Aung San Suu Kyi

Aung San Suu Kyi (/aʊŋˌsɑːn.suˈtʃiː/;[3] Burmese: ေအာင်ဆန်း

Her Excellency
စု ကည်; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɰ̃
Aung San Suu Kyi
sʰáɰ̃ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese politician, diplomat,
author, and a 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. The first and ေအာင်ဆန်းစု ကည်
incumbent State Counsellor (a position equivalent to prime
minister) of Myanmar, she is also the leader of the National League
for Democracy and played a vital role in the state's transition from
military junta to partial democracy.

The youngest daughter of Aung San, Father of the Nation of

modern-day Myanmar, and Khin Kyi, Aung San Suu Kyi was born
in Rangoon, British Burma. After graduating from the University of
Delhi in 1964 and the University of Oxford in 1968, she worked at
the United Nations for three years. She married Michael Aris in
1972, with whom she had two children. Aung San Suu Kyi rose to
prominence in the 1988 Uprisings, and became the General
Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD), which she
had newly formed with the help of several retired army officials
who criticized the military junta. In the 1990 elections, NLD won
81% of the seats in Parliament, but the results were nullified, as the
military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international
outcry. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest
before the elections. She remained under house arrest for almost 15 State Counsellor of Myanmar
of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010, becoming one of the world's Incumbent
most prominent political prisoners. In 1999, Time Magazine named
her one of the "Children of Gandhi" and his spiritual heir to Assumed office
nonviolence.[4] 6 April 2016
President Htin Kyaw
Her party boycotted the 2010 elections, resulting in a decisive Myint Swe (Acting)
victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development
Win Myint
Party. Aung San Suu Kyi became a Pyithu Hluttaw MP while her
party won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the 2012 by-elections. In the Preceded by Thein Sein (Prime
2015 elections, her party won a landslide victory, taking 86% of the Minister, 2010)
seats in the Assembly of the Union – well more than the 67% Minister of Foreign Affairs
supermajority needed to ensure that its preferred candidates were
Incumbent
elected President and Second Vice President in the Presidential
Electoral College. Although she was prohibited from becoming the Assumed office
President due to a clause in the constitution – her late husband and 30 March 2016
children are foreign citizens – she assumed the newly created role President Htin Kyaw
of State Counsellor, a role akin to a Prime Minister or a head of Myint Swe (Acting)
government.
Win Myint
Since ascending to the office of State Counsellor, Aung San Suu Deputy Kyaw Tin (2016–
Kyi has drawn criticism from several countries, organisations and 2017)
figures over her alleged inaction in response to the genocide of the
Rohingya people in Rakhine State and refusal to accept that Preceded by Wunna Maung Lwin
Myanmar's military has committed massacres.[5][6][7][8][9] Under Minister of the President's Office
her leadership, Myanmar has also drawn criticism for prosecutions Incumbent
of journalists.[10] In 2019, Suu Kyi appeared in the International Assumed office
Court of Justice where she defended the Burmese military against
30 March 2016
allegations of genocide against the Rohingya.[11]
President Htin Kyaw
Myint Swe (Acting)
Win Myint
Contents Preceded by Aung Min
Name Hla Tun
Personal life Soe Maung
Soe Thein
Political career
Thein Nyunt
Political beginning
1990 general election and Nobel Peace Prize Minister of Education
1996 attack In office
House arrest 30 March 2016 – 5 April 2016
United Nations involvement President Htin Kyaw
Periods under detention Preceded by Khin San Yi
2007 anti-government protests Succeeded by Myo Thein Gyi
2009 trespass incident Minister of Electricity and Energy
Late 2000s: International support for release In office
2010 release 30 March 2016 – 5 April 2016
2012 by-elections
President Htin Kyaw
2015 general election
Preceded by Khin Maung Soe
Foreign Minister and State Counsellor (2016–present)
Response to violence against Rohingya Muslims Zeya Aung
and refugees Succeeded by Pe Zin Tun
Arrests and prosecution of journalists President of the National League
for Democracy
Political beliefs
Incumbent
Related organisations
Assumed office
In popular culture 18 November 2011
Health problems Preceded by Aung Shwe
Books Leader of the Opposition
Honours In office
See also 2 May 2012 – 29 January 2016

