr eukstrds afpútksfs cfrkjtdgketk joe bd opfefúe ckb
pømbfjo gktd. Ksto tfkek ue vdbor joesfckrdmbk quk pukck skr kejdrdco ck cfnkrketk
gdekrd, ckpkecfkeco ck bd fecustrfd y ckb joetkxto.
[ed vkz quk sk ad omskrvdco bd jurvd ck vdbor joe bos dtrfmutos ck bd jogpktkejfd, kb
deäbfsfs ckmk cfrfifr d bd rknbkxfúe ke toreo d prkiuetds jogo8 ¿quæ kstä sujkcfkeco
ke bd jogpktkejfd?, ¿quæ dtrfmutos soe gkhor jdbfnfjdcos por kb jbfketk?, ¿juäbks sk
pukcke kbfgfedr porquk rkdbgketk eo iustde?, ¿juäbks sk pukcke rkcujfr porquk eo
kstäe dportdeco vdbor o kstäe somrkonkrtdcos?, ¿juäbks sk pukcke fejrkgketdr? y
¿juäbks sk ckmke jrkdr?
Bds rkspukstds d kstds rknbkxfoeks jorrkspoecke db sfiufketk dpdrtdco ke coeck sk
musjd bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe ckb proykjto.

Jdso8 Jdmo Eortk

 ]kbkdre8 Kbdmordgos ue kstucfo pronueco ck prknkrkejfds pdrd kb cksdrrobbo ck ued
joguefcdc pbdekdcd ck irde ksjdbd, coeck kb uso prfejfpdb nuk admftdjfoedb jogmfedco joe
kspdjfos ck skrvfjfos, ckportfvos, jogkrjfdbks, onfjfeds y kcujdtfvos. Kb kstucfo rkvkbú quk kb
iobn ks ue ckportk quk dpkbd d gkeos ck ued judrtd pdrtk ck bos admftdetks potkejfdbks ck bd
rkifúe y ks øtfb sobo pdrd ue 1%. Dcfjfoedb d ksto, sk cktkjtú quk bos kspdjfos pømbfjos ck
proykjtos rkdbfzdcos prkvfdgketk krde pojo utfbfzdcos. Bd rkspukstd ck bos usudrfos gostrú
quk bds djtfvfcdcks pdrd cksdrrobbdr ke ksos kspdjfos eo krde jbdrds.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Ke kb cfskôo ckb gdstkr pbde  sk musjú gdxfgfzdr kb uso ck jdcd gktro
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
judcrdco ckstfedco db ärkd jogøe. Dckgäs ck bd urmdefzdjfúe, sk jrkú ued kspfed vkrck quk
rkjorrk kb proykjto pdrd fejketfvdr kb govfgfketo pkdtoedb d trdvæs ck æb. Dbrkckcor sk
jrkdroe jfejo zoeds ck ärkds jogueks, jdcd ued ckstfedcd d ued ktdpd ck vfcd. [ed ck kbbds
nuk cfskôdcd pdrd bd joevfvkejfd ck iketk hovke y dbbç sk pkrgftke gdsjotds y joevfvkejfd
sojfdb. Ke otrd sk fetkirú ue ärkd pdrd efôos pkqukôos joe ue pdrquk djuätfjo y ued bucotkjd
quk adjke kb kspdjfo ck joevfvkejfd skiuro. Ke otrds ady kspdjfos ck hukio pdrd efôos
feckpkecfketks, ue ärkd ck nftekss  y ue kspdjfo pdrd pkrsoeds ck gdyor kcdc.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Jdmo Eortk aoy ks ued rknkrkejfd pdrd bd pbdekdjfúe ck joguefcdcks. Kb
 proykjto rogpfú bos ksqukgds
ksqukgds ck vdbor kxfstketks
kxfstketks ke kb gkrjdco, yd quk ketkecfú
ketkecfú cúeck
admçd ue gdrike ck oportuefcdc ck djukrco d bos jrftkrfos ck sus usudrfos.

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Joguefcdcks pbdekdcds urmdeds.

3.;.=. Joobauetfei

Ke bos øbtfgos tfkgpos, Fetkrekt ad provojdco quk bd jdetfcdc ck fenorgdjfúe quk sk

ikekrd y sk cfstrfmuyk sk gubtfpbfquk kxpoekejfdbgketk. Detk kstk eukvo pdrdcfigd,
tocos bos cçds surike fckds nuturfstds somrk bd kvobujfúe ck bds josds d efvkb ibomdb.
Bd akrrdgfketd joobauetfei,  quk sk trdcujk jogo ‒jdzd ck tkeckejfds‗, ks ued
cfsjfpbfed rkjfketk quk prktkeck dprovkjadr bd cfeägfjd tde djkbkrdcd ck
fenorgdjfúe. D trdvæs ck bd omskrvdjfúe ck jdsos quk sk ade vukbto vfrdbks ke rkcks
sojfdbks, bos joobauetkrs  rkdbfzde prkcfjjfoeks somrk bos jdgmfos ke bos fetkrksks ck
bos joesugfcorks. Kstd fenorgdjfúe, quk eo sk omtfkek ke bos kstucfos trdcfjfoedbks
ck fevkstfidjfúe, ks nuecdgketdb pdrd trdtdr ck detfjfpdrsk db joesugfcor ckb gdôded.
Ke kstk projkso, kb fevkstfidcor musjdrä sujksos quk adyde tkefco kspkjfdb rkbkvdejfd
ke kb gkrjdco gktd, pdrd postkrforgketk fcketfnfjdr bos kbkgketos quk provojdroe su
popubdrfcdc. Aoy ke cçd, joe bd ndjfbfcdc ck djjkso d bds rkcks sojfdbks y bd
fetkrdjjfúe ck bos usudrfos joe bd fenorgdjfúe, surike eukvos jdsos ck rkbkvdejfd
toco kb tfkgpo.

Jdso8 Dgkefcdcks Gdykr Adsmdef

 ]kbkdre8 [e drquftkjto eos sobfjftú fetkirdr bds gkhorks präjtfjds fetkredjfoedbks ck
dgkefcdcks d bos proykjtos quk kstdmd trdmdhdeco. [e kstucfo ck joobauetfei  rkvkbú ued bfstd
fetkrksdetk ck dgkefcdcks euejd detks vfstds, tdbks jogo suftks pdrd fevftdcos, judrtos ck
 `drdo`k pdrd nfkstds (dfsbdcos djøstfjdgketk), kspdjfos ck jo-wor`fei,  mfmbfotkjds ck omhktos,
ärkds ck hukios ck diud, tkrrdzds prfvdcds vkrcks, ketrk otrds.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo cktkrgfeú juäbks ck bds dgkefcdcks umfjdcds
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
fetkredjfoedbgketk krde rkbkvdetks db gkrjdco gktd quk sk qukrçd dtkeckr. Bds dgkefcdcks
nukroe postkrforgketk tropfjdbfzdcds pdrd su feskrjfúe ke bds ärkds ckb proykjto y bos kstfbos
drquftkjtúefjos.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Kb pockr jrkdtfvo ck gfbks ck proykjtos ke kb gueco sfkgprk skrä gdyor
db ck ue sobo kqufpo ck trdmdho. Kstdr dtketo d bds tkeckejfds ck bos proykjtos fetkredjfoedbks
pukck rkvkbdr eukvos äeiubos ck fckdjfúe.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 ^fvfkecd rksfckejfdb vkrtfjdb.

Decy Ydraob sketkejfú quk ke kb nuturo ‒tocos skrkgos ndgosos guecfdbgketk por
qufejk gfeutos‗. Edcd pocrçd kstdr gäs djkrtdco pdrd kxpbfjdr kb tkgd ck bd vfrdbfcdc
ke bds rkcks. Eukstro trdmdho ks fcketfnfjdr bos kbkgketos vfrdbks pdrd dfsbdrbos y dsç
tkekr joejbusfoeks somrk bos nkeúgkeos ck joetdifo ck eukstro skigketo gktd.

\drd joejbufr bd ktdpd fevkstfidjfúe

Jogo jogketdgos ke kb fefjfo ck kstk jdpçtubo, kb projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe rkqufkrk

akrrdgfketds ck fevkstfidjfúe quk dyucke d vkr joe eukvos ohos kb gkrjdco gktd quk
ckmkgos tkekr cknfefco prkvfdgketk.
Duequk bds akrrdgfketds cksjrftds eo soe bds øefjds, soe dqukbbds quk akgos cktkrgfedco
jogo pfkzds jbdvks pdrd bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd.
[ed vkz quk sk ade kbdmordco bds fevkstfidjfoeks, kb kqufpo ck trdmdho ckmk skr joevojdco
pdrd fefjfdr kb projkso ck fckdjfúe ftkrdtfvd. \rkvfo d kstk drrdequk ck bd fckdjfúe (quk ks kb
kenoquk jketrdb ckb sfiufketk dpdrtdco), bos fevkstfidcorks ckmke kxpoekr bos adbbdzios ck bds
akrrdgfketds kgpbkdcds.
Dcfjfoedbgketk, sk rkjogfkecd ikekrdr rkportks vfsudbks quk sk pukcde jobojdr ke kb kspdjfo
ck trdmdho coeck sk bbkvdrä d jdmo kb projkso ck fckdjfúe, jogo cktoedetks pdrd bd rknbkxfúe.
[e pueto fgportdetk pdrd gkejfoedr ks quk bos fevkstfidcorks eo ckmke dprksurdr bd
ikekrdjfúe ck joejbusfoeks. Zu bdmor ks rkgftfrsk d prksketdr bos adbbdzios jogo gfeds ck
joeojfgfketo. Ke efeiøe gogketo sk ckmke togdr ckjfsfoeks somrk kb rugmo ckb proykjto
adstd quk sk rkøed kb kqufpo ck fckdjfúe.
Zobo ued vkz quk kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo kstæ joenorgk joe bd fenorgdjfúe ikekrdcd
gkcfdetk bds akrrdgfketds ck fevkstfidjfúe, rkjfæe ketoejks sk kstdrä ke joecfjfoeks ck pdsdr
d bd sfiufketk festdejfd pdrd fefjfdr joe kb projkso ck fckdjfúe (rktafe` ).
). Kstk ks kb tkgd quk
vkrkgos ke kb sfiufketk dpdrtdco.

49-- Cksfie Zjaoob (C. Zjaoob) ck bd [efvkrsfcdc ck Ztdenorc ks kb buidr coeck FCKO kstdmbkjfú kb joejkpto ‒cksfie tafe`fei‗
49
pdrd kb cksdrrobbo ck ued jubturd jrkdtfvd k feeovdcord ke bds oridefzdjfoeks. \drd pronuecfzdr ke kb tkgd rkjogkecdgos vfsftdr
su päifed onfjfdb8 attp8//csjaoob.stdenorc.kcu/.
attp8//csjaoob.stdenorc.kcu/.
41-- Mosovs`y, Iufbbkrgo (cfrkjtor ck COQD). ¿Tuæ dportd bd kteoirdnçd d bd fevkstfidjfúe ck gdr`ktfei? , COQD, Z.D.
41 Z.D. (Ykm).
\äi. 4=.
46- FCKO. Augde Jketkrkc
46- Cksfie.  Jdbfnorefd, Kstdcos [efcos, =<44, päi. :;-:6.
Jketkrkc Cksfie.
=<-- Bohdjoeo, Idmrfkbbd y Ifdenrdejo Xdjjdf. ‒Sak Kvobutfoe on tak Cksfie-Fespfrkc Ketkrprfsk‗, ke ]oikr Gdrtfe y @drke
=<
Jarfstkeske (jogp), ]otgde oeoe Cksfie. Jdedcä8 [efvkrsfty on Soroeto \rkss, =<4:, päi. 1 4-1;.
=4-- @fg, Y. Jade y ]keæk Gdumoriek.  Bd kstrdtkifd
=4 kstrdtkifd ckb ojædeo dzub.  Moiotä, Jobogmfd8 Irupo Kcftorfdb Eorgd, =<<;, päi. 3=.
ojædeo dzub.
JD\ÇS[BO
;
 ;.
 ]KSAFE@ . FCKDJFÚE JOBDMO]DSF^D - KB
GOCKBO AOBBVYOOC
Ke bd ndsk rkbkdre , quk cd fefjfo db projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe, pbdetkdgos gøbtfpbks
akrrdgfketds pdrd ikekrdr fetkbfikejfd ck gkrjdcos cksck eukvos äeiubos. Ksd ndsk ks
kgprkecfcd por ue kqufpo fefjfdb ck fevkstfidcorks qufkeks, db tkrgfedr bos dbjdejks, joevojde
db kqufpo fetkirdb ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo.
Bd skiuecd ndsk, joeojfcd jogo rktafe` , jorrkspoeck d bd fckdjfúe jobdmordtfvd ckb proykjto.
\or ksto, ke kstd ktdpd ks nuecdgketdb joetdr joe bd pdrtfjfpdjfúe ck bos prfejfpdbks djtorks ck bds
cfnkrketks cfsjfpbfeds quk jogpoeke kb projkso.
Eukstrd propukstd pdrd bd fckdjfúe ckb procujto sk nuecdgketd ke bd jobdmordjfúe. Ke bd
bftkrdturd ck ekiojfos, bos gockbos jobdmordtfvos ck gøbtfpbks djtorks kxtkreos sk joeojke jogo
‒gockbo Aobbywooc‗. Ke kstk gockbo, kb procujtor (cksdrrobbdcor) tfkek ue iufúe (tkrrkeo) pdrd
kb judb joevojd drtfstds (kxpkrtos) quk poskde ue vdbor rkbkvdetk pdrd kb proykjto. Cdco quk jdcd
proykjto pkrgftk joevojdr d ue kqufpo cfnkrketk, bos rksubtdcos por sç gfsgos skräe dutæetfjos y
øefjos, bo quk rkprksketd ue ndjtor ck keorgk pkso pdrd cotdr ck pkrsoedbfcdc d jdcd ueo.
Ke kstk gockbo ck jobdmordjfúe ks fgportdetk jufcdr bos sfiufketks dspkjtos8

d. \drtfjfpdetks

Ke kb projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe ks fgportdetk quk pdrtfjfpke bos djtorks jorrkjtos. Ke

kstk sketfco, soe trks bds vdrfdmbks quk eos fecfjde sf kb kqufpo ck trdmdho -rkiubdrgketk
jogpuksto por ketrk skfs d ojao pkrsoeds- kstä jogpbkto. Ke kb jdso ck bds kgprksds, su
pdrtfjfpdjfúe sfiefnfjd ued pkrsoed duequk skd ue irupo ck pkrsoeds.
Ks fgportdetk quk cketro ckb irupo kxfstd ued cfvkrsfcdc ck8

d.4. Kspkjfdbfcdcks

Kb irupo joetkgpbd kxpkrtos ke jostos y joestrujjfúe, kqufpo ck drquftkjturd, ck

cfskôo ck fetkrforks, deäbfsfs ck gkrjdco, deäbfsfs nfedejfkro, kxpkrtos ke jostos, ktj.
D gdyor ksjdbd ckb proykjto, gdyor jdetfcdc ck kspkjfdbfcdcks y, por tdeto, gdyor
sobfckz pdrd kb kqufpo. \or kstd rdzúe, bos proykjtos ck irde ksjdbd trdesgftke gdyor
prkjfsfúe ke bos cktdbbks8 ketrk gäs djtorks fevobujrdcos, gäs cktdbbks jumfkrtos.

d.=. \krnfbks

Ke kb jbäsfjo bfmro ck ekiojfos K-Gyta (==) sk prksketde trks pkrsoedbfcdcks quk

joevfvke cketro ck tocd kgprksd8 kb dcgfefstrdcor, kb tæjefjo y kb kgprkeckcor. Kb
dcgfefstrdcor tfkek ue kenoquk gäs djketudco somrk bd vfsfúe nfedejfkrd ckb ekiojfo.
 Kb tæjefjo joetkgpbd bos dspkjtos ck bd joestrujjfúe, sus tfkgpos, sus rktos y sus
posfmfbfcdcks. Ke tdeto kb kgprkeckcor poskk bd pkrsoedbfcdc prodjtfvd pdrd fetketdr
josds eukvds0 prksketd ued gdyor djkptdjfúe ck bd dgmfiòkcdc y bd fejkrtfcugmrk.

Ke kb kqufpo fckdb joevfvke kxpkrtos ck bos trks pkrnfbks.

d.:. Kxpkrfkejfds prkvfds

Bds kxpkrfkejfds prkvfds ck bos pdrtfjfpdetks sk cknfeke jogo kb mdidhk jubturdb quk
dcqufkrke detks ckb proykjto. Fetkirdr d ue kqufpo joe ued gdyor cfvkrsfcdc (orfike,
iustos pkrsoedbks, aommfks ) kerfqukjkrä bd cfeägfjd ck joevkrsdjfúe. Ketrk gäs
aktkroiæeko skd kb irupo, gäs cfvkriketks skräe bds propukstds quk, nfedbgketk, sk
vobjdräe ke kb proykjto.

m. Srdmdho joehueto

Bds sksfoeks ck trdmdho sk bbkvde d jdmo ck gdekrd joehuetd. Ke bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck

proykjtos eo ady kspdjfo pdrd kb dfsbdgfketo y bos trdmdhos dutúeogos. Db fiudb quk ke ued
pkbçjubd, bos djtorks gdetfkeke kb jogprogfso due ckträs ck jägdrds.
Ke kstd vfsfúe ck pdrtfjfpdjfúe soe trks bos irdecks aftos cfnkrkejfdcorks ck bd eukvd norgd
ck jobdmordr8

4. Bd eukvd gkjäefjd sk ckskevukbvk ke norgd ck kqufpo, sfe ue bfckrdzio

cfjtdtorfdb ef hkrdrquçds. Curdetk bds sksfoeks, bos pdrtfjfpdetks iozde ck bos
gfsgos ckrkjaos ck kxprksfúe y eo ckmke skr cfsjrfgfedcos por su pronksfúe, due
judeco opfeke somrk tkgds nukrd ck su ärkd ck kspkjfdbfcdc.
=. Dckgäs, sk kbfgfed bd vfsfúe ck trdmdhdr ck norgd dfsbdcd k feckpkecfketk.
:. Nfedbgketk, y pdrd quk nuejfoeke bos cos puetos detkrforks, kb cksdrrobbdcor ckmk
joevkrtfrsk ke ue jodja  y gockrdcor ckb kqufpo. Zu rkspoesdmfbfcdc ks gdetkekr
vfvos kb dgmfketk ck trdmdho y bd cfsjusfúe, dsç jogo fejketfvdr d jdcd djtor pdrd
quk adid ue ksnukrzo kxtrdorcfedrfo ke jdcd ärkd.
[ed prkojupdjfúe joestdetk ke kstk gockbo rdcfjd ke kb tfkgpo quk rkqufkrk skr
fevkrtfco por bos kspkjfdbfstds. Eukstrd gktocoboiçd joesfckrd bd ksjdskz ck tfkgpo,
por kbbo kstdmbkjk quk bds rkuefoeks y kb trdmdho jobdmordtfvo pdrd tkgds joejrktos
sk rkdbfjke joe difbfcdc y knkjtfvfcdc.

Mfkevkefcos d bos tfkgpos ke quk eukstrd fecustrfd kstdrä propubsdcd por bd ikefdbfcdc ck bd jobdmordjfúe.

j. Kb kspdjfo nçsfjo pdrd kb proykjto

Bds eukvds norgds ck trdmdhdr kxfike eukvos ksjkedrfos. Fevkstfidjfoeks rkdbfzdcds por
Ztkkbjdsk (=:)
(=:) ade
 ade ckgostrdco quk kb dgmfketk y kb kspdjfo ck trdmdho fenbuyke ke kb
jogportdgfketo ck bds pkrsoeds. \or kstd rdzúe, bo fckdb ks ckcfjdr ue ärkd nçsfjd joejrktd
pdrd bds opkrdjfoeks ke kqufpo, joeojfcd jogo ‒kstucfo pdrd proykjtos‗.
 Ke kstk buidr, skgkhdetk d ued sdbd ck rkuefoeks, sk huetde bos pdrtfjfpdetks ckb proykjto y sk
propfjfd kb trdmdho jobdmordtfvo. Bd fckd ks gdetkekr kb kstucfo jogo ue ärkd prfvdcd,
rkskrvdcd øefjdgketk pdrd bos propúsftos ckb kqufpo. Ck kstd norgd, kb gdtkrfdb ikekrdco sk
gdetfkek vfsfmbk y cfspoefmbk pdrd judeco bos diketks ck trdmdho bo rkqufkrde, due judeco eo
sfkgprk kstæe rkuefcos.

