 1 1 3 

 
 1 2 3   2  2 3 5
)C( 
7 
(A(  1  2 3 (B)  1 2  
      7 1  5

A
 x  2 y  3z  0
C 
 x  2 y  3z  0
- - - ( -

aij
a a . . . a1n
a
. .
. .
. .
am1 amn

n m n m

1
n m=n
ann a a a a

n×m A=0

 11 2  5  1 5  1 2 
A B    B  A 
2  3  1  2 3  2 2  1

B A

C B A

A+B=B+A 

A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C 

k k(A+B)=kA+kB=(A+B)k 

A+D=B D 

2
  b11 
 b21  m
a11 a12 ... a1m    .   a11b11  a12b12  ...  a1m bm1    a1k bk1
  k 1

bm1 

B A B A
B A B A
A B

C B A

A(B+C)=AB+AC 
(A+B)C=AC+BC 
A(B C)=(A B)C 
AB≠BA 
B=0 A=0 AB=0 
B=C AB=AC 

3
 i>j aij= A
i<j aij=

A=diag(a , a , a , …, ann)

a = a = a = …= ann=k
k=1
n

1 0 0 0 0
0 0
 1 0 0 1 0 0 
1 0
15  0 0 1 0 0 13  0 1 0 12   
  0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

A B AB=BA=1 B A
B=A-

m×n
AT A n×m A

4
 1 3
1 2 2
AT  2 5 A 
2 1  3 5 1

k B A BT AT

A 
T T
A 
k  AT  k  AT 
A  BT  AT  BT 
A  BT  AT  BT 

A=AT A

A
A A A

a11 a12
 a11  a22   a12  a21 
a21 a22

5
a11 a12 a13
a a23 a a a a
a21 a22 a23  a11  22  a12  21 23  a13  21 22
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
a a13 a a a a
a21 a22 a23  a21  12  a22  11 13  a23  11 12
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13
a a13 a a a a
a21 a22 a23  a31  12  a32  11 13  a33  11 12
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
a31 a32 a33

aij aij n  
A  aij

 a11 a21 a31 ... an1 

a ... ... 
 12 ... ...
adjoint A  adjA   a13 ... ... ... ... 
 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
a1n ... ... ... ann 

a b   d  b
A     adj( A)   
c d   c a 
 b22 b23 b12 b13 b12 b13 
   
 b32 b33 b32 b33 b22 b23 
 b11 b21 b31   b
  b23 b11 b13 b11 b13 
B   b12 b22 b32   adj( B)    21   
b   b31 b33 b31 b33 b21 b23 
 13 b23 b33   b b22 b b b b12 
  21  11 12  11 
 b b32 b31 b32 b21 b22 
 31

6
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