References President Thein Sein

Bibliography Preceded by Sai Hla Kyaw
Further reading General Secretary of the National
League for Democracy
External links
In office
27 September 1988 – 18 November
2011
Name
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Position abolished
Aung San Suu Kyi, like other Burmese names, includes no surname, Member of the Burmese House of
but is only a personal name, in her case derived from three relatives: Representatives
for Kawhmu
"Aung San" from her father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother,
and "Kyi" from her mother Khin Kyi.[12] In office
2 May 2012 – 30 March 2016
The Burmese refer to her as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw, literally Preceded by Soe Tint
meaning "aunt", is not part of her name but is an honorific for any
older and revered woman, akin to "Madam".[13] Burmese Succeeded by Vacant
sometimes address her as Daw Suu or Amay Suu ("Mother Majority 46,73 (71.38%)
Suu").[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Personal details
Born 19 June 1945
Personal life Rangoon, Burma
(now Yangon,
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon (now Myanmar)
Yangon), British Burma. According to Peter Popham, she was born
in a small village outside Rangoon called Hmway Saung.[22] Her Political party National League for
father, Aung San, allied with the Japanese during World War II. Democracy
Aung San founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Spouse(s) Michael Aris
Burma's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947; he was (m. 1972;
assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her died 1999)
mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San
Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he Children 2, including
drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[12] Her Alexander Aris
elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a Parents Aung San (father)
United States citizen.[12] After Aung San Lin's death, the family Khin Kyi (mother)
moved to a house by Inya Lake where Aung San Suu Kyi met
Relatives Aung San Oo
people of various backgrounds, political views and religions.[23]
(brother)
She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic
Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Ba Win (uncle)
Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning Sein Win (cousin)
languages.[24] She speaks four languages: Burmese, English, French Residence 54 University
and Japanese.[25] She is a Theravada Buddhist.
Avenue
Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure Alma mater University of Delhi
in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed (BA)
Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San University of Oxford
Suu Kyi followed her there. She studied in the Convent of Jesus and (BA, MA)
Mary School in New Delhi, and graduated from Lady Shri Ram SOAS University of
College, a constituent college of the University of Delhi in New
London (MPhil)[1]
Delhi, with a degree in politics in 1964.[26][27] Suu Kyi continued
her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree Awards Rafto Prize
in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1967,[28] graduating with Sakharov Prize
a third-class degree[29][30][31] and M.A. degree in politics in 1968. Nobel Peace Prize
After graduating, she lived in New York City with family friend Ma Jawaharlal Nehru
Than E, who was once a popular Burmese pop singer.[32] She Award
worked at the United Nations for three years, primarily on budget International Simón
matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris.[33] Bolívar Prize
On 1 January 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi and Aris, a scholar of Olof Palme Prize
Tibetan culture and literature, living abroad in Bhutan, were Bhagwan Mahavir
married.[26][34] The following year she gave birth to their first son,
World Peace
Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was born in
1977. Between 1985 and 1987, Aung San Suu Kyi was working Congressional Gold
toward an M.Phil. degree in Burmese literature as a research student Medal
at SOAS, the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
Signature
London.[1][35] She was elected as an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh's
in 1990.[26] For two years, she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute Website Party website (htt
of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for p://eng.nldchairpers
the government of the Union of Burma. on.org)
In 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for
her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in
Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Aung San Suu Kyi met, as
Aung San Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any
further entry visas.[26] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which was later
found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, A family
including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II, portrait, with
the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the Aung San Suu
Kyi (in white) as
facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to
a toddler, taken
visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to
shortly before
depart, fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the
her father's
military junta's assurance that she could return.[36] assassination in
1947
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first
placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for
Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her children, who live in the United
Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in Burma.[37]

On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Aung San Suu Kyi's dilapidated
lakeside bungalow lost its roof and electricity, while the cyclone also left entire villages
in the Irrawaddy delta submerged.[38] Plans to renovate and repair the house were
announced in August 2009.[39] Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13
November 2010.[40]
A portrait of
Khin Kyi and
Political career her family in
1948. Aung San
Suu Kyi is
seated on the
Political beginning
floor.

Coincidentally, when Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in 1988, the long-time
military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down.
Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a
day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as
the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass
rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic
government.[26] However, in September, a new military junta took power.

Influenced[41] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence[42][43] and more

specifically by Buddhist concepts,[44] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for
democratization, helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September Aung San Suu
1988,[45] but was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989. She was offered freedom if Kyi at the age
she left the country, but she refused. Despite her philosophy of non-violence, a group of of 6
ex-military commanders and senior politicians who joined NLD during the crisis
believed that she was too confrontational and left NLD. However, she retained
enormous popularity and support among NLD youths with whom
she spent most of her time.[46]

During her time under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi devoted
herself to Buddhist meditation practices and to studying Buddhist
thought. This deeper interest in Buddhism is reflected in her writings
as more emphasis is put on love and compassion.[47] There also
emerged more discussion on the compatibility of democracy and
Buddhism and the ability of gaining freedom from an authoritarian
government through Buddhism.[48] Aung San Suu Kyi arrives to give a
speech to the supporters during the
During the crisis, the previous democratically elected Prime Minister 2012 by-election campaign at her
of Burma, U Nu, initiated to form an interim government and invited constituency Kawhmu township,
opposition leaders to join him. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
had signaled his readiness to recognize the interim government.
However, Aung San Suu Kyi categorically rejected U Nu's plan by
saying "the future of the opposition would be decided by masses of the people". Ex-Brigadier General Aung
Gyi, another influential politician at the time of the 8888 crisis and the first chairman in the history of the
NLD, followed the suit and rejected the plan after Aung San Suu Kyi's refusal.[49] Aung Gyi later accused
several NLD members of being communists and resigned from the party.[46]

1990 general election and Nobel Peace Prize

In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which the

National League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the votes,
guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats. Some claim that
Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of Prime
Minister.[50] Instead, the results were nullified and the military
refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Suu Kyi meets with Edgardo
Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on Boeninger of the National
University Avenue (16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E) in Rangoon, during Democratic Institute for International
which time she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Affairs in 1995.
Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the year after. Her sons
Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf.
Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's US$1.3 million prize money to establish a health and
education trust for the Burmese people.[51] Around this time, Aung San Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an
expedient political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons, but for political
and practical reasons."[52]

Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of the Nobel Committee
mentions:[53]

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to
Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human
rights.

... Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia in
recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against oppression ...
 ... In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel
Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for
the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and
ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.