Ke kstk ksjkedrfo, bos rksubtdcos ck bd fevkstfidjfúe sfkgprk kstäe d bd gdeo y, por bo tdeto,
ks posfmbk dprkjfdr bd kvobujfúe nçsfjd ck bos prototfpos, dsç jogo ketkeckr bds
trdesnorgdjfoeks ckb cfskôo. Ke kstk tfpo ck projksos bds pbdtdnorgds vfrtudbks ck soportk soe
ue jogpbkgketo dckjudco, yd quk pkrgftke joejketrdr rkjursos ck bds cfnkrketks
kspkjfdbfcdcks.

Fetkirdjfúe8 cknfefr bds rkstrfjjfoeks ckb proykjto

Fefjfdr joe bd bdmor ck fckdjfúe ckb proykjto pukck skr jogpbfjdco, somrk toco ckmfco d quk ks
ued tdrkd dmstrdjtd dmorcdcd por ue kqufpo aktkroiæeko ck kspkjfdbfstds. \drd kstk propúsfto,
eukstrd gktocoboiçd ck fckdjfúe jobdmordtfvd jogfkezd joe bd cksjrfpjfúe ck rkstrfjjfoeks quk
kenrketd kb proykjto ke jfejo ägmftos cfnkrketks8

4. Gkrjdco8 bos rkspoesdmbks ck bos kstucfos prkvfos prksketde bos rksubtdcos

ikekrdbks, kxpoeke somrk kb gkrjdco gktd dtkecfco y sus bfgftdetks, dsç jogo bos
 projksos ck skbkjjfúe. Nfedbfzd joe bd cknfefjfúe ck skigketo gktd.
=. Bkidbks8 kb cksdrrobbdcor ckmk prksketdr kb kejudcrk bkidb joe kb quk trdmdhdrä. Kstk
fgpbfjd bds rkibds ck hukio fecfspkesdmbks ke nuejfúe ck bds quk sk trdmdhde bos
gockbos ck drquftkjturd. Ke dbiueds jfucdcks kxfstk gdyor nbkxfmfbfcdc ke tærgfeos
ck bkifsbdjfúe urmded, por bo quk ks fgportdetk quk kb cksdrrobbdcor djbdrk adstd
cúeck sk bfgftdrä.
:. Sæjefjds8 bos kxpkrtos ke joestrujjfúe ckmke fecfjdr sf dbiøe fgpkcfgketo ke
pdrtfjubdr ojdsfoed ued rkstrfjjfúe nuecdgketdb pdrd kb proykjto. Zk rknkrfräe
sobdgketk d dqukbbds quk fgpdjtke fekvftdmbkgketk ke bd kskejfd ck æb.
3. Cfskôo8 kb kqufpo ck drquftkjturd gukstrd bds ckjfsfoeks fefjfdbks quk fenbuyke ke
bd vfsfúe ckb proykjto. Orfketdjfoeks, umfjdjfoeks jbdvk, vfstds y otros dspkjtos soe
pdrtk ck kstk rkjorrfco fefjfdb. Ikekrdbgketk, sk prksketd ue ärmob ck ckjfsfúe joe bos
tkgds nuecdgketdbks.
;. Nfedejfkrds8 kb kqufpo nfedejfkro ckmk fcketfnfjdr bos fecfjdcorks jbdvk quk ckmk
rkspktdr kb proykjto. Kstos tfkeke quk vkr joe vobugke ck vketds, tfkgpo ck
dmsorjfúe y gdrike rkqukrfco.

[ed vkz prkjfsdcds bds rkstrfjjfoeks mäsfjds y prfejfpdbks, rkjfæe ketoejks sk fefjfde bds
bdmorks ck fckdjfúe ckb kqufpo ck trdmdho.
Bd fckdjfúe quk adräe bos djtorks ckb proykjto kstdrä kenojdcd ke rksobvkr bos trks kbkgketos
quk jogpoeke bd urikejfd kgojfoedb (cfnkrkejfdjfúe, vdbor eukvo y rknbkxfvfcdc). \or bo
tdeto, bos dpdrtdcos sfiufketks cksjrfmke kb projkso puetudb pdrd rksobvkr bd fckdjfúe ck jdcd
pfbdr.

Bukio, ued vkz vdbfcdcos bos trks pfbdrks ck ikekrdjfúe ck urikejfd kgojfoedb, ketoejks kb
proykjto kstdrä bfsto pdrd promdrsk detk gkrjdco.

;.4. Cfnkrkejfdjfúe dzub

Bd prfgkrd prkgfsd pdrd jrkdr proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos cotdcos ck urikejfd

kgojfoedb rdcfjd ke bd jdpdjfcdc ck boirdr ue posfjfoedgfketo cfnkrkejfdco ke kb
gkrjdco gktd. Detk ksk rkqukrfgfketo, ks nuecdgketdb quk kb kqufpo ck trdmdho
cknfed juäb ks bd vdrfdmbk o bds vdrfdmbks coeck musjdräe feeovdr ke vdbor. Kstk
joejkpto surik joe bd kstrdtkifd ckb ojædeo dzub, quk yd akgos jftdco.
Ck djukrco d kstd gktocoboiçd, @fg y Gdumoriek mdutfzde jogo ‒ojædeo roho‗ d bos
gkrjdcos coeck bos jogpktfcorks trdtde ck vkejkr db rfvdb onrkjfkeco kb gfsgo
procujto d ue gkeor prkjfo. Bd onkrtd sk kejdrefzd ke ued bujad por sdtfsndjkr d ued
ckgdecd somrksdturdcd, y sk fieorde eukvds posfmfbfcdcks ck procujto.
 Joetrdrfo d kbbo, ke bos ojædeos dzubks sk jrkde eukvos kspdjfos ck gkrjdco. Kstos
ojædeos kstäe mdsdcos ke bd feeovdjfúe ck vdbor (=3)
(=3).. Eo sk trdtd ck ued feeovdjfúe
tkjeobúifjd o ck bd fejursfúe ke ue eukvo gkrjdco, sfeo ck fejrkgketdr
crästfjdgketk kb vdbor ckb procujto, gdetkefkeco, db gfsgo tfkgpo, ue prkjfo djorck
d bos kstäecdrks ck gkrjdco. \drd boirdr kstd jogmfedjfúe, ks ekjksdrfo quk kb
proykjto kenoquk sus ksnukrzos ke sobo dbiued ck bds vdrfdmbks jbdvk quk jogpoeke
su onkrtd ck procujto.

Kstrdtkifd ck ojædeo roho Kstrdtkifd ck ojædeo dzub

Jogpktfr ke kb gkrjdco kxfstketk.
Ckrrotdr d bd jogpktkejfd.
Dprovkjadr bd ckgdecd kxfstketk.
Gdetfkek rkbdjfúe trdcfjfoedb ketrk josto y vdbor.
Dbfekdr toco kb sfstkgd ck djtfvfcdcks ck bd
nfrgd joe bd kstrdtkifd kbkifcd ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe
Jrkdr ue gkrjdco.
Adjkr quk bd jogpktkejfd skd
frrkbkvdetk.
Jrkdr y jdpturdr eukvd ckgdecd.
]kcknfek kb jogprogfso trdcfjfoedb
ketrk josto y vdbor.
Dbfekdr tocds bds djtfvfcdcks ck bd nfrgd
o mdho josto. ke musjd ck bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe y db gkeor
josto.

Jdso8 Nrdtkred / Gøbtfpbks proykjtos

 ]kbkdre8 Nrdtkred ks ued cksdrrobbdcord prkojupdcd por gkhordr kb vdbor pkrjfmfco ck sus
procujtos. Bds gktocoboiçds ck fevkstfidjfúe rkvkbdroe cos tkgds nuecdgketdbks ck
rksobvkr8 júgo boirdr ue gkeor fgpdjto ckb kstdjfoedgfketo ke kb josto ckb ckpdrtdgketo y
cfsgfeufr kb josto ckb gdetkefgfketo gkesudb. Jogo pdrtk ck bos kstucfos, sk dedbfzú bd tdsd
ck uso ckb skiueco jdhúe ck kstdjfoedgfketo ke proykjtos ke bd zoed y ke kb gfsgo
skigketo, bo quk rksubtú ke ue uso ckb 3<%. Ke otrds pdbdmrds, bd iketk qufkrk cos jdhoeks,
pkro sobo tkrgfed usdeco 4,3<. Kb josto ckb kstdjfoedgfketo ks jdcd vkz gdyor y eo tfkek bd
tdsd ck uso quk bd iketk jrkk.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ikekrú kb joejkpto ck dgkefcdc ck
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
kstdjfoedgfketo. Mdho kstd fckd, sk joestruykroe sobo kb 3<% ck bos skiuecos kspdjfos ck
kstdjfoedgfketo y sk jrkú ued eukvd norgd ck dcgfefstrdrbos. Zk bk ketrkiú d jdcd
ckpdrtdgketo ue kspdjfo ckb quk krd propfktdrfo y bds uefcdcks rkstdetks sk ketrkidroe jogo
ued dgkefcdc d bd dsojfdjfúe ck joecúgfeos. Bd dsojfdjfúe rketd kstos kspdjfos ck
kstdjfoedgfketo y sus feirksos vde cfrkjto db gdetkefgfketo. Joe kstd skejfbbd gocfnfjdjfúe,
sk boird tkekr gkeor josto ckb kstdjfoedgfketo y tdgmfæe ck gdetkefgfketo, rksubtdeco ke
ue proykjto ck gujao gdyor vdbor pdrd kb usudrfo.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bos jbfketks ckskde ke ojdsfoeks gujads josds porquk cksjoeojke
eukvds gdekrds ck rksobvkr gkhor bos prombkgds d bos quk sk kenrketde. [ed sobujfúe
feeovdcord pdrd rksobvkr sus prombkgds ck pkrjkpjfúe gäs nukrtks pukck skr sfgpbkgketk
júgo rkdjogocdr bos rkjursos yd kxfstketks ckb proykjto.

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Kcfnfjfos rksfckejfdbks ck efvkb gkcfo ([ZC 4<<.<<<).

;.4.4. Bds vdrfdmbks jbdvk y bd pkrjkpjfúe ckb jbfketk

[ed vkz quk sk rkdbfzd kb kstucfo ck bd jurvd ck vdbor y sk rkprksketd bd vdborfzdjfúe

ck jdcd dtrfmuto ke bd jogpktkejfd (mkejagdr` ),), sk fefjfd ued pronuecd rknbkxfúe
somrk juäb ks kb posfjfoedgfketo y bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe quk sk ckskd boirdr ke kb
proykjto.
Bd kstrdtkifd ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe quk ks gäs näjfb ck jdpftdbfzdr detk gkrjdco sk
kejuketrd ke cktkjtdr dqukbbds vdrfdmbks quk soe gäs fgportdetks pdrd kb
jbfketk, pkro quk eo kstäe pbdsgdcds ke bd cfeägfjd jogpktftfvd djtudb.
Bd sfiufketk cfsjusfúe sk ckmk adjkr pdrd jdcd ueo ck bos trks efvkbks ck procujto
(=;)88
(=;)
Kb iränfjo gukstrd bds vdrfdmbks jbdvk pdrd cfnkrkejfdjfúe y otros kspdjfos ck
djtudjfúe.
\or ue bdco, bd fenorgdjfúe somrk bo quk kb jbfketk vdbord sk omtfkek ke kb kstucfo ckb
uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo (=>)
(=>),, gkcfdetk kb quk sk ad cknfefco dqukb procujto quk eo
kxfstk, pkro quk skrçd frrksfstfmbk pdrd kb jbfketk.
\or otro bdco, bd fenorgdjfúe somrk bo quk eo rkjfmk kb jbfketk adstd kb cçd ck aoy sk
omtfkek ckb deäbfsfs ck bd akrrdgfketd \dfestorg, joe bd quk sk ade fcketfnfjdco bos
puetos jbdvk ck cobor ke kb jbfketk, dsojfdcos d su fesdtfsndjjfúe joe bd onkrtd
kxfstketk.
Ke bd fetkrskjjfúe ketrk kb dbto vdbor pkrjfmfco y bd fesdtfsndjjfúe djketudcd, sk
kejuketrde bds vdrfdmbks quk fefjfde bd cfsjusfúe ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe ckb proykjto.
Joenorgk kb kqufpo sk fetkird d bd cfsjusfúe, bds cfnkrketks kspkjfdbfcdcks musjdräe
progovkr ued vdrfdmbk quk joesfckrke pdrtfjubdrgketk rkbkvdetk pdrd kb proykjto.
Fckdbgketk, sk ckmk musjdr joeskeso d trdvæs ck bds sksfoeks ck trdmdho.
Jdcd kqufpo ikekrd ued quçgfjd ck trdmdho øefjd, y ksto pukck dnkjtdr kb projkso ck
ckjfsfúe somrk bd vdrfdmbk ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe. Kstk projkso ck dutketfjfcdc ks dckgäs
ckskdmbk, porquk dirkid ue kbkgketo ck vdbor d bd kskejfd ckb proykjto. Bo øefjo quk
ks ekjksdrfo eo pkrckr ck vfstd ks quk bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe ckmk vfejubdrsk joe bos
rksubtdcos ck bd ktdpd rkbkdre  ckb gkrjdco. [ed cfnkrkejfdjfúe dbkhdcd ck bds
prknkrkejfds ckb gkrjdco eo skrä pkrjfmfcd por kb pømbfjo gktd.
Db tkrgfedr kstd rknbkxfúe sk drrohdräe vdrfdmbks fgportdetks ke bos trks efvkbks ck
procujto. Kb kqufpo ckmk ckjfcfr sf kb kenoquk ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe skrä fetkirdb (musjdr
cfnkrkejfdjfúe ke bos trks efvkbks) o vd d jketrdr bos ksnukrzos ke ueo ck bos efvkbks
ck procujto. Kstd cfsjusfúe ckpkeck ke irde gkcfcd ck bd ksjdbd ckb proykjto, yd quk
joenorgk kstd cfsgfeuyk, kxfstk gkeor jdpdjfcdc pdrd joetkekr efvkbks gäs dbtos ckb
procujto.
[ed vkz quk akgos fcketfnfjdco bds vdrfdmbks ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe ck eukstro procujto,
ks rkjogkecdmbk irdnfjdr bds jurvds ck vdbor pdrd omtkekr ued vfsfúe jbdrd ck bd
rupturd quk kstdgos provojdeco ke kb gkrjdco. Kb jdgmfo ke kb posfjfoedgfketo ck
vdbor ckmk skr crdgätfjo.

;.4.=. Fefjfo ck bd fckdjfúe

[ed vkz cknfefcd bd vdrfdmbk o bds vdrfdmbks ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe, sk bfmkrd bd fckdjfúe

ftkrdtfvd, bd judb pkrgftfrä cktoedr kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo ck prototfpos.
Ke bd fckdjfúe ftkrdtfvd kb kqufpo propoek fckds ke toreo d júgo gdtkrfdbfzdr bd
cfnkrkejfdjfúe0 y kbbds soe pukstds db ksjrutfefo ck tocos bos kspkjfdbfstds.
Kstrfjtdgketk admbdeco, prfgkro sk ckmk boirdr ued sçetksfs ck tocds bds opjfoeks quk
boirk fckdr kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo y, postkrforgketk, kxtkeckr bds posfmfbfcdcks ck
jdcd fckd.
Bd fckdjfúe pdrtfjfpdtfvd ks ue projkso jçjbfjo ck trdmdho ke kb quk sujkcke bds
sfiufketks ndsks8

F. Zobujfúe propukstd8 judbqufkrd ck bos kspkjfdbfstds kxpoek ued fckd pdrd

gdtkrfdbfzdr bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe rkqukrfcd (jogo gkejfoedgos, ks prknkrfmbk jrkdr bd
bfstd joe gujads opjfoeks detks ck fr db sfiufketk pdso).
H. ^dbfckz tæjefjd8 sk cktkrgfed sf bd sobujfúe propukstd tfkek ued rkspukstd tæjefjd
cketro ck bds posfmfbfcdcks tkgpordbks ckb proykjto.
@. Josto pdrdgætrfjo8 kb kqufpo ck jostko prksketd eøgkros pdrdgætrfjos somrk bd
sobujfúe propukstd.
B. ]kecfgfketo8 toco kb irupo ck trdmdho cktkrgfed bos rkecfgfketos gdrifedbks
quk ikekrd kstd sobujfúe. ¿Kxfstk vdbor pdrd bd jogkrjfdbfzdjfúe? ¿Kxfstk vdbor ck
uso? Zf bd sobujfúe boird vdbfckz tæjefjd y nfedejfkrd, y, dckgäs, dportd vdbor ck
vketd o ck uso, ketoejks sk prksketd jogo ued vdrfdmbk ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe bfstd pdrd
gkrjdco. Ke jdso ck kstdejdrsk ke dbiued ck bds ktdpds, kb jfjbo sk rkfefjfd
musjdeco otrd sobujfúe propukstd. Kstds sobujfoeks sk djogpdôde por mojktos ckb
kqufpo ck cfskôo pdrd pockr vfsudbfzdr d efvkb drquftkjtúefjo bd fckd prksketdcd.
Jdso8 \bdzds idstroeúgfjds (3<4, Jovdbfd, IJF)
 ]kbkdre8 Bos jketros jogkrjfdbks ck ksjdbd pkqukôd y gkcfded pdrkjçde kstdr ckstfedcos db
nrdjdso. Db eo joetdr joe dejbds ck ikekrdjfúe ck nbuho joestdetk, bos çecfjks ck vdjdejfd soe
gujao gäs dbtos y usudbgketk bos skiuecos y tkrjkros pfsos soe bos quk gäs sunrke.
Eukstros kstucfos ck ckgdecd ck bojdtdrfos rkvkbdroe ue dbto porjketdhk ck jrkjfgfketo ke
rkstdurdetks, pkro tocos pkbkdeco por ksjdsds umfjdjfoeks ck pbdetd mdhd.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Bd joejbusfúe ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo nuk jrkdr ue joejkpto ck pbdzd
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
jogkrjfdb dejbdco ke ue irupo ck rkstdurdetks. \drd quk rkdbgketk nuejfoedrde jogo dejbd,
sk rkqukrçd quk su umfjdjfúe nukrd ke bd pdrtk gäs bkhded ck bd pbdzd pdrd provojdr kb
rkjorrfco ckb nbuho vfsftdetk. Kb rkto nuk júgo joevkejkr d bos rkstdurdetkros ck festdbdrsk ke
kb efvkb gäs dbto. Bd akrrdgfketd utfbfzdcd pdrd pkrsudcfrbos nuk bd fgpbkgketdjfúe ck bos
joetrdtos ck rketd vdrfdmbks, bos judbks pkrgftke quk bos prfgkros trks dôos kstos jogkrjfos
pdiuke ue porjketdhk ck sus feirksos jogo rketd. Zf bos rksubtdcos eo soe mukeos, bd rketd ks
mdhd.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bos jketros jogkrjfdbks ekjksftde nbuho pdrd somrkvfvfr. Zf eo ady ksjdbd
pdrd tkekr ue dejbd trdcfjfoedb, ckmkgos jrkdr dejbds drtfnfjfdbks. \drd boirdr joevkejkr d
kstds dejbds drtfnfjfdbks ekjksftdgos fejketfvos, y sk rkqufkrk bd jrkdtfvfcdc ckb kqufpo ck
cksdrrobbo pdrd pockr cfskôdr kb gockbo ck ekiojfo quk bos pkrgftd.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 \bdzd jogkrjfdb ck tfpo strfp gdbb.

[ed vkz quk sk tfkek kb joejkpto ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe, kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo pukck

dvdezdr adjfd kb skiueco ikekrdcor8 dirkidr vdbor eukvo.
Ke gujads ojdsfoeks, db vdbfcdr kb proykjto jrkdco (jogo eo pocçd skr ck otro goco,
ksto ckmk ojurrfr ke bd ktdpd ck vdbfcdjfúe) sk jogprukmd quk bos jbfketks eo dprkjfde
bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe propukstd por kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo. Ks nuecdgketdb rkjorcdr quk
bd cfnkrkejfdjfúe quk rkqufkrk eukstro gockbo ck urikejfd kgojfoedb ks dqukbbd quk
sç ks pkrjfmfcd por kb gkrjdco gktd, por bo quk ke kstos jdsos kb kqufpo ckmkrä
rkirksdr d trdmdhdr somrk bd sobujfúe. Ke rksugke, sf kb gkrjdco eo pkrjfmk bd
cfnkrkejfdjfúe, ketoejks eo sk boirdrä ikekrdr urikejfd kgojfoedb.
[ed vkz quk sk tfkek bd afpútksfs ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe pkrjfmfcd, sk pukck dvdezdr db
projkso ck ikekrdjfúe ck vdbor eukvo.

;.=. Ikekrdr vdbor eukvo

Jrkdr proykjtos eukvos sfiefnfjd skr bd puetd ck bdezd ke kb rdgo fegomfbfdrfo. Jdcd eukvo
kgprkecfgfketo sk joevfkrtk, ke jfkrto sketfco, ke ued dpukstd por kb nuturo ck bd fecustrfd.
Kstd vfsfúe pdrkjk skejfbbd ck ketkeckr, pkro eo sk ad gdtkrfdbfzdco ck norgd joesfstketk ke
eukstro rumro. Zf prkstdgos dtkejfúe d bos jdgmfos quk ad boirdco bd fecustrfd dutogotrfz ke
4<< dôos ck vketds, pocrkgos vkr ued trdesnorgdjfúe pronuecd. Bd fegomfbfdrfd, ke jdgmfo,
ad dvdezdco d ue rftgo gujao gäs bketo, por bo quk su kvobujfúe eo sk pkrjfmk tde
näjfbgketk.
Bd rkspukstd sk kejuketrd ke kb vdbor eukvo. Ke gujads fecustrfds, bd øefjd norgd ck vkeckr
ue procujto ck rkposfjfúe ks onrkjkr vdborks euejd detks vfstos. Kstos vdborks soe rkspukstds
d prombkgds quk admçde pdsdco cksdpkrjfmfcos por bos jbfketks, pkro quk aoy soe ued
oportuefcdc pdrd prksketdr sobujfoeks feeovdcords vfejubdcds d rkjursos eukvos.
Ke joejrkto, judbqufkr proykjto quk sk fefjfk (ckspuæs ck kejoetrdr su kspdjfo ck
cfnkrkejfdjfúe) ckmk tkekr ke jbdro quæ vdborks eukvos ketrkidrä db jbfketk. Ke sketfco
kstrfjto, kstos dirkidcos ckmke skr jogpbktdgketk feæcftos pdrd kb gkrjdco, eo ckmke kxfstfr
ke proykjtos prkvfos. Duequk bd jogpktkejfd sukbk rkpbfjdr bos vdborks eukvos ck bos
procujtos quk yd kstäe ke kb gkrjdco, nfedbgketk, kb posfjfoedgfketo gäs súbfco bo boirdräe
dqukbbos quk dpdrkjke joe dbio quk sk onrkjk por prfgkrd vkz.
Ke bd fetrocujjfúe ck kstk bfmro prksketdgos kb tkgd ckb vdbor eukvo joe ued ksjked ckb
gkrjdco dutogotor. Ke ued dikejfd ck dutos, kb jbfketk eo pbdekd prkiuetdr sf kb vkaçjubo
tfkek gotor o bbdetds, su fetkræs ks joeojkr dqukbbos dtrfmutos quk adjke db gockbo cfnkrketk
ck bo quk onrkjk kb gkrjdco ck rkvketds. Ck kstd norgd, bds dikejfds rkeukvde sus propukstds
ck vdbor eukvo pdrd skiufr fgpubsdeco kb jrkjfgfketo ck cfjad fecustrfd.
Ikekrdr vdbor eukvo eo sobdgketk joebbkvd jrkdr dtrfmutos euejd detks vfstos0 kstos ckmke
kstdr dbfekdcos y hustfnfjdcos joe bd ktdpd ck rkdprkecfzdhk ke kb gkrjdco.
Jdso8 Qfrfs
 ]kbkdre8 [e kstucfo rkvkbú quk bos jogprdcorks ck ckpdrtdgketos krde prfejfpdbgketk
 húvkeks y eo dsojfdmde bd vfvfkecd vkrtfjdb joe gockrefcdc. Admçd ued pomrk
po mrk onkrtd ck
ckpdrtdgketos, y, dckgäs, bd quk kxfstçd kstdmd kenojdcd d pkrsoeds ckb efco vdjço.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo musjú fetkirdr gøbtfpbks kbkgketos ck vdbor eukvo
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
quk hustfnfjdrde bd gockrefcdc y kb kenoquk ckb proykjto. Zk fetkirdroe jadpds joe bkjtorks
ck frfs pdrd bos djjksos prfejfpdbks db proykjto (tdgmfæe kxfstçde jogo opjfoedbks pdrd bos
djjksos db ckpdrtdgketo) y sk cotú db ärkd ck pfsjfed joe sfstkgd ck ducfo mdho kb diud y jfek
kxtkrfor, y opjfoeks ck dutogdtfzdjfúe ck bujks y ducfo, ketrk otros vdborks opjfoedbks. Bd
rkspukstd ckb gkrjdco nuk dmrugdcord8 bd dmsorjfúe fefjfdb bbkiú d skr gäs ck jfejo vkjks kb
progkcfo ck bd rkifstrdcd ke kb rksto ck bos proykjtos ckb skigketo.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bd vketd ck procujto prfgdrfo (eo rkvketd) kstä nukrtkgketk fgpubsdcd
ke su jdpdjfcdc ck gostrdreos kb nuturo. D gkcfcd quk bos vdborks eukvos ck procujto
sorprkecde db jbfketk y rksukbvde gkhor prombkgds ck bd vfcd cfdrfd, tkecräe gkhor fgpdjto
ke kb gkrjdco.

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Ckpdrtdgketos joe vfstd db gdr ([ZC 4;<.<<<).

;.=.4. \rombkgds ck feeovdjfúe. ¿Ck cúeck vfkek kb vdbor eukvo?

Bd ktdpd ck rkdprkecfzdhk ckb gkrjdco fejbuyú akrrdgfketds nuecdgketdbks pdrd dvdezdr ke

bd cknfefjfúe ck bos prombkgds ck feeovdjfúe, bos judbks cde ketrdcd d bd procujjfúe ck
vdborks eukvos. Bd prfgkrd ck kstds akrrdgfketds, prksketdcd jogo \dfestorg, kstä kenojdcd
ke kejoetrdr kspkjçnfjdgketk dqukbbos prombkgds quk bos jbfketks fcketfnfjde ke su vfvfkecd
djtudb dsç jogo ke bos proykjtos quk ade vfsftdco ke kb gkrjdco. \or su pdrtk, bos kstucfos
kteoiränfjos dedbfzde bos cktdbbks quk sk omskrvde ke bd vfcd djtudb ck bos jbfketks, bos judbks
jbdrdgketk gukstrde fejoenorgfcdcks joe su vfvfkecd djtudb.
\drd dvdezdr ke kstk projkso, ckmk joecujfrsk ued sksfúe ck trdmdho ke coeck sk cktdbbke bos
adbbdzios ckb \dfestorg y bos kstucfos kteoiränfjos (dckgäs ck judbqufkr otro rkjurso quk
pukcd dpoydr kstos tkgds). Ke kstd ‒ketrkid‗, bos fevkstfidcorks ckmke skr guy pronuecos ke
cksjrfmfr bos prombkgds quk dqukhde db gkrjdco ck aoy. Joetdr afstorfds-khkgpbo ke kstd
cfeägfjd ks guy kerfqukjkcor pdrd kb kqufpo y rkprksketde puetos ck pdrtfcd kxjkpjfoedbks
pdrd bds propukstds ck fckdjfúe.
]kiubdrgketk, ke kb kstucfo ck kstos puetos ck cobor o pdfe pofets
pofets ckb jbfketk, bos kqufpos ck
cksdrrobbo cfvfcke bos prombkgds ck djukrco db efvkb ck procujto db quk rkspoecke. Ckmfco d
bos bçgftks ck tfkgpo y prksupuksto, ckmke kenojdrsk ke rksobvkr øefjdgketk bos gäs
kstrdtæifjos. Ikekrdbgketk, kb omhktfvo ks sobujfoedr prombkgds ke bos trks efvkbks ck
procujto (procujto eujbkdr, dgpbfdco, gktdprocujto).
[ed vkz quk sk tfkek ued bfstd ck pdfe pofets
pofets  ckb jbfketk, kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk cktkjtdr
ue prombkgd jbdro ck feeovdjfúe pdrd jdcd ueo ck kbbos. Kstos prombkgds ck feeovdjfúe
pkrgftke sketdr bds mdsks pdrd bd fckdjfúe ftkrdtfvd.
D gdekrd ck khkgpbo, jftdgos d joetfeudjfúe dbiueos guy kxpbfjdtfvos.
 • Khkgpbo ck ue prombkgd ke kb procujto eujbkdr

- \rombkgd fcketfnfjdco ke fevkstfidjfúe8 kb jbfketk sk rkaøsd d dcqufrfr ue ckpdrtdgketo

porquk omskrvd quk kb fegukmbk tfkek pojd jdpdjfcdc pdrd dgpbfdrsk o gocfnfjdrsk joe
dbiued ekjksfcdc eukvd.
- \rombkgd ck feeovdjfúe8 ¿júgo pockgos jrkdr ue ckpdrtdgketo quk pukcd dgpbfdrsk pdrd
dtkeckr ekjksfcdcks nuturds ckb rksfcketk?

* Khkgpbo ck ue prombkgd ck procujto dgpbfdco

- \rombkgd fcketfnfjdco ke fevkstfidjfúe8 kb jbfketk eo djkptd bos jostos dcfjfoedbks ck ue

ckpdrtdgketo, jogo kb josto ckb kspdjfo ck kstdjfoedgfketo y kb josto gkesudb ck
gdetkefgfketo.
- \rombkgd ck feeovdjfúe8 ¿júgo pockgos cfsgfeufr sfgubtäekdgketk kb josto ck
kstdjfoedgfketo y ck gdetkefgfketo ckb proykjto?

◈ Khkgpbo ck ue prombkgd ck gktdprocujto

- \rombkgd fcketfnfjdco ke fevkstfidjfúe8 kb jbfketk ckskd tkekr su jdsd dutogdtfzdcd, pkro

bos sfstkgds soe jogpbkhos y cfnçjfbks ck festdbdr y gdekhdr.
- \rombkgd ck feeovdjfúe8 ¿júgo pockgos jrkdr ued jdsd dutogdtfzdcd y tkjeobúifjd quk
skd näjfb ck utfbfzdr pdrd kb jbfketk?

;.=.=. \rototfpdco räpfco

[ed vkz quk sk ade fcketfnfjdco bos prombkgds ckb stdtu quo quk kenrketd kb proykjto,
ks gogketo ck cktoedr kb potkejfdb jogpbkto ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo.
Ke jdcd prombkgd ck feeovdjfúe, bos kxpkrtos ckb kqufpo ckmke pbdetkdr sobujfoeks
quk rksukbvde bos fejoevkefketks quk pkrjfmk kb jbfketk y quk trdfide kb nuturo db
prksketk.
Fefjfdbgketk, kb kqufpo ckmk adjkr ued rkjobkjjfúe ck kstds sobujfoeks (bbuvfd ck
fckds). ]kjorckgos quk ke kstk pueto ks fgportdetk quk eo sk cksjdrtke efeiued ck
bds sobujfoeks jogketdcds por bos pdrtfjfpdetks, due judeco pdrkzjde kxdikrdcds o
nukrd ck buidr. Zoe kstds fckds dirksfvds bds quk cktoede otrds propukstds ke kb rksto
ck bos pdrtfjfpdetks ckb kqufpo y pkrgftke, dsç, jrkdr joejkptos gäs dtkrrfzdcos.

Jdso8 ^fvfkecd ck fetkræs sojfdb

 ]kbkdre8 [e kstucfo kteoiränfjo ck bd vfvfkecd ck fetkræs sojfdb rkvkbú quk bds vfvfkecds quk
sk pbdekdmde joe cos rkjägdrds, ke rkdbfcdc krde ojupdcds por ndgfbfds ck ketrk jfejo y skfs
fetkirdetks, bo quk bds ombfidmd d fgprovfsdr kspdjfos admftdmbks ke otrds ärkds ckb aoidr.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb joetrob ck jostos y bd nfbosonçd ck bds kgprksds orfketdcds d bos gkrjdcos
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
ck fetkræs sojfdb cfnfjubtde bd fejorpordjfúe ck eukvds vdrfdmbks. Kb kqufpo cktkrgfeú quk bd
sobujfúe db prombkgd sk kejoetrdmd ke kb gomfbfdrfo, kb judb pocrçd ikekrdr daorros ck
kspdjfo y dsç gkhordr bd vfvfkecd pdrd bds ndgfbfds. \drd ndjfbftdr bd kxpbfjdjfúe ke kb gkrjdco
sk fgprovfsdroe ued gksd y ued jdgd pbkidmbks joe gdckrd skejfbbd y sfe djdmdcos. Kstds sk
festdbdroe ke ued jdsd gockbo pdrd kvdbudr bd opfefúe ck bos jbfketks. Bd djkptdjfúe provojú
quk kb cksdrrobbdcor bo fejorpordrd db prkjfo ck bd jdsd.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bos prototfpos eo ckmke skr sobujfoeks tkrgfedcds quk togke gujao
tfkgpo ke cksdrrobbdrsk y pkrnkjjfoedrsk. Joetrdrfo d kbbo, ckmke skr näjfbks ck bbkvdr d jdmo y
mdrdtds pdrd promdr k ftkrdr joe kb gkrjdco.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 ^fvfkecd ck fetkræs sojfdb.

[ed vkz quk sk ad bbkidco d ue joejkpto ck sobujfúe, kb kqufpo ckmk jrkdr ue

prototfpo räpfco.
FCKO, quk djtudbgketk utfbfzd kstd akrrdgfketd, kxpoek quk ks ekjksdrfo rkdbfzdr
prototfpos ck tocos bos eukvos procujtos quk ndmrfqukgos, joe ue prksupuksto mdho
ke bos gockbos fefjfdbks k fieordeco bos cktdbbks. Kb omhktfvo ks joguefjdr bd fckd
joe ue idsto gçefgo ke su vfsudbfzdjfúe. \ostkrforgketk, sk pocrä adjkr ued gdyor
fevkrsfúe judeco sk poskde bds gdquktds cknfeftfvds.
Ke kb gueco ck bd feeovdjfúe, kb prototfpdco räpfco ks ued vkrcdckrd vketdhd, yd quk
pkrgftk kxpkrfgketdr y prksketdr bds fckds ck goco tdeifmbk. Dsfgfsgo, adjk posfmbk
bd cktkjjfúe ck kbkgketos feeovdcorks, yd quk kstos surike jogo rkspukstd d bds
ckmfbfcdcks ckb prototfpo fefjfdb.
Bd gktocoboiçd ckb prototfpo räpfco jogfkezd joe bd kbdmordjfúe ck bd gdquktd o
fgdike :C pdrd skr prksketdcd db kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo y joeojkr su
rktrodbfgketdjfúe. D pdrtfr ck kstos rksubtdcos, sk cknfek kb nuturo ckb proykjto8
dmdecoedr bd fckd o adjkr bds gocfnfjdjfoeks ekjksdrfds pdrd su nuejfoedbfcdc. Ke
ojdsfoeks, ks ekjksdrfo joestrufr gäs ck ue prototfpo joe kb nfe ck skbkjjfoedr bd
gkhor ck bds propukstds. Ks ck kspkrdrsk quk kstos prototfpos joetkeide gujaos
krrorks, por bo quk ckmk skr prfgorcfdb cktkjtdrbos y gocfnfjdrbos. Bd joestrujjfúe ck
ue prototfpo skrä posfmbk cketro ck bos bçgftks ckb prksupuksto y ckb pbdzo.
Ketrk gdyor cogfefo sk poskd ke bd kbdmordjfúe ck prototfpos y ke su gkhordgfketo
postkrfor, gdyor skrä bd jogpktkejfd quk tkeid bd kgprksd, tdeto sf sk kgpbkde
gkcfos propfos jogo kxtkreos.
Ke bd jubturd FCKO sk gdekhd bd nfbosonçd ‒ndbbd d gkeuco pdrd trfuendr gäs räpfco‗
(=9),, yd quk toco prototfpo joebbkvd bd cktkjjfúe ck krrorks. \or kstd rdzúe, ke bd ndsk
(=9)
ck kxpkrfgketdjfúe ckmk kbfgfedrsk kb tkgor d kqufvojdrsk, puks soe kstos kbkgketos
bos quk pkrgftke cktkjtdr ärkds ck gkhord k feeovdr ke kb vdbor dirkidco.

;.=.:. Jkrrdeco bd onkrtd ck procujto

[e procujto quk ad ketkecfco su kspdjfo ck cfnkrkejfdjfúe y sus kbkgketos ck vdbor

eukvo kstä bfsto pdrd sogktkrsk db trdmdho ck tdbbkr ck drquftkjturd, ke coeck sk
ikekrde bos gdtkrfdbks pdrd bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd®.
Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk tkekr jufcdco ke bd jdetfcdc ck kbkgketos ck vdbor
eukvo quk fejbuyk su onkrtd. Eo ckmk obvfcdr quk ady bçgftks guy jbdros ke kb
gkrjdco quk ckmke skr rkspktdcos. [e krror guy jogøe ke kb gueco ckb gdr`ktfei
 ks bd fejbusfúe kxjksfvd ck dtrfmutos ke jdcd procujto, bo quk ikekrd kb knkjto fevkrso
porquk tkrgfede sfkeco fgpkrjkptfmbks o kbkvde kb prkjfo ckb procujto adstd vobvkrbo
fgpdidmbk.
Otro krror tfkek quk vkr joe bos kbkgketos ck vdbor quk rkspoecke d bd gocd o bd
tkeckejfd. Ksto provojd quk gujaos ck bos dtrfmutos eo kstæe cfrfifcos d rksobvkr
prombkgds rkdbks ckb jbfketk y, ke cknfeftfvd, ostketde jkro vdbor rkdb. Ke jdgmfo, bos
kbkgketos ck vdbor eukvo pkrgftke rksobvkr bds ekjksfcdcks tdeifmbks ck bos usudrfos
y, por bo tdeto, jrkde vkrcdckro vdbor ck uso.
[e procujto quk bbkid d kstk pueto pukck dckgäs ikekrdr su kskejfd ck
joguefjdjfúe d pdrtfr ck bds mdsks ck rknkrkejfdjfúe y vdbor eukvo. Kb sfiufketk
dpdrtdco cktdbbd kb tkrjkr y øbtfgo kbkgketo rkqukrfco ke kb gockbo ck ikekrdjfúe ck
urikejfd kgojfoedb, kb judb nfedbgketk kstä kebdzdco joe bd joguefjdjfúe ckb
proykjto.