— Oslo, 14 October 1991

In 1995 Aung San Suu Kyi delivered the keynote address at the Fourth World Conference on Women in
Beijing.[54]

1996 attack

On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that Aung San Suu Kyi was traveling in with other National League
for Democracy leaders Tin Oo and Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men swooped down on
the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu
Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and Kyi Maung had its rear window and
two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of the Union Solidarity and
Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.50) each to participate.
The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and according to reports the government launched an
investigation, but no action was taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[55]

House arrest

Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest for a total of 15 years over a 21-year period, on numerous
occasions, since she began her political career,[56] during which time she was prevented from meeting her
party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, she said that while under house arrest she spent
her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her.[57] She also passed the
time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her
personal physician.[58]

Although under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was granted permission to leave Burma under the condition
that she never return, which she refused: "As a mother, the greater sacrifice was giving up my sons, but I
was always aware of the fact that others had given up more than me. I never forget that my colleagues who
are in prison suffer not only physically, but mentally for their families who have no security outside- in the
larger prison of Burma under authoritarian rule."[59]

The media were also prevented from visiting Aung San Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when journalist
Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then confiscated all his
films, tapes and some notes.[60] In contrast, Aung San Suu Kyi did have visits from government
representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met the leader of Burma, General
Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed in
detention.[26] On several occasions during her house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result
was hospitalized.[61]

The Burmese government detained and kept Aung San Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as
someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article
10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for
up to five years without a trial),[62] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers
of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against her.[63] She continuously appealed her
detention,[64] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political
prisoners in the country.[65][66] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and
Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign
orders allowing Aung San Suu Kyi's release,[67] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13
November 2010.

United Nations involvement

The United Nations (UN) has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Aung San Suu Kyi.[26]
On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released
her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust
each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". However, on 30 May 2003 in an
incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern
village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[68] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene
with the help of her driver, Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government
imprisoned her at Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[69] the
government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.

The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with
Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry
to Burma on several occasions.[70] Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-
General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign
official since 2004.[71] He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.[72] On 2 October 2007 Gambari
returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in
Naypyidaw.[73] State television broadcast Aung San Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice.
This was Aung San Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention
began.[74]

The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's
deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities ignored the request
at that time.[75] The U.N. report said that according to the Burmese Government's reply, "Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and
while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country's domestic legislation ... it has
preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests".[75]

Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January
2007, the state-run paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel
Prize money outside the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations
Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was
defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later
voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).[76]

In November 2007, it was reported that Aung San Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League
for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state
TV and radio just hours after UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The
NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Suu Kyi.[77] However, the process
delivered few concrete results.

On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing
Aung San Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon
said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit
Aung San Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a
very important opportunity".[78]
Periods under detention
20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for
detention without charge or trial for three years.[26]
10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[12]
23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[56]
6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[56]
30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for
more than three months before being returned to house arrest.[79]
25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-
General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.[80]
24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities
around the world.[81]
27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international
law and Burma's own law.[82]
11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from
the May 2009 trespass incident.
13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[83]

2007 anti-government protests

Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and
continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.[84]

On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance
at the gate of her residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in
support of human rights.[85] It was reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison
(where she had been detained in 2003),[86][87][88][89] but meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her
Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.[90][91]

2009 trespass incident

On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam

across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he
made his return trip three days later.[92] He had attempted to make a
similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned
away.[93] He later claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine
vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist
assassination attempt.[94] On 13 May, Aung San Suu Kyi was
arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the
swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house
US Senator Jim Webb visiting Aung
for two days before he attempted the swim back. Aung San Suu Kyi San Suu Kyi in 2009. Webb
was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to negotiated the release of John
five years confinement for the intrusion.[95] The trial of Aung San Yettaw, the man who trespassed in
Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of Suu Kyi's home, resulting in her
protesters gathered outside.[96][97] Diplomats and journalists were arrest and conviction with three
barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several years' hard labour.
diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were
allowed to meet Aung San Suu Kyi.[98] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[99] It
also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[100] During the ongoing defence case, Aung San Suu
Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the
prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members
Tin Oo and Win Tin, and permitted the defence to call only a legal expert.[101] According to one
unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base
outside the city.[102] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was
"in danger".[103] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case
filed against Aung San Suu Kyi.[104] According to aides, Aung San Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail
sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[105]

Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-
moon, the United Nations Security Council,[106] Western governments,[107] South Africa,[108] Japan[109] and
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.[110] The Burmese government
strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"[111] and criticised Thailand for
meddling in its internal affairs.[112] The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run
newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international
pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive
changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[100] Ban responded to an international campaign[113] by
flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[114]

On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with
hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[115] On
14 August, US Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with
Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.[116] Following the
verdict of the trial, lawyers of Aung San Suu Kyi said they would appeal against the 18-month sentence.[117]
On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all
political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[118] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the
conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese
court on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which
she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which
she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively meant that she would be
unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 – the first in Burma in two decades.
Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[119]

Late 2000s: International support for release

Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations
in Europe,[120] Australia[120] and North[121] and South America, as
well as India,[19] Israel,[122] Japan[123] the Philippines and South
Korea.[124] In December 2007, the US House of Representatives
voted unanimously 400–0 to award Aung San Suu Kyi the
Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred on 25 April
2008.[125] On 6 May 2008, President George W. Bush signed
legislation awarding Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at a
Medal.[126] She is the first recipient in American history to receive conference in London, during 5
the prize while imprisoned. More recently, there has been growing countries tour of Europe, 2012
criticism of her detention by Burma's neighbours in the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from Indonesia,[127]
Thailand,[128] the Philippines[129][130] and Singapore.[131] At one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced
expulsion from ASEAN as a result of the detention of Aung San Suu
Kyi.[132] Other nations including South Africa,[133] Bangladesh[134]
and the Maldives[135] also called for her release. The United Nations
has urged the country to move towards inclusive national
reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for
human rights.[136] In December 2008, the United Nations General
Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights
situation in Burma and calling for Aung San Suu Kyi's release—80
countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 The ceremony of the Sakharov
abstentions.[137] Other nations, such as China and Russia, are less Prize awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi
critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic by Martin Schulz, inside the
matters.[138] Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for European Parliament's Strasbourg
reforms.[139] However, Samak Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of hemicycle, in 2013
Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Aung San Suu Kyi,
saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not
related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with
Myanmar."[140]

Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member

states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported
Friday, 14 August 2009.[141] The state-run Việt Nam News said
Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to
place Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months,
effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our
view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of
Myanmar", Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on
the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other
ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported
Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to
democracy" outlined by its government.[142]

Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Dalai May 2009 demonstration for Aung
Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, San Suu Kyi in Rome, Italy
Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, US President Barack Obama,
Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former US President Jimmy
Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi
to "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups to
achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support
of the United Nations".[26] Some of the money she received as part
of the award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma,
which provides higher education grants to Burmese students.[143]

It was announced prior to the 2010 Burmese general election that

Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her The 2009 celebration of Aung San
party",[144] However, Aung San Suu Kyi was not allowed to Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland
run.[145] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that she
would be released on 13 November 2010.[146]

US President Barack Obama personally advocated the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San
Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[147]
The US Government hoped that successful general elections would
be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity
towards eventual democracy.[148] The Hatoyama government which
spent 2.82 billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign
aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the
elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of
law.[148][149]

In a personal letter to Aung San Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister

Aung San Suu Kyi greeting
Gordon Brown cautioned the Burmese government of the potential
supporters from Bago State in 2011
consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more
years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[150]

Suu Kyi has met with many heads of state, and opened a dialog with the Minister of Labor Aung Kyi (not to
be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[151] She was allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party
at the State House,[152] however these meetings took place under close supervision.

2010 release

On the evening of 13 November 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was

released from house arrest.[153] This was the date her detention had
been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009[154]
and came six days after a widely criticised general election. She
appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her
house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the
security forces. Aung San Suu Kyi had been detained for 15 of the
past 21 years.[155] The government newspaper New Light of
Aung San Suu Kyi addresses
Myanmar reported the release positively,[156] saying she had been crowds at the NLD headquarters
granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[157] shortly after her release.
The New York Times suggested that the military government may
have released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to
control her supporters after the election.[156] Her son Kim Aris was
granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother shortly after her
release, for the first time in 10 years.[158] He visited again on 5 July
2011, to accompany her on a trip to Bagan, her first trip outside
Yangon since 2003.[159] Her son visited again on 8 August 2011, to
accompany her on a trip to Pegu, her second trip.[160]

Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese

government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures Aung San Suu Kyi meets with US
to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were Clinton in Yangon (1 December
legalised.[161][162] 2011)

In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD

announced its intention to re-register as a political party to contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the
promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[163] Following the decision, Aung San Suu Kyi held a
telephone conference with US President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[164] On
1 December 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US
diplomat in Yangon.[165]
On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Aung San Suu Kyi in Yangoon,
marking Aung San Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign country".[166]

On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his Burmese
counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma. Aung San Suu Kyi
studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest bilateral donor. During
Aung San Suu Kyi's visit to Europe, she visited the Swiss parliament, collected her 1991 Nobel Prize in
Oslo and her honorary degree from Oxford University.[167] [168][169]

2012 by-elections

In December 2011, there was speculation that Aung San Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national by-
elections to fill vacant seats.[170] On 18 January 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi formally registered to contest a
Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the Kawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections
to be held on 1 April 2012.[171][172] The seat was previously held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being
appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[173] She ran against Union Solidarity and
Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native of Twante Township.[174]

On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Aung San

Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of exhaustion
and airsickness.[175]

In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state

television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi publicly
campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution, removal of
restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic
rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[176] The
Aung San Suu Kyi (Center) gives a
speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[177] A speech to the supporters during the
paragraph in the speech, focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by 2012 by-election campaign at her
means of law, was censored by authorities.[178] constituency Kawhmu township,
Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the
upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in
official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested
constituencies.[179][180] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule
violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[181]

When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the
following:[182]

I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if you become a member of the
government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so
hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.

On 26 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a campaign
rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot
weather.[183]
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Aung San Suu Kyi had
won the vote for a seat in Parliament.[184] A news broadcast on
state-run MRTV, reading the announcements of the Union Election
Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in
43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Aung San Suu Kyi
the Leader of the Opposition in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw.[185]

Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on

23 April when the Hluttaws resumed session, National League for
US President Barack Obama and
Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, said they might
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, with Suu Kyi and her staff at her
parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[186][187] home in Yangon, 2012
In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean we will
not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking
the oath ... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect
there will be any difficulty in doing it."[188]

On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths
and took office, though the wording of the oath was not changed.[189] According to the Los Angeles Times,
"Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their
boycott on principle."[189] On 9 July 2012, she attended the Parliament for the first time as a lawmaker.[190]
[191]

2015 general election

On 16 June 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was finally able to deliver her Nobel acceptance speech (Nobel
lecture) at Oslo's City Hall, two decades after being awarded the peace prize.[192][193] In September 2012,
Aung San Suu Kyi received in person the United States Congressional Gold Medal, which is the highest
Congressional award. Although she was awarded this medal in 2008, at the time she was under house arrest,
and was unable to receive the medal. Aung San Suu Kyi was greeted with bipartisan support at Congress, as
part of a coast-to-coast tour in the United States. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi met President Barack
Obama at the White House. The experience was described by Aung San Suu Kyi as "one of the most
moving days of my life."[194][195] In 2014, she was listed as the 61st most powerful woman in the world by
Forbes.[196][197][198][199][200]

On 6 July 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi announced on the World

Economic Forum's website that she wanted to run for the presidency
in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[201] The current Constitution, which
came into effect in 2008, bars her from the presidency because she is
the widow and mother of foreigners – provisions that appeared to be
written specifically to prevent her from being eligible.[202]

The NLD won a sweeping victory in those elections, winning at least

255 seats in the House of Representatives and 135 seats in the House
Suu Kyi meeting Barack Obama at
of Nationalities. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi won re-election to
the White House in September 2012
the House of Representatives. Under the 2008 constitution, the NLD
needed to win at least a two-thirds majority in both houses to ensure
that its candidate would become president. Before the elections,
Aung San Suu Kyi announced that even though she is constitutionally barred from the presidency, she
would hold the real power in any NLD-led government.[203] On 30 March 2016 she became Minister for the
President's Office, for Foreign Affairs, for Education and for Electric Power and Energy in President Htin
Kyaw's government; later she relinquished the latter two ministries
and President Htin Kyaw appointed her State Counsellor, a position
akin to a Prime Minister created especially for
her.[204][205][206][207][208][209] The position of State Counsellor was
approved by the House of Nationalities on 1 April 2016 and the
House of Representatives on 5 April 2016. The next day, her role as
State Counsellor was established.

Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson

Foreign Minister and State Counsellor (2016–
meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in
present) London, 12 September 2016

As soon as she became foreign minister, she invited Chinese Foreign

Minister Wang Yi, Canadian Foreign Minister Stephane Dion and
Italian Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni in April and Japanese
Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida in May and discussed to have good
diplomatic relationships with these countries.

Initially, upon accepting the State Counsellor position, she granted

amnesty to the students who were arrested for opposing the National
Education Bill, and announced a creation of the commission on
Rakhine state, which had a long record of persecution of the Muslim Aung San Suu Kyi with U.S.
Rohingya minority. However, soon Aung San Suu Kyi's government Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, 13
did not manage with the ethnic conflicts in Shan and Kachin states, November 2017
where thousands of refugees fled to China, and by 2017 the
persecution of the Rohingya by the government forces escalated to
the point that it is not uncommonly called a genocide. Aung San Suu
Kyi, when interviewed, has denied the allegations of ethnic
cleansing.[210][211] She has also refused to grant citizenship to the
Rohingya, instead taking steps to issue ID cards for residency but no
guarantees of citizenship.[212]

Her tenure as State Counsellor of Myanmar has drawn international

criticism for her failure to address her country's economic and ethnic
problems, particularly the plight of the Rohingya following the 25
August 2017 ARSA attacks (described as "certainly one of the
biggest refugee crises and cases of ethnic cleansing since the second
world war"), for the weakening of freedom of the press and for her
style of leadership, described as imperious and "distracted and out of
touch".[213][214]
Indian Prime Minister Narendra
Response to violence against Rohingya Muslims and Modi meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in
New Delhi, 24 January 2018
refugees

In 2017, critics have called for Aung San Suu Kyi's Nobel prize to
be revoked, citing her silence over the persecution of Rohingya people in Myanmar.[215][216] Some activists
criticised Aung San Suu Kyi for her silence on the 2012 Rakhine State riots[217] (later repeated during the
2015 Rohingya refugee crisis), and her perceived indifference to the plight of the Rohingya, Myanmar's
persecuted Muslim minority.[218][219] In 2012, she told reporters she did not know if the Rohingya could be
regarded as Burmese citizens.[220] In a 2013 interview with the BBC's Mishal Husain, Aung San Suu Kyi
did not condemn violence against the Rohingya and denied that Muslims in Myanmar have been subject to
ethnic cleansing, insisting that the tensions were due to a "climate of
fear" caused by "a worldwide perception that global Muslim power
is 'very great' ". She did condemn "hate of any kind" in the
interview.[221] According to Peter Popham, in the aftermath of the
interview, she expressed anger at being interviewed by a
Muslim.[222] Husain had challenged Suu Kyi that almost all of the
impact of violence was against the Rohingya, in response to Aung
San Suu Kyi's claim that violence was happening on both sides, and
Peter Popham described her position on the issue as one of Aung San Suu Kyi with Philippine
purposeful ambiguity for political gain.[223] President Rodrigo Duterte and Thai
Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha,
However, she said that she wanted to work towards reconciliation 25 January 2018
and she cannot take sides as violence has been committed by both
sides.[224] According to The Economist, her "halo has even slipped
among foreign human-rights lobbyists, disappointed at her failure to make a clear stand on behalf of the
Rohingya minority". However, she has spoken out "against a ban on Rohingya families near the Bangladeshi
border having more than two children".[225]

In a 2015 BBC News article, reporter Jonah Fisher suggested that Aung San Suu Kyi's silence over the
Rohingya issue is due to a need to obtain support from the majority Bamar ethnicity as she is in "the middle
of a general election campaign".[226] In May 2015, the Dalai Lama publicly called upon her to do more to
help the Rohingya in Myanmar, claiming that he had previously urged her to address the plight of the
Rohingya in private during two separate meetings and that she had resisted his urging.[227] In May 2016,
Aung San Suu Kyi asked the newly appointed United States Ambassador to Myanmar, Scot Marciel, not to
refer to the Rohingya by that name as they "are not recognized as among the 135 official ethnic groups" in
Myanmar.[228] This followed Bamar protests at Marciel's use of the word "Rohingya".[229]