;.:. Ikekrdr rknbkxfvfcdc

Db tkrjkro ck bos keirdeks quk jogpoeke bd núrgubd ck urikejfd kgojfoedb bo akgos

ckeogfedco ‒rknbkxfvfcdc‗. Kstk ks ue nkeúgkeo quk sk cksdrrobbd ke bd gketk ckb jbfketk ke
kb gogketo ke quk fetkrdjtød joe ue procujto y sk vk rknbkhdco ke æb.
Dquç jomrde gujad fgportdejfd bos kstucfos kbdmordcos ke bd ktdpd detkrfor, yd quk soe kstos
bos quk cdräe fespfrdjfúe somrk bd pkrsoedbfcdc ck eukstros jbfketks. Ikekrdbgketk, judeco sk
cfskôd bd fgdike ckb procujto sk pfkesd ke sus judbfcdcks jogo pueto ck fespfrdjfúe.
Joetrdrfo d kbbo, eosotros jrkkgos quk bd fespfrdjfúe ckmk surifr ckb pueto ck kejuketro
ketrk kb procujto y bo quk sk cktkjtú ke bos jbfketks.
Judeco ue joesugfcor dcqufkrk ue procujto ketrk ued vdrfkcdc ck onkrtds cfspoefmbks quk
prksketde jdrdjtkrçstfjds sfgfbdrks, joesfckrd quk bd kbkjjfúe sk boird ke nuejfúe ck bd
pkrsoedbfcdc quk proykjtd ksk procujto. Bd rkdbfcdc ks quk sk jrkd ued joekxfúe
sumjoesjfketk ketrk bd pkrsoedbfcdc ckb procujto y bd ckb jbfketk. Kstk nkeúgkeo ks ck
keorgk rkbkvdejfd, ckmfco d quk, ke ue ksjkedrfo ck kxtrkgd jogpktkejfd, kb jdrfsgd ckb
proykjto y su jdpdjfcdc pdrd skr ue ‒kspkho‗ ck sus jbfketks skräe bds øbtfgds posfmfbfcdcks
ck joequfstdr kb gkrjdco.
\drd boirdr ksto, ks ekjksdrfo quk kb cksdrrobbdcor ketfkecd bd fgportdejfd quk hukide bd
kskejfd ckb joejkpto y su joguefjdjfúe ke bd fetkrdjjfúe joe kb jbfketk. Ke kstk sketfco,
akgos propuksto ue gockbo ck proykjto pdrd kvftdr kb nkeúgkeo ck ckmfbfcdc ck bds gdrjds
ck fegomfbfdrfds.
Ke eukstrd vfsfúe, bd gdrjd ck ue proykjto ks gujao gäs quk ue eogmrk y ue boiotfpo. \or
kso, usdgos kb tærgfeo ‒joejkpto‗, quk fejbuyk tkgds ck procujto, progojfúe y umfjdjfúe
quk adjke øefjo y dutæetfjo d ue proykjto. \drd ikekrdr ksd pronuecfcdc quk rkqufkrke kstos
eukvos joejkptos akgos trdesnorgdco kb uso ck bds gdrjds fegomfbfdrfds.
Ke bd djtudbfcdc, jdcd proykjto ks ued eukvd gdrjd quk kb cksdrrobbdcor ckmk jrkdr,
 hustfnfjdr, cotdr
cotd r ck pkrsoedbfcdc y joguefjdr.
joguef jdr. Soco ksto cketro ck
c k ue tfkgpo cktkrgfedco y
joe bos rkjursos cfspoefmbks. \or kstd rdzúe, bos proykjtos ck gdyor ksjdbd soe bos quk
boirde posfjfoedgfketos gäs räpfcos (bos idstos ke gdr`ktfei kstäe vfejubdcos d bd ksjdbd).
Ke eukstrd vfsfúe, bo djoeskhdmbk ks quk kb cksdrrobbdcor cfskôk ued gdrjd pdrd jdcd
skigketo quk ckskd dtkeckr. Judeco sk diotd kb proykjto ke jukstfúe, ketoejks sk cksdrrobbd
kb sfiufketk joe kb gfsgo skigketo ke gketk, joeskrvdeco bd gdrjd. Ksto pkrgftk jrkdr ued
 pkrsoedbfcdc gujao gäs pronuecd y dutæetfjd, dsç jogo dbjdezdr keorgks kjoeogçds ck
ksjdbd ke tkgds ck trdmdho jrkdtfvo pdrd kb soportk ck bd gdrjd.
[e kbkgketo ck fgportdejfd ke kb tkgd ck rknbkxfvfcdc tfkek quk vkr joe bd fgdike quk
proykjtd ue kgprkecfgfketo fegomfbfdrfo. Zkd pdrd ued kgprksd (ke ue proykjto M=M) o
pdrd pkrsoeds (ke proykjtos M=J), kb jbfketk sfkgprk musjd quk bd proykjjfúe adjfd kb
gkrjdco skd cfied ck prksugfrsk. Ke ojdsfoeks, judeco kb cksdrrobbdcor omskrvd proykjtos
ck efvkb gkcfo ke kb gkrjdco, sk ckhde ck dprkjfdr kstos vdborks ck prksuejfúe, bos judbks
tkrgfede sfkeco jbdvk pdrd bd ikekrdjfúe ck rknbkxfvfcdc ke kb rdgo fegomfbfdrfo.
Ck kstd norgd, sk joejbuyk quk kb pfbdr ck bd rknbkxfvfcdc cksjdesd somrk bd jrkdjfúe ck
joejkptos súbfcos, quk poskke ued joguefjdjfúe dirksfvd irdjfds d bd nukrzd y eftfckz ck su
gkesdhk.

Jdso8 Dcdgdet = ‚ Aogks nor kio-jketrfj fecfvfcudbs

 ]kbkdre8 Bd nrdequfjfd ck Dcdgdet ks ued ck bds nrdequfjfds ck proykjtos ck rksfckejfds
vkrtfjdbks gäs fgportdetks ck Gæxfjo. Ke kb deäbfsfs ckb gkrjdco pdrd ued skiuecd torrk ke
bd jfucdc ck \ukmbd sk fcketfnfjú quk kb gkrjdco prfejfpdb ckb proykjto krde bos sobtkros
 húvkeks. Fcketfnfjdgos
Fcketfnfjd gos ued skôdb cæmfb jbdrd
jbd rd judeco ue jbfketk ck otro
o tro skigketo jogketú8 ‒Kb
proykjto ks jdro y sobo kstä vkecfkeco kio, bos húvkeks quk qufkrke prksugfr bo kstäe
jogprdeco‗.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Ke buidr ck togdr kb jogketdrfo jogo ue tkgd ekidtfvo, kb kqufpo ck
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
cksdrrobbo ckjfcfú djkptdr kb rkto y kgpkzdr norgdbgketk d vkeckr kio. Joe kstd fckd surifú
bd jdgpdôd ck ‒Aogks nor kio-jketrfj fecfvfcudbs‗, bd gfsgd quk bk vdbfú d Irupo 3Z kb
prkgfo ck bd Gkhor Jdgpdôd ck Gdr`ktfei Fegomfbfdrfo Fetkredjfoedb ke =<4: (prkgfo
otoridco por bd EDAM ck bos Kstdcos [efcos). Kstd cfstfejfúe ks ued ck bds gäs fgportdetks
ck eukstrd fecustrfd d efvkb ibomdb.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 \drd boirdr vkrcdckrd rknbkxfvfcdc ke bds gdrjds fegomfbfdrfds, ckmkgos
skr guy dirksfvos ke eukstro kenoquk db skigketo dtkecfco. Bd nukrzd ck bd jdgpdôd rksubtd
guy vdbfosd pdrd ikekrdr tränfjo ke bos proykjtos.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Ckpdrtdgketos efvkb rksfckejfdb ([ZC 4<<.<<<-=;<.<<<).
;.:.4. Joejkptos fegomfbfdrfos

Due judeco ke bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd sk gukvke irdecks jdetfcdcks ck rkjursos,

soe pojds bds gdrjds quk ade boirdco supkrdr bd ksjdbd rkifoedb o edjfoedb.
Zobdgketk ke kb rdgo aotkbkro sk ad joeskiufco gdetkekr ued posfjfúe ck
jrkjfgfketo kstrujturdco.
Bd prombkgätfjd ck bd ndbtd ck gdrjds fegomfbfdrfds joesobfcdcds rdcfjd ke cos
sftudjfoeks jogueks8

• Bos cksdrrobbdcorks dsugke quk jdcd umfjdjfúe ks kspkjfdb y, por bo tdeto, kstd
ckmk norzosdgketk tkekr ued pkrsoedbfcdc propfd.
• Tufkrke kgpuhdr bd gdrjd ckb proykjto, bd ckb cksdrrobbdcor y, ke ojdsfoeks, adstd
bd ckb noeco o bd gdrjd ck otro pdrtfjfpdetk ckb proykjto, bo quk rksubtd ke ued
gubtfpbfjfcdc ck gdrjds.

Cksdnortuedcdgketk pdrd eosotros, soe ksjdsds bds ojdsfoeks ke quk ue gfsgo

jbfketk dcqufkrk procujtos ckb rdgo fegomfbfdrfo, por bo quk kstd jdetfcdc ck gdrjds
joe mdho prksupuksto pdsde cksdpkrjfmfcds por kb gkrjdco gktd.
Ckmfco d ksto, kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk kenojdr sus ksnukrzos ke ued sobd gdrjd
pdrd jdcd skigketo dtkecfco y eo jkckr detk bos ckskos ck cfbufrsk. Joe ksd vfsfúe ke
gketk, ckmk dportdr sus adbbdzios pdrtfjubdrks ke kb projkso ck rkdprkecfzdhk pdrd
jrkdr bd kskejfd ck bd gdrjd.
;.:.4.4. Kskejfd ck gdrjd

Ke bd kskejfd ck gdrjd sk bbkvd d jdmo ue nkeúgkeo jrujfdb pdrd bd fespfrdjfúe quk

frrdcfdrä eukstro procujto. Ke bd ksnkrd ck bos ekiojfos eos kenrketdgos d kgprksds
ck trks tfpos8 dqukbbds quk sobo soe joesjfketks ck T[Æ adjke (bd gdyorçd),
dqukbbds quk dckgäs cogfede kb JÚGO bo adjke y, nfedbgketk, ue irupo skbkjto
quk ad boirdco cksjumrfr kb \O]T[Æ ck sus procujtos. Ke bd kskejfd ck gdrjd
trdmdhdrkgos kb porquæ ck eukstro proykjto fegomfbfdrfo8 ¿por quæ qukrkgos adjkr
vfvfkecds?
Zfgoe Zfek`, ke su bfmro Ztdrt Yfta Yay (=1)
(=1),, kxpbfjd quk ued bfgftdetk ke bos
proykjtos ck aoy ks quk sk qukcde ke bd prfgkrd jdpd ckb projkso quk rkspoeck db
quæ8 quæ adjke, d quæ sk ckcfjde, quæ procujtos vkecke. Ks ckjfr, sk prkojupde
sobo por bos rksubtdcos, pkro pojo sk fetkrksde por bos projksos (kb júgo) y gujao
gkeos joeojke bd gotfvdjfúe pronuecd ckträs ck bo quk adjke (kb porquæ).

Bd jbdvk ck bos ekiojfos quk rogpke pdrdcfigds k fespfrde d sus jbfketks ks quk
opkrde db rkvæs ck bd onkrtd jogøe8 sk fetkrksde por cksjumrfr kb porquæ ck su
djtudr y ckspuæs sk ojupde ckb júgo y ckb quæ. Db nfedb, sdmkr kb porquæ tkrgfed
sfkeco ue projkso ck dutojoeojfgfketo y ck cksjumrfgfketo, eo ck fevkejfúe. Bd
kskejfd ck gdrjd ks kb rksubtdco ckb dutodeäbfsfs y ck bd rknbkxfúe quk rkdbfjkgos ke
toreo d eukstro proykjto8 pdrd quæ bo adjkgos, quæ ks bo quk eos gotfvd.
[ed kskejfd ck gdrjd quk poskk ue cogfefo totdb ckb porquæ kstdmbkjk ue bdzo ck
joenfdezd joe su ducfkejfd ckmfco d quk kstd pkrjfmk quk, d cfnkrkejfd ck otros
cksdrrobbos, kb proykjto poskk ue propúsfto gäs dbbä ck sobo vkeckr ue omhkto. Ke
kstk eukvo cfsjurso yd eo ks sunfjfketk fcketfnfjdr bd gfsfúe y bd vfsfúe ck bd
kgprksd, ady quk dvdezdr ue pdso gäs. Ketoejks kb rksubtdco quk procuzjdgos
skrä bd prukmd joejrktd ck \O] T[Æ bo adjkgos.
Ks rkjogkecdmbk quk kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo fetkirk ued prksketdjfúe ckb joejkpto
detks ck bd kbdmordjfúe ck bd pkrsoedbfcdc ck bd gdrjd y kb postkrfor kstfbo
drquftkjtúefjo. Kstd prksketdjfúe ckb joejkpto ks ue pueto ck pdrtfcd ck irde
fgportdejfd pdrd kb kqufpo ck drquftkjturd y, postkrforgketk, sk joevkrtfrä ke kb
gdetrd ckb kqufpo jogkrjfdb.

;.:.4.=. \krsoedbfcdc y kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd

[ed vkz cknfefcd bd kskejfd, bd gdrjd ckmk togdr ckjfsfoeks jrkdtfvds quk
fgpbfquke dsugfr bos rfksios ckb gkrjdco. Bd kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd ks ue dspkjto
quk ckmk skr gdekhdco joe kxtrkgd ckbfjdckzd ckmfco d bo quk kb fegukmbk
rkprksketd ke bd vfcd ckb jbfketk tdeto goektdrfd jogo sfiefnfjdtfvdgketk.
Detk kb vdbor quk sfgmobfzd jdcd jbfketk pdrd bd jogpdôçd fegomfbfdrfd, akgos
cksdrrobbdco ue gockbo ck kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd quk musjd jogpbkgketdr bd
ikekrdjfúe ck urikejfd kgojfoedb. Duequk kb projkso ck jogprd skrä
fekvftdmbkgketk rdjfoedb ke dbiøe gogketo, sogos pdrtfcdrfos ck quk ue fefjfo
kgojfoedb ndjfbftd y djkbkrd kb projkso ck ckjfsfúe.
Ksk projkso ck vketd kgojfoedb sk cktoed joe ued kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd
gkgordmbk. Ke eukstrd vfsfúe, ued vkrcdckrd kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd kstä rkifcd por
ue joejkpto rkjtor mdsdco ke kskejfd ck gdrjd. Jdcd proykjto ckmk musjdr su
kskejfd, fespfrdcd ke bd propukstd øefjd ck vdbor, dsç jogo ke sus cfnkrkejfdcorks y
ke bd vfsfúe ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo. Bos jfejo puetos ck joetdjto quk vkrkgos d
joetfeudjfúe ckmke trdesgftfr ue gkesdhk aogoiæeko. Bd kskejfd ckmk admbdr ckb
kstfbo ck vfcd quk onrkjk. Soco bo quk sk fetkirk db joejkpto ckmk skiufr kstd bçekd.

4. Kstçgubo d tocos bos sketfcos

[ed kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd fetkirdb ckmk jumrfr tocos bos sketfcos8 vfstd, obndto,
tdjto, oçco y iusto. Kstos sk ckmke fetkirdr pdrd sorprkeckr db jbfketk. Ke
ojdsfoeks, dbiueos ck kstos kstçgubos skesorfdbks skräe gäs cæmfbks quk otros,
ckpkecfkeco ck bos omhktfvos. Kb sketfco ckb obndto, por khkgpbo, pukck
trdesgftfrsk cfsjrktdgketk d trdvæs ck drogds quk sk vfejubke d bd gdrjd.
=. Dprkecfzdhk
Kstucfos ade ckgostrdco quk ueo ck bos ikekrdcorks vfrdbks gäs pockrosos ks kb
dprkecfzdhk. Ke ksk sketfco, curdetk bd vfsftd db proykjto, kb jbfketk ckmk dprkeckr
dbio eukvo quk tkeid rkbdjfúe joe kb joejkpto ckb proykjto y adid kjo ke su
vfcd. Akgos dcfjfoedco dprkecfzdhks ck drtk, idstroeúgfjos, afstúrfjos y adstd
ck jubturd ikekrdb pdrd rknorzdr bos joejkptos ck bos proykjtos.
:. Djtos fekspkrdcos
Kb ndjtor sorprksd ckmk norgdr pdrtk ck bds djtfvfcdcks quk sk cksdrrobbde curdetk
bds vfsftds. Judbqufkr djtfvfcdc eo kspkrdcd sk vukbvk ue djto dcfjfoedb ke kb quk
pdrtfjfpd kb jbfketk.
 3. Kbkgketos ikekrdcorks ck sketfgfketos
Bd jdpdjfcdc ck bbkidr d bd nfmrd skesfmbk ckb prospkjto, por judbqufkr vçd, sk
cknfek ke kstk dpdrtdco. Cksck proirdgds ck rkspoesdmfbfcdc sojfdb adstd
gdtkrfdbks ck procujjfúe kgojfoedb, judbqufkr joetdjto ck kstk tfpo ndjfbftdrä bd
rkbdjfúe joe kb prospkjto.
;. ]kbdjfúe
Kb joejkpto ckmk trdtdr ck kstdmbkjkr joetdjto joe kb prospkjto nukrd ck bd ksnkrd
jogkrjfdb. Ks ckjfr, ckmk kxfstfr ued joguefjdjfúe quk eo tkeid rkbdjfúe joe bds
vketds. [ed gdekrd ck boirdr ksto ks ckstfedeco ue kspdjfo ke bd zoed ckb
proykjto pdrd oridefzdr kvketos jubturdbks, ck jfek, kxposfjfoeks drtksdedbks o
idstroeúgfjds, quk pkrgftde jrkdr ued dtgúsnkrd ck joevfvkejfd ketrk bos
usudrfos y bos admftdetks ck bd zoed. Kstos kspdjfos dgpbçde kb joejkpto quk sk
tfkek ckb proykjto y jrkde ued fgdike gäs posftfvd y skesfmbk ck æb.

Jdso8 Sosjded, Dtbds

 ]kbkdre8 Ke kstd ojdsfúe nufgos fevftdcos d pdrtfjfpdr ke ue proykjto ck vfvfkecd aorfzoetdb
yd djtfvo quk sk fespfrú ke kb cfskôo ftdbfdeo ck bd provfejfd ck Sosjded. Eukstros kstucfos y
cfdieústfjos fefjfdbks fcketfnfjdroe quk kb joejkpto ftdbfdeo y bos cfnkrkejfdcorks eo
pkrgdekjçde ke bd gkgorfd ckb jbfketk ued vkz tkrgfedcd bd vfsftd.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Detk kb cksko ck posfjfoedr gkhor kb proykjto, sk trdesnorgú por jogpbkto
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
bd kxpkrfkejfd ck jogprd. Bd jdsktd ck vketds nuk rkckjordcd joe bd tkgätfjd ck bd rkifúe, y
ke kbbd sk pocçd ksjujadr ued kstdjfúe ck rdcfo ftdbfded. Sdgmfæe sk fgpdrtfkroe jbdsks ck
ftdbfdeo y ck jojfed ck cfjao pdçs cos vkjks por skgded. Zk gdecdmde jorrkos kbkjtrúefjos
joe trdcujjfúe db ftdbfdeo y bos vkeckcorks sdbucdmde y sk ckspkcçde ke ksd bkeiud. Zk
rfndmde vfdhks gkesudbks d bd gkejfoedcd provfejfd k fejbuso sk fejorporú bd mdeckrd ck
Sosjded db ketrdr db proykjto y ke bos drtçjubos progojfoedbks. Socos bos puetos ck joetdjto
nukroe kvdbudcos pdrd quk bd propukstd ck cfskôo eo pdsdrd cksdpkrjfmfcd.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Ke ojdsfoeks, bos joejkptos jketrdbks eo soe pkrjfmfcos por kb gkrjdco
gktd. Bd fejorpordjfúe ck ued kxpkrfkejfd jogpbktd joe kb gockbo ck 3Z adjk joetuecketk
kb gkesdhk adjfd kb jbfketk.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 ^fvfkecd aorfzoetdb, efvkb rksfckejfdb.
;.:.=. Sdriktfei

[ed vkz quk kb projkso ck mrdecfei  (kskejfd ck bd gdrjd) ad joejbufco, ckmk kxfstfr
kb kgpuhk dckjudco pdrd joguefjdr bd gdrjd ck eukstro procujto db gkrjdco0 d ksto
sk bo joeojk jogo ‒tdriktfei‗. Adstd kb cçd ck aoy, bos proykjtos kgpbkde cos tfpos
ck joguefjdjfúe8 bd vfrdb, quk sk ad popubdrfzdco ke bos øbtfgos dôos irdjfds d bds
rkcks sojfdbks, y bd pbdekdcd, quk sk rkdbfzd d trdvæs ck bos gkcfos ck joguefjdjfúe
trdcfjfoedbks.
 ;.:.=.4. ^frdbfcdc

Judeco admbdgos ck ‒vfrdbfcdc‗ eos rknkrfgos d dqukbbd pumbfjfcdc quk ikekrd ue

irde kjo ke kb gkrjdco y quk eo kxfik efeiøe idsto o jdgpdôd ck gdr`ktfei. D
cfnkrkejfd ck bd pumbfjfcdc trdcfjfoedb, kstd eo ks joetrobdcd por kb kqufpo ck
cksdrrobbo, sfeo quk surik d trdvæs ck gkcfos quk rkdbfzde ued jomkrturd kcftorfdb
ckb proykjto o, ke su cknkjto, d trdvæs ck bds rkcks sojfdbks, coeck kb gfsgo
gkrjdco provojd kb ckspkiuk ckb proykjto.

Jdso8 Bkvded
 ]kbkdre8 Ke gujads jfucdcks, kb skigketo prkgfug ck vfvfkecd ks kb quk gdyor
jogpktkejfd tfkek. Joe prkjfos cksck ;<<.<<< cúbdrks, kstos proykjtos juketde joe onkrtds
kxtrdorcfedrfds ke tocos bos sketfcos. [e kstucfo ck ckgdecd rkvkbú quk krd pojd bd
cfnkrkejfdjfúe pkrjfmfcd ck ue proykjto quk onrkjçd bos dtrfmutos tçpfjos ck kstk skigketo y
quk eo sk ckstdjdmd ke efeiueo. Zk kbdmordroe kstucfos ck ckgdecd dcfjfoedbks quk
rkvkbdroe quk kb skigketo ck jogprdcorks dprkjfdmd bos ckpdrtdgketos por bd jogocfcdc
quk ikekrdmde pdrd sdbfr ck vfdhk y eo prkojupdrsk por su gdetkefgfketo. Ksos vfdhks
rksubtdroe bd skôdb cæmfb ck fespfrdjfúe pdrd kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Zk cktkrgfeú quk krd fgportdetk vfejubdr kb proykjto joe kstd vfcd ck
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
vfdhk. \or bo gfsgo sk ckjfcfú dcqufrfr ue pketaousk
 pketaousk  ke ue proykjto ke \bdyd ckb Jdrgke y
dportdrbo jogo ued dgkefcdc. Ck kstd norgd, jdcd ueo ck bos joecúgfeos ckb proykjto
iozdrçd ck ued skgded ck uso db dôo. Bds skgdeds sk rfndroe pdrd quk nukrde dbkdtorfds y sk
ketrkiú toco ue gdeudb opkrdtfvo pdrd cfjad dgkefcdc. Ksto ikekrú kjo y bk cfo ue kbkgketo
ck vfrdbfcdc db proykjto.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 [sudbgketk bos kqufpos ck cksdrrobbo kstdgos dtdcos d pkesdr cketro ck
bds posfmfbfcdcks quk eos pkrgftk ue prkcfo. Kstk khkgpbo gukstrd quk bos vdborks quk
ketrkide bos proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos pukcke kstdr nukrd ck sus prkcfos.
Bds dgkefcdcks nukrd ck kbbos sk ade vukbto ued tkeckejfd fespfrdcd ke kb æxfto ck Bkvded.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Ckpdrtdgketos prkgfug (gäs ck [ZC ;<<.<<<).

Hoeda Mkrikr, ke su bfmro Joetdifous8 Yay Safeis Jdtja Oe (=6) (=6),, kxpbfjd quk eo
kxfstk ued rkjktd gäifjd quk idrdetfjk joevkrtfr ke vfrdb ued jdgpdôd pumbfjftdrfd.
Ke buidr ck ksto, onrkjk skfs dspkjtos quk jogpdrtke ke jogøe bos vfckos gäs
vfsftdcos ke bds rkcks y quk fenbufräe d bd aord ck jrkdr bd pumbfjfcdc ck eukstro
proykjto. Gäs quk kenojdrsk ke joetkekr bos skfs dtrfmutos, sk trdtd ck boirdr bd
jogmfedjfúe pkrnkjtd quk adid ck eukstro gkesdhk dbio ‒joetdifoso‗.
Detks ck rksugfr bos skfs dtrfmutos, Mkrikr dcvfkrtk quk kb eøjbko ck bd popubdrfcdc
eo rksfck ke bd pkrsoed o kb gkcfo quk kxpoek, sfeo ke kb gkesdhk quk sk cæ somrk
kb procujto ke sç gfsgo. Ke ksto sk joejketrde bds posfmfbfcdcks ck quk sk ikekrk
joevkrsdjfúe y sk jogpdrtde bos joetkefcos.
Bos skfs dspkjtos pdrd joesfckrdr ke bd jrkdjfúe ck joguefjdjfúe vfrdb soe8
 4. Srdesgfsfúe sojfdb8 jrkdr ue gkesdhk quk adid bujfr mfke d bds pkrsoeds o
pdrkjkr fetkbfiketks. Ks ckjfr, quk pukcde proykjtdr bd fgdike ckskdcd.
=. Djtfvdcorks8 ady kstçgubos ckb ketoreo quk adjke quk ue jogketdrfo o ued
rknkrkejfd sk rkbdjfoek joe ue procujto u otrd fckd. \or bo tdeto, sf ke ued jadrbd
sk gkejfoed ksk kstçgubo, ckmkgos ikekrdr ue djtfvdcor ke eukstro gkesdhk quk
adid quk ke bd gketk ckb jbfketk sk rkbdjfoek ksk kstçgubo joe kb procujto o bd
fckd quk onrkjkgos. Ks nuecdgketdb tkekr ke juketd bd ikekrdjfúe ck djtfvdcorks,
quk kstos kstæe ke kb ketoreo pdrd quk eukstro procujto pukcd kstdr näjfbgketk
guy prksketk ke bd gketk ckb prospkjto.
:. Kgojfúe8 kb gkesdhk ckmk kvojdr bds kgojfoeks jorrkjtds pdrd quk bds
pkrsoeds ckskke jogpdrtfrbo. Db fiudb quk kb nukio, dbiueds kgojfoeks prkecke
gäs quk otrds, por bo quk djtfvdr ksd kgojfúe pukck skr bd jbdvk ck bd trdesgfsfúe
ck eukstro gkesdhk o procujto.
3. \umbfjfcdc8 ckmkgos jrkdr propukstds quk skde vfsfmbks pdrd quk sk
dutocfnuecde y bds pkrsoeds bds rkjukrcke joe gdyor ndjfbfcdc y pukcde jopfdr
bos aämftos ck joesugo ck su ketoreo.
;. ^dbor präjtfjo8 bos gkesdhks gäs jogpdrtfcos soe dqukbbos quk joetfkeke
fenorgdjfúe ck utfbfcdc pdrd kb kspkjtdcor. Zk ckmk rksdbtdr kb vdbor quk sk onrkjk
pdrd quk bds pkrsoeds bo jogpdrtde y pdrd quk eukstro gkesdhk sk ckstdquk por
somrk tocd bd fenorgdjfúe quk feuecd kb gkrjdco.
>. Afstorfds8 bd propukstd ckb gkesdhk ckmk feskrtdrsk ke afstorfds quk bd iketk
qufkrd jogpdrtfr y joeojkr. Zk ckmk boirdr ue kqufbfmrfo ketrk joetkekr bos jfejo
dtrfmutos detkrforks y gdetkekr ued edrrdtfvd dtrdjtfvd pdrd kb rkjkptor.

;.:.=.=. Joguefjdjfúe trdcfjfoedb

Bd joguefjdjfúe trdcfjfoedb sujkck judeco sk joetrdtde rkjursos ck gdr`ktfei

pdrd cdr d joeojkr kb proykjto d eukstro gkrjdco. Cos kbkgketos fgportdetks pdrd
kb boiro ck bd rknbkxfvfcdc soe bd jbdrfcdc ckb gkesdhk y bd skbkjjfúe ck bos gkcfos.
Ke ksk sketfco, ks nuecdgketdb pdrd judbqufkr proykjto quk sk adyd cksdrrobbdco kb
gkesdhk jketrdb o kbkvdtor pftja .

;.:.=.=.4. Kbkvdtor pftja
pftja

[ed sftudjfúe jogøe ke kb gkcfo ck bos ekiojfos ks quk bd oportuefcdc ck

prksketdr eukstro proykjto d ue fevkrsfoefstd o ue jbfketk potkejfdb pukck cdrsk
ke ued jfrjuestdejfd quk fgpbfquk tkekr quk adjkrbo ke kb gkeor tfkgpo posfmbk.
Ck daç surik kb deibfjfsgo ‒kbkvdtor pftja‗ (:<), quk rknfkrk db cfsjurso mrkvk,
pkro joetuecketk, quk toco kgprkeckcor ckmk poskkr pdrd jdptdr fevkrsfúe ke
judbqufkr gogketo ckb cçd.
Gäs quk dskiurdr ue djukrco o fevkrsfúe, kb kbkvdtor pftja  rkprksketd kb prfgkr
pdso pdrd posfjfoedr eukstro procujto. Ks ued akrrdgfketd kgpbkdcd somrk toco
ke jogpdôçds stdrtup.  Zu nuejfúe ks trdesgftfr ke pojds pdbdmrds quæ rkprksketd y
quæ joevfkrtk d eukstro procujto ke ued oportuefcdc øefjd pdrd kb gkrjdco. [e
cfsjurso bdrio y joenuso adrä pkesdr d eukstros fetkrbojutorks quk eo poskkgos
totdb cogfefo ckb proykjto. \or kbbo ks nuecdgketdb poekr kspkjfdb jufcdco ke bd
 kbdmordjfúe ckb kbkvdtor pftja , porquk promdmbkgketk eo admrä ued skiuecd
oportuefcdc ck prksketdrbo.
Joetdr joe ue kbkvdtor pftja  ck eukstro proykjto otorid cfnkrketks mkeknfjfos8

• Jdptdr kb fetkræs ck fevkrsfoefstds.

• Dtrdkr bd dtkejfúe ck jbfketks.
• Kgpkzdr ued joevkrsdjfúe joe dbiufke joe qufke qukrkgos cksdrrobbdr ued
rkbdjfúe ck ekiojfos d bdrio pbdzo.
• Ikekrdr kb fetkræs ck bos gkcfos (:4)
(:4)..

Kb omhktfvo ckb kbkvdtor pftja  ks dmrfr kb dpktfto ckb pømbfjo sfe ued somrkjdrid ck
fenorgdjfúe, pdrd quk kb fetkræs jrkdco ke kb fetkrbojutor bo fgpubsk d kstdmbkjkr
nuturds rkuefoeks ck ekiojfos.
Duequk eo kxfstk ued kstrujturd nfhd ke bd kbdmordjfúe ck ue kbkvdtor pftja,  sç ady
cfstfetds rkjogkecdjfoeks quk dyucdräe d quk kb cfsjurso dbjdejk su omhktfvo ke
kb oyketk8

• Gdetkekr ue rdeio ck :< d 6< skiuecos, o ue rdeio ck 4<< d 4;< pdbdmrds.

• Eo usdr djrúefgos o hkrids8 ckmfco db bfgftdco tfkgpo, bo quk sk qufkrk ks quk
kb fetkrbojutor ketfkecd jdcd pdbdmrd.
• Ketrk gäs sfgpbk, gkhor8 bds jfrjuestdejfds kxfike quk bd fenorgdjfúe skd
kgpdjdcd tde sfgpbk y jbdrd jogo skd posfmbk. Jogpbkho eo ks fiudb d
fetkbfiketk.
• Tuk prkcogfek bo joejkptudb8 ks bd oportuefcdc ck fgpdjtdr db quk ksjujad joe
ue pdeordgd ikekrdb, bos cktdbbks sk ckmke iudrcdr pdrd ckspuæs.
• Joejketrdrsk ke kb quæ y eo ke kb júgo. [e krror jogøe ks kenojdrsk ke bos
cktdbbks tæjefjos y opkrdjfoedbks. Zf bd ducfkejfd kstä fetkrksdcd ke bo quk sk kstä
kxpoefkeco, yd sk tkecrä ued oportuefcdc, ke otrd ojdsfúe, pdrd cfsjutfr kb júgo.
Zf, por otro bdco, kbbos eo ketfkecke kb quæ, eo admrä ued skiuecd oportuefcdc.
• Kvftdr bd kxdikrdjfúe8 usdr tkgds súbfcos y jfnrds, dsç sk gdetkecrä d bd
ducfkejfd y bd jrkcfmfbfcdc.
• Dcdptdr kb cfsjurso8 ue kbkvdtor pftja  eo kejdhd ke tocds bds sftudjfoeks. Zf sk
kstä kxpoefkeco bd jogpdôçd d ue fevkrsor, sk ckmkräe fejbufr dbiueds nfedezds.
Zf, por kb joetrdrfo, sk kstä admbdeco joe kb JKO ck ued jogpdôçd quk sk kspkrd
skd ue jbfketk, admrä quk kenojdrsk gäs ke bos mkeknfjfos ckb procujto.
• Ks ued joevkrsdjfúe, eo ued prksketdjfúe8 ady quk admbdr ke ue toeo edturdb y
dgfidmbk pdrd propfjfdr ue cfäboio nbkxfmbk joe kb fetkrbojutor. Dsç sk pocrä
omskrvdr júgo rkjfmk bd fenorgdjfúe y dcdptdrbd o djbdrdr jfkrtos puetos.

Ady quk tkekr ke jbdro quk ke efeiøe gogketo kb kbkvdtor pftja  sk bfgftd d ue
cfsjurso gkgorfzdco, yd quk ksto pukck rkprksketdr ue mbdejo näjfb pdrd skr
cksdrgdco por kb fetkrbojutor. Ady quk skr jdpdz ck dcdptdrsk fegkcfdtdgketk y ck
rkspoeckr d bds skôdbks o prkiuetds ck bd ducfkejfd. \drd kbbo ady quk prkvkr bds
posfmbks jukstfoeks o jfnrds quk pukcd sobfjftdr qufke eos ksjujak.
[e kbkvdtor pftja  mfke kbdmordco pukck skr gäs fgportdetk quk ue pbde ck
ekiojfos o ue rksugke khkjutfvo. \or kstd rdzúe, kb cfsjurso ck bd kgprksd ckmk
 ckhdr ke jbdro quæ bd cfnkrkejfd ck otros ekiojfos y júgo kstd cfnkrkejfdjfúe
mkeknfjfd db jbfketk.

Jdso8 Kb nuturo ck bds afpotkjds

 ]kbkdre8 Zk kbdmordroe gøbtfpbks kstucfos pdrd ue mdejo joe nfeks ck ketkeckr juäbks krde bds
prknkrkejfds ck bos jogprdcorks ck vfvfkecd ke toreo d bds afpotkjds. Kb kstucfo rkvkbú quk kb
procujto nfedejfkro kstdmd dbtdgketk jogocftfzdco, yd quk sobdgketk kb josto (tdsd ck fetkræs
y jogfsfoeks) fenbuçd ke bd togd ck ckjfsfoeks. [e kstucfo d gdyor pronuecfcdc rkvkbú quk kb
cksko prfejfpdb ckb jbfketk krd tkrgfedr ck pdidr bd afpotkjd detks ckb pkrçoco pdjtdco joe kb
mdejo.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Ckspuæs ck musjdr cfvkrsos gkjdefsgos pdrd ndjfbftdr kb pdio ckb jbfketk,
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
sk cktkrgfeú ue procujto nfedejfkro quk utfbfzd kb joesugo jogo gkjdefsgo ck pdio ckb
jræcfto. Hueto joe kb joetrdto ck afpotkjd sk ketrkide ued tdrhktd ck cæmfto y ued ck jræcfto.
Jdcd vkz quk kb jbfketk joesugk joe su tdrhktd ck cæmfto o jræcfto, sk bk jdrid ue 4%
dcfjfoedb d su juketd. Ke bds nfrgds ck cæmfto, kb mdejo dmoed ksk 4% db jdpftdb ckb jræcfto,
gfketrds quk ke bos joesugos joe bd tdrhktd ck jræcfto dmoed ue =%. Joe bos rftgos ck
joesugo trdcfjfoedbks ck ued ndgfbfd ck skigketo J+ sk pukck tkrgfedr ck pdidr kb jræcfto
adstd jfejo dôos detks. Kb kbkvdtor pftja  tuvo jogo kgmbkgd quk sk trdtdmd ck bd øefjd
afpotkjd ke bd quk kb joesugo sfiefnfjdmd daorrdr, dckbdetdeco kb pdio ckb jræcfto sfe
irdecks sdjrfnfjfos.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bos procujtos feeovdcorks ckmke pockr sfgpbfnfjdrsk adstd kb pueto ke
quk sk pkrgftd ue räpfco ketkecfgfketo y joguefjdjfúe. [e kbkvdtor pftja  súbfco adjk gäs
näjfb bd vfrdbfzdjfúe ckb joejkpto.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 \rocujtos nfedejfkros pdrd jogprd ck vfvfkecd.

;.:.:. Gkcfos

Bd skbkjjfúe ck bos gkcfos ck joguefjdjfúe ikekrdbgketk sk adjk ke nuejfúe ck ue

deäbfsfs ck rketdmfbfcdc. Bos gkcfos gäs prkgfdcos joe prksupuksto soe dqukbbos quk
gäs dportde d bos fecfjdcorks jogkrjfdbks jrucos.
Dcfjfoedbgketk d kstd cfeägfjd, fetrocujfgos bd fgportdejfd ck bos gkcfos
rknbkxfvos. Dbiueos gkcfos ck joguefjdjfúe eo soe dbtos ikekrdcorks ck tränfjo o eo
 hustfnfjde su vdbor
vdb or ke eøgkros ck dnbukejfd
dnbukejf d jbdrdgketk, sfe kgmdrio, boirde
posfjfoedr kb proykjto ke ue gkhor efvkb ck gkrjdco. Kstos gkcfos sukbke skr ck
keorgk vdbor pdrd kb kbkgketo ck rknbkxfvfcdc quk rkqufkrk bd urikejfd kgojfoedb.
Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk bbkidr d fcketfnfjdr kstos gkcfos pdrd romustkjkr kstk
kbkgketo.

;.:.3. Kvdbudeco bd rknbkxfvfcdc

Judeco ue proykjto boird jogdecdr kb kbkgketo ck rknbkxfvfcdc quk kxfik bd

 urikejfd kgojfoedb, kb jbfketk cktkjtd gujaos kbkgketos quk jofejfcke joe sus
vdborks. Dckgäs, ks jogøe vkr quk kb jbfketk adjk sdjrfnfjfos somrk otros dtrfmutos ck
fgportdejfd fejbuso hustfnfjdeco, ke ojdsfoeks, db proykjto.
[ed vkz quk kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo sk sfketk trdequfbo ke nuejfúe ck bd
cfnkrkejfdjfúe, kb vdbor eukvo y bd rknbkxfvfcdc ckb proykjto ikekrdco, ks gogketo
ck poekrbo d prukmd ke bd ktdpd ck vdbfcdjfúe.