In 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmar's Rohingya Muslims during the
2016–17 persecution.[230] State crime experts from Queen Mary University of London warned that Aung
San Suu Kyi is "legitimising genocide" in Myanmar.[231] Despite continued persecution of the Rohingya
well into 2017, Aung San Suu Kyi was "not even admitting, let alone trying to stop, the army's well-
documented campaign of rape, murder and destruction against Rohingya villages".[232] On 4 September
2017, Yanghee Lee, the UN's special rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, criticised Suu Kyi's response
to the "really grave" situation in Rakhine, saying: "The de facto leader needs to step in – that is what we
would expect from any government, to protect everybody within their own jurisdiction."[233] The BBC
reported that "Her comments came as the number of Rohingya fleeing to Bangladesh reached 87,000,
according to UN estimates", adding that "her sentiments were echoed by Nobel Peace laureate Malala
Yousafzai, who said she was waiting to hear from Ms Suu Kyi – who has not commented on the crisis since
it erupted".[233] The next day George Monbiot, writing in The Guardian, called on readers to sign a
change.org petition to have the Nobel peace prize revoked, criticising her silence on the matter and asserting
"whether out of prejudice or out of fear, she denies to others the freedoms she rightly claimed for herself.
Her regime excludes – and in some cases seeks to silence – the very activists who helped to ensure her own
rights were recognised."[234] The Nobel Foundation replied that there existed no provision for revoking a
Nobel Prize.[235] Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a fellow peace prize holder, also criticised Suu Kyi's silence:
in an open letter published on social media, he said: "If the political price of your ascension to the highest
office in Myanmar is your silence, the price is surely too steep ... It is incongruous for a symbol of
righteousness to lead such a country."[236] On 13 September it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would
not be attending a UN General Assembly debate being held the following week to discuss the humanitarian
crisis, with a Myanmar government spokesman stating "perhaps she has more pressing matters to deal
with".[237]
In October 2017, Oxford City Council announced that, following a unanimous cross-party vote,[238] the
honour of Freedom of the City, granted in 1997 in recognition of her "long struggle for democracy", was to
be withdrawn following evidence emerging from the United Nations which meant that she was "no longer
worthy of the honour".[239] A few days later, Munsur Ali, a councillor for City of London Corporation,
tabled a motion to rescind the Freedom of the City of London: the motion was supported by Catherine
McGuinness, chair of the corporation's policy and resources committee, who expressed "distress ... at the
situation in Burma and the atrocities committed by the Burmese military".[238] On 13 November 2017, Bob
Geldof returned his Freedom of the City of Dublin award in protest over Aung San Suu Kyi also holding the
accolade, stating that he does not "wish to be associated in any way with an individual currently engaged in
the mass ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people of north-west Burma". Calling Aung San Suu Kyi a
"handmaiden to genocide",[240] Geldof added that he would take pride in his award being restored if it is
first stripped from her.[241] The Dublin City Council voted 59–2 (with one abstention) to revoke Aung San
Suu Kyi's Freedom of the City award over Myanmar's treatment of the Rohingya people in December 2017,
though Lord Mayor of Dublin Mícheál Mac Donncha denied the decision was influenced by protests by
Geldof and members of U2.[242][243] At the same meeting, the Councillors voted 37–7 (with 5 abstentions)
to remove Geldof's name from the Roll of Honorary Freemen.[242][244]

In March 2018, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum revoked Suu Kyi's Elie Wiesel Award,
awarded in 2012, citing her failure "to condemn and stop the military's brutal campaign" against Rohingya
Muslims.[245][246][247]

In May 2018, Aung San Suu Kyi was considered complicit in the crimes against Rohingyas in a report by
Britain's International Development Committee.[248]

In August 2018, it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would be stripped of her Freedom of Edinburgh
award over her refusal to speak out against the crimes committed against the Rohingya. She had received the
award in 2005 for promoting peace and democracy in Burma.[249] This will be only the second time that
anyone has ever been stripped of the award,[250][251] after Charles Stewart Parnell lost it in 1890 due to a
salacious affair.[251] Also in August, a UN report, while describing the violence as genocide, added that
Aung San Suu Kyi did as little as possible to prevent it.[252]

In early October 2018, both the Canadian Senate and its House of Commons voted unanimously to strip
Aung San Suu Kyi of her honorary citizenship. This decision was caused by the Government of Canada's
determination that the treatment of the Rohingya by Myanmar's government amounts to Genocide.[253]

On 11 November 2018, Amnesty International announced it was revoking her Ambassador of Conscience
award.[254]

In December 2019, Suu Kyi appeared in the International Court of Justice at The Hague where she defended
the Burmese military against allegations of genocide against the Rohingya.[11] In a speech of over 3,000
words, Suu Kyi did not use the term "Rohingya" in describing the ethnic group.[255] She stated that the
allegations of genocide were "incomplete and misleading",[11] claiming that the situation was actually a
Burmese military response to attacks by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army.[255] She also questioned
how there could be "genocidal intent" when the Burmese government had opened investigations and also
encouraged Rohingya to return after being displaced.[256][257] However, experts have largely criticized the
Burmese investigations as insincere, with the military declaring itself innocent and the government
preventing a visit from investigators from the United Nations.[257] Many Rohingya have also not returned
due to perceiving danger and a lack of rights in Myanmar.[256]

In January 2020, the International Court of Justice decided that there was a "real and imminent risk of
irreparable prejudice to the rights" of the Rohingya. The court also took the view that the Burmese
government's efforts to remedy the situation "do not appear sufficient" enough to protect the Rohingya.
Therefore, the court ordered the Burmese government to take "all measures within its power" to protect the
Rohingya from genocidal actions. The court also instructed the Burmese government to preserve evidence
and report back to the court at timely intervals about the situation.[258][259]

Arrests and prosecution of journalists

In December 2017, two Reuters journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, were arrested while investigating
the Inn Din massacre of Rohingyas alleged to have been carried out by Myanmar's security forces.[260][261]
Suu Kyi publicly commented in June 2018 that the journalists "weren't arrested for covering the Rakhine
issue", but because they had broken Myanmar's Official Secrets Act.[261][262] As the journalists were then on
trial for violating the Official Secrets Act, Aung San Suu Kyi's presumption of their guilt were criticized by
rights groups for potentially influencing the verdict.[261][263] American diplomat Bill Richardson said that
he had privately discussed the arrest with Suu Kyi, and he alleged that Aung San Suu Kyi reacted angrily
and labelled the journalists "traitors".[264] A police officer testified that he was ordered by superiors to use
entrapment to frame and arrest the journalists; he was later jailed and his family evicted from their home in
the police camp.[265] The judge found the journalists guilty in September 2018 and to be jailed for seven
years.[261] Aung San Suu Kyi reacted to widespread international criticism of the verdict by stating: "I don't
think anyone has bothered to read" the judgement as it had "nothing to do with freedom of expression at all",
but the Official Secrets Act. She also challenged critics to "point out where there has been a miscarriage of
justice", and told the two Reuters journalists that they could appeal their case to a higher court.[266]