==-- Cfspoefmbk ke kspdôob8 Ikrmkr, Gfjadkb K.8 Kb gfto ckb

== kgprkeckcor . \or quæ eo nuejfoede
ckb kgprkeckcor nuejfoede bds pkqukôds
pkqukôds kgprksds
kgprksds y quæ 
adjkr pdrd quk nuejfoeke.  Mdrjkboed8 \dfcús, 4669.
=:-- Ztkkbjdsk. ‒Kb gueco fetkrjoekjtdco8 ibomdb, gúvfb, =3/9. ¿Kstä tu kspdjfo ck trdmdho prkpdrdco?‗,
=: pr kpdrdco?‗, ke  ]kvfstd :><¼
:><¼, Eøg. :.
=3-- @fg, Y. Jade y ]keæk Gdumoriek.  Bd kstrdtkifd
=3 kstrdtkifd ckb ojædeo dzub.  Moiotä, Jobogmfd8 Irupo Kcftorfdb Eorgd, =<<;, päi. 49.
ojædeo dzub.
=;-- Bos trks efvkbks ckb procujto dpdrkjke cksjrftos ke kb prfgkr jdpçtubo, cketro ck ‒Bd urikejfd kgojfoedb jogo gockbo ck
=;
joejkptudbfzdjfúe
joejkptudbfzdjf úe ck proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos‗.
fegomfbfdrfos‗.
=>-- Bd akrrdgfketd ckb uefjorefo fegomfbfdrfo sk kxpoek cketro ckb jdpçtubo ‒]kbkdre8 rkdprkeckr ckb gkrjdco‗.
=> gkrjdco‗ .
=9-- Mdrmd, Kerfj. ‒Joestruyd prototfpos pdrd vfsudbfzdr bd feeovdjfúe8 joeskhos ck FCKO y kb khkgpbo ckb jdhkro DMFB (MM^D)‗,
=9
ke Kerfj Mdrmd Ikstfoedeco feeovdjfúe  Pke bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8 attp8//www.kerfjmdrmd.jog/=<4=/<;/joestruyd-prototfpos-
Ikstfoedeco bd feeovdjfúe attp8//www.kerfjmdrmd.jog/=<4=/<;/joestruyd-prototfpos-
pdrd-vfsudbfzdr-bd-feeovdjfoe-fcko-y-kb-jdhkro-dmf
pdrd-vfsudbfzdr-bd-feeovdjfoe-fcko-y-kb-jdhkro-dmfb-mmvd/
b-mmvd/ Pjoesubtd8 4> ck gdyo ck =<43W.
=1-- Cfspoefmbk ke kspdôob8 Bd jbdvk ks kb porquæ.
=1 porquæ. Júgo bosbos irdecks bçckrks eos fgpubsde d djtudr . Gdcrfc8 Kcfjfoeks \keçesubd,
=<4:.
=6-- Cfspoefmbk ke kspdôob8 Joetdifoso. Júgo joeskiufr quk tus procujtos k fckds tkeide æxfto.  Mdrjkboed8 Ikstfúe =<<<, =<43.
=6
:<-- ‒Kbkvdtor pftja‗ ks ue joejkpto kstdmbkjfco por \afbfp M. Jrosmy. Zk popubdrfzú ke bd kcujdjfúe ck bos ekiojfos curdetk bos
:<
dôos ck bds cæjdcds ck 461< y 466<.
:4-- Zoorhoo, Gdrtfe. Akrk‖s tak \ftja8 Aow
:4 Aow to \ftja Vour Musfekss
Musfekss to Deyoek,
Deyoek, Ikt Nueckc,
Nueckc, dec Jbfkets.  Jdedcä8 Hoae Yfbky
dec Yfe Jbfkets.
& Zoes, =<4=, päi. ;.
JD\ÇS[BO
>
 >.
 ]KCKNFEK8 ^DBFCD] KB \]OVKJSO DESK
GK]JDCO
Ke kstd tkrjkrd ndsk ckb projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe, ks gogketo ck poekr d prukmd bds
ckjfsfoeks jrkdtfvds quk togú kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo. Eo sk ckmk joesfckrdr ue pdso nfedb, sfeo
ue gogketo pdrd kvdbudr y gkhordr kb proykjto.
]kjorckgos quk ued ck bds trks prkgfsds ckb eukvo projkso ks kb gdekho ftkrdtfvo. Jdcd vkz quk
kb proykjto ks rkvfsdco por kb gkrjdco, kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo pukck feeovdr cksck pkrspkjtfvds
quk eo sk joesfckrdroe detkrforgketk ke kb projkso. Joe jdcd rkvfsfúe, kstk sk nortdbkjk ke ohos
ck bos posfmbks jogprdcorks.
Ke eukstros proykjtos, rkiubdrgketk rkdbfzdgos ck cos d jfejo ftkrdjfoeks ke ue fetkrvdbo ck trks
gksks, curdetk bos judbks sk ikekrde bos procujtos gçefgos vfdmbks, sk rkvfsde joe kb kqufpo y
bos jbfketks, y sk rktogde pdrd skr gkhordcos. Ke jfkrtos proykjtos akgos ftkrdco adstd ke cfkz
ojdsfoeks, joe ue josto gdyor ke tfkgpo, pkro gdyor prkjfsfúe ke ckskdmfbfcdc ck gkrjdco.
Tukcd d jrftkrfo ckb cksdrrobbdcor cknfefr juäeco sfketk quk kstä bfsto su procujto pdrd sdbfr db
gkrjdco.
Ke kstk dspkjto fetkrnfkrk ue ndjtor quk gkrkjk bd pked joesfckrdrsk pdrd gdetkekr eukstro
proykjto orfketdco adjfd bd gktd. Ke feibæs sk bo joeojk jogo ‒kgmrdjfei ndfburk ‗, y adjk
rknkrkejfd d bd djtftuc quk ady quk dsugfr pdrd kenrketdr bos nrdjdsos quk, fekvftdmbkgketk,
tojdräe d eukstrd pukrtd ke dbiøe gogketo. Kstä jbdro quk eo sk trdtd ck dspfrdr d ndbbdr, sfeo ck
quk, judeco ksto sujkcd, vkdgos kb nrdjdso jogo ue dprkecfzdhk, jogo ue pdso quk, ck dbiøe
goco, pukck dyucdreos d trdesftdr kb jdgfeo db æxfto.
Bd kxpkrtd ke mfkeks rdçjks Mdrmdrd Jorjorde (:=)
(:=),, ke su joenkrkejfd ]ktafe`fei Ndfburk,
dtrfmuyk su keorgk æxfto d bd gotfvdjfúe quk omtuvo ck bos omstäjubos quk sk bk prksketdroe db
pkrskiufr sus omhktfvos. Zkiøe Jorjorde, bd jbdvk rksfck ke kb tfkgpo quk eos bbkvd rkjupkrdreos
ck ue nrdjdso. Judeto detks eos somrkpoeidgos, gäs räpfco pocrkgos vobvkr d nojdbfzdreos ke
boirdr eukstros omhktfvos.
Ckmkgos dprkeckr d skr rksfbfketks (::)
(::) pdrd
 pdrd somrkpoekreos d bds cfnfjubtdcks k, fejbuso, sdbfr
nortdbkjfcos ck kbbds.
Ke ekiojfos jogøegketk sk cfjk ‒ndfb ndst‗ (ndbbd räpfco), porquk sk sdmk quk ckspuæs ck ue
krror dcqufrfgos kb dprkecfzdhk quk eos prkpdrd pdrd kb æxfto. Ksto eos cdrä ued eukvd vfsfúe quk
pkrgftfrä dhustdreos d bds eukvds jfrjuestdejfds y norgubdr ue eukvo pbde.
Ady quk dprkeckr bds bkjjfoeks ck eukstros nrdjdsos pdrd kvftdr jogktkr bos gfsgos krrorks ke kb
prúxfgo bdezdgfketo y, por bo tdeto, potkejfdr bd jdbfcdc ck eukstro proykjto.

Mfkevkefcos d bos tfkgpos ke quk skrkgos rksfbfketks y rksfstketks db nrdjdso.

>.4. Zksfoeks fetkreds pdrd kb rknfedgfketo ckb proykjto

Detks ck bdezdr kb proykjto db khkrjfjfo ck bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd®, ks ekjksdrfo quk tocos bos
gfkgmros ckb kqufpo cksdrrobbdcor sk sfketde sdtfsnkjaos joe kb detkproykjto joejkptudb.
\drd ksto sk rkqufkrke sksfoeks fetkreds prkvfds db rknfedgfketo nfedb.
Ks ekjksdrfo jogprkeckr bd pronuecfcdc y trdsjkeckejfd quk pukcke bbkidr d tkekr kstds
sksfoeks ke bd joejkptudbfzdjfúe ck ue proykjto fegomfbfdrfo. [ed jogpdôçd quk juketd joe
ue festrugketo ck vdbfcdjfúe fetkred fetkrksdetk ks \fxdr. Zk ad vukbto ue jdso ck gkhorks
präjtfjds ke kb tkgd. Kstd kgprksd kstdcouefckesk, quk ad sfco prkgfdcd ke gøbtfpbks
ojdsfoeks por sus pkbçjubds defgdcds, poskk ued jubturd ck jobdmordjfúe y rkvfsfúe fetkred
pronuecd.
Bd akrrdgfketd gäs fgportdetk ck \fxdr ke bd vdbfcdjfúe fetkred ck sus proykjtos sk bbdgd
‒Mrdfetrust‗. Kb joejkpto surik orfifedbgketk pdrd adjkr rknkrkejfd db irupo ck joeskhkros
quk dyucú d Nrde`bfe ]ooskvkbt curdetk su dcgfefstrdjfúe prksfckejfdb. Kstk irupo ck
kstucfosos tuvo ue fgportdetk rob ke bd joesobfcdjfúe ckb pbde pobçtfjo Ekw Ckdb. (:3)
Duequk bd æpojd ad jdgmfdco y bd ksnkrd ck trdmdho ks jbdrdgketk cfnkrketk, kb Mrdfetrust  ck ck
\fxdr joeskrvd bd kskejfd8 rkøek d ue irupo eukvo ck joeskhkros pdrd cfsjutfr somrk dbiøe
proykjto ke jurso. Bd prkgfsd nuecdgketdb ckb khkrjfjfo ks quk ohos eukvos rkvfske kb dvdejk
ckb proykjto y quk kxfstd dmsobutd joenfdezd pdrd quk kxprkske bfmrkgketk sus opfefoeks.
Bd jbdvk kstä ke jrkdr ued joevkrsdjfúe sdbucdmbk y jrkdtfvd, coeck bos pdrtfjfpdetks skde
trdtdcos ck norgd fiudbftdrfd, due judeco dnukrd poskde cfnkrketks pukstos ck trdmdho.
Sdgpojo ks rkbkvdetk sf sk ade fevobujrdco o eo bo ade akjao ke bds bdmorks prkvfds ckb
proykjto. Ke kstk kspdjfo ck rkuefúe kxprksde tocds bds fckds, opfefoeks y jrçtfjds sfe tkgor
d skr jkesurdcos.
[eo ck bos feirkcfketks quk pkrgftk ndvorkjkr bd nuejfoedbfcdc ck bds cfsjusfoeks ks quk kb
cfrkjtor ckmk dbketdr d bos pdrtfjfpdetks d skr sfejkros ke sus rktrodbfgketdjfoeks.
Kstk pdeordgd sk dprkjfd gkhor joe ued dedboiçd ck bd gkcfjfed8 \fxdr rkprksketd kb
aospftdb, y jdcd pkbçjubd ks ue pdjfketk. Kb Mrdfetrust  ks
 ks kb irupo ck cojtorks joenfdmbks d
qufke rkjurrk kb cfrkjtor o procujtor, qufke tdgmfæe ks ue cojtor. Kb Mrdfetrust  tfkek bd
fetkejfúe ck rkdbfzdr ue cfdieústfjo quk rkvkbk bds vkrcdckrds jdusds ck bos prombkgds, y eo
ck provkkr ued sobujfúe (:;)
(:;)..
Ke su cksdrrobbo, kstd akrrdgfketd poskk jfkrtds kxfikejfds quk bd cfstfeiuke ck otros
gkjdefsgos ck rktrodbfgketdjfúe. Dbiueds ck bds gäs fgportdetks quk gkejfoed Hoae @umfk
(:>) soe8
(:>)  soe8

• Eo kxfstk ue gdrike ck trdmdho rçifco. Ke buidr ck ‒tkekgos quk trdmdhdr ke ksto y

dqukbbo‗, sk trdtd ck ‒tkekgos ued gktd, ¿júgo pockgos dbjdezdrbd?, ¿dbiufke tfkek
fckds?‗.
• Bds rkjogkecdjfoeks eo soe ombfidtorfds. Kb cfrkjtor ks bfmrk ck ksjoikr bds
suikrkejfds o ck rkjadzdr tocds.
• Ks fgportdetk skbkjjfoedr jufcdcosdgketk d bos pdrtfjfpdetks8 tfkeke quk skr
dqukbbos joe gdyor fetkbfikejfd, vfsfúe y irdjfd. Eo fgportd qufæeks skde, ckmke
jobdmordr pdrd jrkdr sobujfoeks ke kb gkeor tfkgpo posfmbk.
• Bds propukstds eo sk adjke joe kb nfe ck jogpbdjkr d ue fecfvfcuo. Db joetrdrfo, bd
skbkjjfúe ck ue jurso ck djjfúe ks ue projkso ck irupo.

Bds sksfoeks soe ck jortd curdjfúe y sk rkdbfzde jogøegketk judeco sk kstä por tkrgfedr kb
projkso ck fckdjfúe. [ed vkz omtkefcds bds rkjogkecdjfoeks curdetk kb Mrdfetrust , kb
 cksdrrobbdcor ckmk sfetktfzdrbds, ketoejks skrä gogketo ck vobvkr d kesdgmbdr db kqufpo ck
cksdrrobbo pdrd trdmdhdr ke bos jdgmfos rkqukrfcos.
Judeco bos kqufpos ck trdmdho soe jogpdjtos y eo ady sunfjfketk iketk eukvd pdrd drgdr ued
rkuefúe ck rktrodbfgketdjfúe, ketoejks ks rkjogkecdmbk rkjurrfr d joeskhkros kxtkreos.
Eo ady quk obvfcdr quk kstk jogftæ eo sk rkøek joe kb omhktfvo ck ikekrdr sobujfoeks eukvds
o gocfnfjdr kb proykjto ke jukstfúe. Zu dportk ks cfdieostfjdr bds ckmfbfcdcks quk eo ade sfco
pkrjfmfcds adstd ketoejks.
Ke ojdsfoeks, bos proykjtos quk sk kstäe bbkvdeco d jdmo juketde joe fevkrsfoefstds kxtkreos
d bd kgprksd cksdrrobbdcord pdrd sostkekrbos nfedejfkrdgketk. Kstos fevkrsfoefstds pukcke
jobdmordr ke ued sksfúe ck Mrdfetrust  sfkgprk
 sfkgprk y judeco tkeide ke jbdro quk su joetrfmujfúe
ks joesubtfvd (gäs quk opkrdtfvd).
[ed vkz quk kb kqufpo ad fetkirdco bds rkjogkecdjfoeks ckb Mrdfetrust  db proykjto, ketoejks
kstdrä bfsto pdrd kenrketdrsk db gkrjdco.

Jdso8 Ekst - FE
 ]kbkdre8 Bos kstucfos kbdmordcos pdrd kb proykjto vdbfcdroe bd kxfstkejfd ck ue gkrjdco J+
quk jogprd vfvfkecd vkrtfjdb ckmfco d ue nkeúgkeo ck govfbfcdc sojfdb. Ke bd pkrjkpjfúe
ckb jbfketk (hovke), bd vfvfkecd vkrtfjdb eo ks ued jogprd pkrgdeketk, sfeo ue ksjdbúe gäs
adjfd ued vfvfkecd ck skigketo gäs dbto. Kstk skigketo sk jdrdjtkrfzd por ckskdr quk bd
dpdrfkejfd ckb kcfnfjfo kstæ por kejfgd ck bos kstäecdrks ck otros skigketos, bo judb jrkd ue
rkto ck cfskôo ke ärkds jogueks y dgkefcdcks.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Kb kqufpo ck trdmdho joenorgdco por ue irupo ck kxtkreos k fetkreos bbkvú
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
d jdmo sksfoeks fetkesds ck trdmdho ke bds quk sk musjdroe dgkefcdcks quk dirkidrde vdbor ck
uso, pkro tdgmfæe ck dpdrfkejfd. Zk cfskôdroe ue totdb ck =9 dgkefcdcks. Ke bds sksfoeks
fetkreds sk rkkstrujturú ke irde gdekrd kb joejkpto pdrd rknrkecdr kb vdbor ck bd fgdike ck
bds dgkefcdcks y su dpdrfkejfd. Fejbuso sk ‒mrdeckú‗ jdcd ued joe ue eogmrk dbusfvo d bd
gdrjd ckb proykjto. Dbiueds ck bds dgkefcdcks cksdrrobbdcds y rknfedcds por kb kqufpo
fetkreo nukroe8 dbb FE Jdsfeo ]oog, iFE mdr, FEtkrksts drjdck, FE sadpk iyg, tak FEE
(judrtos ck aotkb pdrd vfsftds), FEtfgdtk nfrk pft, FEstdirdg pbdyirouec, FEvkstors boueik.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Db fenorgdr db kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ck bd skôdb cæmfb quk sk admçd
kejoetrdco ke kb gkrjdco, sk boirú rknfedr db joejkpto ke ksd cfrkjjfúe. Fenorgdr d toco kb
kqufpo ck trdmdho ck bds skôdbks cæmfbks pkrgftk quk bds sksfoeks ck rknfedgfketo sk
kerfqukzjde y sk dirkiuke cktdbbks ck vdbor.

Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 ^fvfkecd vkrtfjdb ck efvkb rksfckejfdb ([ZC =;<.<<< prkjfo progkcfo).

>.=. \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® ‚ ^dbfcdjfúe ck gkrjdco

Zfe cucd, bd pfkcrd deiubdr ck kstk eukvo projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe ks bd

akrrdgfketd quk pkrgftk vdbfcdr knkjtfvdgketk ue proykjto ke kb gkrjdco detks ck
cksdrr obbo. Ke kb projkso trdcfjfoedb ck cksdrrobbo
dvdezdr ke bds sfiufketks ndsks ck cksdrrobbo
fegomfbfdrfo, kb kstucfo ck gkrjdco ks kb cktoedcor ck bos rkqukrfgfketos quk rkjfmk kb
 kqufpo ck cfskôo. Ks ue projkso bfekdb ke quk kb gkrjdco sobo ks kb pueto ck pdrtfcd.
Ke kstk gockbo trdcfjfoedb, kb kqufpo ck drquftkjturd utfbfzd bos rksubtdcos ckb kstucfo ck
gkrjdco pdrd cksdrrobbdr kb proykjto drquftkjtúefjo nfedb.
Bd rkvfsfúe ckb proykjto sujkck ck gdekrd fetkred joe kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo øefjdgketk.
Eo ady ued vkrcdckrd vdbfcdjfúe ckb proykjto detk gkrjdco.
Ke judbqufkr otro projkso ck cksdrrobbo ck procujto (ck fecustrfds ck joesugo), kb kqufpo ck
joejkptudbfzdjfúe tfkek gøbtfpbks ftkrdjfoeks ketrk prototfpos y gkrjdco. \or bd jrkkejfd ck
quk bos prototfpos ckmkrçde joestrufrsk pdrd pockr kvdbudrsk, akgos pkrcfco bd oportuefcdc
ck ftkrdr kgpbkdeco jogo gdtkrfd prfgd bos ckskos y prknkrkejfds ck eukstros posfmbks
jogprdcorks.
\drd jdgmfdr kstd rkdbfcdc, cksdrrobbdgos bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd®, quk, jogo su eogmrk bo
fecfjd, sfgubd bds joecfjfoeks vkrcdckrds ckb gkrjdco. Joe kstk projkso, quk pukck skr
kgpbkdco ke gøbtfpbks ftkrdjfoeks, bos kqufpos ck drquftkjturd y cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo
pukcke vdbfcdr sus jrkdjfoeks detks ck kenrketdrsk d æb.
Bd fckd nuecdgketdb ck bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® rdcfjd ke joevojdr d ue irupo ck
jogprdcorks jdbfnfjdcos (ckb skigketo gktd) pdrd prksketdrbks trks proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos
cfnkrketks (:9)
(:9).. [ed vkz quk rkjfmke bd fenorgdjfúe ckb kqufpo jogkrjfdb ck bos trks
proykjtos (:1)
(:1),, sk bks pfck ued rktrodbfgketdjfúe jbdrd ck sus prknkrkejfds somrk bo quk
djdmde ck vkr. Ck kstos proykjtos sobo ueo jorrkspoeck db prototfpo, gfketrds quk bos otros
cos kstäe djtfvos jogkrjfdbgketk (ks ckjfr, tocd bd fenorgdjfúe kgpbkdcd ks rkdb y vfiketk).