In September 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report
that since Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the NLD, came to power, the arrests and criminal prosecutions of
journalists in Myanmar by the government and military, under laws which are too vague and broad, have
"made it impossible for journalists to do their job without fear or favour."[10]

Political beliefs
It is not power that
corrupts, but fear. Fear of
losing power corrupts
those who wield it and
fear of the scourge of
power corrupts those who
are subject to it.
—Freedom From
Fear[267]
Asked what democratic models Myanmar could look to, she said: "We have
many, many lessons to learn from various places, not just the Asian countries
like South Korea, Taiwan, Mongolia, and Indonesia." She also cited "the
eastern European countries, which made the transition from communist
autocracy to democracy in the 1980s and 1990s, and the Latin American
countries, which made the transition from military governments. "And we
cannot of course forget South Africa, because although it wasn't a military
regime, it was certainly an authoritarian regime." She added: "We wish to
learn from everybody who has achieved a transition to democracy, and also ...
our great strong point is that, because we are so far behind everybody else, we
can also learn which mistakes we should avoid."[268]

In a nod to the deep US political divide between Republicans led by Mitt Romney and the Democrats of
Obama—then battling to win the 2012 Presidential election—she stressed, "Those of you who are familiar
with American politics I'm sure understand the need for negotiated compromise."[268]

Related organisations
Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organisation, was retained in 2006 by a
member of her family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The
organisation secured several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that
her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in political advocacy such as
spearheading a letter from 112 former presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-
General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek
her release, which he did six weeks later; and published
numerous opeds and spoke widely to the media about her
ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when
she was released from house arrest on 13 November
2010.[269]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of
International IDEA and ARTICLE 19 since her detention,
and has received support from these organisations.
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the University of Louvain
(UCLouvain), both located in Belgium, granted her the title
Suu Kyi with French Ambassador
of Doctor Honoris Causa.[270]
for Human Rights, Francois Zimeray
In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognised Suu Kyi's efforts
to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth
Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was
under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[271]
In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organises hundreds of "Arrest Yourself"
house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the
organisers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn
more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[272]
The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US
Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi
and the people of Burma.
The Burma Campaign UK is a UK-based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to
raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and
Aung San Suu Kyi.
St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in
support of her in 2006.[273] The University later awarded her an honorary doctorate in civil law
on 20 June 2012 during her visitation on her alma mater.[274]
Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway.
She received the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999,
although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention.
This was subsequently revoked on 13 December 2017.[275]
In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a
potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary
General.[18] In the proposed list of qualified women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as
the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[18]
The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March
2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[276]
Aung San Suu Kyi was an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders
brought together by Nelson Mandela.[277] Her ongoing detention meant that she was unable to
take an active role in the group, so The Elders placed an empty chair for her at their
meetings.[278] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in
Burma.[279] Upon her election to parliament, she stepped down from her post.[280]
In 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was given an honorary doctorate from the University of
Johannesburg.[281]
In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[282]
She was part of the international jury of Human Rights Defenders and Personalities who
helped to choose a universal Logo for Human Rights in 2011.[283]
 In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith
Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which
were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[284] The lectures were
broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
In November 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for
Human Rights.
8 March 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a
certificate of honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada. The
honorary citizenship was revoked in September 2018 due to the Rohingya conflict.[285]
In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world
power to visit Aung San Suu Kyi and the first British prime minister to visit Burma since the
1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San Suu Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her
'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted. She visited Britain on 19 June 2012.
In 2012 she received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford University.[286]
In May 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative
Dissent of the Human Rights Foundation.[287]
29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited
Aung San Suu Kyi to India as well. She started her 6-day visit to India on 16 November 2012
where among the places she visited was her alma mater Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi.
In 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi set up the charity Daw Khin Kyi Foundation to improve health,
education and living standards in underdeveloped parts of Myanmar.[288] The charity was
named after Aung San Suu Kyi's mother. Htin Kyaw played a leadership role in the charity
before his election as President of Myanmar.[289] The charity runs a Hospitality and Catering
Training Academy in Kawhmu Township, in Yangon Region,[290] and runs a mobile library
service which in 2014 had 8000 members.[291]
Seoul National University in South Korea conferred an honorary doctorate degree to Aung San
Suu Kyi in February 2013.[292]
University of Bologna, Italy conferred an honorary doctorate degree in philosophy to Aung San
Suu Kyi in October 2013.
Monash University, The Australian National University, University of Sydney and University of
Technology, Sydney conferred an honorary degree to Aung San Suu Kyi in November 2013.