Jdso8 Gfjrockpdrtdgketos (gøbtfpbks proykjtos)

 ]kbkdre8 Kb kstucfo ck bd ktdpd ck vfcd ckb sobtkro hovke ck bd ikekrdjfúe V gostrú jdgmfos
nuecdgketdbks ke bd fgportdejfd ck bos gktros judcrdcos prfvdtfvos vkrsus bos gktros
judcrdcos ck procujto dgpbfdco. ^drfos kstucfos joeskjutfvos ckgostrdroe quk bds
dgkefcdcks ade togdco ue pdpkb protdiúefjo ke bos kspdjfos quk ckskd kstk gkrjdco gktd.
[e pdfe pofet 
pofet  rkjurrketk
 rkjurrketk ke bd vfsfúe ckb gkrjdco krd kb kqufpdgfketo pomrk joe kb quk sk
ketrkide bds dgkefcdcks tçpfjdgketk ke tærgfeos ck gomfbfdrfo y ckjordjfúe.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Akgos jrkdco gøbtfpbks proykjtos ke coeck bds ärkds prfvdtfvds soe
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
gçefgds. Admfkeco cfskôdco ckpdrtdgketos ck =; g= (Gæxfjo CN), := g= (vdrfds jfucdcks
ck Gæxfjo) y :3 g= (Mobfvfd), eos akgos cdco juketd ck quk bos jbfketks kstäe cfspukstos d
djkptdr cfjads ärkds sfkgprk y judeco bd onkrtd ck kspdjfos jogueks hustfnfquk bd
cfsgfeujfúe ke gktros judcrdcos.
[e cktdbbk fetkrksdetk ks quk due sfkeco kspdjfos tde pkqukôos, bds cfstrfmujfoeks vdrçde
nukrtkgketk ck gkrjdco d gkrjdco. Bds prkvketds sfgubdcds kbdmordcds ke cfnkrketks
gkrjdcos ckgostrdroe fetkræs ke puetos jrçtfjos ckb procujto eujbkdr. \drd joetrdrrkstdr kb
pofet , sk ad kgpbkdco bd nfiurd ck dmoeo ck kqufpdgfketo, ue pdio d bd ketrkid ck bd
 pdfe pofet 
torrk quk jorrkspoeck d dbrkckcor ckb =% ckb vdbor ck bd uefcdc y sk vd cfrkjto d fetkrforfsgo
y kqufpo (kstk pdio ks dcfjfoedb db josto ckb ckpdrtdgketo).
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bd tkeckejfd ck jogpdjtdr kspdjfos rksfckejfdbks jofejfck joe ue jdgmfo
pronueco ke bds prknkrkejfds ckb sobtkro hovke. Kstäe cfspukstos d rkeuejfdr d su kspdjfo
prfvdtfvo d jdgmfo ck ärkds jogueks quk ikekrke vfcd sojfdb.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 Ckpdrtdgketos ck efvkb rksfckejfdb.

>.4.4. \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® pdrd proykjtos ck gkrjdcos dtogfzdcos

Bd gktocoboiçd ck kstd akrrdgfketd fefjfd joe bd fevftdjfúe ck ue irupo ck ketrk cfkz

y qufejk jogprdcorks pdrd ksjujadr somrk proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos eukvos. Bd
skbkjjfúe ck bos dsfstketks ks nuecdgketdb, yd quk soe kb fesugo prfejfpdb ckb kvketo.
Ks ekjksdrfo quk kstos fevftdcos skde nfbtrdcos y jorrkspoecde db gkrjdco gktd ckb
proykjto. Jdcd ueo pdrtfjfpd ke bd cfeägfjd ck gdekrd feckpkecfketk, por bo quk eo
ady ued fetkrdjjfúe irupdb. Kb kqufpo ck oridefzdjfúe ckmk skr guy kstrfjto ke kb
nfbtrdco ck bos pdrtfjfpdetks.
Kb prototfpo tfkek quk jogpktfr (yd skd por prkjfo por umfjdjfúe) joetrd bos cos
procujtos gäs jkrjdeos ke bd jogpktkejfd cfrkjtd. Kstos sk cknfeke ke joehueto joe
kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo.
Bds mdsks quk jogpoeke bd joenfiurdjfúe ck bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® soe bds
sfiufketks8

4. Kb kvketo sk bbkvd d jdmo usudbgketk ke skcks pømbfjds (aotkbks o sdboeks), jkrjd

ck coeck sk cksdrrobbdrä kb proykjto. Bd skck eo ckmk sksidr d bos vfsftdetks (eo
pukck skr ke bds festdbdjfoeks ck bd kgprksd).
=. Zk proporjfoed bd fenorgdjfúe rkbkvdetk ck trks proykjtos fegomfbfdrfos d bos
fevftdcos, ueo ks eukstro prototfpo y bos otros cos soe ck bd jogpktkejfd. Eo sk
rkjogfkecd fetkirdr gäs ck cos proykjtos ck bd jogpktkejfd pdrd kvftdr ued
somrkjdrid ck fenorgdjfúe ke bos jbfketks.
:. [sudbgketk sk cd ketrk jfejo d sfktk gfeutos d jdcd dsksor pdrd prksketdr su
proykjto. Kbbos soe pkrsoeds ckb rdgo jogkrjfdb joe kxpkrfkejfds sfgfbdrks.
3. Kb eukvo prototfpo ks prksketdco ke fiudbcdc ck jfrjuestdejfds. Bos prkjfos
mrfecdcos db jbfketk soe rksubtdco ck deäbfsfs pdrdgætrfjos joesubtdcos joe kb
kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo y rknbkhde ued rkdbfcdc prdigätfjd dsojfdcd d bd sdbfcd d
vketds.
;. Bos gdtkrfdbks, bos prkjfos y bos cfsjursos ck vketd kgpbkdcos ke bos proykjtos
ck bd jogpktkejfd (quk yd kxfstke ke gkrjdco) soe kxdjtdgketk bos gfsgos quk
sujkcke ke kb gkrjdco, bo quk pkrgftk jrkdr ue khkrjfjfo bo gäs nfkb posfmbk d bd
rkdbfcdc.
>. Ckspuæs, kb prospkjto ks fevftdco d otro sdbúe ke coeck sk bo ketrkvfstd somrk su
opfefúe ck jdcd proykjto. Zk prktkeck cktkjtdr sf dbiueo kejdhú joe sus
prknkrkejfds, kxpkjtdtfvds y ckskos fegomfbfdrfos. Kb ketrkvfstdcor ckmk adjkr
æendsfs ke quk eo trdmdhd pdrd efeiueo ck bos trks proykjtos, pdrd dsç omtkekr bd
opfefúe gäs trdespdrketk ckb jbfketk.
9. Nfedbgketk, pdrd rkjdmdr bd gdyor jdetfcdc ck fenorgdjfúe somrk kb kvketo, sk
irdmde bos projksos ck vketd por gkcfo ck jägdrds ojubtds y, ck gdekrd
trdcfjfoedb, bd ketrkvfstd nfedb.
Kstd gkjäefjd pukck nuejfoedr dpropfdcdgketk pdrd gkrjdcos dtogfzdcos jogo kb
rksfckejfdb o pdrd dbiueos gkrjdcos ck onfjfed, coeck bd jdetfcdc ck jogprdcorks ks
dgpbfd y ued joevojdtorfd ck kstk efvkb ks skejfbbd ck boirdr. Ke dbiueos procujtos,
kb vdbor ck bos fegukmbks ks tde dbto quk ks cfnçjfb joevojdr d ue irupo tde irdeck. Ke
ksos jdsos, kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk trdmdhdr joe irupos ck kvdbudjfúe gäs
pkqukôos.
Bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® jrkd ued dtgúsnkrd quk pkrgftk joeojkr bd opfefúe ckb
pømbfjo sfe bos sksios quk dnkjtde d bds akrrdgfketds trdcfjfoedbks, jogo kb nojus
iroup . Bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® iozd ck bds sfiufketks vfrtucks8

• Eo ady sksio ckb gockrdcor. Ke ue nojus iroup,  bos gockrdcorks pukcke dnkjtdr
bd sfejkrfcdc ck bos jogketdrfos ck bos pdrtfjfpdetks, yd skd por trdesgftfr
prkhufjfos pkrsoedbks o por fgpoekr su opfefúe due judeco eo skde joesjfketks ck
kbbo.
• Eo ady sksio ckb pdrtfjfpdetk ‒bçckr‗. Ckmfco d quk eo ady ued fetkrdjjfúe ketrk
bos jobdmordcorks, sk rkcujk kb rfksio ck fenbufr ke bds opfefoeks y, por bo tdeto, bds
rkspukstds soe gäs jogpbktds, väbfcds k, fejbuso, dgpbfds.
• Eo ady sksio por sobo rkjfmfr fenorgdjfúe ck ue proykjto. Nrkjuketkgketk, db eo
joetdr joe ue pueto ck jogpdrdjfúe jbdro, bos jbfketks dprukmde ue proykjto
porquk eo ade vfsto su dbtkredtfvd gäs jkrjded.
• Eo ady sksio por fenorgdjfúe judbftdtfvd o ck opfefoeks. Socd bd fenorgdjfúe ckb
gkrjdco ks vkrdz y djtudb, por bo quk ks ue khkrjfjfo rkdb detk kb jbfketk.
 • Eo ady sksio por djtorks ck bd ckjfsfúe. Zf bd ckjfsfúe sk togd por ued pdrkhd,
ketrd bd pdrkhd huetd db khkrjfjfo. Ke bos jdsos ck onfjfeds, sf ady ue jogftæ quk
togd bd ckjfsfúe, bo fckdb ks quk kb jogftæ jogpbkto pdrtfjfpk ke bd cfeägfjd.

Ke bd ketrdcd db kvketo sk ketrkid ue jakquk sfgubdco d jdcd vfsftdetk. Cksck kb

fefjfo sk deotd kb prksupuksto gäxfgo quk tfkek kb jbfketk. Ke kb sdbúe ck ketrkvfstds,
ued vkz quk ad ksjujadco bd rktrodbfgketdjfúe puetudb ck jdcd proykjto, sk bk pfck
quk cknfed ke quæ proykjto fevkrtfrçd ke jdso ck kstdr norzdco d ued ckjfsfúe. Kb
jakquk ks ketoejks joejkcfco db proykjto fckdb.
Db jkrrdr kb kvketo, sf kb proykjto eukvo eo boirú jdpturdr por bo gkeos bd gftdc ck
bos jakquks sfgubdcos, joesfckrdgos quk eo kstä bfsto pdrd su sdbfcd db gkrjdco. Kb
kqufpo cksdrrobbdcor eo ckmk prkojupdrsk sf bos rksubtdcos eo nukroe bos quk
pbdekdmd, yd quk tfkek oportuefcdc ck knkjtudr bos jdgmfos ekjksdrfos y joevojdr d
ue eukvo kvketo.
Ke ojdsfoeks, kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo eo boird ckjfcfr ketrk cos prototfpos
sfgubtäekos pdrd ue gfsgo proykjto. \drd kstos jdsos sk rkjogfkecd quk sk kbdmorke
cos prkvketds sfgubdcds (joe cos irupos ck jbfketks cfnkrketks) togdeco bos gfsgos
jdsos ck jogpktkejfd, dsç sk pocrä kvdbudr kb rkecfgfketo ck jdcd ueo ck bos cos
gockbos detk kb ketoreo jogpktftfvo.
Ke otrds sftudjfoeks eo ady ued cknfefjfúe jbdrd somrk bd jogpktkejfd gäs cfrkjtd ckb
proykjto. \drd kstos jdsos tdgmfæe sk pukcke ikekrdr cos prkvketds coeck sk vdyde
dbtkredeco bos jogpktfcorks. \or efeiøe gotfvo ckmke fejbufrsk gäs ck cos
proykjtos ck bd jogpktkejfd ke ue khkrjfjfo, yd quk ksto jdusd ued sdturdjfúe ck
fenorgdjfúe ke kb jbfketk y sk pfkrck nukrzd ke kb khkrjfjfo.
Bos vfckos ck bds ketrkvfstds nfedbks ckmke skr ketrkidcos db kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo
pdrd su kvdbudjfúe, ketoejks sk pocrä rkirksdr d bd ftkrdjfúe jrkdtfvd.

Jdso8 Diwd
 ]kbkdre8 Ke ued ck bds zoeds ck gdyor vdbor ck vfvfkecd ke bd jfucdc ck Gæxfjo, ue kstucfo
fcketfnfjú quk kb jbfketk eo pkrjfmçd cfnkrkejfdjfúe ke bds dgkefcdcks ck bos cfnkrketks
proykjtos. Zk admçde joevkrtfco ke ue jakj`bfst  ke
 ke coeck tocos bos proykjtos onrkjçde kb
kqufpdgfketo ikekrdb ck dbmkrjd, ifgedsfo, sdboeks ck kvketos, sdbd ck jfek, ketrk otros, sfe
ued pkrsoedbfcdc dutæetfjd.
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek8 Bd fevkrsfúe ke dgkefcdcks ckb proykjto kstdmd pkesdcd por kejfgd ckb
 ]ktafe`-rkcknfek
progkcfo ck gkrjdco. Bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® fefjfdb rksubtú gdb kvdbudcd porquk krd
sfgfbdr d bd onkrtd ikekrdb, duequk sus cktdbbks ck fetkrforfsgo, jdbfcdc y kqufpdgfketo krde
gkhorks. Detk kstk prombkgd, kb kqufpo joesubtfvo jdgmfú kb eogmrk jogpbkto ckb proykjto y
rkpbdetkú bd bfstd ck dgkefcdcks joe mdsk ke kb joejkpto ck gdrjd jketrdb. Dsç surifú Diwd,
ue proykjto quk onrkjk 49 dgkefcdcks djuätfjds, ketrk bds quk ckstdjde8 kspkhos ck diud,
pfsjfeds pdrd edco ckportfvo y rkjrkdtfvo, ärkds ck hukios djuätfjos, bçekds ck diud
purfnfjdcd d bos ckpdrtdgketos, ketrk gujads otrds.
Bkjjfúe dprkecfcd8 Bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® pkrgftfú vkr gäs dbbä ck bd jkiukrd ke kb tdbbkr
ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo y dsç jrkdr bos jdgmfos ekjksdrfos pdrd cfnkrkejfdr y posfjfoedr kb
proykjto.
Jdrdjtkrçstfjds8 \roykjto gfxto onfjfeds/rksfckejfdb ck dbto efvkb.

>.4.=. \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® pdrd jdsos jorpordtfvos

Ke jfkrtos proykjtos, jogo kb ck ued edvk fecustrfdb quk sk fetketd rketdr d ue jbfketk
fetkredjfoedb, ued pbdzd jogkrjfdb ke musjd ck dejbds o, fejbuso, ue kcfnfjfo ck
onfjfeds jorpordtfvds, eo kxfstk ue gkrjdco quk sk pukcd joevojdr d ue kvketo jogo
kb cksjrfto ke kb pueto detkrfor. Ke kstos jdsos sk rkjogfkecd otrd gktocoboiçd ke bd
quk sk prksketde bos trks proykjtos fecfvfcudbgketk d bos jbfketks jorpordtfvos (skde
ck vketd o ck rketd).
Ke kbbos ks eorgdb quk bd prkvketd sk bbkvk d jdmo ke joehueto joe ue kqufpo
rkjoeojfco ck mro`krs  ck bd zoed, qufkeks yd ade ketdmbdco rkbdjfoeks joe bos
togdcorks ck ckjfsfúe ck bos ekiojfos rkqukrfcos. Kb mro`kr ckmk oridefzdr ue
rodcsaow (:6) quk nrkjuketkgketk fejbuyk ketrk jfejo d ojao vfsftds jbdvk pdrd
prksketdr bds trks dbtkredtfvds ck gkrjdco.
Bd prksketdjfúe fetrocujk bos trks proykjtos pdrd rkjdmdr räpfcdgketk bos fetkrksks
ck bos jbfketks somrk kstos. Db skr rkuefoeks jogkrjfdbks y ck rktrodbfgketdjfúe, ks
fgportdetk quk hueto joe kb mro`kr  dsfstd dbiufke ckb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo quk sk
kenoquk ke togdr bd rktrodbfgketdjfúe ckb jbfketk.
Ck eukvo sk prksketd tocd bd fenorgdjfúe jogkrjfdb rkdb (y djtudb) y sk ksjujade bds
opfefoeks pronuecds ck bos jbfketks. Fckdbgketk sk cksdrrobbd ued gdtrfz jogpdrdtfvd
 hueto joe kb jbfketk
jbfket k pdrd cojugketdr bd gkjäefjd
gkjäef jd ck bd ckjfsfúe y bd kvdbudjfúe jbdrd
ke jdcd proykjto.
Bos mro`krs  sukbke skr rkdjfos d kstk tfpo ck rkbdjfoeks y, dckgäs, cucde pdrd
prksketdr ue proykjto quk kstä døe ke su ndsk ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe. \drd quk kb
mro`kr  ketfkecd bd eukvd vfsfúe ckb projkso y bd fgportdejfd ckb pdso quk tfkek ke
sus gdeos, ckmk admkr gujad joguefjdjfúe por pdrtk ckb cksdrrobbdcor.
]kjoeojkgos quk ks ue projkso gäs cfnçjfb ck bbkvdr joe gkrjdcos jorpordtfvos
jkrrdcos, pkro sf sk boirde dbfekdr bos fejketfvos ck bos pdrtfjfpdetks, bos rksubtdcos
soe fiudb ck fgportdetks pdrd kb projkso.
[ed vkz quk kb prototfpo ad boirdco bd djkptdjfúe ckb gkrjdco, sk projkck d jkrrdr
joe bd vdbfcdjfúe ck prkgfsds y sk rkdbfzd kb gdpd ck rfksios ckb proykjto.

^dbfcdjfúe ck bds prkgfsds tæjefjds y nfedejfkrds

Adstd kstk pueto, kb proykjto trdmdhdco sk mdsú ke prkgfsds sustketdcds ke bd kxpkrfkejfd ckb
kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo. Kstds prkgfsds fejbuyke bos jostos pdrdgætrfjos vfejubdcos d bd
sobujfúe tæjefjd ckb proykjto. [ed vkz quk tkekgos kvfckejfd ck bd nukrzd ckb proykjto detk
kb gkrjdco, pockgos jorrkr bos projkcfgfketos trdcfjfoedbks quk pkrgftke dvdezdr ke kb
joeikbdgfketo ckb proykjto.
Bos fesugos ke kstk dvdejk ckb proykjto fejbuyke8

• \rksupuksto norgdb ck bd sobujfúe ckskdcd. Kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo ckmk kbdmordr

 ue prksupuksto cktdbbdco ck bds pdrtfcds prfejfpdbks ckb proykjto. Ksto pkrgftk
rknrkecdr su ndjtfmfbfcdc tæjefjd. Dquç sk vdbfcd quk bos rkqukrfgfketos mäsfjos ckb
detkproykjto joejkptudb, utfbfzdco ke bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd®, kxfstde ke kb
gkrjdco y jofejfcde joe kb josto rkqukrfco.
• \rkgfsds somrk vkbojfcdc jogkrjfdb y nbuhos ckb proykjto. Bd fenorgdjfúe ikekrdb
ckb proykjto sk vfejubd d ue tdmbkro ck joetrob nfedejfkro. Kstk tdmbkro pkrgftk
cktkrgfedr sf kxfstk vfdmfbfcdc nfedejfkrd pdrd boirdr bds prkgfsds ck fevkrsfúe y
rktoreo.

Ke jdso ck quk db pronuecfzdr ke kstos cos tkgds sk rkqufkrd gocfnfjdr bds vdrfdmbks ke bds
quk tfkek vfsfmfbfcdc kb jbfketk, sk rkjogfkecd rkirksdr d kbdmordr otrd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd®,
pdrd dsç kvftdr quk ued ckjfsfúe posckskdmfbfcdc dnkjtk db proykjto. Jdmk djbdrdr quk ks ued
\rkvketd Zfgubdcd® eukvd ke bd quk sk trdmdhd joe otro irupo ck jbfketks.
Ks rkjogkecdmbk dckgäs quk cketro ck bos cojugketos nfedejfkros fetkirdcorks sk adide
ksjkedrfos cfvkrsos pdrd prkvkr posfmfbfcdcks dsojfdcds d ndjtorks kxúikeos db proykjto. \drd
rkcoeckdr kstk joejkpto y jkrrdr bd pbdekdjfúe, sk rkjogfkecd ued prksketdjfúe norgdb ck
rfksios ckb proykjto.

Gdpd ck rfksios ckb proykjto

Cksdnortuedcdgketk, døe eo kxfstke akrrdgfketds pdrd prkckjfr bd totdbfcdc ck bds

jfrjuestdejfds dsojfdcds db ketoreo kjoeúgfjo y nçsfjo ke kb nuturo. Eo ady mobds ck jrfstdb.
Bo quk sç ks kvfcketk ks quk bos jfjbos jdcd vkz sk ade vukbto gäs jortos, gäs rdcfjdbks, y
djostugmrde ‒bfgpfdr‗ db gkrjdco ck bos cksdrrobbdcorks gäs cæmfbks.
Ke kb jfkrrk ck eukstro projkso ck joejkptudbfzdjfúe kxfifgos quk sk adid ued rknbkxfúe
norgdb ck bos rfksios quk tkecrä kb proykjto. Ke kstk gdpd ck rfksios sk ckmk adjkr ue
deäbfsfs kspkjfdbgketk ke toreo d8

• ]fksios gdjrokjoeúgfjos k fekstdmfbfcdc ckb ketoreo gdjro.

• ]fksios dsojfdcos d jdgmfos ke kb ketoreo jogpktftfvo. ¿Tuæ vfkek ke bd
jogpktkejfd ckb nuturo?
• ]fksios dsojfdcos d gdbd khkjujfúe.
• ]fksios dsojfdcos d joecfjfoeks edturdbks.

Bd sksfúe nfedb ckb kqufpo ck trdmdho, detks ck jogkezdr kb projkso ck cksdrrobbo khkjutfvo,
bos trägftks bkidbks y bukio ckb fefjfo ck omrd, ckmk kgpbkdrsk pdrd cojugketdr bds
kstrdtkifds ck gftfidjfúe ckb gdpd ck rfksios.
Zk ckmk adjkr ued sçetksfs ck dqukbbds fefjfdtfvds kspkjçnfjds pdrd jdcd ueo ck bos judtro
ksjkedrfos ke toreo d bos rfksios quk tfkeke gäs rkbdjfúe joe kb gdrike ck gdefomrd ckb
cksdrrobbdcor. Bds fefjfdtfvds sk rknfkrke d kstds judtro posfmfbfcdcks rksubtdetks8
 [e proykjto quk boirú rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos ke bd \rkvketd Zfgubdcd® y quk
postkrforgketk nuk vdbfcdco tæjefjd y nfedejfkrdgketk kstdrä bfsto pdrd dvdezdr d bds
sfiufketks ktdpds ck cksdrrobbo fegomfbfdrfo. Kb gdpd ck rfksio skrä ued akrrdgfketd øtfb
curdetk tocd bd vfcd ckb proykjto.

:=- \drd dgpbfdr kstk tkgd, suikrfgos vkr kb vfcko ck bd joenkrkejfd Skc8 attps8//www.youtumk.jog/wdtja?v7`[4CF1AsVDi.
:=- attps8//www.youtumk.jog/wdtja?v7`[4CF1AsVDi.
::-- ‒]ksfbfkejfd‗ ks bd jdpdjfcdc ck somrkpoekrsk d bd dcvkrsfcdc.
::
:3-- Mrfj`, Jarfstopakr. ‒NC]‖s Mrdfes Srust‗, ke  Kbkdeor ]ooskvkbt
:3 \dpkrs \rohkjt  Pke
]ooskvkbt \dpkrs  Pke bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8
attp8//www.iwu.kcu/~krpdpkrs/supportkrpp.jng
attp8//www.iwu.kcu/~krpd pkrs/supportkrpp.jng Pjoesubtd8 9 ck gdyo ck =<43W.
:;-- Jdtgubb, Kc. ‒Fesfck tak \fxdr Mrdfetrust‗, ke  Ndst Jogpdey
:; Jogpdey Pke bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8
attp8//www.ndstjogpdey.jog/:<=94:;/bkssoes-bkdrekc/f
attp8//www.ndstjogpdey.jog/:<=94:;/bkssoes-bkdrekc/fesfck-tak-pfxdr-mrdfetrust
esfck-tak-pfxdr-mrdfetrust Pjoesubtd8 9 ck gdyo ck =<43W.
:>-- \drd dgpbfdr kstk tkgd suikrfgos bkkr8 @umfk, Hoae. ‒Aow coks \fxdr Fgpbkgket Iroup Jrkdtfvfty?‗, ke MrdfeNdjts.ori  Pke
:>
bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8 attp8//mboi.mrdfendjts.ori/=<4:/44/aow-coks-pfxdr-fgpbkgket
attp8//mboi.mrdfendjts.ori/=<4:/44/aow-coks-pfxdr-fgpbkgket-iroup-jrkdtfvfty/#.[=qJo_bcYZp
-iroup-jrkdtfvfty/#.[=qJo_bcYZp
Pjoesubtd8 9 ck gdyo ck =<43W.
:9-- \drd nortdbkjkr bd joevojdtorfd, bos joejurrketks rkjfmke dbiøe tfpo ck fejketfvo.
:9
:1-- Jdmk djbdrdr quk bos vkeckcorks ck bos p roykjtos ck bd jogpktkejfd soe joesubtorks ck eukstro kqufpo ck trdmdho quk rkpbfjde
:1
kb cfsjurso ck vketd quk rkjfmfkroe db joeojkr cfjaos proykjtos.
:6-- Kb tærgfeo ‒rodcsaow‗ sk rknfkrk d ue tour ck vfsftds quk kbdmord kb mro`kr, djogpdôdco o eo por kb kqufpo ck cksdrrobbo, ke
:6
nkjads joeskjutfvds pdrd cdr d joeojkr kb proykjto detk diketks jbdvk.
JOEJB[ZFOEKZ
Bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd kstä ke gkcfo ck ued pronuecd trdesnorgdjfúe quk ks procujto ck bd
djkbkrdcd tkeckejfd adjfd bd vfcd urmded. Detk kbbo, ade surifco jdgmfos nuecdgketdbks ck
pdrdcfigd quk soe kxpbordcos ke kb jurso ck kstk bfmro. Bos cksdrrobbdcorks quk boirke
detfjfpdrsk d kstos jdgmfos skräe bos bçckrks y joskjadräe bos rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos ck
proykjtos propubsdcos por urikejfd kgojfoedb.
Ke kstd eukvd krd, eukstrd fecustrfd kstdrä rkifcd por ued eukvd cfeägfjd. [ed cfeägfjd quk sk
prksketd d bo bdrio ck bos jdpçtubos y quk joejbuyk joe su fetkirdjfúe. Ke kb gdôded
ckspkrtdrkgos joe bd jkrtkzd ck quk bds josds yd eo soe jogo bo nukroe dykr. [ed eukvd krd kstä
por trdesnorgdr d eukstrd fecustrfd.

4. [ed krd fetkesfvd ke fgdifedjfúe.

Dträs qukcdroe bos dôos ck rkpbfjdr pdtroeks afstúrfjos. Aoy toco sk trdtd ck eukstrd
jdpdjfcdc pdrd fgdifedr tfkgpos cfnkrketks, ke quk jdcd proykjto joetrfmuyd d ued vfsfúe
nuturfstd ck bd jfucdc.

=. [ed krd kevukbtd ke kgojfúe.

Ke kb pdsdco toco sk trdtdmd ck cfspoefmfbfcdc. Tufke tkeçd kb procujto cfspoefmbk sk

joevkrtçd ke kb cukôo ckb gkrjdco. Aoy bd jogpktkejfd provojd quk sobo dqukbbos proykjtos
quk ckspfkrtde bd kgojfúe boirke dbjdezdr rksubtdcos kxtrdorcfedrfos.

:. [ed krd ck kenoquk ke bo kxtrdorcfedrfo.

Norgdr pdrtk ckb progkcfo sobçd skr bd gktd ke bos kstucfos ck gkrjdco8 júgo pdrkjkrgk db
progkcfo, júgo gfgktfzdrgk joe kb stdtu quo. Aoy toco sk trdtd ck ckstdjdr, cfnkrkejfdrsk
proykjto d proykjto.

3. Bd krd ck bd joetfeufcdc.

Bos projksos bfekdbks nukroe kb irde bkidco ck bos tfkgpos ke quk bd knfjfkejfd ck
gdeundjturd rkfedmd bos gkrjdcos. Aoy akgos rkkgpbdzdco ksd bfekdbfcdc por ued
joetfeufcdc ke quk bd ftkrdjfúe detk kb gkrjdco ks kb eukvo kstäecdr. Bos projksos
fetkrgkcfos sk vukbvke gäs jortos joe gfrds d dvdezdr sfkgprk kstdeco ke joetdjto joe
eukstro gkrjdco.

;. Fespfrdcd ke dprkecfzdhk.

Kb gkrjdco jdgmfd jdcd vkz gäs räpfco. Bd tkjeoboiçd, bds cfeägfjds sojfdbks y bos irdecks
nkeúgkeos jogkrjfdbks d efvkb guecfdb fespfrde kstd vkbojfcdc. \or kbbo, ckmkgos vobtkdr d
vkr kb gkrjdco sfkgprk joe eukvos ohos, musjdeco bds skôdbks cæmfbks quk sk cksprkecke ck
kstd vfsfúe. Ke kb nuturo, kb fefjfo ck jdcd proykjto skrä ue dprkecfzdhk quk hustfnfquk ue
gdyor vdbor pdrd kb gdôded.

>. \ropubsdcd por bd ikefdbfcdc ck bd jobdmordjfúe.

Zk djdmdroe bos tfkgpos ck bos ikefos sobftdrfos quk trdmdhde dfsbdcos ck bd rkdbfcdc ckb
proykjto. Aoy bos vkrcdckros kgprkecfgfketos sk boirde sobo joe bd jobdmordjfúe ck irdecks
kqufpos ck trdmdho.

9. Kb tfkgpo ck bd rksfbfkejfd.

Kb nrdjdso sfkgprk nuk gotfvo ck cksprkstfifo. Aoy, mdho ue eukvo kenoquk, kb nrdjdso
sfiefnfjd dprkecfzdhk. \or bo tdeto, soe dqukbbos cksdrrobbdcorks rksfbfketks bos quk boirdräe
bos gkhorks rksubtdcos ck gkrjdco.

Mfkevkefco d bd eukvd krd ck bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd.

MFMBFOI]DNÇD
-Äbvdrkz, Hksøs. ‒Kstrdtkifds jogpktftfvds8 Bd kstrdtkifd ckb ojædeo dzub‗, ke Jogpktftfvfcdc =.<
Pke bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8 attp8//skrjogpktftfvos.jog/mboi/kstrdtkifds-jogpktftfvds-bd-
kstrdtkifd-ckb-ojkdeo-dzub/ Pjoesubtd8 =6 ck dmrfb ck =<43W.
-Deckrsoe, Jarfs. Bd kjoeogçd
kjoeogçd boei tdfb. Kspdôd8 Kcfjfoeks [rdeo, =<<9.
-Mdrmd, Kerfj. ‒Joestruyd prototfpos pdrd vfsudbfzdr bd feeovdjfúe8 joeskhos ck FCKO y kb
khkgpbo ckb jdhkro DMFB (MM^D)‗, ke Kerfj Mdrmd Ikstfoedeco feeovdjfúe  Pke bçekdW,
Ikstfoedeco bd feeovdjfúe
cfrkjjfúe []B8 attp8//www.kerfjmdrmd.jog/=<4=/<;/joestruyd-prototfpos-pdrd-vfsudbfzdr-bd-
feeovdjfoe-fcko-y-kb-jdhkro-dmfb-mmvd/ Pjoesubtd8 4> ck gdyo ck =<43W.
-Mkrikr, Hoeda. Joetdifoso. Júgo joeskiufr quk tus procujtos k fckds tkeide æxfto . Mdrjkboed,
Kspdôd8 Ikstfúe =<<<, =<43.
-Mosovs`y, Iufbbkrgo. ‒Tuæ dportd bd kteoirdnçd d bd fevkstfidjfúe ck gdr`ktfei‗, COQD,  COQD, Z.D.
(Ykm).
-Mrfj`, Jarfstopakr. ‒NC]‖s Mrdfes Srust‗, ke Kbkdeor ]ooskvkbt \dpkrs \rohkjt  Pke
]ooskvkbt \dpkrs  Pke bçekdW,
cfrkjjfúe []B8 attp8//www.iwu.kcu/~krpdpkrs/supportkrpp.jng Pjoesubtd8 9 ck gdyo ck =<43W.
-Jdtgubb, Kc. ‒Fesfck tak \fxdr Mrdfetrust‗, ke Ndst Jogpdey Pke bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8
attp8//www.ndstjogpdey.jog/:<=94:;/bkssoes-bkdrekc/fesfck-tak-pfxdr-mrdfetrust Pjoesubtd8 9
ck gdyo ck =<43W.
 _ Ikrmkr, Gfjadkb K.8 Kb gfto ckb kgprkeckcor
kgprkeckcor. \or quæ eo nuejfoede
nuejfoede bds
bds pkqukôds
pkqukôds kgprksds y
quæ adjkr pdrd quk nuejfoeke.  Mdrjkboed8 \dfcús, 4669.
-Iocfe, Zkta. Srfmus.  Mdrjkboed, Kspdôd8 Ikstfúe =<<<, =<<6.
-Akdta, Jafp y Cde Akdta. Jdgmfd kb jafp8 júgo dnroetdr jdgmfos quk pdrkjke fgposfmbks.
Mdrjkboed, Kspdôd8 Ikstfúe =<<<, =<4<.
-FCKO. Augde Jketkrkc
Jketkrkc Cksfie. Jdbfnorefd, Kstdcos [efcos, =<44.
-@fg, Y. Jade y ]keæk Gdumoriek. Bd kstrdtkifd ojædeo dzub.  Moiotä, Jobogmfd8 Irupo
kstrdtkifd ckb ojædeo
Kcftorfdb Eorgd, =<<;.
-Bohdjoeo, Idmrfkbbd y Ifdenrdejo Xdjjdf. ‒Sak Kvobutfoe on tak Cksfie-Fespfrkc Ketkrprfsk‗, ke
]oikr Gdrtfe y @drke Jarfstkeske (jogp), ]otgde oe Cksfie. Cksfie. Jdedcä8 [efvkrsfty on Soroeto
\rkss, =<4:.
-Gdrtfe, ]oikr. ‒Sak Cksfie on Musfekss‗, ke ]oikr Gdrtfe y @drke Jarfstkeske (jogp),
Cksfie. Jdedcä8 [efvkrsfty on Soroeto \rkss, =<4:.
 ]otgde oe Cksfie
-Gdrtfe, ]oikr y @drke Jarfstkeske (jogp). ]otgde oe Cksfie Cksfie. Jdedcä8 [efvkrsfty on Soroeto
\rkss, =<4:.
-Gkifds, Hdvfkr. ‒Akrrdgfketds8 Bd jurvd ck vdbor ck bd jogpktkejfd‗, ke Hdvfkrgkifds.jog.
 Kstrdtkifd,
 Kstrdtkifd, stdrtups y gockbos ekiojfo  Pke bçekdW, cfrkjjfúe []B8
gockbos ck ekiojfo
attp8//hdvfkrgkifds.jog/mboi/=<4=/<>/akrrdgfketds-bd-jurvd-ck-vdbor-ck-bd-jogpktkejfd/
Pjoesubtd8 =6 ck dmrfb ck =<43W.
-@umfk, Hoae. ‒Aow coks \fxdr Fgpbkgket Iroup Jrkdtfvfty?‗, ke MrdfeNdjts.ori  Pke bçekdW,
cfrkjjfúe []B8 attp8//mboi.mrdfendjts.ori/=<4:/44/aow-coks-pfxdr-fgpbkgket-iroup-
jrkdtfvfty/#.[=qJo_bcYZp Pjoesubtd8 9 ck gdyo ck =<43W.
-]fks, Krfj. Kb gætoco ck Bkde Ztdrtup . Júgo jrkdr kgprksds kxftosds utfbfzdeco bd feeovdjfúe
Bkde Ztdrtup
joetfeud.  Mdrjkboed, Kspdôd8 Ckusto Z.D. Kcfjfoeks, =<4=.
-]fttkb, Aorst y Gkbvfe Ykmmkr. ‒Cfbkggds fe d Ikekrdb Sakory on \bdeefei‗, \obfjy Zjfkejks,
Zjfkejks,
Eøg. 3. Ägstkrcdg, Aobdecd8 Kbskvfkr Zjfketfnfj \umbfsafei Jogpdey, 469:.
-Zfek`, Zfgoe. Bd jbdvk ks
ks kb porquæ.
porquæ. Júgo bos irdecks
irdecks bçckrks
bçckrks eos fgpubsde djtudr.  Gdcrfc,
fgpubsde d djtudr.
Kspdôd8 Kcfjfoeks \keçesubd, =<4:.
-Zoorhoo, Gdrtfe. Akrk‖s tak \ftja8
\ftja8 Aow to \ftja
\ftja Vour Musfekss
Musfekss to Deyoek,
Deyoek, Ikt Nueckc,
Nueckc, dec Yfe
Jbfkets. Jdedcä8 Hoae Yfbky & Zoes, =<4=.
-Ztkkbjdsk8 ‒Kb gueco fetkrjoekjtdco8 ibomdb, gúvfb, =3/9. ¿Kstä tu kspdjfo ck trdmdho
prkpdrdco?‗, ke ]kvfstd :><¼
:><¼, Eøg. :.

JC-]OG jogpbkgketdrfo
-Norrkst, Hdsoe8 De Ducfo Jogpdefoe
Jogpdefoe to Jrkdtfei
Jrkdtfei [rikejy
[rikejy [esjrfptkc8
[esjrfptkc8 Fe d Eoe-[riket 
Eoe-[riket 
Gdr`kt. Kstdcos [efcos8 GHZ \rkss, =<4=.
 Aousfei Gdr`kt.
Dirdckjfgfketos
D gfs sojfos Nrdejfsjo \kôd k Fiedjfo Sorrks, quk gk ade djogpdôdco ke kstk drcuo vfdhk ck
rkvobujfoedr bd fecustrfd fegomfbfdrfd. Zu ksnukrzo y ckcfjdjfúe sk rkspfrd tocos bos cçds ke bos
æxftos ck Irupo 3Z.

D eukstros sojfos rkifoedbks, qufkeks soe bos kejdridcos ck bbkvdr eukstrd vfsfúe d bds cfnkrketks
jfucdcks ck bos Kstdcos [efcos y ck Bdtfeodgærfjd, joe kb nfe ck adjkr jrkjkr bd rkc quk
kgpuhdrä døe gäs eukstrd gdrjd d efvkb fetkredjfoedb.

D Gdrfsob ]ky y Hucfta \ærkz, quk pdrtfjfpdroe fejdesdmbkgketk ke bd rkcdjjfúe ckb tkxto nfedb
ckb bfmro.

D M]K por dpoydr kstk dgmfjfoso proykjto kcftorfdb, ke kspkjfdb d Cdrço Zo`obows`f, Zfbvdeo
Ikbkr, y d tocos bos jobdmordcorks quk boirdroe adjkr posfmbk kstk bfmro.

D toco kb kqufpo ck Irupo 3Z ke eukstrds jfejo onfjfeds, yd quk tocos bos cçds sk ckspfkrtd joe bd
gotfvdjfúe ck jrkdr proykjtos kxtrdorcfedrfos. Zfe ksk ksnukrzo hdgäs pocrçdgos admkr bbkidco d
coeck aoy kstdgos.

D bos cksdrrobbdcorks quk eos fevftdroe d pdrtfjfpdr ke sus proykjtos, iketk vfsfoedrfd quk togú
kb rfksio ck jrkkr ke ued cfnkrketk gdekrd ck adjkr bds josds. D tocos kbbos ckmkgos bd
gdcurdjfúe ck kstk gockbo.

D gfs pdcrks, porquk sfkgprk pusfkroe bd kcujdjfúe jogo kstdecdrtk ck bd vfcd.