In popular culture
The life of Aung San Suu Kyi and her husband Michael Aris is portrayed in
Luc Besson's 2011 film The Lady, in which they are played by Michelle
Yeoh and David Thewlis. Yeoh visited Suu Kyi in 2011 before the film's
release in November.[293] In the John Boorman's 1995 film Beyond
Rangoon, Aung San Suu Kyi was played by Adelle Lutz.[294]

Since 2009,[295] Indian actress and Bharathanatyam dancer Rukmini

Vijayakumar has been portraying Aung San Suu Kyi in a one-act play titled
The Lady of Burma directed by Prakash Belawadi,[296][297] which also
happens to be an eponymous play written by Richard Shannon.[298]

Suu Kyi on the cover of Ms.
in 2012
Irish songwriters Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan released in 2005 the
single "Unplayed Piano", in support of the Free Aung San Suu Kyi 60th
Birthday Campaign that was happening at the time.[299] U2's Bono wrote the
song "Walk On" in tribute to Aung San Suu Kyi, and publicized her plight
during the U2 360° Tour, 2009–2011. Saxophonist Wayne Shorter composed
a song titled "Aung San Suu Kyi". It appears on his albums 1+1 (with pianist Herbie Hancock) and
Footprints Live!.[300]

Health problems
She had surgery for a gynecological condition in September 2003 at Asia Royal Hospital during her house
arrest.[301] She underwent minor foot surgery in December 2013 and eye surgery in April 2016.[302] Her
doctor said that she had no serious health problems but weighed only 48 kg, had low blood pressure and
could become weak easily.[303]

Books
Freedom from Fear (1991)
Letters from Burma (1991)

Honours
Honours of Aung San Suu Kyi

See also
List of civil rights leaders
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Kyoto University
State Counsellor of Myanmar
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers

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02. "Suu Kyi cancels trips after foot surgery – ANN" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013122322082
6/http://asianewsnet.net/Suu-Kyi-cancels-trips-after-foot-surgery-55308.html).
Asianewsnet.net. 23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013.
Retrieved 29 December 2013.
03. Associated Press in Rangoon (15 June 2012). "Aung San Suu Kyi doctor fears for her health
after illness on Europe tour" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/15/aung-san-suu-kyi
-illness). The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000911/http://www.th
eguardian.com/world/2012/jun/15/aung-san-suu-kyi-illness) from the original on 31 December
2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.

Bibliography
Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing. Routledge.
Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century
Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4931-4.

Further reading
Aung Zaw (2014). The Face of Resistance: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Fight for Freedom.
Chiang Mai: Mekong Press.
Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-
8
The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor,
ISBN 978-0-571-21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
The Lady and the Peacock: The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2012) by Peter Popham, ISBN 978-
1-61519-064-5
Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-
5
Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky, ISBN 978-0-06-
059004-8
Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas, ISBN 978-0-
8368-5263-9
No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for
Democracy (https://books.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C&printsec=frontcover) (ILCAA
Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf
Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998)
by Bettina Ling ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of
Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte
Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang ISBN 978-981-4024-30-
3
 Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi ISBN 978-983-
9861-06-8
Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult
Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House ISBN 978-1-4000-
6412-0
Silverstein, Josef (Summer 1996). "The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi" (http://charlesesalazar.pbworks.com/f/The+idea+of+freedom+in+burm
a+and+the+pol+thought+of+aung+sang+suu+kyi.pdf) (PDF). Pacific Affairs. 69 (2): 211–228.
doi:10.2307/2760725 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2760725). JSTOR 2760725 (https://www.jsto
r.org/stable/2760725).
Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean ISBN 978-1-
84511-622-4
Richard, Shannon (8 January 2007). The Lady of Burma (https://books.google.com/books?id=
WZpLPzsvIBUC). London: OBERON Books Ltd. ISBN 9781849438919. Retrieved 5 October
2016.

External links
Aung San Suu Kyi (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Myanmar/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Aun
g_San_Suu_Kyi/) at Curlie
Aung San Suu Kyi's website (https://web.archive.org/web/20110125034340/http://www.dassk.o
rg/) (Site appears to be inactive. Last posting was in July 2014)
Nobel Peace Prize 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/la
ureates/1991/) at NobelPrize.org
Aung San Suu Kyi – Summary, biography, excerpts from books (http://gury.orgfree.com/suukyi
1.htm)
Works by Aung San Suu Kyi (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL106595A) at Open Library
Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary (https://www.theguardian.com/world/aung-
san-suu-kyi) at The Guardian
"Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/ti
mestopics/people/a/daw_aung_san_suu_kyi/index.html). The New York Times.
Peace Prize 2012 from India by Sarhad organisation PUNE City (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0120719183512/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=758222)
Awards Received by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (https://web.archive.org/web/20120902042506/ht
tp://www.thisismyanmar.com/mb/assk.htm)
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?sanaung) on C-SPAN
The Laukathara And Its Influence On Myanmarism (http://www.eurasiareview.com/16092017-t
he-laukathara-and-its-influence-on-myanmarism-oped/)
 Party political offices
General Secretary of the National
New office League for Democracy Position abolished
1988–2011
President of the National League
Preceded by
for Democracy Incumbent
Aung Shwe
2011–present

Assembly seats
Member of the House of
Preceded by Representatives
Vacant
Soe Tint for Kawhmu
2012–2016

Political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Opposition Succeeded by
Sai Hla Kyaw 2012–2016 Khin Aung Myint
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
Wunna Maung Lwin 2016–present
Preceded by
Aung Min
Hla Tun Minister of the President's Office
Soe Maung 2016–present Incumbent
Soe Thein
Thein Nyunt
Vacant
Title last held by State Counsellor of Myanmar
Thein Sein 2016–present
as Prime Minister of Myanmar

Awards and achievements

Preceded by Recipient of the Sakharov Prize Succeeded by
Alexander Dubček 1990 Adem Demaçi
Preceded by
Doina Cornea Recipient of the Thorolf Rafto
Succeeded by
Memorial Prize
Preceded by Yelena Bonner
1990
Péter Molnár
Preceded by Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Succeeded by
Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Rigoberta Menchú
Recipient of the Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by Succeeded by
Award
Maurice Strong Mahathir Mohamad
1993
Preceded by Recipient of the Gwangju Prize for
Succeeded by
Dandeniya Gamage Human Rights
Wardah Hafidz
Jayanthi 2004
Preceded by Recipient of the Wallenberg Medal Succeeded by
Denis Mukwege 2011 Maria Gunnoe
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aung_San_Suu_Kyi&oldid=967645491"

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